KRÜDENER, Baroness Amelia of (1808-1888). Daughter-in-law of the

foregoing. She was a natural daughter of the Princesse de la

Tour et Taxis, _née_ Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen

Louise of Prussia and of Count Maximilian of Lerchenfeld, who

brought her up at his house and whose wife adopted her. In 1825

she married Herr von Krüdener, and her second husband in 1850

was Count Nicholas Adlerberg, aide-de-camp to the Emperor

Nicholas I. of Russia.

KRÜGER, Francis (1797-1857). A famous portrait-painter at Berlin.

KUHNEIM, Countess (1770-1854). By birth a During she was friend of

Princess Charles of Prussia.

L

LA BESNARDIÈRE, J. B. Gouey de (1765-1843). Privy Councillor who

lived for a long time in Touraine after his retirement in 1819.

LABORDE, Comte Léon de (1807-1869). Archæologist and traveller,

and for a short time diplomatist. In 1840 he was appointed a

deputy, and was director of the Museum of Antiquities in the

Louvre from 1845 to 1848. He received a seat in the Senate in

1868.

LABOUCHERE, Henry* (1798-1869). Member of the English Parliament.

LA BRICHE, Comtesse de. Her salon became famous at Paris as she

gathered distinguished men and famous writers about her. She

possessed the château of Marais near Paris, where she often gave

dramatic performances. Her daughter had married M. Molé.

LA BRUYERE, Jean de* (1645-1696). Author of the Characters.

LACAVE LAPLAGNE, Jean Pierre Joseph (1795-1849). He was a pupil of

the Polytechnic School; he took part in the last campaigns of

the Empire and resigned when the Bourbons were restored. He then

devoted himself to the study of law, was called to the Bar at

Toulouse and entered the magistracy. He was deputy for the

department of Gers, and several times held the portfolio of

finance. King Louis-Philippe entrusted to him the administration

of the property of the Duc d'Aumale.

LACORDAIRE, Henri (1802-1861). Famous French preacher, a Dominican

of the Order of the Preaching Friars. He entered the French

Academy in 1860 in place of M. de Tocqueville.

LADVOCAT, M. King's attorney under the monarchy of 1830. As he was

the bearer of nominations, Fieschi had applied to him upon his

arrival at Paris to secure a post; after his attempted

assassination Fieschi, who had taken a false name, was

recognised by M. Ladvocat.

LAFARGE, Mme. The mother of M. Lafarge. She was not able to avoid

all suspicion in the course of the famous trial. She had broken

the seals of her daughter-in-law's will to learn her

dispositions.

LAFARGE, M. A widower at the age of twenty-eight, Pouch Lafarge,

who owned an iron works at Glandier (Corrèze); he was an

incompetent man of business, always reduced to extremities. He

married Marie Capelle who gained a gloomy notoriety by poisoning

him.

LAFARGE, Mme. (1816-1852). Marie Capelle, an orphan, married M.

Lafarge in 1839. As the result of the famous trial, she was

condemned to perpetual imprisonment.

LA FAYETTE, the Marquis de* (1767-1834). A deputy to the States

General in 1789, he played a part in the revolutionary events of

his time.

LAFFITTE, Jacques (1767-1844). A French financier who played an

important part in the July revolution, and was a Minister under

King Louis-Philippe.

LAMARTINE, Alphonse de (1790-1869). French poet and politician. He

entered the Academy in 1830, and the Chamber of Deputies in

1834, and acquired a wide popularity which faded soon after

1848.

LAMB, Frederick* (1782-1852). English diplomatist. Brother of Lord

Melbourne and heir to his title.

LAMBRUSCHINI, Cardinal (1776-1854). He was Bishop of Sabine,

Archbishop of Genoa, and papal nuncio at Paris under Charles X.

He received his Cardinal's hat in 1831. Pope Gregory XVI.

appointed him Minister of Foreign Affairs, then Secretary of

Briefs, and Prefect of the Congregation of Studies. After the

events of 1848 he followed Pius IX. to Gaeta.

LANSDOWNE, Lady.* Died in 1865; she had married the Marquis of

Lansdowne in 1819.

LARCHER, Mlle. Henriette* (1782-1860). Governess of Mlle. Pauline

de Périgord.

LA REDORTE, the Comte Mathieu de* (1804-1886). French diplomatist.

LA REDORTE, the Comtesse de. Died in 1885. _Née_ Louise Suchet,

daughter of the Marshal d'Albuféra.

LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, the Comte Sosthène de. Duc de Doudeauville

(1785-1864). Aide-de-camp to the Comte d'Artois under the

Restoration. He was always an ardent Legitimist, and also had

paid much attention to literature.

LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, Marie de. Died in 1840. She was the daughter of

the Duc de Sosthène de la Rochefoucauld Doudeauville and

granddaughter of the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency.

LA ROVÈRE, the Marquise de (1817-1840). Elizabeth of Stackelberg.

A Russian by birth, she became a Catholic upon her marriage with

the Marquis de la Rovère and died soon after her marriage. Her

tomb of white marble is in the Campo Santo of Turin.

LAS CASES, the Comte Emanuel de (1800-1854). He had followed his

father to St. Helena. The Revolution of 1830 afterwards found a

warm supporter in him. When he was elected deputy he joined the

ranks of the Liberal party and entered the Senate after the

_coup d'état_ of December 2, 1852.

LAVAL, the Prince Adrien de* (1768-1837). Peer of France and

diplomatist.

LAVAL, the Vicomtesse de (1745-1838). Mlle. Tavernier de

Boullongue had married in 1765 the Vicomte de Laval and was the

mother of the Duc Mathieu de Montmorency, who was Minister of

Foreign Affairs. She was a great friend of M. de Talleyrand.

LAZAREFF, Madame de (1813-1881). She was born Princess Antoinette

de Biron Courlande.*

LÉAUTAUD, the Comtesse de. Alexandrine Clémentine de Nicolaï

daughter of the Marquis and Marquise Scipion de Nicolaï, _née_

Lameth. Her name appeared in the Lafarge trial with reference to

a theft of diamonds of which Madame Lafarge was accused, and

which she asserted had been handed to her by Madame de Léautaud.

LEBRUN, Pierre Antoine (1785-1873). Man of letters and member of

the French Academy from 1828. From 1830 to 1848 he was a

director of the Royal printing house; in 1839 he was made a Peer

of France, called to the Senate in 1853 and became grand officer

of the Legion of Honour.

LE HON, Count (1792-1868). Belgian statesman and Minister at Paris

for many years.

LEON, the Prince Charles Louis Jocelyn de (1819-1893). He assumed

the title of Duc de Rohan on the death of his father in 1869. He

had married Mlle. de Boissy in 1843.

LERCHENFELD, Count Maximilian of (1779-1843). A Bavarian statesman

who helped to draw up the Bavarian Constitution. In 1825 he

became Finance Minister and resigned his post to become

Ambassador to the Germanic Diet. He had married the Baroness

Anne of Grosschlag.

LESTOCQ, Frau von (1788-1849). Widow of General Lestocq, Governor

of Breslau, who died in 1818. She was the chief lady at the

Court of Princess William of Prussia, by birth Princess of Hesse

Homburg, and sister-in-law to King Frederick William III.

LEUCHTENBERG, Prince Augustus Charles of* (1807-1835). For a short

time he was the husband of Doña Maria, Queen of Portugal.

LEVESON, George (1815-1891). He was secretary to his father, Lord

Granville, English Ambassador at Paris, and then secretary to

the Foreign Minister. In 1846, on his father's death, he

inherited his title and entered the House of Lords. He held

Government offices at different times, and eventually retired in

1886 with Mr. Gladstone.

LEZAY MARNÉSIA, the Comte de* (1772-1857). Prefect and Peer of

France under the Bourbons, and Senator under the Empire in 1852.

LIAUTARD, the Abbé (1774-1842). He studied at the College of

Sainte Barbe at Paris and was then called to the colours by the

decree of August 23, 1793. He was one of the most brilliant

pupils of the Polytechnic School, but renouncing the world, he

entered the seminary of Saint Sulpice, and was ordained priest

in 1804. Afterwards he founded the college which was to become

the College of Stanislas and then became the chief priest of

Fontainebleau after refusing the bishopric of Limoges.

LICHTENSTEIN, the Princess of (1776-1848). By birth she was the

Landgräfin Josephine of Fürstenberg, and had married in 1792

Prince Johann Josef of Lichtenstein.

LIEBERMANN, the Baron Augustus of (1791-1841). Prussian

diplomatist at Madrid in 1836 and at St. Petersburg in 1840.

LIEVEN, the Prince de* (1770-1839). Russian diplomatist, and for

twenty-two years Ambassador at London.

LIEVEN, the Princesse de* (1784-1857). _Née_ Dorothée de

Benkendorff.

LIEGNITZ, the Princess of (1800-1873). The Countess of Harrach

contracted a morganatic marriage in 1824 with King Frederick

William III. of Prussia, who gave her the title of Princess of

Liegnitz.

LINANGE, Prince Charles of (1804-1856). Son of the Duchess of Kent

by her first marriage. He married the Countess of Klebelsberg.

LINDENAU, Baron Bernard Augustus of (1780-1854). Learned German

astronomer and politician. He held several diplomatic posts and

became Home Secretary in Saxony. In 1830 he worked energetically

to form a Constitution for this country. He founded an

astronomical museum at Dresden.

LINGARD, John (1769-1851). An English historian and a Catholic

Priest who had been educated at Douai with the Jesuits.

LISFRANC DE SAINT MARTIN, Jacques (1790-1847). Famous French

surgeon who made a great reputation under the Second

Restoration.

LOBAU, the Comte de (1770-1838). As a volunteer he took an active

part in the campaigns of the Republic and of the Empire. After

Leipzig, when he was involved in the capitulation of Gouvion

Saint-Cyr, he was sent to Hungary as a prisoner where he

remained until the Restoration. During the Hundred Days he

commanded the first military division and the sixth army corps

at Waterloo, where he was captured by the English. From 1815 to

1818 he was exiled and then lived in retirement until 1823, when

he entered the Chamber of Deputies. He was made Peer of France

and Marshal in 1831, and successfully opposed the outbreaks

which took place at Paris in 1831 and 1834.

LOBAU, wife of the foregoing. She was the daughter of Madame

d'Arberg and sister-in-law of General Klein.

LÖWENHIELM, Count Gustavus Charles Frederick of (1771-1856).

Swedish diplomatist; Extraordinary Minister to the Congress of

Vienna in 1815 and Swedish Minister in Austria in 1816. He held

a corresponding post at Paris where he resided for thirty-eight

years. He had a large fortune which he used very nobly.

LÖWENHIELM, the Countess of (1783-1859). Fräulein von

Schönburch-Wechselburg married as her first husband, in 1806,

Count Gustavus of Düben, then the Swedish chargé d'Affaires at

Vienna. In 1812 she was left a widow, and in 1826 married the

Count of Löwenhielm, who had previously been the husband of a

Baroness of Gur.

