comes to England, succeeds to Anjou, his marriage, 85;
his character, 89;
his reforms, 90;
fights in Anjou, Scotland, and Wales, 91;
his friendship for Becket, marriage treaty with Louis VII., goes to
war for Toulouse, 92;
introduces scutage, 93;
objects to clerical courts, 94;
produces the Constitutions of Clarendon, 95;
his dispute with Becket, 96-98;
invades Wales, obtains Brittany, 99;
reconciliation with Becket, 100;
his behaviour at Becket’s death, 101;
his conquest of Ireland, 102, 103;
suppresses the great insurrection, 104;
makes peace with France, 105;
his legislation, 106-108;
his position in Europe, 109;
difficulties with his sons, 110-112;
his death, 113;
his administration, and importance in Europe, 113, 114
Henry III., declared of age, 144;
quarrels with De Burgh, 147;
fails in Poitou, 148;
becomes his own Minister, his marriage, 151;
second expedition to Poitou, 154;
his favour for foreigners, 155;
quarrel with De Montfort, 156;
accepts the kingdom of Sicily, 157;
promises reform, 159;
swears to the Provisions of Oxford, 160;
gets absolved from his vows, 161;
at the battle of Lewes, 163;
dies, 168
Henry IV., made Earl of Derby, 247;
friendly to Richard II., 251;
quarrels with Norfolk, 252;
returns from banishment, 253;
captures Richard, 254;
his coronation, 275;
his difficulties, 277;
expedition to Scotland, 278;
his quarrel with the Percies, 279, 280;
captures Prince James of Scotland, 281;
his submission to the Commons, 282;
his failing health, 283;
his foreign policy, 284;
his Church policy, his jealousy of the Prince of Wales, 285, 286
Henry V., in command of the war in Wales, 278;
at the battle of Shrewsbury, 280;
head of the Council, 283;
his character as Prince, 286;
his popularity, 287;
his Church policy, 288, 289;
his reasons for the French war, 290;
his preparations, 291;
he captures Harfleur, 292;
battle of Agincourt, 293, 295;
his friendship for Sigismund, 297;
his second invasion of France, 298;
besieges Rouen, 299;
makes the Treaty of Troyes, 300;
enters Paris, dies, 301
Henry VI., his education intrusted to Warwick, 302;
coronation, 311;
marriage, 316;
his interview with York, 321;
first fit of imbecility, recovers, 322;
wounded at St Albans, 323;
second fit of imbecility, his recovery, 324;
he attempts reconciliation, 325;
deserted after the battle of Northampton, 326;
rescued by the Queen at the second battle of St. Albans, 327;
escapes to Scotland, 329;
captured and imprisoned, 330;
re-crowned, 334;
murdered, 336
Henry of Poitou, Abbot of Peterborough, his bad character, 72
Henry the Lion of Saxony, Frederick I. asks for Henry II.’s daughter
for him, 99;
he marries Matilda, 109;
rival of Frederick, deserts him, 109;
asks the help of Henry II., 109
Henry, son of Henry II., marries Margaret of France, 92;
crowned, 100;
demands actual possession of part of his kingdom, 103;
objects to his brother John’s marriage-treaty, 103;
befriended by Louis VII., joins the Great Rebellion against his
father, 104;
is conquered, his dependants have to abjure their fealty to him, 105;
is reconciled with his father, 105;
his character, 110;
demands homage from his brothers, is refused, dies, 110
Henry VI., Emperor of Germany, marries Constance of Sicily, 118;
keeps Richard I. in prison, 122;
receives his homage for England, 123
Henry of Lancaster, second son of Edmund, joins Isabella against
Edward II., 210;
his opposition to Mortimer, 215;
member of Edward III.’s council, 216
Henry, Bishop of Winchester, brother of Stephen, secures him the
throne, 77;
upholds the dignity of the Church, escorts Matilda, demands the
See of Salisbury for his nephew, 82;
when Stephen refuses, declares his adhesion to Matilda, 83;
alienated by her refusal of his request for Eustace, demands
Stephen’s release, besieged by Matilda at Winchester, 84;
deprived of his legatine authority, 85;
mediates a compromise between Henry and Stephen, 86;
retires to Clugny, 90
Henry d’Almeyne, son of Richard, King of the Romans, prisoner after
battle of Lewes, 163;
desires conciliatory policy, 168;
murdered, 172
Heraclius, Bishop of Jerusalem, preaches a crusade, 111
Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, defeats Jasper Tudor, killed, 332
Hereford. [See Bohun.]
