The keen desire of the four Powers to secure the co-operation of

France has been shown by the fact that they have continued their

efforts for several months in the course of negotiations. They are

well aware of the value of French support, not only for the particular

object which they have in view, but also with reference to the general

and permanent interests of Europe. But what they failed to secure, and

what they esteemed, was the co-operation of France in the maintenance

of peace to secure the eventual safety of Europe and the practical

execution of the principles to which the five Powers had declared

their agreement. They desired the co-operation of France, not only for

themselves and for the advantage and opportunity of the moment, but

also for the good which it might have conferred, and for the future

consequences which might have resulted from it. They wished to

co-operate with France to do good, but they were not prepared to

co-operate with her in doing evil.

Thinking, therefore, that the policy advised by France was unjust, and

in no way judicious with regard to the Sultan; that it might become

the cause of misfortunes in Europe; that it was inconsistent with the

public engagement undertaken by the five Powers, and that it was

incompatible with the principles which they had wisely emphasised, the

four Powers felt that they could not make the sacrifice demanded of

them, and buy the help of France at so high a price--if, indeed, that

could be called co-operation which merely consisted in allowing events

to follow their natural course. As the four Powers were thus unable to

adopt the views of France, they determined to accomplish their

mission.

This determination, however, was not unexpected and the probable

eventualities had not been hidden from France. On the contrary, upon

several occasions during the course of negotiations, and no later than

October 1 last, I had pointed out to the French Ambassador that our

desire to remain united with France must have a limit, that we were

anxious to go forward with France but not disposed to come to a

standstill with her, and that if she could not contrive to act in

harmony with the four Powers, she must not be astonished if she saw

them come to an understanding between themselves and acting apart from

France.

Comte Sabastiani told me that he foresaw that we should thus act, and

that he could predict the result; that we were bound to try and

conclude our arrangements without the help of France, and that we

should find that our means were inadequate; that France would be a

passive spectator of events; that after a year or eighteen months of

useless efforts we should recognise that we had been mistaken, and

that we should then apply to France; that this Power would then

co-operate to settle these matters upon a friendly basis with as much

friendliness after our failure as she would have shown before our

attempt, and that she would then probably persuade us to agree to

conditions to which we refused our consent at the moment.

Similar indications were given to M. Guizot with regard to the line

which would probably be taken by the four Powers if they were

unsuccessful in coming to an arrangement with France. The French

Government has therefore refused the ultimatum of the four Powers, and

by the act of refusal has enounced afresh a principle of action which

it knew could not be adopted by the four Powers: a principle which

consisted in the idea that no settlement of the difficulties between

the Sultan and his subject could take place except under conditions

which the subject could accept voluntarily, or, in other terms, could

dictate; hence, the French Government must have been prepared to see

the four Powers determined to act apart from France; and when the four

Powers had come to this determination, they could not be represented

as breaking with France, or as excluding France from the arrangement

of a war to be carried on by Europe. On the contrary, it was France

who broke with the four Powers, for it was France who laid down for

herself a principle of action which made co-operation with the other

Powers impossible.

At this point, without attempting further controversial observations

with reference to the past, I feel obliged to point out that the

voluntary retirement on the part of France was not entirely due to the

course of negotiations at London, but that, unless Her Majesty's

Government has been strangely misled, it was decided even more

definitely in the course of negotiations at Constantinople. The five

Powers declared to the Sultan by a Collective Note, which was handed

to the Porte on July 27, 1839, by their representatives at

Constantinople, that their unanimity was complete, and these

representatives requested the Porte to refrain from any direct

negotiations with Mehemet Ali, and to make no arrangement with the

Pasha without the concurrence of the five Powers. However, Her

Majesty's Government has good reason to believe that during the last

few months the French representative at Constantinople has decisively

isolated France from the other four Powers, and has energetically and

repeatedly pressed the Porte to negotiate directly with Mehemet Ali,

and to conclude an arrangement with the Pasha, not only without the

concurrence of the four great Powers, but under the mediation of

France alone, and in accordance with the special views of the French

Government.

As regards the line of conduct followed by Great Britain, the French

Government must recognise that the views and opinions of Her Majesty's

Government have never varied, from the outset of these negotiations,

except in so far as Her Majesty's Government has offered to modify its

views with the object of securing the co-operation of France. These

views have been from time to time frankly expressed to the French

Government, and have been continually supported in the most urgent

manner by arguments which seemed conclusive to Her Majesty's

Government. From the very outset of the negotiations, the declarations

of principle made by the French Government induced Her Majesty's

Government to believe that the two Governments had only to agree upon

the means of carrying out their common principles. If the intentions

of the French Government concerning these means differed from the

views of England even at the outset of the negotiations, France has

certainly not the right to refer to the difference between France and

England as unexpected, seeing that the French Government recognised

its existence a long time previously. If the intentions of the French

Government with regard to the measures to be taken have undergone a

change since the opening of negotiations, France certainly has not

the right to impute to Great Britain a change of political intention

which proceeds from France, and not from England.

But in any case, when four out of five Powers have agreed upon a

definite line of conduct, and when the fifth has resolved to pursue an

entirely different policy, it would be unreasonable to require the

four to abandon, in deference to the fifth, opinions to which they are

daily more resolved to adhere and which refer to a question of vital

importance for the chief and future interests of Europe.

But as France continues to maintain the general principles which she

laid down at the outset and continues to consider the maintenance of

the integrity and independence of the Turkish Empire as necessary to

preserve the balance of power; as again France has never refused to

admit that the arrangement which the four Powers wished to introduce

between the Sultan and the Pasha would be the best solution if it

could be secured, and as again the objections of France referred not

to the object proposed but to the means by which it is to be gained,

her opinion being that the end is good, but that the means are

inadequate and dangerous; Her Majesty's Government is confident that

the isolation of France, which no one regrets more than Her Majesty's

Government, will not be of long duration.

When the four Powers, in concert with the Sultan, have succeeded in

introducing an arrangement of this nature between the Porte and his

subjects, there will then be no further point of disagreement between

France and her allies, nor will there be any obstacle to prevent

France from undertaking with the other Powers such engagements for the

future as may seem necessary to secure the good results of an

intervention by the four Powers in favour of the Sultan, and to

preserve the Ottoman Empire from any recurrence of the dangers to

which it is exposed.

Her Majesty's Government impatiently awaits the moment when France

will be able to resume her position in the concert of the Powers and

trusts that that moment will be accelerated in the interests of the

full development of the moral influence of France. Although the French

Government, for reasons of its own, has refused to participate in the

coercive measures to be employed against Mehemet Ali, this Government

certainly cannot object to the employment of such measures with the

object of inducing the Pasha to submit to the arrangements which are

to be placed before him, and it is obvious that more than one argument

might be adduced and that more than one prudential consideration might

be urged upon the Pasha with more efficacy by France as a neutral

Power and a non-participant in this affair, than by the four Powers

which are actively engaged in the prosecution of coercive measures.

In any case Her Majesty's Government is confident that Europe will

recognise the justice of the proposal which has been put forward by

the four Powers, for their purpose is just and disinterested. They are

not seeking to gather any advantage for themselves or to establish any

exclusive sphere of influence, or to acquire any territory, and the

object which they have in view should be as profitable to France as to

themselves, because France, like themselves, is interested in the

maintenance of the balance of power and in the preservation of the

general peace.

You will send officially to M. Thiers a copy of this despatch.

I am, &c.,

(Signed) PALMERSTON.

(From the _Journal des Débats_ of October 2.)

V

_Manifesto to the Spanish Nation._

SPANIARDS,

As I left the soil of Spain in a day of grief and bitterness for me,

my streaming eyes were turned to heaven in prayer that the God of

mercy would shed His grace and His blessing upon us.

When I reached a foreign land, the first need of my soul and the first

thought of my heart was to raise my voice in friendship, the voice

with which I have ever spoken to you with a sense of unspeakable

tenderness, both in good and bad fortune.

Alone, abandoned, and a prey to the deepest grief, my only consolation

in this great misfortune is to open my heart to God and to you, to my

father and to my children.

Think not that I shall be satisfied with lamentations and barren

recriminations, or that, to explain my conduct as Queen-Regent of the

realm, I shall attempt to excite your passions; on the contrary, I

have done everything to calm them and would gladly see them at rest.

The language of self-restraint alone is consonant with my affection,

my dignity, and my glory.

When I left my country to seek another home in Spanish hearts, rumour

had informed me of your great exploits and your high qualities. I knew

that in every age you had leaped forward to the combat with the

noblest and most generous ardour to defend the throne of your

Sovereigns; that you had defended it at the price of your blood, and

that in days of glorious memory you had deserved well of your country

and of Europe. I then swore to devote myself to the happiness of a

nation which had shed its blood to break the captivity of its Kings.

The Almighty heard my oath, your manifestations of joy showed me that

you were conscious of it, and my conscience tells me that I have kept

it.

When your King, upon the brink of the tomb, dropped the reins of State

from his failing grasp and placed them in my hands, my gaze fell

alternately upon my husband, my daughter's cradle, and the Spanish

nation, thus uniting the three objects of my love in order to

recommend them to the protection of heaven in one prayer. My painful

experiences as mother and wife while my husband's life and my

daughter's throne were endangered could not distract me from my duties

as Queen: at my voice universities were opened; at my voice

long-standing abuses disappeared and useful reforms, wisely

considered, were brought forward; at my voice those who had sought in

vain a home as exiles and wanderers in foreign lands, returned to

their hearths and homes. Your joyous enthusiasm at these solemn acts

of justice and mercy could only be compared to the extent of the grief

and the depth of bitterness to which I was abandoned; for myself I

reserved all sadness, and for you, Spaniards, all joy.

At a later date, when God had called my august husband to Himself, who

left the government of the whole realm in my hands, I strove to guide

the State as a merciful Queen-Regent (_justiciera_). During the short

period which elapsed since my elevation to power until the convocation

of the first Cortes, my power was unique, but it was not despotic, or

absolute, or arbitrary, for it was limited by my will. The most

dignified people in the realm and the Council of Government, which I

was bound to consult by the last wishes of my august husband upon all

matters of grave import, pointed out to me that public opinion

demanded other guarantees from me as the repository of the sovereign

power. I gave those guarantees, and freely and spontaneously convoked

the chiefs of the nation and the procuradores of the realm.

I granted the royal statute and I have not infringed it. If others

have trampled it under foot, they must be responsible for their

actions before God, who holds laws sacred.

The Constitution of 1837 was accepted by me, and I took the oath to

it; to avoid infringement of it, I then made the last and greatest of

sacrifices--I laid down the sceptre and I was forced to abandon my

daughters.

In referring to the events which have brought these cruel tribulations

upon me, I shall speak to you as my dignity demands, with

self-restraint and in words well weighed.