LÖWE-WEIMAR, the Baron François Adolphe de (1801-1854). He

belonged to a family of German Jews, but was converted to

Christianity and came to Paris, where he made a name for himself

in literature. M. Thiers entrusted him with a diplomatic mission

in Russia. He was appointed Consul-General to Bagdad, where he

distinguished himself in 1847 by his devotion during a cholera

epidemic. Afterwards he was Consul-General at Caracas.

LOGERE, M. de. Attaché to the French legation at Berlin.

LOTTUM, Count Charles Henry of (1767-1841). Infantry General and

Minister of State in Prussia under Frederick William III., and

afterwards Minister of the Exchequer. He married Fräulein

Frederica of Lamprecht.

LOUIS-PHILIPPE I.* (1773-1849). King of the French from 1830-1848.

LOUVEL, Louis Pierre (1783-1820). A working saddler whose

political fanaticism led him, on February 13, 1820, as people

were leaving the opera, to assassinate the Duc de Berry, son of

Charles X., nephew of Louis XVIII., with the object of bringing

the dynasty of the Bourbons to an end. He was condemned by the

Court of Peers and executed.

LOW COUNTRIES, Queen of the (1774-1837). Wilhelmina, daughter of

King William II. of Prussia, and wife of King William I. of the

Low Countries.

LOW COUNTRIES, Princess Frederica of the* (1808-1870). By birth

Princess Louise of Prussia and daughter of Frederick William

III.

LUCCA, the Duchess of (1803-1879). She was a daughter of the King

of Sardinia and twin sister of the Empress Caroline of Austria,

wife of the Emperor Ferdinand II.

LUTTEROTH, Alexander of (1806-1882). Born at Leipzig, he served in

the French diplomatic service during his youth. He married a

Countess Batthyàny.

LYNDHURST, Lord (1772-1864). An English politician of the Tory

party. In three Cabinets he held the Great Seal, and occupied in

succession the highest political posts in his country. His

second wife was a Jewess, Mrs. Norton, for which reason he

vigorously supported the Bill for the admission of Jews into

Parliament.

M

MACDONALD, Marshal Alexander (1765-1840). Born of an Irish

family, he saw service in all the campaigns of the Republic and

the Empire. In 1804 he was dismissed for defending Moreau and

did not return to the service until 1809, when his

distinguished conduct at Wagram gained him the title of the

Duke of Tarentum. After the abdication of Napoleon I. he was

appointed peer of France and Grand Chancellor of the Legion of

Honour, a post which he held until 1831.

MACDONALD, General Alexandre de (1824-1881). Duke of Tarentum.

Only son of Marshal Macdonald and of Mlle. de Bourgoing, cousin

of King Charles X. and of Madame la Dauphine. On the accession

of Napoleon III. he became Chamberlain of the Emperor and Knight

of the Legion of Honour. He was a Deputy in 1852, Senator in

1869, and retired into private life in 1870.

MAGON-LABALLUE DE BOISGARIN, Mlle. (1765-1834). She was born of a

noble family who had become boat-builders, and married in 1779

the Comte de Villefranche, of the house of Carignan. After his

death she lived very quietly at Paris.

MAHMUD II. (1785-1839). Sultan of the Ottoman Turks. He ascended

the throne in 1808. His wars were the ruin of his empire, but

his domestic administration was marked by great reforms; he

introduced Western sciences and institutions, drilled his troops

in European style, and guaranteed religious toleration by a

firman of 1839.

MAILLÉ, the Duc de (1770-1837). Charles François Armand de la

Tour-Landry, Duc de Maillé, was before the Revolution first

Gentleman of the Chamber of Monsieur; he became an _émigré_ with

the Prince and held aloof from politics until the fall of the

Empire. He took a large share in the Royalist movement of 1814,

and resumed his former duties under King Louis XVIII., who made

him a Peer of France. He refused to take the oath to the July

monarchy,

MAINTENON, the Marquise de* (1635-1719). Morganatic wife of King

Louis XIV. and a famous educationist.

MAISON, the Marshal* (1771-1840). Peer of France and French

diplomatist, and member of several Cabinets.

MAISON, wife of the foregoing, Marie Madeleine Françoise Weygold,

was born in Prussia in 1776 and in 1796 married Marshal Maison,

at that time Major.

MALESHERBES, Chrétien Guillaume Lamoignon de (1721-1794). Son of

Chancellor Lamoignon, he was a Minister with Turgot under Louis

XVI.; he defended the King before the Convention, and died

himself upon the scaffold. He was a member of the French

Academy.

MALTZAN, Count Mortimer of (1783-1843), First gentleman at the

Prussian Court. Chamberlain and major and Minister

Plenipotentiary to the Court of Vienna. He married a Countess of

Golz.

MANNAY, the Abbé Charles (1745-1824). He studied at St. Sulpice,

where he distinguished himself. After his ordination as priest

he became chief vicar and then canon of the cathedral of Rheims.

When the Revolution broke out he retired to England and

Scotland, and in 1802 was appointed Bishop of Trèves. He

resigned in 1814 and returned to France, where, in 1817, he was

appointed Bishop of Auxerre, and in 1820 of Rennes. He was a

great friend of the Prince de Talleyrand.

MARBEUF, the Marquise de (1765-1839). She married in 1784 the

Comte, afterwards the Marquis de Marbeuf, gentleman of the

chamber of the Comte de Provence and Field Marshal, afterwards

Governor of Corsica. She was left a widow in 1786, and retired

to the convent of the Sacré Cœur, where she took the veil.

MARBOIS, the Marquis de Barbé* (1745-1837). French diplomatist and

politician, for a long time president of the financial court.

MARCHAND, Louis Joseph Narcisse (1791-1876). First Groom of the

Chamber of the Emperor Napoleon I., whom he followed to St

Helena. To him the Emperor dictated his "Summary of the Wars of

Julius Cæsar," which Marchant published in 1836. On his deathbed

Napoleon gave him the title of Comte, and then entrusted him

with his will. On his return to France Marchand married, in

1823, the daughter of General Brayer, and settled at Strasburg.

In 1840 he was associated with the Prince de Joinville to bring

back the remains of the Emperor from St. Helena, and was made

Knight and afterwards Officer of the Legion of Honour.

MARCHESI, Luigi (1755-1829). A famous Italian singer whose method

became supreme in the musical art. His first appearance was at

Rome in 1774. Every capital in Europe attempted to secure his

presence, but in the theatre of his native town, Milan, he ended

a career which had brought him both honour and riches.

MARESCALCHI, the Comtesse de, died in 1846. She was the daughter

of the Marquis de Pange and of Mlle. de Caraman.

MAREUIL, the Comte Joseph Durand de* (1769-1855). French

diplomatist.

MARIA II., OR DOÑA MARIA DA GLORIA* (1819-1853). Queen of

Portugal.

MARIE AMÉLIE, the Queen* (1782-1866). Wife of Louis-Philippe, King

of the French.

MARIA CHRISTINA, the Queen (1806-1878.) Daughter of Francis I.,

King of the Two Sicilies, she was the third wife of Ferdinand

VII., King of Spain. In 1833 she became a widow and

Queen-Regent, and in 1834 married Ferdinand Muñoz, officer in

the Life Guards, who was made Duke of Rinanzares. After she had

been obliged to leave the country and hand over the regency to

Espartero, Duke of the Victoire, Queen Christina returned to

Spain in 1843, and then governed in the name of her daughter,

Isabella II. She was again exiled in 1854, withdrew to Paris,

and lived there until her death.

MARIE DE MEDICIS* (1573-1642). Wife of the King of France, Henry

IV., and Regent during the minority of her son, Louis XIII.

MARIE D'ORLÉANS, the Princess* (1813-1839). Daughter of King

Louis-Philippe and wife of Prince Alexander of Würtemberg.

MARIE LOUISE, Archduchess (1791-1847). By her marriage with

Napoleon I. she became Empress, and after her husband fell she

secured the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guastella. After

the Emperor's death she married the Count of Neipperg, by whom

she had three children. Her third husband was the Count de

Bombelles.

MARIA THERESA, the Empress* (1717-1780). Empress of Austria and

Queen of Hungary; wife of Francis of Lorraine.

MARLBOROUGH, the Duchess of (1660-1744). Sarah Jennings married,

about 1680, the famous English general, John Churchill,

afterwards Duke of Marlborough. The Duchess of Marlborough was

the favourite of Queen Anne, over whom she exerted great

influence.

MAROCHETTI, Baron Charles (1805-1867). Born at Turin. His father

adopted the French nationality when he was ten years of age; he

studied at the Lycée Napoleon at Paris. He studied sculpture in

the studio of Bosio, pupil of Canova, and then spent eight years

at Rome. He left a son, who resumed his Italian nationality,

entered the diplomatic career, and was Ambassador at St.

Petersburg.

MARS, Mlle. Famous actress at the Comédie Française.

MARTIN DU NORD, Nicolas Ferdinand Marie Louis Joseph* (1790-1847).

Magistrate and French politician.

MARTINEZ DE LA ROSA, François* (1789-1862). Spanish man of letters

and politician.

MASSA, the Duchesse de.* Born in 1792. Daughter of Marshal

Macdonald.

MASSIMO, Princess Christine. Died of cholera in 1837. Daughter of

Prince Xavier of Saxony and of Countess Claire of Spinucci.

MATHIEU, M. A French painter who gave lessons in drawing to the

daughters of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.

MATUSIEWICZ, Count Andrew Joseph* (1790-1842). Polish diplomatist

in the Russian service.

MAUSSION, the Baron Alfred de. At first, like his brother Adolphe,

he entered the army and became an officer. He was a very

intimate friend of the Montmorency family, being a distant

relation, and was also well known to the Dosne family. He became

the friend of M. Thiers, who appointed him consul at Rostock.

MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Grand Duchess of (1771-1871). Augusta,

Princess of Hesse-Homburg, third wife of the Hereditary Grand

Duke Frederick of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, whom she married in

1818, and who died before his father in 1819. The Grand Duchess

was also the step-mother of the Duchesse d'Orléans.

MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Princess Helena (1814-1858). She

married, in 1837, the Duc d'Orléans, by whom she had two

children, the Comte de Paris and the Duc de Chartres. She became

a widow in 1842. She was the daughter of the second marriage of

the Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick of Mecklenburg, who died in

1819, with a Princess of Saxe-Weimar.

MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ, the Grand Duke of (1779-1860). He succeeded

his father, the Grand Duke Charles, in 1816, and married, in

1817, a Princess of Hesse Cassel. He was brother to Queen Louise

of Prussia.

MEDEM, Count Paul* (1800-1854). A Russian diplomatist, cousin of

the Duchess de Dino.

MEDICIS, Lorenzo de, known as the Magnificent (1448-1492). A

patron of arts and letters, he honoured with his friendship and

his kindness Pico della Mirandola, Angelo Poliziano, and Michael

Angelo, by whom his mausoleum at Florence was designed.

