Thence a plain, which is below the level of the Desert-el-Tyh, and
covered with moving _sands_, extends as far as the sea-shore. These
_sands_ are collected by the winds, in many spots, into hills 30 or 40
feet high. The wells at _Mabuk_ afford good water by digging to the
depth of 10 or 12 feet.
_Fifthly_, Once more leaving Suez; after having passed over a small
piece of marine and alluvial formation near the sea, and taking a
westerly direction, a narrow tract of _tertiary sandstone_, so
designated by Russegger, is observed; it is a plain which gradually
ascends from the shore of the Gulf, and in it is placed the Castle of
_Ajroud_; the water obtained there is very bitter. Beyond this to the
west, the plain becomes _sandy_, and covered with black flints.
But the soil and hills at _Wadi Emshash_, which signify the "Valley of
the Waterpits," near Ajroud, are calcareous: the well there, called
_Bir Emshash_, yields after rain good drinking water. The hills around
Ajroud consist of _tertiary limestone_ and _marl_. More to the south,
Gebel Ataka divides this formation, itself being a _secondary
limestone_ belonging to the _cretaceous_ series, and, according to Dr
Robinson, is strewed thickly with _flint_ pebbles. It terminates in
_Ras Ataka_, or "Cape Deliverance," on the Gulf. The sandy and
gravelly plain, _El Baidea_, the _Wadi Tawarik_ of others, has been
named by some, the "Valley of Moses," Wadi Mousa; it communicates on
the west with _Wadi-el-Tyh_.
_Gebel Deraj_ (steps) is limestone of the same cretaceous series as
Mount Ataka; and this formation stretches out southwards to a great
distance, constituting a large portion of the East Egyptian Desert.
Then on the south of the former mountain, a band of granite, which
forms the northern ridge of _Gebel Kallala_, is observed, wherein
there exist remains of old _copper_ mines. Those called
_Reigatamerih_, situate among low hills, "have evidently been worked
by the ancients, as well from the quantity of pottery and _scoriæ_
there, as from the remains of miners' houses, and the regular manner
in which the caverns have been cut, following up the veins."[16]
Footnote 16: _Mr J. Wilkinson_ on the Eastern Desert of Upper
Egypt, p. 32, vol. ii. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.
Near, on the SE., there is a well (_bir_) named _Horreh_, whose water
is bad, owing to the _sulphur_ which it contains. This is placed in
_Wadi Araba_, an extensive valley, running in a direction nearly due
W. and E., and descending from _Wadi Chaderat_ very rapidly to the
shore of the gulf, which is here termed by the Arabs _Mersa Zafraneh_,
_i.e._, "Harbour of Saffron." The coast itself is flat and marshy. The
headlands on the south are a conglomerate, or _breccia_ rock, of the
_Tertiary_ formation, composed of shells, stones, and other
substances, held together by a calcareous cement. The Arabs report,
that a carriage-road anciently existed through the Wadi Araba, and led
to the Bay of Zafraneh. This, I conceive, might have been the road of
communication to the Egyptian colonies and copper mines on the
opposite Sinaic peninsula, in _Wadi Maghara_, _Sarbut-el-Chadem_, &c.,
and over which the produce of those mines, having been shipped from
the harbour of Zelime to the Mersa Zafraneh, might have been conveyed
in waggons to the Nile. But, whether or not the _Araba_ mountains that
rise a little to the south of the opposite coast of the Peninsula had
received the _same_ appellation from _this valley_, there seems to be
no testimony to decide. The "Monastery of St Antony"--_Deir
Antonios_--distant about 17 miles from the sea, is a fortified convent
of Copts, surrounded by a strong wall, of about 35 feet in height, the
entrance to which is by a trap-door, wherefrom a rope descends, as in
the present Sinaic convent. The keep, or place of safety, is an
insulated tower, defended by a drawbridge. According to common
statement, this was the abode and place of burial of _St Antony_, the
founder of Monachism. The mountains to the south, at the northern end
of which stands the convent, are _calcareous_ (of the same
_cretaceous_ formation), containing in places a great deal of _salt_.