I was served by responsible Ministers, who were supported by the

Cortes. I accepted their resignation, which was imperiously demanded

by a revolt at Barcelona; then began a crisis which was only concluded

by the renunciation which I signed at Valencia. During this deplorable

period, the municipality of Madrid revolted against my authority, an

example followed by other important towns. The rebels insisted that I

should condemn the conduct of Ministers who had loyally served me;

that I should recognise the movement as legitimate; that I should

annul, or at any rate suspend, the law of municipalities which I had

sanctioned, after it had been voted by the Cortes; and that I should

endanger the unity of the Regency.

I could not accept the first of these conditions without entire loss

of self-respect; I could not accede to the second without recognising

the right of force, a right recognised neither by divine nor human

laws, and the existence of which is incompatible with the

Constitution, as it is incompatible with all Constitutions; I could

not accept the third condition without infringing the Constitution,

which regards as law any measure voted by the Cortes and sanctioned by

the supreme head of the State, and which places a law once sanctioned

beyond the sphere of the royal authority; I could not accept the

fourth condition without accepting my own disgrace, passing

condemnation upon myself and undermining the power which the King had

left me and which the Chambers of the Cortes had afterwards confirmed,

and which was preserved by me as a sacred possession which I had sworn

never to surrender to the hands of factious men.

My firmness in resisting that which I could not accept in the face of

my duty, my oaths and the dearest interests of the monarchy, has

brought down upon the defenceless woman, whose voice now speaks to

you, a series of griefs and sufferings which no human language could

express. You will not have forgotten, Spaniards, how I carried my

misfortunes from city to city, insulted and affronted everywhere, for

one of those decrees of God which are a mystery to man, has permitted

injustice and ingratitude to prevail. Doubtless for that reason the

small number of those who hated me were emboldened to insult me, while

the large number of those who loved me had so far lost courage as to

offer me nothing but silent compassion as a testimony of their

affection. There were some who offered me their swords, but I did not

accept their offer, preferring martyrdom in isolation to the certain

prospect of reading one day a new list of martyrs who had fallen

victims to their loyalty. I might have stirred up a civil war, but

civil war could not be aroused by myself, who have just given you the

peace that my heart desired, a peace cemented by forgetfulness of the

past; my mother's eyes turned away from so dreadful a prospect; I told

myself that when children are ungrateful a mother must endure to

death, but that she must not stir up war between them.

Days elapsed in this dreadful condition of affairs; I saw my sceptre

become merely a useless reed and my diadem a crown of thorns. At

length my strength failed; I laid aside my sceptre and my crown to

breathe the air of freedom; an unhappy victim but with a calm brow, a

clear conscience, and a soul without remorse.

Such, Spaniards, has been my conduct. I offer you this account of it

that it may not be stained by calumny, and in so doing I have

performed the last of my duties. She who was your Queen asks nothing

more of you than that you will love her daughter and honour her

memory.

Marseilles, November 8, 1840.

(Signed) MARIA CHRISTINA.

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

[The names followed by an asterisk (*) have been already noted in more

detail in the Biographical Index of vol. I.]

A

ABD-EL-KADER (1807-1883). Celebrated Arab Emir, who maintained a

desperate struggle against the French in Algiers for fifteen

years. He was eventually captured in 1847 by General

Lamoricière, sent to France, and imprisoned at Pau, then at

Amboise. Napoleon III. set him at liberty, and he afterwards

remained loyal to France. He died in Syria, where he had

withdrawn.

ACERENZA, the Duchesse d' (1783-1876). Jeanne, Princesse de

Courlande, married in 1801 François Pignatelli of Belmonte, Duc

d'Acerenza. She was the third daughter of Pierre Duc de

Courlande, and sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.

ACTON, Lady. She was the daughter of the Duke of Dalberg, and

married Lord Acton as her first husband. Her second husband was

Mr. George Leveson, afterwards Lord Granville.

ADÉLAÏDE, Madame* (1777-1847). Sister of King Louis-Philippe, over

whom she exerted a great influence.

ADOLPHUS OF NASSAU (1250-1298). He was elected Emperor of Germany

in 1292 on the death of Rudolph of Hapsburg, to the exclusion of

Albert, son of this Prince. Germany revolted against him, and he

was conquered and killed by his rival, Albert of Austria, at the

battle of Göllheim.

AFFRE, Denis Auguste (1793-1848). Archbishop of Paris from 1840.

On June 25, 1848, Mgr. Affre went to the barricades in the

Faubourg Saint Antoine and was struck by a bullet while

beseeching the insurgents to surrender. He died two days later

in consequence of this wound.

AGNÈS SOREL (1409-1450). Lady of Honour to Isabelle de Lorraine.

Agnès Sorel attracted the notice of Charles VII. and became his

favourite. He gave her a castle at Loches, the comté of

Penthièvre, the manors of Roquessière, Issoudun, and

Vernon-sur-Seine, and finally the seat of Beauté in the Bois de

Vincennes, whence she took the name of Dame de Beauté.

ALAVA, Don Ricardo de* (1780-1843). Spanish officer and

diplomatist.

ALBUFÉRA, the Duchesse d' (1791-1884). Daughter of the Baron de

St. Joseph. She married in 1808 Marshal Suchet, Duc d'Albuféra,

who died in 1826.

ALDBOROUGH, Cornelia, Lady.* Daughter of Charles Landry.

ALFIERI, Count Victor* (1749-1803). Italian tragic poet. He

secretly married the Countess of Albany.

ALIBAUD (1810-1836). Assassin who attempted the life of King

Louis-Philippe on the evening of June 25, 1836, and was executed

on July 11 following.

ALTENSTEIN, Baron Karl of (1770-1840). Prussian statesman from

1808 to 1810. He was Financial Minister, and afterwards, under

King Frederick William III., became Minister of Religion and

Education.

ALTON-SHÉE DE LIGNIÉRES, Edmond, Comte d' (1810-1874). Peer of

France in 1836. At first closely attached to the Constitutional

Monarchy of July, he suddenly changed under the influence of the

ideas of 1848, and took part in the manifestations of the

advanced party. Under the Second Empire he abandoned his

political connections.

ALVANLEY, Lord* (1787-1849). A society figure and English officer,

known for his wit.

ANCILLON, Jean Pierre Frédéric (1766-1837). Of Swiss origin, he

became Minister of the Reformed Church of Berlin and Professor

at the Military Academy. In 1806 Frederick William III.

requested him to undertake the education of the Prince Royal,

afterwards Frederick William IV. Admitted to the court, Ancillon

was influential there until his death. He married three times:

in 1792, Marie Henriette Baudouin, who died in 1823; in 1824,

Louise Molière, who died in 1826; in 1836, Flore Tranouille

d'Harley and de Verquignieulle, of an old Belgian family.

ANDRAL, Madame. Daughter of M. Royer Collard. She married the

famous Dr. Andral.

ANGLONA, the Prince d' (1817-1871). Son of a General in the

Spanish Army. He married in 1837 the daughter of the Duke of

Frias and became Duke of Uceda, a title which belonged to his

wife's family.

ANGOULÊME, the Duc d' (1775-1844). Also known as the Dauphin,

after his father, King Charles X., had ascended the throne in

1824. In 1799, at Mitau, he married his cousin, Marie Thérèse

Charlotte, only daughter of King Louis XVI. He was

Commander-in-Chief of the French Army sent to Spain in 1823,

captured the fort of Trocadero, and showed his moderation by the

ordinance of Andujar. He died in exile at Goritz, and left no

children.

ANGOULÊME, the Duchesse d' (1778-1851). Marie Thérèse Charlotte of

France, only daughter of King Louis XVI. and of Marie

Antoinette. At her birth she received the title of Madame

Royale. She shared the captivity of her family, and in 1795 the

Directory consented to exchange her for the commissaries sent

back by Austria. She married her cousin, the Duc d'Angoulême,

and returned to Paris with him in 1815. Exiled once more in

1830, she never returned to France, and died at Frohsdorf.

ANNE OF AUSTRIA* (1602-1666). Queen of France and Regent during

the minority of Louis XIV.

ANNE DE BRETAGNE (1476-1514). Queen of France. Daughter of

François II. of Brittany, she married in succession Charles

VIII. and Louis XII., and brought to the Crown the Duchy of

Brittany, to which she was heiress.

APPONYI, Count Antony (1782-1852). Austrian diplomatist. He was

first Envoy Extraordinary to the court of Tuscany, then

Ambassador at Rome until 1825. Afterwards he was Ambassador at

London and then at Paris, where he remained until 1848. In 1808

he married Theresa, daughter of Count Nogarola of Verona.

ARGOUT, the Comte d' (1782-1858). French politician and financier,

he became Councillor of State in 1817, and then Peer of France.

From 1830 onwards he was a member of several Ministries, and

retained the post of Governor of the Bank of France until his

death.

ARNAULD D'ANDILLY (1588-1674). After a long life at court he

retired in 1644 to Port Royal des Champs. While in retirement

here he translated the Confessions of St. Augustine, wrote

memoirs, &c. His son was the Marquis de Pomponne, Minister of

Foreign Affairs, and his daughter the Mother Superior Angélique

de Saint Jean, Abbess of Port Royal.

ARNAULD, Antoine (1612-1694). Theologian and philosopher. He first

studied law and was then attracted by the rigid Christianity of

the Jansenistes, and became the militant theologian of Port

Royal. He composed in collaboration with Nicole the Logic of

Port Royal, and with Lancelot the Grammar. He was the brother of

Arnauld d'Andilly.

ARNAULD, Mother Superior Marie Angélique de Sainte Madeleine

(1591-1661). Sister of Arnauld d'Andilly and of A. Arnauld. She

was Abbess of Port Royal des Champs from the age of fourteen.

She introduced the Cistercian reforms and spirit.

ARNAULD, Mother Superior Angélique de Saint Jean (1624-1684). She

was the daughter of Arnauld d'Andilly and Abbess of Port Royal,

as was her aunt, the Mother Superior Angélique de Sainte

Madeleine. She has a large place in the records of Port Royal

worthies; she also wrote "Narratives," "Reflections," &c.

ARNIM, the Baron of (1789-1861). Prussian diplomatist. He was sent

to Brussels in 1836 and Paris from 1840 to 1848. After a short

time at Berlin as Minister of Foreign Affairs, in 1848, he

retired from politics.

ARSOLI, Camille, Prince Massimo and d' (1803-1873). Chief Minister

of the Pontifical posts. In 1827 he married Marie Gabrielle de

Villefranche-Carignan, and on her death he married the Comtesse

Hyacinthe de la Porta Rodiani.

ARSOLI, Princesse d' (1811-1837). Marie Gabrielle de Villefranche.

Daughter of the Baron de Villefranche, who married Mlle. de la

Vauguyon.

ATTHALIN, the Baron Louis Marie (1784-1856). A General of

Engineers in France. He served with distinction in the campaigns

of the Empire, and under the Restoration became _aide-de-camp_

to the Duc d'Orléans. Under the July monarchy he filled various

diplomatic posts, and became Peer of France in 1840. He retired

into private life after 1848.

AUBUSSON, the Comte Pierre d' (1793-1842). Colonel of Infantry. In

1823 he married Mlle. Rouillé du Boissy du Coudray, and died

insane in 1842.