MEHEMET ALI (1769-1849). Viceroy of Egypt. He began life as a

merchant, became a soldier and fought against the French in

1799. In 1806 he was able to drive out the Governor of Egypt and

proclaim himself Viceroy. As the Mameluks would not cease their

revolts, he had them massacred throughout Egypt on March 1,

1811. In his two wars against the Porte, in 1832 and 1839, his

lieutenant was his son Ibrahim, whose victory of Nezib laid the

Sultan at his mercy. A European coalition in which France

declined to take part, deprived him of the fruits of this

victory, but for himself and his descendants he secured the

Governorship of Egypt under the sovereignty of the Porte. He

introduced great reforms into his country.

MELBOURNE, William Lamb, Lord* (1779-1848). English politician,

brother of Lady Palmerston.

MÉRODE, the Comte Werner de (1816-1905). He married in 1843 his

cousin Mlle. Thérèse de Mérode.

METTERNICH, Prince* (1773-1859). Austrian diplomatist and

statesman.

METTERNICH, Princess Melanie of (1805-1854). Third wife of Prince

Metternich and daughter of Count Francis of Zichy-Ferraris.

MEUNIER. In 1836 was found guilty of complicity with Lavau, who

had attempted to assassinate Louis-Philippe. He was a saddler

and a benefactor of Lavau.

MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI (1475-1564). Famous Italian painter,

sculptor and architect. The most learned and profound of

draughtsmen, he became architect of the Basilica of St. Peter at

Rome after the death of Bramante, and built the sublime cupola

which is its chief glory.

MIRAFLORES, the Marquis de* (1792-1867). Spanish diplomatist and

man of letters.

MOIRA, Lord (1808-1843). Eldest son of the first Marquis of

Hastings. He was Chamberlain in 1830 to King William IV. of

England.

MOLÉ, the Comte Mathieu* (1788-1855). French politician of an old

parliamentary family.

MOLÉ, the Comtesse.* Died in 1845. _Née_ Mlle. de la Briche.

MOLITOR, Marshal, Comte (1770-1849). He served throughout the wars

of the Revolution and the Empire; was exiled at the Second

Restoration and recalled in 1818 to his duties as

Inspector-General. He commanded the second Army Corps during the

Spanish War in 1823 and was then made Marshal and Peer of

France. Under the July government, he was governor of the

Invalides and Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour.

MOLLIEN, the Comtesse* (1785-1878). Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Marie

Amélie.

MONTALEMBERT, the Comte Charles de (1810-1870). French publicist

and politician. One of the most brilliant defenders of Liberal

Catholicism.

MONTALIVET, the Comte de (1801-1880). A pupil of the Polytechnic

School, he afterwards sat in the Chamber of Peers among the

Liberals. Louis-Philippe appointed him Minister of the Interior

in 1830 and afterwards Minister of Education and Public Worship.

As the supervisor of the civil list he founded the museum of

Versailles, increased the museum of the Louvre, and restored the

palaces of Fontainebleau, Saint-Cloud, Trianon and Pau. He

entered the Academy of Fine Arts in 1840. The events of 1848

sent him back to private life.

MONTBRETON, Madame de. Clémence Marie de Nicolaï, daughter of the

Marquis and Marquise Scipion de Nicolaï, whose name appears in

the Lafarge trial.

MONTEBELLO, Napoléon Auguste Lannes de (1801-1874). Son of the

famous marshal. Diplomatist and French Minister; he was made a

Peer of France at the age of fourteen by King Louis XVIII. He

supported the July monarchy and afterwards the Empire.

MONTENON, M. de. A young man of La Creuse who was a constant

visitor at the Castle of Valençay.

MONTESQUIOU, the Comtesse Anatole de, born in 1794. Elodie,

daughter of the Comte Henri de Montesquiou-Fezensac de

Bacquencourt, married her cousin-german in 1809, who was

aide-de-camp to Napoleon I. and afterwards Peer of France. She

was the first lady at the Court of the Duchesse d'Orléans.

MONTESSUY, the Comte de. A French diplomatist who acted as French

Minister at Hanover in 1849, at Parma in 1855, at Darmstadt and

at Frankfort from 1855 to 1858. He married a daughter of Prince

Paul of Würtemberg by a morganatic marriage.

MONTFORT, Mlle. de (1820-1904). The Princess Mathilde, daughter of

Jerome, King of Westphalia, and of Catherine, Princess of

Würtemberg. She married in 1841 the Comte Anatole Demidoff,

Prince de San Donato.

MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse de* (1774-1846). _Née_ Mlle. de

Matignon. She was the mother of Baron Raoul de Montmorency, of

the Princesse de Beauffremont Courtenay, and of the Duchesse de

Valençay.

MONTMORENCY, Raoul, Baron de* (1790-1862). He took the title of

Duc on his father's death in 1846.

MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse Mathieu de. Died in 1858. Hortense de

Chevreuse-Luynes had married Mathieu de Montmorency-Laval. Her

only daughter was the first wife of the Duc Sosthène de la

Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville.

MONTPENSIER, the Duchesse de* (1627-1693). Known under the name of

_la Grande Mademoiselle_; she was the daughter of Duc Gaston

d'Orléans.

MONTROND, the Comte Casimir de.* Friend of M. de Talleyrand and

sometimes entrusted with unimportant diplomatic missions.

MORTEMART, Arthur de. Only son of the Duc de Mortemart who died

from injuries received by a fall from his horse in October 1840.

MOTTEVILLE, Mme. de (1621-1689). Françoise Bertaut married in 1639

Nicolas Langlois, Seigneur de Motteville, who died in 1641. On

the death of Louis XIII. in 1643, Anne of Austria called Mme. de

Motteville to her Court, and admitted her to her intimacy. Mme.

de Motteville left very interesting memoirs behind her.

MOUNIER, Baron Claude Philippe Edouard (1784-1843). Auditor to the

Council of State under the Empire, then Governor of Saxe-Weimar

and afterwards of Lower Silesia. In 1809 he received the title

of Baron, and in 1813 the post of Overseer of the Crown

Buildings. Louis XVIII. confirmed him in this position and made

him a Peer in 1819. He retained his seat in the Chamber of Peers

and showed much talent in many discussions.

MUÑOZ, Fernando (1810-1873). Of lowly parentage, he entered the

Spanish Army at an early age and became a Life Guard. Queen

Christina fell violently in love with him and contracted a

morganatic marriage with him three months after the death of

Ferdinand VII. Muñoz showed no ambition and only consented to

become Duke of Rianzares, noble of Spain and knight of the

Golden Fleece.

MUNSTER, Lord (1794-1842). George Fitz-Clarence, natural son of

King William IV. and Mrs. Jordan. He entered the army at a very

early age and became Major-General, member of the Privy Council,

aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria and received the title of Lord

Munster.

MURAT, Mme. (1782-1839). Caroline Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon I.

She married General Murat in 1800. In 1806 she was Grand Duchess

of Berg and Queen of Naples in 1808. She became a widow in 1815

and then retired to Austria and afterwards to Florence where she

died.

N

NAPIER, Sir Charles (1786-1860). A Naval Captain in 1810, he went

through the Portugal Campaign. In 1815 he was placed on the

retired list, but in 1829 he entered the service of Dom Pedro

of Portugal with successful results. On his return to England

he was elected member of the House of Commons in 1834,

appointed Commodore in 1839, Rear-Admiral in 1846, and

Vice-Admiral in 1853. In 1840 he supported the Turkish Fleet

during the Syrian Expedition; but in 1853 he was less fortunate

and failed before Cronstadt.

NAPLES, the King of (1811-1859). Ferdinand II.,* son of King

Francis I. and of Isabella of Spain.

NAPLES, the Queen of (1812-1836). Maria Christina, daughter of the

King of Sardinia, Victor Emanuel I. She married King Ferdinand

II. in 1832.

NAPLES, Prince Charles Ferdinand of (1811-1862). Brother of the

Count of Syracuse and morganatic husband of Miss Penelope Smith,

by whom he had two children. His son bore the title of Count

Mascali.

NAPLES, Prince Leopold of (1813-1860). (_See_ Syracuse, Count of.)

NEALE, the Countess Pauline (1779-1869). Of an Irish family which

had been settled in Prussia for several generations. The

Countess Neale was lady of honour to Princess Louise of Prussia

and married Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1795.

NEIGRE, the Baron (1774-1847). He enlisted as a volunteer in 1790,

and had a brilliant career in the wars of the First Empire. In

1813 he was general of division; afterwards he supported the

Bourbons, took part in the siege of Antwerp and held a seat in

the Chamber of Peers until his death.

NEIPPERG, Count Alfred of (1807-1865). Austrian Chamberlain and

Major-General in the army of Würtemberg. He married as his

second wife in 1840 Princess Maria of Würtemberg.

NEMOURS, the Duchesse de (1625-1701). Marie d'Orléans, wife of

Henry II., Duc de Savoie-Nemours, her cousin. In 1690 she

obtained the Principality of Neuchâtel. She has left graceful

and lively memoirs of her life.

NEMOURS, the Duc de* (1814-1896). Second son of King

Louis-Philippe.

NESSELRODE, Count* (1780-1862). Russian diplomatist and afterwards

Imperial Chancellor of Russia.

NESSELRODE, Countess, died in 1849. She was the daughter of Count

Gourieff, who was Russian Financial Minister.

NEUMANN, Baron. Austrian diplomatist who married the daughter of

the Duke of Beaufort, in England.

NEY, the wife of the Marshal. Duchesse d'Elchingen, Princesse de

la Moskowa. _Née_ Aglaé Louise de Lascans, she had married

Marshal Ney in 1802. Her mother had held a court post under

Queen Marie Antoinette which had brought her daughter into

connection with the Dauphine during their youth.

NICOLAÏ, the Marquise Scipion de, _née_ Lameth. She was the mother

of Madame de Léautaud and Madame de Montbreton, who were

implicated in the charge of diamond-stealing which arose in the

Lafarge trial.

NICOLE, Pierre (1625-1695). Moralist, theologian and

controversialist, one of the most remarkable writers of Port

Royal where he lectured upon literature. With Arnaud and Pascal

he wrote against the Jesuits and was involved in the

prosecutions directed against the Jansenists. He was obliged to

leave France in 1679 and could only return through the

intervention of Mgr. du Harlay, Archbishop of Paris.

NINA LASSAVE. Daughter of Laurence Petit for whom Fieschi had

conceived an ardent passion in his prison at Embrun. Nina, who

was fifteen years of age, had been left to Fieschi by Laurence.

NOAILLES, the Duc Paul de* (1802-1885). At the age of twenty he

succeeded to the peerage on the death of his great-uncle, the

Duc Jean de Noailles.

NOAILLES, the Vicountesse de* (1792-1851). Daughter of the Duc de

Poix, she married her cousin the Vicomte Alfred de Noailles.

NOAILLES, the Comte Maurice de. Born in 1808, he married in 1842

his cousin Mlle. Pauline de Noailles, daughter of the Duc de

Noailles.

NORTON, Mrs., born in 1808. Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton was

the granddaughter of Sheridan. Her intimacy with Lord Melbourne

was notorious and her husband began a suit against her for

divorce in 1836, which caused much stir. The jury acquitted Lord

Melbourne, notwithstanding the strong presumption against him.