They are known to the Arabs by the term of _Gebel Kallala_, and, in
fact, constitute the southern ridge of that chain. Another large and
similarly protected convent, called _Deir Bolos_ (Paul), distant from
the former[17] about 15 miles in a direct SE. line, is situate in a
picturesque place, and about 10 miles from the nearest point of the
Gulf of Suez. An adjoining garden abounds in date and other
fruit-trees. On the east, between this convent and the sea, _Wadi
Girfeh_ is approached, among low hills: on the tops of some of these
the substructions of houses are visible, having been built with
uncemented stones. Also some chambers, or catacombs, are cut in the
rock: in the larger were found crystals of _rock-salt_; the strata are
composed of _limestone_, and contain many fossils. Broken pieces of
_terra cotta_ vases, chiefly red, are everywhere observed; and they,
with other vestiges, probably point out the site of a Roman colonial
town.
Footnote 17: See the Views of the Convents of St Paul and St
Anthony, plate 51, p. 128, chap. vi., book ii., vol. i., in
_Pococke's_ "Description of the East."
Proceeding from St Paul's to the SE., for near 15 miles, the line of
the _primitive_ mountains is reached on the left, whilst the
_secondary_ chain of Gebel Kallala, consisting of limestone with
ammonites, is continued on the right, or west. South of Wadi Dthahal
_micaceous schist_ approaching to _gneiss_ occurs, and a little
further, the primitive and _sandstone_, or _gritstone_ rocks join.
Thence the secondary, or _cretaceous_ mountains, diverging to the
south and south-west, gradually decrease in altitude.
Again, southwards, some more ancient copper-works are noticed; and
then, _Gebel Horvashia_, whose formation is _granite_, rises a few
miles off to the SE.; in its natural basin much good water is retained
after rain. _Wadi Abu Hadth_ next attracts attention from its
possessing a good deal of fine herbage, and many gum-arabic trees. Of
the granite mountains in this region, _Gebel Agrib_, or _Garib_, or
_Gharib_ ("camel's hump") is the loftiest, as it elevates itself to
about 6000 feet above the sea level; and from its position it forms a
conspicuous landmark far out at sea.
The ascent of this majestic mountain, from its steepness and numerous
ravines, is found to be fatiguing. Mr J. Wilkinson[18] describes it as
follows:--
"The first evening we reached the base of the highest cone, where we
slept, and ascended the next morning to the summit, from which we
had a view of the mountains on either side of the sea, and the
different plains. We tracked the gazelles very nearly to the summit,
and every now and then in the ravines found some solitary plants
growing under the shade of a projecting stone. The peaks of this
mountain resemble the _Aiguilles_ near Mount Blanc; but, to equal
that mountain in beauty, it requires the lower parts to be covered
with the woods and verdure of the Alps, and the desert plain below
to be exchanged for the green meadows of Switzerland. I calculate
the height to be 5513 feet above the ravine in the plain below,
which is a few hundred feet above the level of the sea."
Footnote 18: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. ii.
p. 39.
About ten miles southward, _Bir-el-Dara_--the "Well of Dara," below
the mountain of that name, occurs; there, likewise, copper _scoriæ_,
smelting furnaces, and miners' houses, are observed.
Further south, more _copper mines_ are seen in a bare place, among low
hills, all of which have been examined for the ore.
Advancing south-eastwards by the plain, some _calcareous_ rocks are
passed, and afterwards a line of _sandstone_,[19] with limestone over
it, running parallel to, and nearly equidistant between the _two
primitive_ ridges. _Wadi-el-Enned_ succeeds to the eastward, where a
beautifully clear rivulet is found; but its water is too bad for the
use of animals, being chiefly serviceable for the nourishment of
numerous date palms. This spot lies at the foot of some _limestone_
hills of the _cretaceous_ series that join the eastern _granitic_
ridge.