AUBUSSON, Mlle. Noémi d'. Born in 1826. She was the daughter of

the Comte Pierre d'Aubusson. She married, in 1842, Prince

Gontran of Bauffremont.

AUGUSTA OF ENGLAND, Princess* (1797-1809). Duchess of Cambridge.

She was daughter of the Landgrave Frederick of Hesse Cassel.

AUMALE, Henri d'Orléans, duc d' (1822-1897). Fourth son of King

Louis-Philippe and of Queen Marie Amélie. He distinguished

himself by his brilliant military exploits in Algiers. He left

France in 1848 and returned after 1871. He again became an

exile, and did not return until 1889. His talents as historian

procured his entry to the French Academy. He bequeathed to the

Institute of France his beautiful estate of Chantilly.

AUSTIN, Sarah (1793-1867). An English writer who translated many

German books into English and wrote moral and educational works.

B

BADEN, Grand Duke Leopold of (1790-1858). Succeeded his brother

Louis in 1830. He married Princess Sophia, daughter of Gustavus

Adolphus IV., King of Sweden.

BADEN, Grand Duchess Stephanie of (1789-1860). Daughter of Claude

de Beauharnais, Chamberlain to the Empress Marie Louise. She

married in 1806 the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden,

who died in 1818.

BADEN, Princess Marie of (1817-1887). Daughter of the Grand Duke

Charles Louis of Baden and of Stéphanie de Beauharnais. She

married in 1842 the Duke of Hamilton, and was left a widow in

1863.

BAGRATION, Princess (1783-1857). Catherine Skavronska, married, in

1800, Prince Peter Bagration, who was killed at the Borodino in

1812. In 1830 the Princess married an English Colonel, Sir John

Hobart Caradoc, Lord Howden. The Princess was a friend of Prince

Metternich.

BALBI, the Comtesse de (1753-1839). Daughter of the Marquis de

Caumont La Force. She married the Comte de Balbi and became Lady

of Honour to the Comtesse de Provence. The Comte de Provence,

afterwards Louis XVIII., honoured him with his friendship. The

Comtesse de Balbi possessed every charm of beauty and mind.

BALLANCHE, Pierre Simon (1776-1847). A mystical writer who for

some time conducted at Lyons a large printing and publishing

establishment which he had inherited. He then settled at Paris,

where he became intimate with Madame de Staël, Chateaubriand,

Joubert, etc. He became a member of the French Academy in 1844.

BALZAC, Honoré de (1799-1850). One of the most fertile and

remarkable contemporary novelists, especially powerful in his

profound analysis of human passion.

BARANTE, the Baron Prosper de (1782-1866). He was successively

auditor to the State Council, entrusted with diplomatic

missions, Prefect of the Vendée and of the Loire-Inférieure,

then Deputy, Peer of France, and Ambassador at St. Petersburg.

As writer and historian he was most successful and his History

of the Dukes of Burgundy secured him a seat in the French

Academy.

BARANTE, the Baronne de. _Née_ d'Houdetot. Of Creole origin, she

was renowned for her beauty.

BENDEMANN, Edward (1811-1889). A German painter who acquired a

brilliant reputation at an early age. Professor at the Academy

of Fine Arts at Dresden, he executed the frescoes in the

throne-room of the royal castle of that town. In 1860 he became

director of the Academy of Düsseldorf in succession to Schadow

whose daughter he had married.

BARBET DE JOUY, Joseph Henri (1812-1896). Director of the Museum

of the Louvre and member of the Academy of Fine Arts.

BARROT, Odilon* (1791-1873). French politician.

BARTHE, Félix* (1795-1863). French magistrate and statesman.

BASTIDE, Jules (1800-1879). An ardent Liberal connected with the

Carbonari; he conducted a desperate opposition to Charles X.

Under Louis-Philippe he was Commander of the National Guard, was

compromised and condemned to death for his share in the outbreak

upon the funeral of General Lamarque; he escaped and fled to

London. Afterwards he returned to France and conducted the

_National_ after the death of Armand Carrel. In 1848 he was a

Deputy, and for a short time Minister of Foreign Affairs. Under

the Empire he held aloof from politics.

BATHURST, Lady Georgina. Wife of Lord Henry Bathurst, one of the

chief members of the Tory Party.

BATTHYANY, Countess* (1798-1840). _Née_ Baroness of Ahrennfeldt.

BAUDRAND, the General Comte* (1774-1848). _Aide-de-camp_ to the

Duc d'Orléans.

BAUDRAND, Madame. The great fashionable milliner at Paris in 1836.

BAUFFREMONT, the Duchesse de (born in 1771). Daughter of the Duc

de la Vauguyon. She married, in 1787, Alexandre, Duc de

Bauffremont. She was very intimate with the Prince de

Talleyrand.

BAUFFREMONT, the Princesse de (1802-1860). Laurence, daughter of

the Duc de Montmorency. She married, in 1819, Prince Théodore de

Bauffremont. She was the elder sister of the Duchesse de

Valençay.

BAUFFREMONT, the Prince Gontran de. Born in 1822. He married, in

1842, Mlle. d'Aubusson de La Feuillade.

BAUSSET, the Cardinal de (1748-1824). Bishop of Alais. He was made

a Peer at the Restoration and received his Cardinal's hat in

1817. The previous year he had entered the French Academy. He

wrote a Life of Fénelon and a Life of Bossuet.

BAUTAIN, the Abbé (1796-1867). A pupil of the Normal School, where

he studied under M. Cousin. He was appointed Professor of

Philosophy at the College of Strasburg in 1816, and took orders

in 1828. In 1849 Mgr. Sibour, Archbishop of Paris, appointed him

Vicar-General. The Abbé Bautain pursued almost every branch of

human knowledge.

BAVARIA, the Queen Dowager of (1776-1841). Princess Caroline of

Baden, daughter of Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden;

she married Maximilian of Bavaria in 1797, and became a widow in

1825.

BAVARIA, King Louis I. of (1786-1868). Ascended the throne of

Bavaria in 1825 on the death of his father, Maximilian I. King

Louis abdicated in 1848 after making Munich the Athens of

Germany.

BAVARIA, Queen Theresa of (1792-1854). Daughter of Duke Frederick

of Saxe-Hildburghausen, afterwards Saxony Altenburg.

BAVARIA, Prince Royal of (1811-1864). Maximilian II., son of King

Louis I., whom he succeeded in 1848. In 1842 he married Princess

Marie of Prussia.

BEAUVAU, the Prince Marc de (1816-1883). Married as his first

wife, in 1840, Mlle. Marie d'Aubusson de La Feuillade, and as

his second wife Mlle. Adèle de Gontaut-Biron.

BECKET, St. Thomas (1117-1170). Archbishop of Canterbury.

Assassinated at the foot of the altar by the courtiers of Henry

II., King of England. Pope Alexander III. canonised him as a

martyr.

BEGAS, Charles Joseph (1794-1854). German painter; pupil of Gros,

with whom he studied at Paris. In 1822 he went to Italy, and in

1825 he settled at Berlin, where he became painter to the King

of Prussia, Professor and Member of the Academy of Fine Arts.

BELGIANS, King of the, Leopold I. (1790-1865).

BELGIANS, Queen of the,* Louise, Princesse d'Orléans (1812-1850).

Second wife of Leopold I. of Belgium and daughter of

Louis-Philippe.

BELGIOJOSO, Princess (1808-1871). Christina Trivulzio, married, in

1824, the Prince Barbiano Belgiojoso. Her dislike of the

Austrians drove her to leave Milan and settle at Paris in 1831,

where she attracted attention by her beauty, her cleverness, and

her foreign ways. Princess Belgiojoso published in 1846, under

an obvious pseudonym, a work in four volumes, entitled _An Essay

on the Formation of Catholic Dogma_, which aroused much

discussion. When Piedmont declared war upon Austria in 1848 the

Princess hastened to Milan, fitted out and paid a battalion.

After the peace she was exiled, and returned to Paris, where she

gained a living for the most part with her pen, as her property

had been confiscated by the Austrian Government. It was not

restored to her until 1859, when she returned to Italy and

plunged eagerly into politics.

BENKENDORFF, Count Constantine of (1786-1858). Chief of the staff

of the Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia. He was for sometime

Minister at Stuttgart, where he died.

BERGERON, Louis.* Born in 1811. French journalist.

BERNARD, Simon, Baron (1779-1839). Peer of France and Minister of

War under Louis-Philippe, after serving under the Emperor

Napoleon I. and under the first Restoration.

BERRYER, Antoine* (1790-1868). French lawyer.

BERTIN DE VEAUX, M.* (1771-1842). French journalist.

BERTIN DE VEAUX, Madame, _née_ Bocquet. Daughter-in-law of M.

Merlin.

BERTIN L'AÎNÉ, Louis François (1766-1841). French publicist.

Founded the _Journal des Débats_ with his brother, Bertin de

Veaux.

BERTIN, Madame. Mlle. Boutard, sister of an art critic on the

_Journal des Débats_. She married M. Bertin the elder.

BERTRAND, the Comte (1773-1844). The faithful friend of Napoleon

I., whose _aide-de-camp_ he was, and whom he followed to Elba

and St. Helena.

BERWICK, Duchess of (1793-1863). Dona Rosalia Ventimighi Moncada

was born at Palermo, and was a daughter of the Count of Prado.

She was Lady of Honour to Queen Isabella and Chief Lady of the

Palace. Her son, the Duke of Berwick and of Alba, married the

eldest sister of the Empress Eugenie.

BILZ, Fräulein Margarete von (1792-1875). At first piano mistress

to Princess Marie of Baden (afterwards Lady Hamilton), and then

Lady of Honour to the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.

BINZER, Frau von (1801-1891). _Née_ von Gerschau. She married, in

1822, Herr von Binzer, a German man of letters.

BIRON, Henri, Marquis de (1803-1883). He married Mlle. de Mun,

sister of the Marquis de Mun, who bore him no children. Left a

widower at an early age, he then lived with his brother, the

Comte Etienne de Biron.

BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Charles of. Born in 1811. He married, in

1833, a Countess of Lippe-Biesterfeld.

BIRON-COURLANDE, the Princess Fanny of (1815-1883). Sister of the

Countess of Hohenthal and of Madame de Lazareff. Princess Fanny

married General von Boyen.

BJOERNSTJERNA, Countess of (1797-1865). Elizabeth Charlotte,

daughter of the Field-Marshal, the Count of Stedingk, Swedish

Ambassador in Russia, and sister of the Countess Ugglas. She

married, in 1815, the Baron of Bjoernstjerna, appointed Swedish

Minister at London in 1828. He died in 1847.

BLITTERSDORFF, Baron Frederick of (1792-1861). A statesman in

Baden. He was Diplomatic Minister at St. Petersburg in 1816, and

Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary Envoy to the Germanic

Confederation in 1821, Minister of Foreign Affairs at Carlsruhe

in 1835. In 1848 he retired from politics. He had married Mlle.

Brentano.