Mrs. Norton was separated from her husband and acquired a

certain notoriety in English literature by her novels and

newspaper articles.

O

O'CONNELL, Daniel* (1775-1847). Patriot and Irish agitator.

O'CONNELL, Maurice. Died in 1853. Eldest son of Daniel O'Connell,

whose policy he continued in the House of Commons.

OFFALIA, the Comte d' (1777-1843). Spanish statesman. At first he

was secretary to the embassy in Washington in 1800; in 1823 he

became Minister of Justice; Ambassador at Paris in 1828;

Minister of the Interior in 1832; head of the Cabinet and

Foreign Minister in 1837.

OLLIVIER, l'Abbé Nicolas Théodore. Born in 1798. Priest of

Saint-Roch at Paris, he was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1841.

OMPTEDA, the Baroness* (1767-1843). _Née_ the Countess of

Schlippenbach.

ORANGE, Prince William of* (1793-1849). He ascended the throne of

Holland in 1840.

ORANGE, Princess of.* By birth Anne Paulowna, daughter of the

Emperor Paul of Russia.

ORIE, Dr. Doctor of Bourgueil in Touraine. He died suddenly on the

road between Benais and Bourgueil. On the spot where he expired

a column has been raised with this inscription: "On this spot

died Dr. Orie, July 14, 1846."

ORLEANS, the Duc d'* (1741-1793). Louis Philippe Joseph, called

_Philippe Egalité_. He died on the scaffold of the Revolution.

ORLEANS, the Duc d'* (1810-1842). Ferdinand, eldest son of King

Louis-Philippe and Crown Prince.

ORLOFF, Count (1781-1861). Alexis Fedorowitch, took part in all

the wars against Napoleon I. and entered the Russian diplomatic

service in 1828.

P

PAHLEN, Count.* Born in 1775. A Russian diplomatist and

Ambassador at Paris.

PALATINE, the Princess (1616-1684). Anne of Gonzague married

Edward, Count Palatine, son of the Palatine Elector, Frederic V.

and settled at Paris, where she was the ornament of the Court of

Anne of Austria through her beauty and her wit. After a life of

pleasure and political intrigue she suffered an overthrow by

the influence of Mazarin and spent her last days in retirement.

On her death Bossuet delivered a funeral oration upon her, one

of the most remarkable that he composed.

PALFFY the Princess. Born in 1774. Daughter of the Count of

Hohenfeld and wife of Prince Joseph Palffy. She died in 1827.

PALMELLA, the Duchess of. A descendant of Vasco di Gama, she had

married Dom Pedro de Souza Holstein, Duke of Palmella, a

Portuguese statesman.

PALMERSTON, Lord* (1784-1865). English politician; for a long time

Foreign Minister.

PALMYRE, Madame.* A clever Parisian dressmaker.

PARIS, the Comte de (1838-1894). Eldest son of the Duc d'Orléans

and Princess Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. After the death of

the Comte de Chambord he became the head of the French house.

PASCAL, Blaise (1623-1662). One of the greatest and most noble

geniuses of the seventeenth century; a mathematician, physicist

and philosopher. A quarrel between the Jansenists and the

Jesuits gave him the opportunity of showing himself the most

powerful writer in Port Royal.

PASQUIER, Duc Etienne* (1767-1862). Politician and Peer of France.

Appointed Chancellor in 1837.

PASSY, Hippolyte Philibert* (1793-1880). French politician, deputy

and member of the Institute.

PEAN. One of the footmen of the Prince de Talleyrand.

PEEL, Sir Robert* (1788-1850). English statesman and member of

several Cabinets.

PEMBROKE, Lady Catherine. Only daughter of Count Woronzoff,

married in 1808, George Augustus, Lord Pembroke, who died in

1827.

PENELOPE SMITH, Miss (1815-1882). Morganatic wife of Prince

Charles of Naples, Count of Capua. Victor Emanuel recognised her

possession of this title.

PEPIN* (1780-1836). Grocer and accomplice of Fieschi, with whom he

was executed.

PÉRIGORD, the Comte Paul de (1811-1880). Paul Adalbert René de

Talleyrand-Périgord, husband of Mlle. Amicide de Saint-Aignan,

who died in 1854.

PÉRIGORD, Mlle. Pauline de* (1820-1890). Daughter of the Duchesse

de Dino. She married the Marquis Henri de Castellane in 1839.

PÉRIGORD, Boson de (1832). Eldest son of the Duc de Valençay by

his first wife, Mlle. de Montmorency. He afterwards bore the

title of Duc de Talleyrand and de Sagan.

PERPONCHER, the Comte Henri de (1771-1856). Infantry General in

Holland. He became Minister of the Low Countries at the Court of

Frederick William III.

PERPONCHER, the Comtesse de. Died in 1861. Adélaïde, Countess of

Reede, married in 1816, Comte Henri de Perponcher.

PERREGEAUX, the Comte de (1785-1841). After acting as auditor to

the Council of State, he occupied certain administrative posts

under the Empire. At the Restoration he was set aside, but King

Louis-Philippe made him a Peer of France in 1831.

PETETOT, the Abbé Louis Pierre (1801-1887). General Superior of

the Order of the Oratoire, he was first priest of Saint Louis

d'Antin and of Saint Roch, and administered the affairs of the

Order for more than twenty years, resigning in 1884.

PEYRONNET, the Comte de (1778-1854). An _émigré_ during the

Revolution and the Empire, he was elected deputy under the

Restoration and joined the ultra party; as Minister of Justice

under M. de Villèle, he supported every retrograde measure. In

1829 he became Minister of the Interior under the Polignac

Ministry and helped to draw up the ordinances which provoked the

July Revolution. He was arrested and tried by the Court of Peers

and condemned to perpetual imprisonment. He spent six years at

the Fort of Ham, was then pardoned, after which he lived in

complete retirement at his estate of Montferrand near Bordeaux.

PIATOLI, the Abbé Scipion (1750-1809). Born at Florence, he took

orders. Princess Lubomirska, _née_ Czartoryska, who was

travelling in Italy, appointed him tutor to her nephew, Prince

Henry Lubomirski. The Abbé came with her to Poland in 1787, and

Count Ignatius Potocki, who was struck with his capacity,

secured him the post of Secretary to King Stanislas Augustus.

The Abbé Piatoli persuaded the King to join the Polish patriotic

party himself and drew up the Constitution of May 3, 1791, after

taking the chief share in discussion upon it. After the second

partition of Poland he left the country and became tutor to the

household of Princess Dorothea of Courlande. Afterwards, through

the good offices of Prince Adam Czartoryski, he obtained a post

in the service of Russia. Very learned, with a powerful

imagination and lofty ideas, he was strongly imbued with the

principles of Voltaire.

PIUS VII., Pope (1740-1823). Barbé Chiaramonti, a Benedictine

monk, and Bishop of Tivoli, received the purple with the

bishopric of Imola in 1795, and was elected Pope in 1800. He

reorganised his papal states, signed a Concordat with Napoleon,

and came to Paris to crown him as Emperor in 1804. Seven years

afterwards, having refused to drive out the enemies of France,

he saw his states invaded and his provinces were united to the

French Empire. As he had excommunicated the French Emperor he

was forced to undergo a rigorous confinement at Fontainebleau.

The Congress of Vienna restored his possessions in 1814, and he

returned to them. He was so generous as to grant a refuge in

Rome to several members of the family of the deposed Emperor.

PIMODAN, the Marquis de. Born in 1789. Camille de Rarécourt de la

Vallée Marquis de Pimodan, cavalry captain and honorary

gentleman of the Chamber to King Charles X., and knight of the

Legion of Honour. He married Mlle. de Frénilly in 1819.

PISCATORY, Théobald-Emile (1799-1870). He went to Greece under the

Restoration to support the cause of independence. In 1832 he was

elected deputy and afterwards voted with the Conservative

majority. From 1844 to 1846 he was Plenipotentiary Minister in

Greece and cleverly counteracted English influence. In 1846 he

was made Peer of France and in 1847 Spanish Ambassador. He

abandoned political life after the coup d'état of 1851.

PLAISANCE, the Duchesse de (1786-1854). Marie Anne Sophie,

daughter of the Marquis of Barbé Marbois, married Lebrun, Duc de

Plaisance. Witty and somewhat foreign in manner, she left France

at an early age for Greece, where she died.

PLESSEN, Herr von. Died in 1837. In 1832 he was Minister of the

Privy Council of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg, and negotiated

the marriage of Princess Helena with the Duc d'Orléans.

POLIGNAC, Prince Jules de* (1780-1847). A Minister of Charles X.

He signed the July Ordinances and was condemned by the Court of

Peers, but released after the amnesty of 1837.

POLIGNAC, the Princesse de (1792-1864). Charlotte Parkyns,

daughter of Lord Radcliffe, married as her first husband the

Marquis de Choiseul and as her second, in 1821, Prince Jules de

Polignac.

POMPONNE, the Marquis of (1618-1699). Simon Arnauld, Marquis de

Pomponne, son of Arnauld d'Andilly; King's Councillor in 1644,

he fell into disgrace with Fouquet, and was relegated to Verdun

in 1662. Three years later he returned to favour, and was sent

to Stockholm as Ambassador; afterwards the King appointed him

Minister of Foreign Affairs, and under his administration the

glorious peace of Nimwegen was signed. He again fell into

disfavour and did not return to office until after the death of

Louvois.

PONSONBY, Lord* (1770-1855). English Ambassador at Constantinople

from 1822 to 1827.

PONTOIS, Comte Charles Edouard de (1792-1871). A French

diplomatist under Louis-Philippe; he was Plenipotentiary

Minister of France in Brazil and then in the United States;

afterwards he was French Ambassador at Constantinople. In 1846

he entered the Chamber of Peers.

POTEMKIN, Ivan Alexiewitch (1778-1849). A Russian diplomatist and

privy councillor. He was appointed Ambassador at Rome in 1840

and died at Naples.

POZZO DI BORGO, Count (1764-1842). A Corsican by birth, he was a

diplomatist in the service of Russia, and well known as

Ambassador at Paris.

PRASLIN, Marquis Charles Hughes Théobald de (1805-1847). He took

the title of Duc on his father's death; became Knight of Honour

to the Duchess d'Orléans in 1837; was a member of the Chamber of

Deputies from 1839 to 1842, and was raised to the Peerage in

1845. In 1824 he married the daughter of Marshal Sébastiani.

Both came to a tragic end in 1847, as M. de Praslin killed his

wife in a fit of madness and then committed suicide.

PREISSAC, Comte François Jean de (1778-1852). Prefect of the

Gironde and Peer of France in 1832. He married Mlle. de

Francfort, daughter of a retired Colonel of a Royal Cavalry

Regiment.