Footnote 19: Mr J. Wilkinson (_ibid_, Note, p. 41), says,
"Judging from the angle of its dip, it formerly rose _over_ the
lower, or eastern primitive range, from which, however, it is now
separated by a valley, or bed of a torrent."
Next, on the south, comes _Gebel Kuffra_, where the water is so _salt_
as only to be drunk by camels. _Gebel Dochan_, (smoke)--the "Mons
Porphyrites" of the ancients--rising about eleven miles more
southward, and in the same line with the supposed site of _Myos
Hormus_, Myos Hormos, the "mouse harbour," is too distant from our
proposed limits, to receive a full description in the present Memoir.
I will only remark that at Mount _Dochan_, there exist some
interesting ruins, and "those vast _quarries_, from which Rome took so
many superb pieces of _porphyry_, to adorn her baths and
porticoes."[20] On its southern side, Mr J. Wilkinson adds, "we met
with some _Breccia Verde_; and of other kinds of _Breccia_ we had
observed great quantities and varieties at Dochan." The sea-shore,
about Myos Hormus, is bare and deserted; to the west, at some distance
from the harbour, the _granitic_ chain extends; on the east, between
it and the sea, a low ridge of _limestone_ hills, which unites with
the primitive rocks on the north, comes down towards the shore. "And,
in the distance, on the north, is seen the mountain _El Zeit_, so
called from the quantity of _petroleum_ found there; whence project
two small headlands, forming two gulfs, at the entrance of which are
many long _sandbanks_. May not this be the '_mons Eos_' of Pliny?"[21]
Footnote 20: _Ibid_, p. 42.--Pliny writes of the _quarries_,
"quantis libet molibus cædendis sufficiunt _Lapidicinæ_." Lib.
36, cap. 7. They produced _red porphyry_ of a most beautiful,
close-grained kind; so Pliny says, "_rubet porphyrites_ in eadem
OEgypto."
Footnote 21: Ibid., p. 51.
This _Gebel Zeit_, or "Mount of Oil," runs out into a promontory on
one side of the Strait of Jubal; at its foot a copious supply of
_Petroleum_, or rock oil, is obtained. It is about as liquid as
turpentine, of a black or dark-brown colour, and is collected by the
Greek Christians of Tur, who take it there and sell it, for rheumatism
and for healing sores. The Arabs call it _Zeit-el-Gebel_--"oil of the
mountain."
South of this promontory the sea is studded with a number of small
islands, some of which are described by Strabo; all, however, I
believe, except _Shadwan_, which is of secondary limestone, are of
recent marine formation--chiefly of _Coral_.
(_Conclusion in our next Number._)
_Climate of Whitehaven_
_Synopsis of Meteorological Observations made at the Observatory,
Whitehaven, Cumberland, in the Year 1849._
BY JOHN FLETCHER MILLER, Esq., F. R. S., F. R. A. S., &c.
Communicated by the Author.