BONALD, the Vicomte de (1754-1840). The most famous representative

of the monarchical and religious doctrines of the Restoration.

He became an _émigré_ in 1791, and returned to France when the

Empire was proclaimed; from 1815 to 1822 he was a Deputy, and

became Peer of France in 1823, and afterwards member of the

French Academy. He laboured incessantly with pen and sword to

support the throne and the altar, and thus contributed to the

return of religious ideas to France.

BONAPARTE, Madame Lætitia (1750-1836). Lætitia Ramolino, of an

Italian family, was married at the age of sixteen to Charles

Bonaparte, by whom she had thirteen children. Napoleon I. was

her second son. In 1814, after the fall of the Empire, she

retired to Rome, where she lived in seclusion.

BONAPARTE, Joseph (1768-1844). Elder brother of Napoleon I.,

Joseph Bonaparte married, at Marseilles in 1794, the daughter of

a merchant, sister of the wife of Bernadotte, Marie Julie Clary.

He shared in the _coup d'état_ of the 18th Brumaire, and

several times governed France in the absence of Napoleon. In

1806 he was appointed King of Naples and transferred to the

throne of Spain in 1808, which he lost in 1813; after the

downfall of the Empire he withdrew, first to the United States,

and then to Florence, where he died.

BONAPARTE, Jérôme* (1784-1860). Youngest brother of Napoleon I.

BONAPARTE, Lucien* (1775-1840). Third brother of Napoleon I.

BONAPARTE, Prince Louis (1808-1873). Son of Louis Bonaparte, King

of Holland, and of Hortense de Beauharnais. Prince Louis had an

adventurous youth: in 1836, at Strasburg, and in 1840, at

Boulogne, he attempted to overthrow Louis-Philippe, and to

restore the Empire for his own purposes. Condemned to perpetual

confinement, he was imprisoned at Ham; thence he escaped, fled

to Belgium, and returned to France after the revolution of 1848.

He was elected President of the Republic on November 16 of the

same year. Four years later the Empire was proclaimed, and

Prince Louis reigned till 1870 under the name of Napoleon III.

BORDEAUX, the Duc de* (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and

grandson of King Charles X. He afterwards took the title of

Comte de Chambord.

BOSSUET, Jacques Bénigne (1627-1704). Of a magistrate's family, he

was brought up among the Jesuits and received Holy Orders in

1652. He was Bishop of Condom in 1669 and then Bishop of Meaux.

In 1670 he was appointed tutor to the Dauphin of France, and

composed for that prince several educational works (Discourses

upon Universal History, &c.) and showed himself a zealous

defender of French liberty.

BOURDOIS DE LA MOTTE, Edme Joachim (1754-1830). A doctor at the

Hospital of La Charity in Paris, he was detained at La Force

during the revolutionary disturbances and then followed the army

of Italy. In 1811 he was appointed Court doctor at Rome and was

also attached to the Court under the Restoration. He became

member of the Academy of Medicine in 1820.

BOURLIER, Comte (1731-1821). He studied theology at Saint Sulpice,

was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1802 and entrusted by Napoleon

I. with several confidential missions to the Pope. He was made

peer of France by Louis XVIII. in 1814.

BOURLON DE SARTY, Paul de. He was Prefect of Marne and had married

Mlle. Adrienne de Vandœuvre.

BOURQUENEY, Baron, afterwards Comte de* (1800-1869). French

diplomatist.

BRESSON, Comte Charles* (1788-1847). French diplomatist.

BRETZENHEIM VON REGÉCZ (the Princess of). Born in 1806, Caroline,

daughter of Prince Joseph of Schwarzenberg, married Prince

Ferdinand of Bretzenheim, Chamberlain to the Austrian Court.

BRÉZÉ, Marquis de Dreux--(1793-1846). An officer who shared in the

last campaigns of the Empire. As aide-de-camp to Marshal Soult

at the Restoration, he followed the king to Ghent; in 1827 he

retired and became peer of France after his father's death in

1829. In the Upper Chamber he was one of the most ardent leaders

of the Legitimist party against the government of

Louis-Philippe.

BRETONNEAU, Dr. Pierre* (1778-1862). A doctor at Tours.

BRIGNOLE, Marchesa of. _Née_ Anna Pieri, of a noble family of

Sienna. She was the mother of the Marquis of Brignole, for a

long time Sardinian Ambassador at Paris and of the Duchess of

Dalberg. She died in 1815 during the Congress, at Vienna,

whither she had accompanied the Empress Marie Louise.

BRIGODE, Baron de (1775-1854). He entered the Council of State as

auditor in 1803 and was deputy in the legislative body in 1805.

In 1837 he was appointed peer of France. After the Revolution of

1848 he retired to private life.

BROGLIE, Duc Victor de* (1785-1870). French Statesman.

BROGLIE, Duchesse de* (1797-1840). _Née_ Albertine de Staël.

BROGLIE (Mlle. Louise de). Born in 1818; married in 1836 the Comte

d'Haussonville.

BROSSES, Charles de (1709-1777). A Frenchman and a learned man of

letters; the author of a work on Italy which was very

successful.

BROUGHAM, Lord* (1778-1868). English statesman.

BÜLOW, Baron Heinrich von* (1790-1846). Prussian Diplomatist.

BÜLOW, Frau von (1802-1889). Daughter of Wilhelm von Humboldt and

wife of Baron Heinrich von Bülow, with whom she resided in

London from 1830 to 1834.

BULWER, Sir Henry (1804-1872). English diplomatist. First attached

to the legations of Berlin, Vienna and the Hague and constantly

resident in Paris. From 1843 to 1848 he was Minister

Plenipotentiary in Spain. After marrying the youngest of the

daughters of Lord Cowley he represented his country in the

United States, in Tuscany and at Constantinople in 1858.

BUOL-SCHAUENSTEIN, Count (1797-1865). Austrian diplomatist at

Florence in 1816, at Paris in 1822, at London in 1824; then

Minister at Carlsruhe, at Darmstadt in 1831, at Stuttgart in

1838, at Turin in 1848, and finally at St. Petersburg. He became

Privy Councillor and accompanied in 1851 the Prince of

Schwarzenberg to the conference of Dresden. In 1852 he was

appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. He resigned in 1859.

BUOL, Countess (1809-1862). Princess Caroline of Isenburg married

in 1829 Count Buol. From her mother, _née_ Baroness of Herding,

she inherited an enormous fortune.

BURGUNDY, the Duchess of (1685-1712). Marie Adelaide, daughter of

Victor Amadaus, first King of Sardinia, a great favourite at the

Court of France. This princess died in the flower of her youth,

six days before her husband and, like him, of the measles. She

had several children, one of whom survived and became Louis XV.

BUSSIÈRE, Jules Edmond de (1804-1888). Diplomatist, _Chargé

d'affaires_ at Darmstadt and then at Dresden. Louis-Philippe

raised him to the peerage in 1841. In 1848 he retired to private

life.

BYRON, George Gordon, Lord* (1788-1824). Famous English romantic

poet.

C

CALATRAVA, Don José Maria (1781-1846). Spanish statesman and

defender of the liberty of his country. Deported in 1814, he

was unable to return to Spain until the Constitution was

re-established in 1820. As Minister of Justice in 1823 he was

obliged to take ship for England during the period of the

French occupation. In 1830 he joined the Junta in power at

Bayonne. In opposition to Martinez de la Rosa, he joined the

National Guard of Madrid in 1835. When the Queen had taken the

oath to observe the Constitution, the chief power returned to

his hands, and after many proofs of his incapacity he was made

a Senator.

CAMPAN, Mme.* (1752-1822). Famous in the history of French

Education.

CANOVA, Antonio* (1757-1822). Celebrated Italian sculptor.

CAPUA, Prince of (1811-1862). Charles Ferdinand, brother of King

Ferdinand of Naples. He had been suspected of participation in

intrigues against the dynasty and was exiled. He contracted a

morganatic marriage in England with Miss Penelope Smith by whom

he had two children who were not recognised by the Royal Family

of Naples. After 1860 he obtained from Victor Emanuel an

appanage which was afterwards confirmed to his widow and her

children during their life.

CAPRARA, Cardinal J. B. (1733-1810). Bishop of Iesi; he performed

several diplomatic missions with success and was appointed by

Pope Pius VII. as legate _a latere_ to the French Government,

and while occupying this position he concluded the concordat of

1801. He was appointed Archbishop of Milan and in this town

crowned Napoleon as King of Italy.

CARADOC, Sir John Hobart (1799-1873). Afterwards Lord Howden.

Colonel in the English Army and English Minister at Rio de

Janeiro and at Madrid.

CARAMAN, Marquise de. Césarine Gallard de Béarn married the

Marquis Victor de Caraman and was left a widow in 1836.

CARIGNAN, Prince Eugène de (1816-1888). Son of the Baron of

Villefranche and of Mlle. de la Vauguyon. The King of Sardinia,

Charles Albert, recognised him as a prince of the blood. He was

an Admiral in the Sardinian Navy and Regent of the kingdom

during the wars of 1859 and 1866. By a morganatic marriage he

had several children to whom King Humbert gave the title of

Counts of Villefranche Soissons, though he recognised no kind of

tie with the house of Savoy.

CARIGNAN, Philiberte de (1814-1874). Daughter of the Prince de

Villefranche of the House of Carignan, by his marriage with

Mlle. de la Vauguyon.

CARLOTTA, The Infanta* (1804-1844). Sister of Queen Christina of

Spain.

CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Prince Heinrich von (1783-1864). Cavalry general

in the Prussian army and chief huntsman to the Court. His first

wife was a Countess Pappenheim, by whom he had two daughters,

and his second wife was his cousin, the Countess Firks, by whom

he had no children.

CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide (1797-1849). Daughter of the

Count of Pappenheim, Lieutenant-General of Bavaria. She married

in 1817 Prince Heinrich Carolath.

CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Lucia. Born in 1822. Eldest daughter of

Prince Heinrich Carolath. She married the Count of Haugwitz and

became a widow in 1888.

CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide. Born in 1823. Youngest

daughter of Prince Heinrich Carolath.

CAROLATH-SAABOR, Prince Friedrich von (1790-1859). Major in the

Prussian army and Councillor at Grünberg, Silesia. He had

married the daughter of Prince Heinrich XLIV. Reuss.

CAROLINE, Maria (1752-1814). Queen of Naples. Daughter of the

Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. This Princess married

Ferdinand IV., King of Naples in 1768. Her influence induced him

to declare war upon the French Republic, and she brought down

upon him the vengeance of Napoleon I. Driven from her States,

Queen Caroline withdrew to Austria and died at Schönbrunn. She

was the mother of Queen Marie Amélie.

CAROLINE, the Empress (1803-1884). Princess Caroline of Savoy,

daughter of Victor Emanuel I. and twin sister of the Duchess of

Lucca. She married in 1831 Ferdinand II., Emperor of Austria.

CARRACI, Annibale* (1560-1609). Famous Italian painter.

CARREL, Armand* (1800-1836). French publicist.