PRIMATE OF FRANKFORT, Prince Charles of Dalberg (1744-1817). He

took orders and became Privy Councillor in 1772 of the Elector

of Mayence, then Governor of Erfurth and coadjutor to the

Archbishop of Mayence, whom he succeeded in 1802. In 1806 he

became Prince Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine,

Sovereign Prince of Ratisbon and Grand Duke of Fulda. Charles of

Dalberg solemnised at Frankfort in April 1810 the marriage of

the Princess of Courlande with the Comte Edmond de Périgord,

afterwards Duc de Dino, and after his father's death Duc de

Talleyrand.

PRUSSIA, Prince Frederick of (1794-1863). Only son of Prince

Ludwig of Prussia and of Princess Frederica of

Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise.

PRUSSIA, Princess Frederick of (1799-1882). Daughter of the Duke

of Anhalt Bernbourg, she had married Prince Frederick in 1817.

PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1785-1846). Amelie Marianne,

daughter of the Landgrave Ludwig of Hesse-Homburg, married, in

1804, Prince William of Prussia, brother of Frederick William

III.

PRUSSIA, Prince William of (1797-1888). Second son of King

Frederick William III. As his elder brother had no children, he

assumed the title of Prince of Prussia in 1840, when Frederick

William IV. came to the throne. He succeeded the latter as King

in 1861, and in 1870 became the first Emperor of Germany of the

House of Hohenzollern.

PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1816-1890). Princess Augusta of

Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach married, in 1829, Prince William, son of

Frederick William III. She afterwards became the Empress

Augusta.

PRUSSIA, Prince Charles of (1801-1883). Third son of King

Frederick William III. and of Queen Louise.

PRUSSIA, Princess Charles of (1808-1877). Marie, daughter of the

Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, married Prince Charles of Prussia in

1827.

PRUSSIA, Prince Albert of (1809-1872). Fourth son of King

Frederick William IV., he married, in 1830, Princess Marianne of

the Low Countries, whom he divorced in 1849. In 1853 he

contracted a morganatic marriage with Fräulein von Rauch, who

was given the title of Countess of Hohenau.

PRUSSIA, Princess Albert of (1810-1883). Marianne, daughter of the

King of the Low Countries, married, in 1830, Prince Albert of

Prussia, the youngest son of Frederick William III., by whom she

had two children. On her divorce in 1849 she left the Prussian

court.

PRUSSIA, Prince Adalbert of (1811-1837). Son of Prince William of

Prussia, brother of Frederick William III. and of the Princess

of Hesse-Homburg. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Prussian

Navy. He contracted a morganatic marriage in 1850 with Therese

Elssler, who received the title of Baroness of Barnim.

PRUSSIA, Princess Marie of (1825-1889). Sister of the foregoing.

In 1842 she married the Crown Prince of Bavaria, who became King

in 1848 under the name of Maximilian II., and died in 1864.

PÜCKLER, Prince Hermann Ludwig Heinrich (1795-1871). An officer in

the Life Guards at Dresden in 1804; he entered the Russian

service, in which he remained from 1813 to 1815, and married in

1817 the daughter of Prince Hardenburg, from whom he separated

in 1826. In 1863 he became a Member of the House of Lords in

Prussia. He travelled a great deal, and was a lover of parks and

gardens.

PÜCKLER, Princess (1776-1854). Princess Anna Hardenberg married

the Count of Pappenheim as her first husband in 1796. In 1817

she divorced him to marry Prince Hermann Pückler, from whom she

separated in 1826.

PUTUS, Count Malte (1807-1837). Attaché to the Prussian Legation

at Naples. He died of consumption. His sister was the Countess

Lottum.

Q

QUATREMÈRE DE QUINCY, Antoine Chrysostome (1755-1849). At an

early age he devoted himself to the study of antiquity and art,

and produced important works on these subjects. He was Deputy

at Paris to the Legislative Assembly of 1791; member of the

Council of the Five Hundred in 1797; theatrical censor in

1815; Professor of Archæology in 1818; and he was a member of

the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature and of the Academy

of Fine Arts.

QUÉLEN, Mgr. de,* (1778-1839). Coadjutor to the Cardinal de

Talleyrand Périgord, whom he succeeded as Archbishop of Paris in

1821.

R

RACHEL, Mlle. (1820-1858). A great tragic actress. She was the

daughter of a poor Jewish pedlar called Felix. After a youth

spent in poverty she entered the Conservatoire, made her first

appearance at the Gymnase, and was admitted in 1838 to the

Théâtre Français, where she gave an admirable exposition of the

finest parts of Corneille and Racine. In 1856 she undertook a

tour in America and contracted a pulmonary disease, of which

she soon died.

RACZYNSKI, Count Athanasius (1788-1874). A diplomatist in the

Prussian service. For several years he was Minister at Lisbon

and Madrid, showing the utmost unselfishness and never drawing

his salary. The money thus accumulated is now in the hands of

the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and is of the greatest service

to diplomatists in distress. Count Raczynski was a very wealthy

man, and made a fine collection of pictures, which he bequeathed

to the Crown. He wrote several books upon art; his political

correspondence has also been published. In 1816 he married

Princess Anna Radziwill. He was a member of the House of Lords

and a Privy Councillor.

RADZIWILL, Princess Louise (1770-1836). Daughter of Prince

Ferdinand of Prussia, youngest brother of Frederick the Great.

She married Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1796.

RADZIWILL, Prince William (1797-1870). An infantry general in the

service of Prussia, he commanded in succession several army

corps, and was a member of the House of Lords. His first wife,

whom he married in 1825, was his cousin Helene Radziwill, who

died in 1827. In 1832 he married the Countess Matilda Clary. He

was the eldest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill and of Princess

Louise of Prussia.

RADZIWILL, Princess William (1806-1896). Matilda, daughter of

Prince Charles Clary-Aldringen and of the Countess Louisa

Chotek, married Prince William Radziwill in 1832.

RADZIWILL, Princess Boguslaw (1811-1890). Léontine, third daughter

of Prince Charles Clary, married, in 1832, Prince Boguslaw

Radziwill, youngest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill.

RANTZAU, the Comte Josias de (1609-1650). He entered the French

service in 1635 under King Louis XIII., having previously served

the Prince of Orange, Christian IV., King of Denmark, Gustavus

Adolphus, and the Emperor Ferdinand II. He was Marshal of

France.

RANTZAU, Count Antony of (1793-1849). Chamberlain and captain in

the service of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

RAQUENA, the Count of (1821-1878). Son of the Duke of Rocca, he

bore this title after his father's death. He was a Spanish

artillery officer, and afterwards served in the Royal Halberdier

Corps and died with the rank of general. He was a great lord, a

great gambler, and led a most adventurous life.

RATISBONNE, the Abbé Marie Théodore (1802-1884). Son of a Jewish

banker of Strasburg, he had just concluded his study of the law

when he was converted to Catholicism and took Orders. He was

known as a writer and a preacher, and founded the congregation

of Notre Dame of Sion.

RATISBONNE, Alphonse (1812-1884). Brother of Théodore Ratisbonne.

He was also converted to Catholicism and entered the

congregation of Notre Dame of Sion, founded by his brother.

RAUCH, Christian Daniel (1777-1857). A famous Prussian sculptor.

He went to Rome in 1804 for study, returned to Berlin in 1811,

where he was greatly patronised by the Court.

RAULLIN, M. French Councillor of State.

RAVIGNAN, the Abbé de (1795-1858). Born at Bayonne, he began his

career in the magistracy. In obedience to a call he then left

the world, entered the Jesuit seminary, and afterwards the

Jesuit Order. He was distinguished for his lofty morality and

his power as a preacher. He delivered the funeral oration of

Monseigneur de Quélen, Archbishop of Paris.

RAYNEVAL, Maximilian de (1778-1836). A French diplomatist who

received the title of Comte and the peerage for his services.

RAZUMOWSKI, the Countess. She was born Princess Wiasemski.

RÉCAMIER, Madame* (1777-1849). Famous for her beauty and for the

deep friendship which united her with the greatest literary

personalities of her time, in particular with Chateaubriand.

RECKE, the Baroness of (1754-1833). Elizabeth Charlotte, Countess

of Medem, sister of the Duchess of Courlande, married, in 1774,

the Baron of Recke. She was divorced from him in 1776 and lost

her only daughter in the following year. She travelled a great

deal in Italy and Germany, and was in connection with all the

literary men of her age. She was herself the author of several

works.

REDERN, the Countess of (1772-1842). Wilhelmina of Otterstaedt

married Count Wilhelm Jacob of Redern and had two sons, William

and Henry.

REDERN, Count William of (1802-1880). A great Prussian landowner,

a member of the House of Lords, and afterwards High Chamberlain

at the Court of the Emperor William I.

REDERN, the Countess of (1811-1875). Bertha Ienisz, daughter of a

Senator of Hamburg, married, in 1834, Count William of Redern.

She had only one daughter, who died when a minor.

REEDE, the Countess of (1769-1847); _née_ Krusemacht, daughter and

sister of two Prussian generals of that name. In 1823, when the

Crown Prince of Prussia was married, she was appointed chief

lady at the Court of the Crown Princess.

REINHARD, Count Charles Frederick (1761-1837). Born at Würtemberg,

he studied at the University of Tübingen and knew Goethe. He

entered the French diplomatic service in 1792 and was

Plenipotentiary Minister at Florence in 1797, and in 1799

replaced the Prince de Talleyrand at the Ministry of Foreign

Affairs. He was made a Peer of France in 1832, after having been

made Count in 1814. He was a Member of the Academy of

Inscriptions and Literature and of the Academy of Moral and

Political Science.

REUILLY, M. A lawyer, Mayor of Versailles, and Knight of the

Legion of Honour. In 1840 he was Deputy for Seine-et-Oise, and

was member of the Constituent Assembly in 1848.

RÉMUSAT, Comte Charles de* (1797-1875). French writer and

politician.

RETZ, the Cardinal de* (1614-1679). He played a great part during

the Fronde and left some remarkable memoirs.

REUSS-SCHLEITZ-KOESTRITZ, Prince Henry LXIV. (1787-1856). General

and Field Marshal in the service of Austria and divisional

commander at Prague. He led the 7th regiment of Hussars.

RUESS-SCHLEITZ, Princess Sophie Adelaide. Born in 1800; daughter

of Prince Henri LI. of Reuss-Ebersdorff.

RIBEAUPIERRE, Count Alexandre de (1785-1865). Born of a family of

French Switzerland. His grandfather went to Russia in the suite

of the Princess Sophie of Zerbst, afterwards Catherine II. His

father had married the sister of General Bibikoff; he was

Major-General when he died at the siege of Ismail. Alexandre de

Ribeaupierre devoted himself to diplomacy, and became Russian

Minister at Constantinople and Berlin. He was made a Count in

1856 and married Mlle. Potemkin.

RICHELIEU, the Duc de (1696-1788). Marshal of France and a

brilliant figure at the Court of Louis XIV. and XV. In 1720 he

entered the French Academy and became a friend of Voltaire. On

the female side he was a great-great-nephew of the Cardinal,

godson of Louis XIV. and of the Duchesse de Bourgogne. He first

saw service under Villars. While Ambassador at Vienna he showed

dexterity in arranging an agreement between France and Austria.