+------++------------------------------------------------------------+
| || STANDARD BAROMETER,[22] |
| || CORRECTED AND REDUCED TO 32° FAHRENHEIT. |
| ||----------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------|
| || | | | | | | | |
| || | | Mean | Mean | Mean | Pres-| Mean | |
|1849. || Max. | Min. | at | at |Atmos-| sure | Pres-| |
| || | | 3 | 10 |pheric| of | sure | Range.|
| || | | P.M. | P.M. | Pres-|Vapor.|of Dry| |
| || | | | | sure | | Air. | |
|------||----------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------|
| || Inches |Inches|Inches|Inches|Inches|Inches|Inches| Inches|
|Jan. ||30·173 |28·680|29·654|29·679|29·666| 0·236|29·430| 1·493 |
|Feb. ||30·774[23]|28·890|30·012|30·012|30·012| ·265|29·747| 1·884 |
|March ||30·494 |29·140|29·940|29·949|29·944| ·264|29·680| 1·354 |
|April ||30·147 |29·123|29·551|29·563|29·571| ·256|29·315| 1·024 |
|May ||30·147 |29·052|29·749|29·763|29·770| ·354|29·416| 1·095 |
|June ||30·122 |29·516|29·867|29·873|29·884| ·357|29·527| ·606 |
|July ||30·295 |29·216|29·763|29·770|29·780| ·426|29·354| 1·079 |
|Aug. ||30·189 |29·175|29·785|29·788|29·800| ·436|29·364| 1·014 |
|Sept. ||30·464 |28·924|29·826|29·831|29·842| ·413|29·429| 1·540 |
|Oct. ||30·489 |29·129|29·720|29·731|29·739| ·316|29·423| 1·360 |
|Nov. ||30·137 |28·737|29·637|29·668|29·666| ·295|29·371| 1·400 |
|Dec. ||30·721[24]|29·078|29·843|29·835|29·853| ·233|29·620| 1·643 |
|------||----------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------|
|Means ||30·346 |29·055|29·778|29·788|29·794| ·321|29·473|{1·291}|
| || | | | | | | |{2·094}|
+------++----------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+
Footnote 22: The readings of the barometer hitherto used required
an additive correction of about 0·08 inch. All past results will
be reduced to the standard instrument.
Footnote 23: Uncorrected Maximum, 30·820 inches.
Footnote 24: Uncorrected Maximum, 30·752 inches.
+------++-----------------------------------++-------------+
| || SELF-REGISTERING THERMOMETER. ||PLUVIOMETER. |
| || || |
| ||---------+-----+-----+-------+-----||------+------|
| || | | | | || | |
| ||Absolute | | | Mean | || Rain | |
|1849. || | Mean| Mean|Monthly|Range|| and | Snow.|
| ||---------| of | of |Temper-| || Snow.| |
| ||Max.|Min.| Max.| Min.| ature.| || | |
| || | | | | | || | |
|------||----+----+-----+-----+-------+-----||------+------|
| || ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° ||Inches|Inches|
|Jan. ||50· |18·7|42·14|35·82| 38·987| 31·3|| 5·683| |
|Feb. ||51· |30· |45·91|40·07| 42·990| 21· || 2·045| |
|March ||54· |28· |46·79|39·96| 43·375| 26· || ·837| |
|April ||62· |29· |49·73|38·51| 44·124| 33· || 1·488| ·090 |
|May ||70· |36·5|60·51|45·85| 53·185| 33·5|| 3·037| |
|June ||67·5|40·5|61·53|48·55| 55·044| 27· || 1·224| |
|July ||75·5|46· |63·93|53·74| 58·835| 29·5|| 5·478| |
|Aug. ||72· |46·5|64·05|55·03| 59·541| 25·5|| 3·771| |
|Sept. ||74· |42·5|62·56|50·48| 56·524| 31·5|| 2·814| |
|Oct. ||64· |34· |52·16|43·11| 47·636| 30· || 5·252| |
|Nov. ||55· |27·7|47·85|42·77| 45·310| 27·3|| 4·974| |
|Dec. ||52·5|25· |41·69|35·93| 38·810| 27·5|| 2·396| |
|------||----+----+-----+-----+-------+-----++------+------|
|Means ||62·3|33·7|53·24|44·15| 48·696| 56·8||38·999| ·090 |
| || | | | | | || | |
+------++----+----+-----+-----+-------+-----++------+------+
+------++-------------------------------------+
| || | | || |
| || | | || |
| || | | || |
| || Wet |Evapor-| Prevailing ||Force|
| ||Days.| ation | Winds. Two || of |
|1849. || | Gauge.| Daily ||Wind,|
| || | | Observations. || 0-5.|
| || | | || |
| || | | || |
|------||-----+-------+----------------++-----|
| || | Inches| || |
|Jan. || 20 | ·909 |SW. || 3·2 |
|Feb. || 12 | 1·024 |SW. || 2·1 |
|March || 13 | 1·558 |SW. & NW. || 2·1 |
|April || 16 | 2·620 |Easterly. || 2·5 |
|May || 14 | 3·886 |SW. || 2·0 |
|June || 10 | 5·076 |SW. || 1·9 |
|July || 18 | 4·156 |NW. || 2·3 |
|Aug. || 19 | 2·657 |SW. || 1·4 |
|Sept. || 12 | 3·337 |E., Variable 1·5|| |
|Oct. || 17 | 1·723 |SW. || 2·3 |
|Nov. || 24 | ·960 |SW. || 2·4 |
|Dec. || 15 | ·793 |E., Variable || 1·8 |
|------||-----+-------+----------------++-----|
|Means || 190 |28·699 |SW. || 2·1 |
| || | | || |
+------++-----+-------+----------------++-----+
HYGROMETER.