CASANOVA DE SEINGALT (1725-1803). Famous adventurer of the

eighteenth century and the son of actors. He was by turn a

journalist, a preacher, and, in particular, a lady-killer. He

was intimate with Rousseau, Voltaire, Souvaroff, Frederick the

Great, and Catherine II. In distress and pecuniary want he

followed Count Waldstein-Dux to Bohemia to become his librarian.

At Dux he composed his memoirs, an unrepentant confession of his

life, and a more lively than moral picture of society.

CASTELLANE, the Comtesse de* (1796-1847). Cordélia Greffulhe.

Married in 1813 to the Comte de Castellane, afterwards Marshal

of France.

CASTELLANE, the Marquis Henri de (1814-1847). Eldest son of the

Marshal de Castellane; auditor to the Council of State, and

Councillor-General of Cantal. He was appointed Deputy in 1844.

In 1839 he married Mlle. Pauline de Périgord, grand-niece of the

Prince de Talleyrand and daughter of the Duchesse de Dino,

author of these memoirs.

CÆSAR, Julius (101-40 B.C.). A famous Roman General, celebrated

for his conquest of Gaul.

CHABOT, Philippe de (1815-1875). Ph. de Chabot, Comte de Jarnac

followed a diplomatic career and retained throughout his life a

profound attachment for the House of Orléans. He had been

appointed French Ambassador at London in 1874, but died shortly

after of pleurisy.

CHABROL DE CROUSOL, Comte de (1771-1831). Member of the Council of

State under Napoleon I.; President of the Imperial Court of

Orleans and Prefect of the Rhone in 1814; Director of

registration and State lands in 1822; Naval Minister in 1823 and

Finance Minister in 1829.

CHALAIS, the Prince de (1809-1883). Elie Louis Roger, eldest son

of the Duc de Périgord. He married Elodie de Beauvilliers de

Saint-Aignan, and was left a widower in 1835.

CHAMPCHEVRIER, Madame de. A highly respected lady who occupied the

mansion of Champchevrier near Cinq-Mars in Touraine about 1840,

when she was well advanced in years.

CHARLES THEODORE (1724-1799). Elector of Bavaria. He did not care

for Munich and settled at Mannheim. A statue was erected to him

at Heidelberg.

CHARLES IV (1316-1378). Emperor of Germany. Son of John of

Luxemburg, King of Bohemia. He succeeded his father in 1346, and

was elected Emperor in 1347. In 1356 he published the famous

"Golden Bull," which laid down the Constitution of the Empire

and remained authoritative until 1806. He was the first Prince

of Germany who sold titles of nobility. He founded the

Universities of Prague and Vienna.

CHARLES X.* (1757-1836). King of France from 1824 to 1830.

CHARLOTTE, Queen (1744-1818). Princess Charlotte of

Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Married in 1761 King George III. of

England, by whom she had a very large number of children.

CHASTELLUX, Madame de, _née_ Zéphyrine de Damas. She married as

her first husband M. de Vogüé.

CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomte de* (1768-1848). French man of letters.

CHOISEUL PRASLIN, The Comtesse de. Born in 1782. Second wife of

the Comte René de Choiseul Praslin, daughter of François de

Rougé, Comte du Plessis Bellière.

CHOMEL, Dr. (1788-1859). A French doctor, and the first to

establish a proper clinical school at the Hospital of Charity. A

pupil of Corvisard, Chomel became the doctor of King

Louis-Philippe.

CHREPTOWICZ, Countess. Died in 1878. Helena, daughter of the Comte

de Nesselrode. Married Count Michael Chreptowicz, who served

for a long time in the Russian diplomatic service and was made

Court High Chamberlain during the last years of the reign of

Alexander II.

CLAM GALLAS, Count Edward of (1805-1891). Austrian cavalry

general, who played an important part in the wars in which

Austria was involved after 1848. He resigned in 1868 in anger at

the attacks made upon his conduct of the campaign of 1866

against Prussia in Bohemia, although a court-martial had

entirely exonerated him.

CLANRICARDE, Lord* (1802-1874). English politician.

CLANRICARDE, Lady. Died in 1876. Daughter of the famous Canning.

CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Prince Charles (1777-1831). He married the

Countess Louise Chotek.

CLAUSEL, Comte Bertrand (1772-1842). Enlisted as a volunteer in

1791. He was rapidly promoted. In 1805 he became general of

division and served in Italy, Dalmatia, Illyria, and won much

reputation during the war in Spain. After the Hundred Days when

he joined Napoleon, he withdrew to the United States and did not

return until the armistice of 1820. In 1827 he was a deputy and

a member of the Liberal opposition, and after 1830 he was

appointed Governor of Algiers, but was a failure at the Siege of

Constantine and was superseded. He then retired.

CLÉMENT DE RIS, Mlle. Married Admiral la Roncière le Noury. She

was a daughter of a senator of the Empire, and occupied the

château of Beauvais near Valençay.

CLÉMENTINE, Princess (1817-1907). Princesse Clémentine d'Orléans,

daughter of King Louis-Phillipe. Married in 1843 Prince Augustus

of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Duke of Saxony.

CLERMONT TONERRE, Prince Jules de (1813-1849). Second son of the

Duc Aimé de Clermont Tonnerre, sometime Minister of War, and

Peer of France. Prince J. de Clermont Tonnerre married Mlle. de

Crillon.

COBURG, Prince Ferdinand of* (1816-1888). Husband of Doña Maria da

Gloria, Queen of Portugal.

COBURG, Duke Ernest I. of Saxe- (1784-1844). This Prince succeeded

his father, Duke Francis, in 1806. His first wife was Princess

Louise of Saxe-Coburg Altenburg, who died in 1831. In 1832 he

married Princess Antoinette of Würtemberg.

COEUR, The Abbé (1805-1860). Born of a merchant's family, who

were traditionally supposed to have descended from the famous

banker of Charles VII., the Abbé Cœur was professor of

philosophy in the seminary of Lyons. After 1827 he came to Paris

and attentively followed the lectures of MM. Guizot, Villemain

and Cousin, and then devoted himself to preaching. In 1840 he

preached a course of Lenten sermons at Saint Roch, after which

King Louis-Philippe gave him the cross of the Legion of Honour.

In 1848 he was appointed to the Archbishopric of Troyes. He

delivered the funeral oration over Mgr. Affre.

COGNY, Dr. Doctor of Valençay.

COIGNY, the Duc de (1788-1865). He entered the army as a volunteer

in 1805; lost his arm at the battle of Smolensk, was appointed

cavalry colonel after the return of the Bourbons, in 1814 was

appointed aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry, and then entered the

service of the Duc de Bordeaux. In 1821 he took the place of his

grandfather, Marshal de Coigny in the Chamber of Peers. After

vain efforts to secure from Charles X. in 1830 the revocation of

the Ordinances, M. de Coigny swore fidelity to the July

monarchy. In 1837 he was knight of honour to the Duchesse

d'Orléans, and in 1843 was promoted to field-marshal.

COIGNY, the Duchesse de. She was an English woman by birth, and

daughter of Sir H. J. Dalrymple Hamilton. She married the Duc de

Coigny in 1822.

COLLARD, Madame Hermine. Brought up by Madame de Genlis; the

circumstances of her birth were entirely obscure.

COMBALOT, the Abbé Théodore (1798-1873). A French preacher. He was

ordained at a very early age and became a zealous partisan of

Lamennais, though at a later date he disavowed his doctrines.

His sermons attracted keen attention, owing to their political

character.

CONDÉ, Louis II., Prince de (1621-1686). Called the Great Condé,

first Prince of the blood and first known as the Duc d'Enghien.

He was famous for his victories at Rocroi, Friburg, Nordlingen,

and Lens. After taking an unfortunate share in the troubles of

the Fronde, the Prince de Condé was restored to his command at

the time of the treaty of the Pyrenees and performed admirable

service during the wars in Flanders and in the Franche Comté.

CONYNGHAM, Francis Nathaniel, Marquis of* (1797-1882). English

politician.

CORMENIN, Vicomte de (1788-1868). Publicist, Councillor of State,

deputy, and famous as a pamphleteer under the pseudonym of

Timon.

CORNELIUS, Peter von (1787-1867). Famous German painter of the

School of Düsseldorf. He studied for several years at

Frankfort-on-Maine and at Rome. His composition was magnificent

and his power of drawing remarkable.

COSSÉ BRISSAC, the Duc de (1775-1848). A member of the

administration under the Empire, he joined the Restoration and

entered the Chamber of Peers in 1814. He then became a supporter

of the July Monarchy.

COURLANDE, Duchesse de (1761-1821). _Née_ Comtesse de Medem, she

married the Duc Pierre de Courlande, by whom she had four

daughters. The youngest was the Duchesse de Dino, author of

these memoirs.

COUSIN, Victor* (1792-1867). French philosopher.

COWPER, Lady* (1787-1869). Afterwards Lady Palmerston.

CRÉMIEUX, Adolphe (1796-1880). Lawyer and French politician. A

member of the National Defence in 1870.

CRESCENTINI, Girolamo (1769-1846). Famous soprano singer, known as

the Italian Orpheus. He went on the stage in 1788, and was heard

at Rome, Verona, Padua, Vienna, and Lisbon. Napoleon kept him at

Paris from 1806 to 1812. He afterwards became a professor in the

Conservatory at Naples.

CRUVEILHIER, Dr. Jean (1791-1874). Doctor and famous French

anatomist. He was born at Limoges and studied at Paris, where he

had a large and select practice.

CUBIÈRES, General de (1786-1853). In 1804 he left the military

school of Fontainebleau and distinguished himself at Austerlitz

and at Auerstadt. He obtained the cross of honour at Eylau, the

rank of captain at Essling, and became major of cavalry during

the campaign of 1813, colonel in 1815, and covered himself with

glory at Waterloo. When he was retired by the Second Restoration

he obtained the post of receiver-general of the Meuse, and in

1832 was given the command of the expeditionary force of Ancona.

He was appointed general and was twice Minister of War in 1839

and 1840. In 1847 he was involved in a deplorable affair and

accused of bribing the Minister Teste to secure the concession

of the salt-mines of Gouhénans. He was then tried before the

Court of Peers, condemned to civil degradation, and fined ten

thousand francs. In 1852 he was exonerated by the Court of

Appeal of Rouen.

CUMBERLAND, Ernest Augustus, Duke of* (1771-1851). Youngest son of

George III., King of England.

CUMBERLAND, Duchess of.* _Née_ Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

CUNEGONDE, Saint. Died in 1040. Empress of Germany and wife of

Henry II. of Bavaria. Her festival is March 3.

CUVIER, Rodolphe. Protestant pastor to the Duchesse d'Orléans. He

belonged to another branch of the family of the famous

naturalist who bears that name.

CUVILLIER FLEURY, Alfred Auguste (1802-1887). French man of

letters on the staff of the _Journal des Débats_, and appointed

by King Louis-Philippe to attend upon his fourth son, the Duc

d'Aumale, whose tutor he became, and afterwards his secretary of

instructions. He was elected member of the French Academy in

1866.

CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam* (1770-1861). Formerly Minister of

Foreign Affairs to the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia.

CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam (1804-1880). Son of Prince Constantin

Czartoryski and of Princess Angelica Radziwill. He first married

in 1832 his cousin-german, Princess Wanda Radziwill, and as his

second wife in 1848, Countess Dzialynska.

CZARTORYSKI, Princess Wanda (1813-1846). Daughter of Prince Antony

Radziwill and of Princess Louise of Prussia. She married in 1832

Prince Adam Czartoryski.

D

DALBERG, the Duc de* (1773-1833). Son of the Primate and

Archchancellor of the same name.

DARMÈS. Attempted to assassinate King Louis-Philippe on October

15, 1840.

DARMSTADT, Princess Marie of. Born in 1824, she married the

hereditary Grand Duke of Russia in 1841.

DECAZES, Elie, Duc* (1780-1846). French politician.

DELAVIGNE, Casimir (1793-1843). Lyric and dramatic poet. He

entered the Academy in 1825. His Liberal ideas had brought him

into disgrace under the Restoration; King Louis-Philippe, then

Duc d'Orléans, extricated him from his troubles by making him

Librarian of the Palais Royal.

DEMERSON, the Abbé (1795-1872). A French priest who took orders in

1819 and was the incumbent of Saint Séverin, then of Saint

Germain l'Auxerrois from 1838 to 1850, when he was appointed to

Notre Dame de Paris.

DEMIDOFF, Count Anatole (1813-1870). Count Demidoff, Prince of San

Donato, married in 1841 Princess Mathilde, daughter of King

Jerome of Westphalia. She was called Princess Mathilde de

Montfort.

DENIS BARBIER. One of the servants of Pouch Lafarge. He forged

some notes of hand for his master, when the latter, who was an

incompetent man of business, came to Paris, and he remained his

agent.

DENMARK, King Frederick III. of (1768-1839). He succeeded his

father in 1815 and married the daughter of the landgrave of

Hesse Cassel.

DENMARK, Prince Christian of (1786-1848). This Prince married as

his first wife a Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, from whom he

was divorced. His second wife was Princess Caroline of

Schleswig-Holstein Augustenburg. By his first marriage he had a

son, Frederick, who succeeded him as Frederick VII.

DENMARK, Princess Christian of (1796-1881). The second wife of

Prince Christian, _née_ Princess of Schleswig-Holstein

Augustenburg.

DESJARDINS, the Abbé (1756-1833). Ordained in 1775, he was

Vicar-General of Bayeux, went into exile in England and

afterwards in America during the revolution and did not return

to France till 1802. He became superintendent of foreign

missions at Paris, when the Emperor Napoleon arrested him on

suspicion, imprisoned him at Vincennes and then exiled him to

Verceil. When he returned to France at the Restoration, he

refused the Bishopric of Blois in 1823 and that of Châlons in

1824, but was appointed Vicar-General at Paris.

DIEFFENBACH, Johann Friedrich (1794-1847). Famous Prussian oculist

who discovered the operation for curing squint. He died suddenly

in the operating room of the Charity Hospital at Berlin, of

which he was director from 1840.

DIESKAU, Mlle. Sidonie de. Died at a very advanced age. She lived

at Gera in Saxony, near Altenburg, and was a near neighbour of

the castle of Löbichau.

DINO, the Duc de (1813-1894). Known first under the name of Comte

Alexandre de Périgord,* he assumed this title in 1838 when his

father became Duc de Talleyrand.

DOHNA, Countess Marie (1805-1893). _Née_ Fräulein von Steinach,

she married in 1829 Count Dohna who for long years was landrat

at Sagan and held the estate of Kunzendorf in that

neighbourhood.

DOLOMIEU, the Marquise de* (1779-1849). Lady of Honour to Queen

Marie Amélie.

DON CARLOS OF BOURBON* (1788-1855). Second son of Charles IV. and

brother of Ferdinand VII., kings of Spain. After his brother's

death in 1833, he stirred up civil war in an attempt to seize

the throne.

DON FRANCISCO* (1794-1865). The Infanta of Spain. Married the

Infanta Carlotta.

DOSNE, M. First clerk in a banking house at Paris, he became a

stockbroker in 1816. After the July revolution he resigned and

became Receiver-General for Finistère, and four years later

Receiver-General for the North. He became Governor of the Bank

of France and one of the chief shareholders in the mines of

Anzin, and largely increased his fortune.

DOSNE, Mme. Wife of the stockbroker and mother of Mme. Thiers.

DOSNE, Mlle. Félicie. Sister of Mme. Thiers. A very religious

woman, she devoted her whole life to her sister and

brother-in-law and published in memory of M. Thiers in 1903,

some of his posthumous papers, under the title of "The

Occupation and Liberation of the Territory" (1871-1875). She

died soon afterwards at a very advanced age.

DOUDAN, Ximénès (1800-1872). At first tutor in the house of the

Duc de Broglie, he became chief of the political Cabinet of the

Duc, who held him in great esteem, and afterwards retained his

services as private secretary.

DUBOIS, M. Deputy of the Loire Inférieure and member of the Royal

Council of Education and director of the normal school.

DUCHÂTEL, Charles, Comte* (1803-1867). French politician.

DUFAURE, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881). Lawyer and French

statesman. Appointed deputy in 1834, he joined the Liberal

Constitutional party; was Councillor of State in 1836 and

Minister of Public Works in 1839. He supported the Republic in

1848 and became Minister of the Interior, but held aloof from

politics under the Second Empire. In 1871 he became Minister of

Justice. He afterwards obtained a seat in the Senate and secured

the passing of the law of Guarantees.

DUPANLOUP, Félix Philibert (1802-1878). A most distinguished

priest, his early reputation was due to his famous catechisms.

After 1835 he became Vicar-General of the diocese of Paris and

Superior of the little seminary of Saint Nicholas. He then took

an active part in the discussions concerning the freedom of

education. In 1849 he was appointed Bishop of Orléans, was a

member of the Academy in 1854 and became famous for his defence

of the Papal Chair at the time of the Italian expedition. In

1869 he was present at the Council of Rome and returned to

Orleans, remaining with his flock during the war. After the

conclusion of peace he was appointed a member of the assembly by

his grateful people.

DUPIN, André Marie* (1783-1865). French lawyer and magistrate.

DUPREZ, Gilbert Louis (1806-1879). Famous French singer attached

to the Paris Opera for ten years. He had an incomparable tenor

voice.

DÜRER, Albert (1471-1528). Famous German painter and engraver with

a rich sense of colour and a clever and realistic touch. He

excelled in portraiture and the art of engraving was largely

improved by him.

DURHAM, Lord Lambton, Earl of* (1792-1840). English statesman.

DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE, Prosper (1798-1887). A French politician.

One of the leaders of the dynastic opposition under the July

monarchy and one of the organisers of the banquets in 1848. He

was a member of the anti-Napoleonic minority, and was imprisoned

and exiled after the _coup d'état_ of December 2, 1851, but was

able to return to France in 1862. He then abandoned active

politics and wrote a history of parliamentary government in

France, which secured his admission to the Academy in 1870, in

place of the Duc de Broglie.

E

EDOUARD. The famous lady's hairdresser at Paris under

Louis-Philippe.

ELIZABETH OF PRUSSIA, Queen (1801-1873). Daughter of King

Maximilian of Bavaria, she married in 1823 the Crown Prince of

Prussia, who ascended the throne in 1840 as Frederick William

IV. Queen Elizabeth became a widow in 1861 and afterwards lived

in retirement.

ELLICE, Mr. Edward* (1787-1863). English politician, son-in-law of

Lord Grey.

ELSSLER, Theresa (1806-1878). Famous German dancer. Made Baroness

of Barnim by King Frederick William IV. in 1850 on the occasion

of her marriage with Prince Adalbert of Prussia.

ELSSLER, Fanny (1810-1886). Sister of the foregoing and, like her,

a famous dancer. She appeared in every theatre in Europe and

America, and retired in 1845 to her fine estate near Hamburg.

She had acquired a large fortune.

EMMANUEL PHILIBERT, known as Ironhead (1528-1580). Duke of Savoy.

This prince entered the service of his uncle the Emperor Charles

Quint. He distinguished himself at the siege of Metz in 1552,

received command of the imperial army in 1553, and gained the

battle of Saint Quentin in 1557 for Philippe II. He recovered

his duchy of which Francis I. had deprived his father, in 1559

by the treaty of Cateau Cambrésis, and married Margaret of

France, sister of Henry II. His statue, the work of the sculptor

Marochetti, stands in the centre of the square of San Carlo at

Turin.

ENTRAIGUES, Amédée Goveau d'.* Born in 1785. Prefect of Tours. He

married a Princess Santa Croce, ward of the Prince de

Talleyrand.

ENTRAIGUES, Jules d'.* Born in 1787. Brother of the prefect, and

owner of the château of la Moustière, near Valençay.

EON DE BEAUMONT, Charles (1728-1810). Famous for the doubt

concerning his sex, as he appeared sometimes as the knight and

sometimes as the lady of Eon. He won distinction early in the

diplomatic career, and was for fourteen years the secret agent

of Louis XV. The revolution deprived him of his pension and

reduced him to giving fencing-lessons; and only through the help

of some friends did he escape poverty.

ESPARTERO, Joachim Baldomero (1792-1879). Enlisted in 1808, and

had a brilliant military career. He joined in the expedition to

Peru in 1825, and came back with a handsome fortune. On the

death of Ferdinand VII., he supported the Queen Regent, Maria

Christina. His success against the Carlists secured his

nomination in 1836 as commander-in-chief of the army of the

North and as Viceroy of Navarre. In 1840, when the Queen-Regent

had abdicated, the Cortes transferred the regency to Espartero,

but he was defeated in 1842, and retired to England till 1847.

In 1854 and 1868, he recovered his power for a short space of

time. In 1870, the Cortes offered him the crown, which he

refused in view of his great age and the want of an heir.

ESTERHAZY, Prince Paul* (1786-1866). Austrian Diplomatist.

EXELMANS, Isidore, Comte* (1775-1852). One of the most brilliant

generals of the Empire, who was made a peer of France and a

marshal under the July monarchy.

F

FAGEL, General Robert* (1772-1856). Dutch diplomatist.

FALK, Anton Reinhard* (1776-1843). Dutch diplomatist.

FÉNELON, François de Salignac de la Mothe- (1651-1715). Archbishop

of Cambrai and tutor to the Duc de Bourgogne. He adopted the

doctrines of the Quietists, and was vigorously opposed by

Bossuet. He was as great a writer as he was a preacher.

FERDINAND VII.* (1784-1833). Eldest son of King Charles IV. of

Spain and his successor. He was dethroned by Napoleon I. in

favour of his brother Joseph, but reascended the throne in 1814.