After some military exploits in Germany during the Seven Years

War, he spent the remainder of his life in intrigue and

pleasures.

RIGNY, Comte Henri-Gauthier de* (1783-1835). French admiral.

Several times Minister and Ambassador at Naples.

RIGNY, Vicomte Alexandre de (1790-1873). Son of a cavalry officer

and of the sister of the Abbé Louis, he left the military school

at Fontainebleau in 1807, and took part in the campaigns of

Prussia, Poland, Austria, and Spain. As field-marshal in 1830,

he joined the first expedition to Constantinople in 1836, and

though he displayed incontestable bravery during the retreat,

the gravest charges were brought against him by General Clausel.

The Council of War unanimously acquitted him in 1837, but he was

relegated to the command of the subdivision of the Indre until

1848 and placed on the retired list in 1849.

RIGNY, Mlle. Auguste de. She was the daughter of General de Rigny

and heiress of her uncle, Baron Louis.

RIVERS, Lady, died in 1866. Susan Georgiana Leveson Gower,

daughter of Lord Granville. She married in 1833 George Pitt,

Lord Rivers.

ROHAN, the Duc de (1789-1869). Fernand de Rohan Chabot followed

his father into exile while a child. He then returned to France

and entered the army at the age of twenty with the rank of

sub-lieutenant of Hussars. At that time bearing the title of

Prince de Léon, he was present at the battle of Wagram and

became aide-de-camp to the Emperor. In 1814 he was made a

prisoner but was exchanged soon afterwards. Under the

Restoration he became aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry, then

first equerry to the Duc de Bordeaux, and finally Field Marshal

in 1824. After 1830 he retired.

ROOTHE, Madame de. Famous for her beauty. She married the Duc de

Richelieu who was then more than eighty years of age and whose

third wife she was.

ROOTHE, M. de. Son of the first marriage of the Duchesse de

Richelieu.

ROSAMEL, M. de (1774-1848). Claude Charles Marie du Camp de

Rosamel. A French sailor; Captain in 1814 and Rear-Admiral in

1823. He went through the Algerian campaign in 1830; in 1836 he

became Naval Minister in the Molé Ministry, and in 1839 entered

the Chamber of Peers.

ROSSE, Lawrence, Lord (1758-1841). In 1797 he married Miss Alice

Lloyd. He was distinguished in the Irish Parliament for his

popularity and his eloquence. On his father's death he succeeded

to his seat in the House of Lords in 1807. He was the father of

the learned astronomer William Rosse.

ROSSI, the Countess (1803-1854). Henriette Sontag, of Swedish

origin, was a famous singer. In 1830 she abandoned the theatre

on her marriage with Count Rossi and was then a leading figure

in aristocratic salons by reason of her intellectual grace and

her dignified conduct. In 1848 pecuniary losses reduced her to

reappear upon the stage in Paris and London. Afterwards she went

to America and died of cholera in Mexico.

ROTHSCHILD, Madame Salomon de* (1774-1855). She had married the

second son of Mayer Anselme Rothschild, who founded the branches

of the banking house in Vienna and Paris.

ROTHSCHILD, James de (1792-1868). Fourth son of Mayer Anselme

Rothschild, settled at Paris.

ROUGÉ, Marquis Alexis de (1778-1838). Peer of France in 1815, he

married in 1804 Mlle. de Crussol d'Uzès.

ROUSSEAU, J. J. (1712-1778). Famous writer and philosopher. Son of

a watchmaker at Geneva, his education was greatly neglected.

With Voltaire he was an important revolutionary influence in the

eighteenth century.

ROUSSIN, Admiral* (1781-1854). Peer of France, Ambassador at

Constantinople from 1832 to 1834 and Naval Minister in 1840.

ROVIGO, the Duc de (1774-1833). Anne Jean Marie René Savary.

Aide-de-camp to General Bonaparte in Egypt, and afterwards

commander of the picked bodyguard of the First Council. He was

ordered to carry out the death sentence pronounced upon the Duc

d'Enghien in 1804, and was then appointed General. After the

battle of Friedland, he was made Duc de Rovigo; in 1810 he

succeeded Fouché as Minister of Police. After 1815, the English

refused to send him to St. Helena with Napoleon and the

Restoration condemned him to death, but he escaped and was

afterwards acquitted. In 1831 he commanded the army of Algeria,

terrorised the natives by his severity, and constructed fine

strategical roads.

ROY, the Comte Antoine (1764-1847). A lawyer and afterwards deputy

he became Finance Minister in 1818, and introduced valuable

reforms into this department. He was a Member of the Chamber of

Peers under the Restoration and under the July Monarchy.

ROYER COLLARD, Pierre Paul* (1763-1845). French philosopher

statesman and Member of the Academy.

RUBINI, J. B.* (1795-1854). Famous Italian tenor.

RUMFORD, Madame de (1766-1836). Mlle. de Paulze married the

scientist, Lavoisier, as her first husband. He died upon the

scaffold of the Revolution, and in 1804 she married Rumford, a

German physician and philosopher. In 1814 she was left a widow.

Her drawing-room at Paris was famous.

RUMIGNY, Comte Marie Théodore de (1789-1860). He took part in the

wars of the First Empire and was aide-de-camp to General Gérard

in 1812. In 1830 Louis-Philippe appointed him Field Marshal;

after 1848 he accompanied the King to England and then lived in

retirement.

RUSSELL, Lord William* (1799-1846). English diplomatist and

Ambassador at Berlin.

RUSSELL, Lord John.* English statesman, member of several

Ministries and twice Prime Minister.

RUSSIA, Empress Marie of (1759-1828). Marie Feodorovna, formerly

Sophie, daughter of Duke Frederick of Würtemberg, second wife of

the Emperor Paul, mother of Alexander I. and of Nicholas I. She

was left a widow in 1801.

RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Constantine of (1781-1831). Julienne,

Princess of Saxe Coburg Gotha married in 1796 the Grand Duke

Constantine of Russia and was baptized under the name of Anna

Feodorovna.

RUSSIA, the Emperor of (1796-1855). Nicholas I.*

RUSSIA, the Empress of (1798-1860). Charlotte, daughter of

Frederick William III. of Prussia, married in 1817 the Grand

Duke Nicholas of Russia, who ascended the throne in 1825.

RUSSIA, Grand Duchess Helena of (1807-1873). Daughter of Prince

Paul of Würtemberg and of his first wife, a princess of Saxe

Altenburg. She married in 1824 the Grand Duke Michael of Russia,

youngest son of the Emperor Paul.

RUSSIA, the Grand Hereditary Duke of (1818-1881). Alexander, son

of the Emperor Nicholas, whom he succeeded in 1855 as Alexander

II., married in 1841 the Princess of Hesse Darmstadt.

RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Olga of (1822-1892). Daughter of the

Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia. She married in 1846 the

Hereditary Prince of Würtemberg, who succeeded his father in the

same year.

S

SAGAN, the Duchess of (1781-1839). Wilhelmina, eldest daughter of

Peter, Duke of Courlande. She was married three times: (1) In

1800 to Prince Henri de Rohan; (2) to Prince Troubetskoi, and

(3) to Count Charles of Schulenburg who survived her. She died

suddenly at Vienna and left no children.

SAINT AUGUSTINE (354-430). Bishop of Hippo, son of Saint Monica

and one of the fathers of the church.

SAINT BLANCARD, the Marquis de (1814-1897). At one time page to

King Charles X. He married Mlle. de Bauffremont.

SAINT CYRAN, the Abbé de (1581-1643). Jean Duvergier de Hauranne

studied in the University of Louvain and became connected with

the Jansenists, whose doctrines he ardently embraced, and

obtained the Abbey of Saint Cyran in 1620. Among his numerous

disciples and friends were Arnauld, Lemaistre de Sacy, Bignon,

etc. He attacked the Jesuits in several works and Richelieu kept

him in prison for four years.

SAINTE ALDEGONDE, the Comtesse Camille de* (1793-1869). Widow of

an aide-de-camp of King Louis-Philippe.

SAINTE AULAIRE, the Comte de* (1778-1854). Peer of France,

diplomatist, and Ambassador at Rome, Vienna and London.

SAINTE AULAIRE, the Comtesse de. _Née_ Louise Charlotte Victoire

de Grimoard de Beauvoir du Roure-Brison. She married in 1809 M.

de Sainte Aulaire, who was already a widower.

SAINT LEU, the Duchesse de* (1783-1837). _Née_ Hortense de

Beauharnais, she was the widow of Louis Bonaparte, King of

Holland and mother of Napoleon III.

SAINT PRIEST, the Comte Alexis de,* diplomatist and French writer

and member of the French Academy.

SAINT SIMON, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de (1675-1755). A lord at the

Court of Louis XIV. He wrote famous memoirs, important to the

history of his time.

SALERNO, the Prince of (1790-1851). Leopold de Bourbon, brother of

Francis I., King of Naples, was Inspector-General of the Royal

Guard and leader of the 22nd Regiment of Austrian Infantry. In

1816 he married the Archduchess Maria of Austria, and had a

daughter who became the Duchesse d'Aumale.

SALERNO, the Princess of (1798-1880). Maria, daughter of the

Emperor Francis I. of Austria.

SALVANDY, the Comte de* (1795-1856). French man of letters and

politician; Ambassador and several times Minister.

SALVANDY, the Comtesse de. Julie Ferey, daughter of a manufacturer

and politician, married the Comte de Salvandy in 1823.

SANDWICH, Lady, died in 1853. Louisa, daughter of Lord Belmore,

married, in 1804, George John Montagu, Lord Sandwich, who died

in 1818. One of his daughters was the first wife of Count

Walewski.

SAULX-TAVANNES, Duc Roger Gaspard de (1806-1845). He became a peer

in 1820 on his father's death, but took no share in the work of

the Chamber, and committed suicide at the age of thirty-nine,

when his old ducal family became extinct.

SAUZET, Paul* (1800-1876). Lawyer, Deputy, and Minister of Justice

in 1836.

SAXE-WEIMAR, Duke Bernard of (1792-1862). Infantry General in the

service of the Low Countries.

SAXONY, Augustus II., the Strong, Elector of (1670-1733).

Afterwards King of Poland, elected after the death of John

Sobieski by intrigue and bribery, and crowned at Warsaw in 1697.

SAXONY, Princess Augusta of, born in 1782.

SAXONY, Princess Amelia of (1794-1870). Sister of King Frederick

Augustus and of Prince John of Saxony.

SAXONY, King Frederick Augustus II. of (1797-1854). Ascended the

throne in 1836, after having been co-regent since 1830, and

promulgating a liberal Constitution for his people. An

enlightened, liberal, and well-educated prince, he died in

consequence of a fall from his horse, leaving no children.

SAXONY, the Queen of (1805-1877). Maria, daughter of King

Maximilian of Bavaria and wife of King Frederick Augustus II.

SAXONY, Prince John of (1801-1873). This prince succeeded his

brother, King Frederick Augustus, in 1854. He had married

Princess Amelia of Bavaria, by whom he had several children, and

was distinguished throughout his life for his great virtue and

his learning.