+---------++----------------------------------++
| || At 3h P.M. ||
| || ||
| ++-------+-------+----------+-------++
| || | | | ||
| 1849. || Mean | Mean | Mean | Com- ||
| || of | of | Dew- |plete- ||
| || Dry | Wet | Point |ment of||
| || Bulb. | Bulb. | De- | Dew- ||
| || | |duced.[25]|Point. ||
| || | | | ||
+---------++-------+-------+----------+-------++
| || ° | ° | ° | ° ||
|January || 40·28 | 39·02 | 36·68 | 3·60 ||
|February || 44·66 | 42·50 | 40·08 | 4·46 ||
|March || 45·85 | 43·17 | 40·02 | 5·82 ||
|April || 48·66 | 43·94 | 39·13 | 9·53 ||
|May || 58·79 | 52·85 | 48·39 | 10·40 ||
|June || 60·23 | 53·44 | 48·68 | 11·54 ||
|July || 63·13 | 57·47 | 53·82 | 9·30 ||
|August || 62·43 | 57·77 | 54·59 | 7·84 ||
|Sept. || 61·95 | 56·48 | 52·87 | 9·08 ||
|October || 51·17 | 48·13 | 45·09 | 6·06 ||
|November || 46·65 | 45·10 | 43·23 | 3·41 ||
|December || 40·25 | 38·74 | 36·40 | 3·79 ||
+---------++-------+-------+----------+-------++
|Means, || 52·00 | 48·21 | 44·91 | 7·07 ||
|1848, || 51·93 | 48·23 | 44·98 | 6·95 ||
|1847, || 51·94 | | 44·12 | 7·82 ||
+---------++-------+-------+----------+-------++
+---------++---------------++---------+-------+
| || WEIGHT OF || | |
| || VAPOUR. || | |
| ++-------+-------++ Degree | |
| || |Requir-|| of |Weight |
| 1849. || In a |ed for ||Humidity,| of a |
| || Cubic | Satu- ||(complete| Cubic |
| || foot |ration || Satu- |foot of|
| || of | of a || ration | Air. |
| || Air. |Cubic || =1·000).| |
| || | foot. || | |
+---------++-------+-------++---------+-------+
| ||Grains.|Grains.|| |Grains.|
|January || 2·80 | 0·32 || 0·899 | 546·2 |
|February || 3·04 | 0·57 || 0·844 | 546·8 |
|March || 3·03 | 0·72 || 0·811 | 543·7 |
|April || 2·87 | 1·23 || 0·701 | 535·1 |
|May || 3·93 | 1·73 || 0·696 | 527·2 |
|June || 3·91 | 1·99 || 0·663 | 527·8 |
|July || 4·70 | 1·77 || 0·726 | 522·6 |
|August || 4·85 | 1·50 || 0·767 | 523·2 |
|Sept. || 4·55 | 1·71 || 0·728 | 523·7 |
|October || 3·58 | 0·87 || 0·804 | 533·8 |
|November || 3·41 | 0·43 || 0·888 | 538·8 |
|December || 2·71 | 0·41 || 0·878 | 548·1 |
+---------++-------+-------++---------+-------+
|Means, || 3·61 | 1·10 || 0·784 | 534·7 |
|1848, || | || | |
|1847, || | || | |
+---------++-------+-------++---------+-------+
Footnote 25: From Mr Glaisher's Hygrometrical Tables, the
accuracy of which my own series of observations made in the years
1847 and 1848, for the purpose of testing their correctness, shew
in a very striking manner; and I think every meteorologist must
feel himself greatly indebted to Mr Glaisher for this valuable
compilation, which is also based on observations made under his
own superintendence at the National Observatory.