FERRUS, Guillaume Marie André (1784-1861). A French doctor. He

introduced some valuable reforms into the asylum at Bicêtre, of

which he was chief doctor. In 1830 he was appointed consulting

doctor to the King, and soon became a member of the Academy of

Medicine and a commander of the Legion of Honour.

FESCH, Cardinal Joseph (1763-1839). Brother of Mme. Laetitia

Bonaparte, he was appointed Archbishop of Lyons in 1802 by his

nephew Napoleon I. He was French Ambassador at Rome, then chief

almoner and senator. He returned to Rome at the Restoration and

died there.

FIESCHI, Joseph* (1790-1835). The would-be assassin of King

Louis-Philippe, July 28, 1835.

FIQUELMONT, the Comte Charles Louis de (1777-1857). Born in

Lorraine, he entered the Austrian army in 1793, and shared in

the campaigns from 1805 to 1809. In 1815 he was sent as minister

to Stockholm, and in 1820 in the same capacity to Florence. He

was appointed Ambassador at St. Petersburg, where he lived for

several years, and did not return to Austria until 1840. He then

became Minister of State, and for a short time Minister of

Foreign Affairs in 1848. His only daughter had married Prince

Edmond Clary.

FITZ-JAMES, Jacques, Duc de (1799-1846). He married, in 1825,

Mlle. de Marmier.

FLAHAUT, the General, Comte de* (1785-1870). Peer of France under

Louis-Philippe, senator and Ambassador under Napoleon III.

FLAHAUT, the Comtesse de,* died in 1867. Daughter of the English

admiral, Lord Keith.

FLAHAUT, Clémentine de (1819-1835). Daughter of the Comte and

Comtesse de Flahaut.

FONTANES, Louis de (1757-1821). A poet and graceful orator and a

great favourite of Napoleon I. A member of the legislative body

in 1804, he became president in 1805. In 1808 the Emperor

appointed him High Master of the University; in 1810 he was

called to the Senate and afterwards supported the Restoration.

FOULD, Bénédict (1791-1858). Son of a Jewish banker who had

founded the important firm of Fould, Oppenheim & Co. He was

deputy from 1834 to 1842 and Knight of the Legion of Honour from

1843.

FOULQUES III., Nerra or the Black (987-1039). Count of Anjou. He

made war upon Conan, first Duke of Brittany, whom he defeated

and killed, and upon Eudes II., Count of Blois, by whom he was

defeated. Foulques made three pilgrimages to the Holy Land in

expiation of his violent life. His niece Constance married King

Robert.

FOY, Comte Fernand (1815-1871). Son of General Foy; he was

appointed Peer of France by King Louis Philippe, and though

constantly loyal to the constitutional monarchy, he showed a

strong leaning to liberalism. He was devoted to charitable works

from an early age.

FRANÇOIS I.* (1494-1547). King of France and adversary of Charles

V.

FREDERICK II., known as the Great* (1712-1786). King of Prussia

and founder of the Prussian military power.

FREDERICK VII. (1808-1863). King of Denmark. He was the only son

of Prince Christian of Denmark and of his first wife, Princess

Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Twice divorced, he was exiled

for some years to Jutland and did not ascend the throne until

1848.

FREDERICK WILLIAM, known as the Great Elector of Brandenburg

(1620-1688). He ascended the throne in 1640 and organised the

Prussian Army.

FREDERICK WILLIAM III. (1770-1840). King of Prussia. He succeeded

his father Frederick William II. in 1797. He had married a

Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, known as Queen Louise. She

died in 1810 and in 1824 he contracted a morganatic marriage

with the Countess Augusta of Harrach, to whom he gave the title

of Princess of Liegnitz.

FREDERICK WILLIAM IV. (1795-1861). King of Prussia. He ascended

the throne in 1840 on the death of his father. He had married in

1823 Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria by whom he had no children.

FRIAS, Duke of* (1783-1851). Spanish ambassador, statesman and man

of letters.

FRONSAC, Duc de. Died in 1791. Son of Marshal Richelieu whom he

only survived three years.

G

GAGE, Sir William Hall (1777-1865). An English Admiral who took

an active part in the operations against Napoleon I. He was

appointed Lord of the Admiralty in 1841. In 1860 he received

the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.

GARIBALDI, Mgr. Antoine (1797-1853). Archbishop of Myra in 1844;

Nuncio at Paris in 1850 in succession to Cardinal Tonari, he was

himself succeeded by Mgr. Sacconi.

GARNIER-PAGÈS (1801-1841). At first a lawyer, he shared in the

Revolution of 1830 and became one of the leaders of the

Republican party. He was then prosecuted several times after the

insurrection of 1832 and acquired great popularity.

GENLIS, Mme. de (1746-1830). Félicité Ducrest de Saint Aubin

married the Comte de Genlis at the age of fifteen. Her aunt,

Mme. de Montesson, introduced her to the household of the Duc

d'Orléans who soon selected her as the governess of his

children. Mme. de Genlis became an exile in 1792, returned to

France after the 18th of Brumaire and became the correspondent

of Napoleon I., whom she provided with information about the

customs and etiquette of the old Court. She lived in retirement

after 1814. She was the author of a large number of works, of

which her books on education are the most remarkable.

GÉRARD, François Pascal Simon (1770-1837). Famous French painter

who studied under David at the same time as Drouais, Girodet and

Gros. He devoted himself to portrait painting in which he showed

remarkable talent. He was made Baron by Louis XVIII.

GÉRARD, Etienne Maurice, Comte* (1773-1852). Marshal of France.

GERSDORFF, Baron Ernest Christian Augustus of (1781-1852). He took

part in the Congress of Vienna as the representative of Saxony.

He was Minister at London and at the Hague, and resigned in

1848. He had married a Countess of Freudenstein.

GERSDORFF, Baron Adolphus of (1800-1855). Officer in the Prussian

Army. He resigned and married Fräulein Marianne von Schindel. In

1827 he became land agent of Princess Pauline of Hohenzollern

and of her sister the Duchess of Acerenza.

GIRARDIN, the Comte Emile de (1806-1881). A son of General

Alexandre de Girardin and husband of Delphine Gay. He was a

famous publicist and the founder of halfpenny newspapers. He was

a deputy from 1877 to 1881. When his wife died in 1855 he

married the widow of Prince Frederick of Nassau, from whom he

was judicially separated in 1872.

GIRAUD, Augustin (1796-1875). A landowner at Angers where he was

mayor under Louis-Philippe. As a member of the Legislative

Assembly of 1849, he belonged to the Left. He was a Knight of

the Legion of Honour.

GIROLET, the Abbé* (1765-1836). A Benedictine of the congregation

of Saint-Maur and an intimate friend of the Talleyrand family.

GIVRÉ, Baron de (1794-1854). He entered the diplomatic career at

an early age and was attached to the Embassies of London and

Rome; when the Polignac ministry came to power he resigned and

became a contributor to the _Journal des Débats_. In 1837 he was

appointed deputy and voted with the Orléanist majority.

GLOUCESTER, Duchess of* (1776-1857). Fourth daughter of King

George III. of England.

GÖCKING, Herr Leopold von (1748-1828). Prussian poet and State

Councillor who elaborated several projects for customs reform.

GOETHE, Wolfgang (1749-1832). The most famous German poet, author

of Faust, Werther, &c. He was a Councillor and then a Minister

of State under the Grand Duke Charles Augustus of Weimar.

GONTAUT-BIRON, Duchesse de* (1773-1858). Governess of the Children

of France whom she followed into exile in 1830.

GONTAUT-BIRON, Vicomte Elie de (1817-1890). Elected as a Deputy to

the National Assembly in 1871, he was Ambassador of the Republic

at Berlin. He restored the relations that had been broken by the

war and remained for six years in this difficult post.

GOUIN, Alexandre Henri (1792-1872). Studied at the Polytechnic

School, became a deputy in 1831, and was asked to take the

portfolio of Agriculture and Commerce in 1840 under the Thiers

Ministry.

GOURGAUD, General (1783-1852). He entered the service in 1801,

distinguished himself at Austerlitz where he was wounded, at

Jena, at Friedland, at Essling, and above all at Wagram. He took

a glorious part in the Russian and French campaigns; he

accompanied the Emperor to St. Helena, but misunderstandings

with one of his companions in exile forced him to separate from

them. In 1818 he published a book called "The Campaign of 1815,"

and in consequence his name was struck off the army list of

Louis XVIII., but he returned to the service under

Louis-Philippe, who appointed him general of division and chose

him as his aide-de-camp. In 1840 he accompanied the Prince de

Joinville to St. Helena, brought back with him the ashes of

Napoleon and was then raised to the Peerage.

GRAMONT, Madame de. Aunt of the Duc de Gramont of the branch of

Aster, a member of the fraternity of the Sacré Cœur, and Mother

Superior of the Paris house.

GRANVILLE, Lord* (1775-1846). English diplomatist. For a long time

Ambassador at Paris.

GRANVILLE, Lady.* Died in 1862. She was a daughter of the Duke of

Devonshire.

GRANVILLE, Lady Charlotte Georgina. Died in 1855. Second daughter

of Lord Granville. She married Alexander George Fullerton in

1833. Throughout her life she was very intimate with the

Marquise de Castellane. Her novels brought her some literary

fame.

GREGORY VII., Hildebrand (1015-1085). Elected Pope in 1073, he was

one of the greatest Roman pontiffs, and has been ever famous for

his struggles with the Emperor of Germany.

GREY, Lord* (1764-1845). English statesman.

GREY, Lady* (1775-1861). _Née_ Ponsonby.

GRISI, Giulia* (1812-1869). An Italian singer of great talent and

beauty.

GRIVEL, the Abbé Louis Jean Joseph (1800-1866). From 1825 he was a

preacher at Paris. In 1829 he was commissioned by the court to

deliver the panegyric upon Saint Louis before the French

Academy. He became almoner to the Chamber of Peers in 1834, and

was appointed Canon of Saint Denis three years later.

GROS, Antoine Jean (1771-1835). Famous historical painter. His

father was a miniature painter and his first master. He then

entered the studio of David. Forced to enter the army he

acquired a special talent for battle pictures in the course of

the military operations. From Charles X. he afterwards received

the title of baron.

GUERNON-RANVILLE, Comte de (1787-1866). French magistrate and

statesman. In 1820 he was President of the Civil Court of

Bayeux, where he was distinguished for his zeal and capacity. In

1829 the Prince de Polignac requested him to take the portfolio

of education and public worship in his ministry. In the Council

of Ministers he declared against the ordinances of July 1830,

but signed them none the less. When tried with his colleagues by

the Chamber of Peers, he was condemned to disfranchisement and

perpetual confinement. The amnesty of 1836 restored him to

liberty.

GUICHE, the Duc de (1819-1880). Known later under the name of the

Duc de Gramont. He was a diplomatist and French Ambassador at

Turin, Rome, and Vienna, and was Minister of Foreign Affairs

when war with Prussia was declared in 1870. In 1848 he had

married an English woman, daughter of a Member of Parliament.