SAXONY, Princess John of (1801-1877). Amelia, daughter of King

Maximilian of Bavaria and wife of Prince John of Saxony.

SCHÖNBURG, Princess (1803-1884). Louise Schwarzenberg, sister of

the Cardinal of that name, married, in 1823, Prince Edward of

Schönburg Waldenburg.

SCHÖNLEIN, Dr. Jean Luc (1793-1864). Doctor of medicine at Zurich.

He was summoned to Berlin, where he obtained a great reputation.

SCHRECKENSTEIN, Baron Maximilian of (1794-1862). For a long time

first Gentleman at the Court of Princess Stephanie of Baden, and

governor of the houses and property of this princess.

SCHULENBURG-KLOSTERRODE, the Count of (1772-1853). He served in

the Austrian diplomatic service and died at Vienna. He had

married his cousin, the Countess Armgard of Schulenburg.

SCHULENBURG, Count Charles Rudolph of (1788-1856). Austrian

lieutenant-colonel; he married the Duchess Wilhelmina of Sagan,

the eldest daughter of the last Duke of Courlande; this marriage

was soon dissolved. In 1846 he undertook to administer the

property of the Duchesse de Talleyrand. He died at Sagan of an

apoplectic stroke and was buried there.

SCHWARZENBERG, Charles Philippe, Prince of (1771-1820). First a

soldier and then Austrian Ambassador at Paris. He negotiated the

marriage of Napoleon with the Archduchess Maria Louisa. On the

occasion of this marriage, in 1810, he gave a large ball, which

had a fatal conclusion owing to a fire at the Embassy, when his

wife perished in the flames.

SCHWEINITZ, Countess of (1799-1854). Fräulein Dullack, married, in

1832, Count Hans Hermann of Schweinitz and became, in 1840,

chief lady at the Court of Princess William of Prussia, by birth

the Princess of Saxe-Weimar.

SÉBASTIANI DE LA PORTA, Marshal* (1775-1851). Ambassador at

Constantinople, Naples, and London.

SÉBASTIANI, wife of the foregoing, died in 1842. A daughter of the

Duc de Gramont. She had become an _émigré_ at the age of sixteen

with the Bourbons. Her first husband had been General Davidow,

whom she married at Milan, and her second husband was General

Sébastiani, whose second wife she was.

SÉGUR, the Comtesse de (1779-1847). Félicité d'Aguesseau, sole

heiress of the last Marquis of this name, she married Count

Octave de Ségur, major on the Staff of the Royal Guard, who died

in 1818.

SÉMONVILLE, the Marquis de* (1754-1839). Chief referendary of the

Court of Peers.

SERCEY, the Marquis de (1753-1856). Pierre César Charles Guillaume

de Sercey was a very distinguished sailor. On the return of the

Bourbons, in 1814, he was commissioned to treat with England for

the exchange of the French prisoners. He was then appointed

Vice-Admiral and entered the Chamber of Peers.

SÉVIGNÉ, the Marquise de* (1626-1696). One of the most

distinguished ladies at the Court of Louis XIV. and author of

remarkable letters.

SFORZA, Ludovico (1451-1508). Known as the Moor, he was the

opponent of the House of Aragon in Italy, and summoned Charles

VIII. there in 1494. After betraying the French he was attacked

by Louis XII., who deprived him of his states and forced him to

flee into Germany. The unpopularity of Trivulzo in the Duchy of

Milan allowed Sforza to reconquer that province, but in 1500 he

was defeated and captured at Novaro by the French. He was

imprisoned at Loches, and died ten years later.

SIDNEY, Lady Sophia,* died in 1837. Countess of Isle and of

Dudley, fifth child of William IV. of England and of Mrs.

Jordan.

SIEYÈS, the Abbé (1748-1836). Vicar-General of Chartres and

politician during the Revolution.

SIGALON, Xavier (1790-1837). Historical painter. He was

commissioned by the Government in 1833 to go to Rome and copy

Michael Angelo's fresco of the Last Judgment. This magnificent

reproduction, a tenth less in size than the original, is at the

School of Fine Arts in Paris.

SIMÉON, the Comte Joseph Balthazar (1781-1846). Master of requests

at the Council of State and Peer of France in 1835; he had

strong artistic tastes.

SOLMS-SONNENWALD, Count William Theodore of (1787-1859). Cavalry

captain and Chamberlain, son of the Countess Ompteda by her

first marriage.

SOLMS-SONNENWALD, the Countess of, born in 1790. By name,

Clementina, daughter of the Count of Bressler.

SOPHIA, the Archduchess (1805-1872). Daughter of King Maximilian

of Bavaria. She married, in 1824, the Archduke Francis, and was

the mother of the Emperor Francis Joseph I.

SOULT, Marshal* (1769-1852). One of the most famous soldiers of

the Empire and a Minister under Louis-Philippe.

STACKELBERG, Count Gustavus of, Privy Councillor and Chamberlain

to the Emperor Alexander I. He became Russian Ambassador and

took part in the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In 1805 he married

Mlle. Caroline de Ludolf, daughter of the Ambassador of Naples

at St. Petersburg.

STACKELBERG, the Countess of (1785-1868). _Née_ Caroline de

Ludolf, she married Count Stackelberg in 1805; when she was left

a widow she settled at Paris.

STANLEY, Lady. Henrietta Maria, daughter of Viscount Dillon,

married in Italy, in 1826, Sir Edward John Stanley, member of

the English Parliament.

STOPFORD, Robert (1768-1847). An English Admiral who became famous

in the chief naval campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire.

In 1840 he bombarded Saint Jean d'Acre.

STROGONOFF, Countess Julia. She had married a Spaniard, the Count

of Ega, with whom she lived at Madrid, when she made the

acquaintance of Count Gregory Strogonoff, who carried her off

and married her. She was well received in St. Petersburg

society, but owing to her false position, she could not obtain

for a long time the Order of St. Catherine, which was her great

ambition. She died at an advanced age between 1860 and 1870,

after carefully tending her husband, who had become blind.

STURMFEDER, Frau von (1819-1891). Camilla Wilhelmena of Münchingen

had married the Baron of Sturmfeder and of Oppenweiller, and was

Chief Lady at the Court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.

SUTHERLAND, the Duchess of,* died in 1868. _Née_ Lady Carlisle.

She was mistress of the robes to Queen Victoria.

SYRACUSE, the Comte de (1813-1860). Léopold de Bourbon, son of

Francis I., King of Naples and of Maria Isabella of Spain. He

was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General, though he never

received any command.

SYRACUSE, the Countess of (1814-1874). _See_ Carignan, Philiberte

de.

T

TALARU, the Marquis de (1769-1850). M. de Talaru, on the return

from exile in 1815, was called to the Peerage and became French

Ambassador at Madrid in 1823. In 1825 he was Minister of State

and a member of the Privy Council of Charles X., but went into

retirement upon the Revolution of 1830. He had married Mlle. de

Rosière-Saraus, widow of the Count of Clermont-Tonnerre, by

whom he had no children, so that the house of Tonnerre became

extinct with him.

TALLEYRAND-PÉRIGORD, Cardinal of* (1736-1821). Alexandre

Angélique, second son of Daniel de Talleyrand-Périgord, was

Archbishop of Reims in 1777 and of Paris in 1817.

TALLEYRAND, Charles Maurice, Prince de* (1754-1838). Prince of

Benevento. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs, High Chamberlain

of France, member of the Institute and Ambassador. He had

abandoned the church into which he had been forced to enter, and

was one of the best politicians of his time.

TALLEYRAND, the Princesse de* (1762-1835). _Née_ Catharine Werlée,

of English origin, she went through a civil marriage in 1802

with the Prince de Talleyrand, by the order of the Emperor

Napoleon, a marriage which was immediately dissolved.

TALLEYRAND, the Duc de (1762-1838). Known as _le bel Archambaud_.

He married in 1779 Mlle. Sabine de Senozan de Viriville, who was

executed in 1793 during the Revolution.

TALLEYRAND, the Comte Anatole de, died in 1838. Son of Baron

Augustin de Talleyrand and of Adélaide de Montigny.

TASCHERAU, M. (1801-1874). A French deputy. He first studied law;

some interesting publications gained him a great reputation

among scholars; he became chief administrator of the Imperial

Library upon its reorganisation.

TATITCHEFF, Demetrius Paulowitch de (1769-1845). A Russian

diplomatist. Minister at Madrid in 1815, then at Vienna where he

remained until 1845. He then became Councillor of State and Lord

Chamberlain to the Emperor Nicholas.

TAURY, the Abbé Francois Louis (1791-1859). Priest of Chauvigny;

he was selected in 1832 by the Abbé Tournet, founder of the

community of the Sisters of Saint Andrew, to succeed him as

Superior General of that community. In 1845 he was appointed

Vicar-General at Niort. He died of an apoplectic stroke when he

was descending from the pulpit and about to celebrate Mass.

TAYLOR, Sir Herbert* (1775-1839). Private Secretary to King George

III., George IV., and William IV. of England.

THERESA, the Archduchess (1816-1867). Daughter of the Archduke

Charles and of the Princess of Nassau Weilburg. The Archduchess

Theresa became the second wife of Frederick II., King of Naples,

who married her in 1837.

THIARD DE BUSSY, the Comte de* (1772-1852). French Marshal,

liberal deputy, appointed French Minister of Switzerland in

1848.

THIERRY, Augustin (1795-1856). Famous French historian; author of

"Letters on the History of France," and "Narratives of

Merovingian Times."

THIERS, Adolphe* (1797-1877). French statesman and historian.

THIERS, Mme.* (1815-1880). Elise Dosne, daughter of the

stockbroker.

THORWALDSEN, Barthélemy* (1769-1844). Famous Danish sculptor.

TOCQUEVILLE, Comte Alexis de (1805-1859). Member of the Chamber of

Deputies under Louis-Philippe where he supported the Opposition.

On the _coup d'état_ of December 2, he joined the

representatives who signed the act of accusation against Louis

Bonaparte and was imprisoned at Vincennes. He was released a

short time afterwards and returned to private life. He was the

author of "Democracy in America," and of the _Ancien Régime_.

TORENO, the Count of* (1786-1843). Spanish statesman, deputy in

the Cortes and several times Minister.

TOUR ET TAXIS, the Princesse de la. Born in 1773. Theresa,

daughter of the Grand Duke Charles of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,

sister of Queen Louisa of Prussia, married in 1789 Prince

Charles de la Tour et Taxis, Privy Councillor to the Emperor of

Austria and Postmaster-General, an office which had been in his

family since 1695.

TROGOFF, Madame de. A Russian lady, a great friend of the Duchess

Wilhelmina of Sagan, whose companion she had been. She lived at

Versailles.

TUSCANY, the Grand Duke of (1797-1870). Leopold II., Archduke of

Austria, succeeded his father the Grand Duke Ferdinand III., in

1824. His first wife was a Princess of Saxony, and in 1833 he

married the Princess Antoinette of the Two Sicilies.