In eight months of the year 1847, the difference between the
observed and the deduced Dew-point at Whitehaven, is 0°·10; and
in 1848, it is only 0°·07, the mean of the two periods comprising
1220 observations, amounting to the comparatively evanescent
fraction of 8/100ths of a degree. Such satisfactory proofs of the
perfection of Mr G.'s tables have induced me to abandon Daniell's
Dew-point Apparatus, for that more simple, less costly, and
equally correct form of Hygrometer, the combination of the dry
and wet bulb thermometers.
SOLAR AND TERRESTRIAL RADIATION.
[Transcriber's Note: Key to abbreviations in table headers:
Six's = Six's Thermometer, 4 feet above Ground;
O G = On Grass;
O W = On Wool.]
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| || ABSOLUTE MINIMA.||MEAN NOCTURNAL TEMPERATURE.||
| ||----------------------------------------------||
| 1849. ||Six's| On | O W ||Six's| Naked Thermometers ||
| || |Grass| O G || | O G |O W O G| Diff. ||
|----------||-----+-----+-----||-----+-----+-------+-------||
| || ° | ° | ° || ° | ° | ° | ° ||
|January, || 18·7| 4· |--2·8||35·82|30·35| 27·71 | 2·64 ||
|February, || 30· | 20·5| 18· ||40·07|35·38| 33·08 | 2·30 ||
|March, || 28· | 19·5| 14·7||39·96|34·88| 32·60 | 2·28 ||
|April, || 29· | 21·3| 16· ||38·51|32·72| 28·88 | 3·84 ||
|May, || 36·5| 26· | 22· ||45·85|39·27| 36·27 | 3·00 ||
|June, || 40·5| 29·5| 25· ||48·55|41·06| 37·86 | 3·20 ||
|July, || 46· | 33· | 29· ||53·74|45·52| 42·43 | 3·09 ||
|August, || 46·5| 35· | 31·5||55·03|49·25| 46·05 | 3·20 ||
|September,|| 42·5| 31·8| 28· ||50·48|42·84| 39·53 | 3·31 ||
|October, || 34· | 24·5| 18·5||43·11|37·15| 33·46 | 3·69 ||
|November, || 27·7| 19·5| 14·5||42·77|37·79| 35·72 | 2·07 ||
|December, || 25· | 17·5| 11·5||35·93|30·29| 27·08 | 3·21 ||
|----------||-----+-----+-----||-----+-----+-------+-------||
| 1849, || 33·7| 23·5| 18·8||44·15|38·04| 35·05 | 2·98 ||
| 1848, || 32·5| | 20·2||43·79| | 35·73 | ||
| 1847, || 33·7| | 20·5||43·50| | 35·95 | ||
| 1846, || 36·1| | 23·1|| | | | ||
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| || TERRESTRIAL RADIATION. |
| ||--------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1849. || Maximum. || Minimum. || Mean. |
| || O G |O W O G| || O G |O W O G| Day. ||O G |O W O G|
|----------||-----+-------+---------||-----+-------+---------||----+-------|
| || ° | ° | || ° | ° | || ° | |
|January, || 14·7| 21·5 | 3d || 1· | 1·5 | 7th||5·47| 8·11 |
|February, || 11·5| 13· | 17th|| 1·5 | 1·5 | 3, 22d||4·69| 6·99 |
|March, || 14·5| 16· | 31st|| 0· | 1·5 | 11,12th||5·08| 7·36 |
|April, || 11·5| 17·5 | 11th|| 3· | 3· | 3d ||5·79| 9·63 |
|May, || 12· | 17·5 | 1st|| 1·5 | 2·5 | 15th||6·58| 9·58 |
|June, || 14· | 19·5 | 4th|| 2· | 3·5 | 26th||7·49| 10·69 |
|July, || 16· | 20· | 16, 17th|| 3· | 4· | 4th||8·22| 11·31 |
|August, || 19· | 22· | 4th|| 2· | 3· | 26th||5·78| 8·98 |
|September,|| 13· | 18·5 | 27th|| 2· | 2·5 | 16, 20th||7·64| 10·95 |