WILLIAM I. (1772-1843). King of the Low Countries. Son of the

Stathouder William V. of Nassau. Under his reign Belgium was

separated from his throne after the revolution of 1830, and

became an independent state. He had married Princess Frederica

of Prussia, after her death he contracted a morganatic marriage

with a Belgian, the Comtesse d'Oultremont. He abdicated in 1840.

GUIZOT, François Pierre Guillaume* (1787-1874). French statesman

and historian.

H

HAINGUERLOT, M. Died in 1842. He had married Mlle. Stéphanie

Oudinot, daughter of Marshal Oudinot, Duc de Reggio.

HAMILTON, John Church (1792-1882). Son of Major-General Hamilton,

a friend of M. de Talleyrand. For a long time he was the

aide-de-camp of Major-General Hamilton, who afterwards became

President of the United States. Hamilton then became a lawyer

and devoted his life to the perpetuation of his father's memory,

whose life he wrote and whose works he published.

HAMILTON, Duchess of (1817-1887). Maria Amelia, last daughter of

the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden and of the Grand

Duchess, née Stéphanie de Beauharnais.

HANOVER, the King of (1771-1851). Ernest Augustus, Duke of

Cumberland; ascended the throne of Hanover in 1837, after the

death of his brother King William IV. of England.

HANOVER, Prince George of (1819-1878). Afterwards George V. King

of Hanover.

HARCOURT, Lady Elizabeth (1793-1838).

HARRISON, Miss. Governess of the three Princesses of Courlande,

who afterwards became the Countess of Lazareff, the Countess of

Hohenthal and Madame de Boyen. She lived until her death with

Countess Lazareff at Dyrnfurth.

HAUSSONVILLE, Comte Joseph Bernard d' (1809-1884). French

politician and writer. He was a deputy under the July monarchy,

and a member of the National Assembly in 1871. He was a member

of the French Academy.

HÉLIAUD, Comte de (1768-1858). He lived a somewhat solitary life

in Touraine and died in the same year as his son who was an

official at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

HÉLIE. Footman to the Prince de Talleyrand for many years.

HENEAGE, Mr. English diplomatist, attached to the Paris Embassy in

1840.

HENNENBERG, Herr. Died in 1836. Councillor of Justice in the

Courts of Berlin.

HESSE, Prince George of (1793-1881). This Prince was in the

Prussian service.

HESSE-DARMSTADT, Grand Duke Louis II. of* (1777-1848). He had

married a Princess of Baden.

HESSE-DARMSTADT, Princess Elizabeth of (1815-1885). Daughter of

Prince William of Prussia and brother of King Frederick William

III. and elder sister of Queen Maria of Bavaria.

HESSE-DARMSTADT, Princess Maria of (1824-1880). Daughter of Louis

II., Grand Duke of Hesse. In 1841 she married the Hereditary

Grand Duke of Russia, who succeeded his father, the Emperor

Nicholas I., in 1855.

HOHENLOHE-ÖRINGEN, Prince Frederick of. Born in 1812. A major of

cavalry in the service of Würtemberg.

HOHENTHAL, Count Alfred of. Born in 1806. Chamberlain to the King

of Saxony. He married Princess Louise of Biron Courlande.

HOHENTHAL, Countess Louise of (1808-1845). _Née_ Princess of Biron

Courlande.

HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Frederick of (1776-1838). In 1800

he married Princess Pauline of Courlande, sister of the Duchesse

de Talleyrand.

HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Princess of (1782-1845). Pauline, Princess

of Courlande, daughter of Peter, Duke of Courlande.

HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Constantine of (1800-1859). Son of

Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and of the Princess

of Courlande. By a convention signed in 1849 Prince Constantine

abdicated the government of the principality of Hohenzollern, in

favour of the King of Prussia, and in 1850 received the title of

Royal Highness. He first married the Princess of Leuchtenberg,

by whom he had no children, and then contracted a morganatic

marriage with the daughter of the Baron of Schenk, by whom he

had two children, who bore the name of Rothenburg.

HOLLAND, Lord* (1772-1840). English statesman. Nephew of the

famous Fox.

HOLLAND, Lady,* died in 1840. She was Lady Webster by her first

marriage.

HOTTINGER, Baron Jean Conrad (1764-1841). Of Swiss origin, M.

Hottinger founded an important commercial firm at Paris. In 1810

he was made a baron of the Empire, and in 1815 elected to the

Chamber of the Hundred Days. Afterwards he became president of

the Chamber of Commerce, judge in the commercial court, and

governor of the Bank of France.

HOWARD OF WALDEN, Charles Augustus Ellis, Lord. Born in 1799.

English diplomatist; under Secretary of State to the Foreign

Office in 1824; minister at Stockholm in 1832, at Lisbon in

1834, and at Brussels in 1846.

HÜBNER, Count of (1811-1892). In 1833 he entered the chancery of

Prince Metternich, who recognised his capacity. He then became

secretary to the Embassy at Lisbon, chief consul at Leipzig, and

political adviser to Marshal Radetzky in Italy. He was made a

prisoner in 1848, and was not set at liberty until after the

conclusion of peace with King Charles Albert. In 1849 he was

first Minister and then Ambassador at Paris until 1859. In 1867

he was appointed Ambassador at Rome. He then left the diplomatic

service, and spent his time in travel and literary work.

HUGEL, Ernest Eugene von (1774-1849). General in the Austrian

service and for some time Minister of War. He had also been

Austrian Minister at Paris.

HUMANN, Mlle. Louise, born about 1757. Her piety outrivalled that

of the Christians of the Primitive Church. At Strasburg, where

she lived, she became the patroness of the Abbés Bautain, Gratry

and Ratisbonne. She was a sister of the Bishop of Mayence and of

the Finance Minister of King Louis-Philippe.

HUMANN, Jean George* (1780-1842). French statesman and financier.

Born of an old Alsatian family.

HUMBOLDT, Baron William of (1767-1835). Statesman and Prussian

philologist. In 1802 he was Minister at Rome and then became

Councillor of State at Berlin and chief of the department of

education and public worship. In 1808 he was appointed

Plenipotentiary Minister at Vienna; in 1810 he took part in the

Conference at Prague, and in 1815 in the Congress of Vienna. He

was extraordinary envoy at London in 1816, then Minister of

State and a member of the Commission entrusted with the

preparation of the Prussian Constitution in 1818. In 1819 he

resigned his posts and devoted his attention to literary work.

HUMBOLDT, Alexander of (1769-1858). Great German naturalist and

man of science, well known for his scientific travels in the New

World, and by the genius which his numerous narratives of them

display. He was a brother of the foregoing.

HUMBOLDT, Frau Wilhelm von (1771-1829). Daughter of Frederick of

Dachröden. She had married Wilhelm von Humboldt in 1791.

HUMBOLDT, Caroline von (1792-1837). Eldest daughter of Wilhelm von

Humboldt.

HYDE DE NEUVILLE, Baron Jean Guillaume (1776-1857). French

politician. Deeply attached to the royalty. Implicated in a

conspiracy against Napoleon I., he fled to the United States,

and did not return to France until after the fall of the Empire.

In 1815 he was a deputy; in 1816 he was Minister to the United

States, and afterwards to Portugal. In 1828 he held the

portfolio of Naval Affairs in the Martignac Ministry, but

resigned when Polignac's Cabinet came into power. After 1830 he

supported the desperate cause of the Duc de Bordeaux, and

afterwards lived in retirement.

I

IBRAHIM PASHA (1772-1848). Son of the Viceroy of Egypt, Mehemet

Ali, whom he supported in the task of Egyptian re-organisation.

He invaded Syria in 1832 at his father's orders, and was

marching upon Constantinople when he was stopped at Kutayeh by

the intervention of the European Powers. Some years afterwards,

when war broke out again, Ibrahim won a decisive victory over

the Turks at Nezib in 1839, but the treaty of London of July

15, 1840, and the bombardment of the Syrian ports by the

English fleet obliged him to abandon the conquest of Syria for

a second time. He then devoted his time to the domestic

administration of Egypt.

ISABELLA II.* (1830-1904). Queen of Spain.

ISTURITZ, Xavier d', born in 1790. He was a Spanish statesman who

held a seat from 1812 in the Cortes, and attracted attention by

his revolutionary patriotism. While president of the Chamber of

the Procuradores in 1835, his Liberal ideas brought him into

trouble and he was obliged to take refuge in London. Afterwards

he accomplished several missions to the different courts of

Europe, and was even Ambassador at Paris from 1863 to 1864.

J

JACKSON, Andrew (1767-1845). American General and seventh

President of the United States in 1829. In 1834 he claimed from

France in very haughty terms an indemnity of twenty-five

millions for the ships taken from the United States under the

Empire. After holding the Presidency twice in succession, he

retired into private life.

JAUBERT, Chevalier (1779-1847). An Orientalist who accompanied

Bonaparte to Egypt as interpreter. He was secretary and

interpreter to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Master of

Requests, and then Chargé d'affaires at Constantinople. In 1819

he was Secretary and Interpreter to Louis XVIII.; he became a

Member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature in 1830,

and was made a Peer of France by Louis-Philippe.

JAUBERT, Comte Hippolyte François (1798-1874). A French politician

and man of learning. He was a Deputy in 1831, and Minister of

Public Works in 1840. He was appointed Peer of France in 1844,

when the fall of Louis-Philippe induced him to retire into

private life.

JAUCOURT, Marquise de* (1762-1848). _Née_ Mlle. Charlotte de

Bontemps.

JERSEY, Lady Sarah* (1787-1867). Her drawing-room was one of the

most famous in London.

JOINVILLE, François d'Orléans, Prince de (1818-1900). Third son of

King Louis-Philippe. He served in the navy and brought the

remains of Napoleon back to France in 1840. In 1843 he married

Princess Francisca of Braganza, daughter of the Emperor of

Brazil.

JUMILHAC, Odet de Chapelle de (1804-1880). Duc de Richelieu. A

nephew by his mother of the Duc de Richelieu who died in 1822,

M. de Jumilhac assumed his uncle's title and thus became a

member of the Chamber of Peers. He was a Knight of the Legion of

Honour.

K

KAROLYI, Countess Ferdinand (1805-1844). Daughter of Prince

Ludwig of Kaunitz Rietberg. She married Count Louis Karolyi in

1823.

KENT, Duchess of* (1786-1861). Sister-in-law of King William IV.

of England and mother of Queen Victoria.

KRÜDENER, Baroness of (1764-1824). Julia of Vietinghoff, daughter

of the Governor of Riga; at the age of fourteen she married the

Baron of Krüdener, Russian Minister at Berlin, by whom she had

two children. Her husband divorced her in 1791. After a series

of adventures she became intimate with Queen Louise of Prussia,

and then became a religious fanatic. In 1814 she was at Paris

when the allies entered the town, and obtained great influence

over the Emperor Alexander I. Expelled from Germany and from

Switzerland she took refuge at her estates near Riga, and began

a connection with the Moravian Brothers. She started for the

Crimea in 1822 with the intention of founding an asylum for

criminals and sinners.