V

VALÉE, Marshal Sylvain Charles (1773-1846). Fought in the

campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire with distinction,

and received the title of Comte from Napoleon. He supported the

Second Restoration, and Charles X. made him a peer of France.

In 1837 he gained his Marshal's baton at the capture of

Constantine and then became Governor-General of Algeria. In

1840 he resigned this command in favour of General Bugeaud.

VALENÇAY, Madame de. Wife of Jacques d'Etampes, Marquis de la

Ferté-Imbault, Marshal of France, who lived from 1590 to 1668.

VALENÇAY, the Duc de* (1811-1898). Louis de Talleyrand-Périgord,

Duc de Talleyrand and de Valençay, Duc de Sagan after the death

of his mother, eldest son of Edmond, Duc de Talleyrand and of

Princess Dorothea of Courlande.

VALENÇAY, the Duchesse de* (1810-1858). _Née_ de Montmorency.

VALENÇAY, Yolande de (1833-1835). Daughter of the Duc and Duchesse

de Valençay; she died of scarlatina when young.

VANDOEUVRE, Baron William de (1779-1870). Auditor to the Council

of State in 1806 and then deputy for the Aube; he became Peer of

France in 1837. He married Mlle. Dassy.

VATRY, the Baron de (1793-1871). Alphée Bourdon Vapereau de Vatry,

aide-de-camp to Prince Jérôme Bonaparte. He left the army under

the Restoration, became a stockbroker and made a large fortune.

He was a deputy from 1835 to 1848.

VATRY, the Baronne de. Died in 1881. She was the daughter of M.

Hainguerlot, and married Baron Alphée de Vatry who died in 1871.

VAUGUYON, Mlle. Pauline de la (1783-1829). Daughter of the Duc de

la Vauguyon; she married in 1810 the Baron of Villefranche of

the house of Carignan. She died of burns received in an accident

at her villa at Auteuil and left three children: (1) a daughter

who married Prince Massimo of Arsoli; (2) another daughter who

married the Count of Syracuse of the house of Naples; (3) a son

by name Eugène, who was recognised by the King of Sardinia as a

prince of the blood.

VÉRAC, the Marquis de (1768-1858). Armand de Vérac served for some

time in the army of the Princes and then returned to France; he

was exiled by Napoleon to Belgium eight years later. Under the

Restoration he became a Peer of France and Governor of the

Château of Versailles.

VERNET, Horace (1789-1863). A famous French painter who followed

the Algerian campaign and painted several battle scenes

illustrating it.

VERQUIGNIEULLE, the Marquise de. Flore Marie de Proudhomme et

d'Harlay de Verquignieulle, married in 1836 M. Ancillon whose

third wife she was. On his death in 1837, she returned to live

in Belgium, her native country.

VERTOT, the Abbé de (1655-1735). Réne Aubert de Vertot first

entered a religious vocation and became in succession a Capuchin

monk under the name of Father Zacharie, a Premonstratensian and

a member of the Order of Cluny. Then, being tired of the

cloister life, he joined the secular clergy and became priest of

Croissy-la-Garenne and of other places. He published a "History

of the Revolutions in Portugal," but his favourite work was a

"History of the Roman Republic."

VESTIER, Phidias (1796-1874). Architect and Inspector of the

historical monuments in the department of Indre-et-Loire. He was

made a Knight of the Legion of Honour after building the railway

station at Tours in 1849. He was the grandson of a painter,

several of whose works are in the Louvre. Largely supported by

the Duchesse de Talleyrand, he built numerous residences at

Paris and several country houses in the valley of the Loire.

VICENCE, the Duc de (1815-1896). Armand Alexandre Joseph Adrien de

Caulaincourt first entered upon a diplomatic career, which he

abandoned in 1837. Under the July monarchy he was a deputy,

under the Second Empire a Senator, and was made Commander of the

Legion of Honour in 1868.

VILLEFRANCHE, Comte Eugène de (1753-1785). This prince of the

house of Carignan served in the French Army and was given by

Louis XVI. the command of an Infantry Regiment which took the

name of _Savoie Carignan_. He incurred the royal disfavour on

account of his marriage with Mlle. Magon Laballue, left the army

and died at an early age, and in obscurity at Domart in

Picardie.

VILLEFRANCHE, Baron Joseph Marie de (1783-1825). Son of the

foregoing. He had a brilliant career in a cavalry regiment under

the Empire, which was continued under the Restoration, and in

1823 he followed the Duc d'Angoulême into Spain. He died

suddenly in a carriage of an apoplectic stroke. He had married

the daughter of the Duc de la Vauguyon.

VILLEGONTIER, Comte Louis de la (1776-1849). Prefect of the Allier

in 1816, then Prefect of Ille-et-Vilaine and Peer of France in

1819; he took the oath to the Government of Louis-Philippe and

supported his policy until 1848, when he retired into private

life.

VILLÈLE, Comte Guillaume Aubin de (1770-1840). Brought up in the

Seminary of Saint Sulpice, he became an _émigré_ during the

Revolution and was ordained priest at Düsseldorf; when he

returned to France in 1802 he devoted himself to preaching.

Louis XVIII. appointed him Bishop of Soissons; in 1824 he became

Archbishop of Bourges and entered the Chamber of Peers at the

same time. After 1830 he remained adverse to the new Government,

and refused the Cross of the Legion of Honour in 1839. When Don

Carlos was driven from Spain and interned at Bourges, the

Archbishop offered him his palace for his residence, and

received from this Prince the grand cordon of Charles III.

VILLEMAIN, Abel François* (1790-1870). French professor, writer,

and politician.

VINCKE, Frau von (1766-1845). Fräulein von Vincke married her

relative, Herr von Vincke, and became lady-of-honour to Queen

Louise of Prussia, who was very fond of her. After the death of

this Princess she held a high position at court and in Berlin

society.

VIVIEN, Alexandre François Auguste (1799-1854). In 1840 he was

Minister of Justice in the Thiers Ministry, and lent his name to

the decree suppressing the deputy judges for the Court of the

Seine.

VOLTAIRE, Arouet de* (1694-1778). A French philosopher who exerted

a vast influence upon the history and literature of the

eighteenth century.

W

WAGRAM, Prince Napoleon Louis de (1810-1888). Son of the famous

Marshal Berthier. He was a Peer of France in 1836 and Senator

in 1848.

WALEWSKI, Comte Alexandre (1810-1868). French politician and

Minister under Napoleon III. He was the natural son of the

Emperor Napoleon I., and of the Countess Marie Walewska, whom

the Emperor had known at Warsaw in 1807.

WALLENSTEIN (1583-1634). A famous soldier, born in Bohemia, and

one of the greatest generals during the Thirty Years War.

WALSH, Countess Agatha. Left a widow as early as 1806, she became

first lady at the court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden

and did not retire until 1839. Her son, Theophilus, was a

constant visitor at the Baden court.

WALTER SCOTT (1771-1832). A Scotch novelist.

WASA, Princess (1811-1854). Louise Stephanie, daughter of the

Grand Duke Charles of Baden and of the Grand Duchess, _née_

Stephanie of Beauharnais.

WEIZEL, Mlle. de. A very intimate friend of the family of

Entraigues and of the Baron and Baronne Finot, who lived near

Valençay.

WELLINGTON, the Duke of* (1769-1852). A famous English General,

the opponent of Napoleon and several times a member of the

Cabinet.

WERTHER, Baron* (1772-1859). Prussian diplomatist, Ambassador at

Paris, and afterwards Minister of Foreign Affairs at Berlin.

WERTHER, Baroness* (1778-1853). By birth the Countess Sophia

Sandizell.

WERTHER, Baron Charles (1809-1894). Son of the foregoing. In 1869

he took the place of the Count of Golz as Ambassador at Paris,

and through his instrumentality a breach in relations took

place, which led to the outbreak of the 1870 war. In 1874 he was

appointed Ambassador at Constantinople, and retired to Munich in

1877.

WEYER, Sylvan van de* (1803-1874). Belgian statesman and man of

letters.

WITTGENSTEIN, Prince William of Sayn- (1770-1851). Household

Minister to King Frederick William III. of Prussia, and one of

the most important personages at the Berlin court.

WOLFF, Herr von. Councillor to the Prussian Ministry of the

Interior for many years.

WOLFF, Frau von. Daughter of the Councillor of Justice. Herr

Hennenberg.

WOLOWSKI, Louis (1810-1876). Born at Warsaw, he was naturalised in

France after the Polish revolution of 1830, and devoted himself

to the study of law and economic problems, in which he became a

master.

WORONZOFF-DASCHKOFF, Count Ivan (1791-1854). Russian Minister at

Munich from 1824 to 1828, and at Turin till 1832. He then became

Councillor of the Empire at St. Petersburg and Chief Master of

Ceremonies at the Court. He was an enlightened patron of the

arts.

WURMB, Herr Friedrich Karl von (1766-1843). Staff Officer at

Berlin. He resigned to marry Fräulein von Göcking, and became

land agent to the Duchesse de Dino at Deutsch-Wartenberg.

WURMB, Frau von (1783-1862). Wilhelmina of Göcking, daughter of

the Councillor of State to the Finance Ministry.

WÜRTEMBERG, Duke Alexander of (1804-1855). He entered the Austrian

Military Service, but after contracting a morganatic marriage in

1835 with a Countess Rheday he settled at Paris.

WÜRTEMBERG, the King of* (1781-1862). William I.

WÜRTEMBERG, Princess Maria of* (1816-1863). Daughter of King

William I. and wife of General Neipperg.

WÜRTEMBERG, Princess Sophia of* (1818-1877). Sister of the

foregoing. She married William III., King of the Low Countries.

She was a very distinguished Princess, and an intimate friend of

the Emperor Napoleon III.

WÜRTEMBERG, Prince Paul of (1785-1852). Brother of King William I.

He married, in 1825, Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Altenburg, by

whom he had several children. He afterwards contracted a

morganatic marriage with an English woman and settled at Paris.

WÜRTEMBERG, Prince Frederick of. Born in 1808, and son of the

foregoing. He remained in the service of Würtemberg.

WÜRTEMBERG, Prince Augustus of. Born in 1813, and brother of the

foregoing. He entered the Prussian service.

X

XIMENES DE CISNEROS, the Cardinal of (1436-1517). A famous

Spanish statesman and Archbishop of Toledo. He performed the

greatest services to Charles V., who showed himself most

ungrateful, and dismissed him after using his influence to

procure his nomination as King of Castile and of Aragon.

Z

ZEA-BERMEDEZ, Don Francisco* (1772-1850). Spanish diplomatist. He

belonged to one of the most ancient families of the reconquest.

ZEA-BERMEDEZ, Doña de.* Died in 1848. By birth she was Doña Maria

Antonia de Anduaga, of a family living in Guipuscoa, which

included several diplomatists among its members. She was Lady

Noble of the Order of Maria Louisa.

ZOÉ. A negress in the service of the Vicomtesse de Laval and then

in the service of the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency, with whom

she ended her life.

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