|October, || 14· | 21· | 17th|| 0· | 1· | 25, 30th||5·96| 9·65 |
|November, || 10·5| 13·2 | 24, 28th|| 1·5 | 1·5 | 8th||4·98| 7·05 |
|December, || 17·5| 21· | 4th|| 0· | 0·5 | 8th||5·64| 8·85 |
|----------||-----+-------+---------||-----+-------+---------||----|-------|
| 1849, || 14·0| 18·4 | || 1·46| 2·16 | ||6·11| 9·09 |
| 1848, || | 15·9 | || | 1·94 | || | 8·06 |
| 1847, || | 15·1 | || | 1·14 | ||[26]| 7·45 |
| 1846, || | 14·6 | || | 1·35 | ||[27]| 7·45 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------+
| || IN SUN'S RAYS. |
| ||---------------------|
| 1849. || Max. |Mean.|Solar |
| || | |Rad.[28]|
|----------||------|-----|--------|
| || ° | ° | ° |
|January, || 59 | 45·5| 3·37 |
|February, || 67 | 54·4| 8·49 |
|March, || 77 | 61·3| 14·51 |
|April, || 93 | 69·3| 19·57 |
|May, || 133 | 88·0| 27·49 |
|June, || 106 | 89·2| 27·67 |
|July, || 106 | 96·3| 32·37 |
|August, || 104 | 85·8| 21·75 |
|September,|| 102 | 81·1| 18·54 |
|October, || 75 | 64·9| 12·74 |
|November, || 67 | 50·9| 3·05 |
|December, || 56 | 44·1| 2·41 |
|----------||------+-----+--------|
| 1849, || 87·0 | 69·2| 15·99 |
| 1848, || | | |
| 1847, || 90·2 | 71·0| 17·15 |
| 1846, || | | |
+---------------------------------+
Footnote 26: In 1847, the Thermometer was on Cork throughout the
year. It is here reduced to the Standard of Raw Wool.
Footnote 27: In 1846, the Thermometer was placed on Cork in
cloudy and wet weather. The results are reduced to the Standard
of Raw Wool, by adding 0°·25 to the _recorded_ annual mean.
Footnote 28: Difference between the mean maximum in the Sun's
rays, and the mean maximum in the shade.
_Form, &c. of Instruments._
The Barometer (the frame of which is brass) is a standard made by
Barrow, under the direction of James Glaisher, Esq., of the Greenwich
Observatory.
The adjustment for the difference of capacity of tube and cistern is
effected previous to every observation, and the correction for
capillarity and reduction to the temperature of 32° is made at the
close of each month.
The difference between its readings and those of the Greenwich
standard is scarcely appreciable, being only 0·002 inch.
The Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometers, also made by Barrow, are considered
to have identical readings under similar circumstances, and both, too,
agree with the Greenwich standard thermometer. The Dew-point
apparatus, now discontinued, approximates very closely in its readings
to the dry and wet bulb thermometers.
The Self-registering Thermometer is a large Six made by Dollond in
1840, and its average difference from the standard is within 2/10ths
of a degree. A duplicate and precisely similar thermometer (which has
also been repeatedly compared with a standard at every part of the
scale) is fixed by its side, so that in case of No. 1 getting out of
order, No. 2 can be resorted to without detriment to the results.