Hereward, attacks the monastery of Peterborough, collects the old
English exiles, 50;
is defeated and escapes, legends concerning his death, 51
Hidage explained, 113
Hide of land explained, 31
Hildebrand. [See Pope Gregory VII.]
Holland, Sir John, brother of Richard II., kills a friar, 246;
kills the Earl of Stafford, 247
Holland, Duke of Exeter, flies to Scotland with Henry VI., 329;
murdered, 336
Horsa, Jutish Ealdorman, 1;
killed, 2
House-carls, explained, 20;
used tyrannically, 21;
faithful to Harold, 26
Howard, Sir John, counsellor of Edward IV., 338;
supports Richard III., 341;
made Duke of Norfolk, 344;
at the battle of Bosworth, 348
Hubba invades England, 6
Hubert de Burgh, has charge of Arthur, 129;
defeats French fleet, 142;
Regent, 143;
destroys his enemies, 145;
his rule, 146;
prevents Henry III.’s expedition to France, 147;
his fall, 148;
character, 149;
property restored, 150
Hugh, Bishop of Rouen, deserts Stephen, 83
Hugh of Avranches, Earl of Chester, assists Odo, 54;
loses and wins back Anglesey, 59;
invites Anselm to establish Benedictine Abbey at Chester, 61
Hugh de Grantmesnil, holds large property in England, 46;
opposes William II., 57;
quarrels with Belesme, 58
Hugh of Neufchâtel receives Robert of Normandy, 53
Hugh de Pudsey, Bishop of Durham, joins the Great Rebellion against
Henry II., is conquered, 105;
buys the earldom of Northumbria, 116;
supplanted by Longchamp, becomes his enemy, 117;
produces his grievances against him, 121
Humphrey, fourth son of Henry IV., Duke of Gloucester, proposed
Regent in England, 302;
President of the Council, 304;
marries Jacqueline, 305;
quarrels with Beaufort, 306;
persecutes the Lollards, 312;
head of the war party, 313;
his claim on Flanders, 315;
his obstinacy, 316;
his death, 317;
his literary tastes, 353
Hundred, analogous to the German Pagus, 29;
England divided into, 31
Hundred Court, in Saxon times, 32;
connected with the Curia Regis by Henry I., 75, 76;
its duties, 76
Huntingdon, Earl of, deprived, 276;
conspires against Henry IV., 277;
executed, 277
Impeachment, first instance of parliamentary, 240;
by the Lords Appellant, 248
Ingvar invades England, 6
Interdict in John’s reign, 131
Investitures, dispute as to, 71
Ireland, Danes in, 11;
Harold’s sons fly there, 22, 45;
granted to Henry II. by Adrian IV., 91;
condition of, Strongbow’s invasion, Henry II.’s conquest of, 102;
land granted to his followers, 103;
John restores order in, 132;
Edward Bruce King of, 204;
English government re-established, 205;
Richard II.’s expedition to, 250;
his second visit to, 253
Irish Church, accepts Roman discipline, 102
Isaac of Cyprus, conquered by Richard I., 118
Isabella de la Marche, marries John, 128;
marries Count de la Marche, 154
Isabella of France, marries Edward II., 190;
insulted at Leeds, 207;
goes to France, 209;
conspires against Edward II., 210;
deposes him, 211;
her rule, 213;
her deposition, 216
Isabella of France marries Richard II., 251;
her restoration demanded, 278
Isabella, wife of Charles VI., joins the Burgundians, 298
Itinerant justices, sent out by Henry I., 75;
by Henry II., 107, 108
Ivo of Taillebois, 50
Ivo of Grantmesnil, 65
Ivry, siege of, 305
Jacqueline of Hainault, 305
Jacquetta of St. Pol, marries Bedford, 312
Jane, sister of Henry III., marries Alexander II., 143
Jane, sister of Edward III., marries David II., 214
Jane of Montfort defends Brittany, 222
Jane Shore does penance, 343
James I. of Scotland, captured and educated by Henry IV., 281;
released, marries Joan Beaufort, 305;
makes alliance with France, invades England, murdered, 315
James III. of Scotland, his character, 338
Jerusalem, kingdom of, refused by Robert, 65;
character of, 111;
overwhelmed by Saladin, 119
Jews, admitted to England by William I., 115;
their condition, persecuted by Richard, 116;
by John, 133;
banished by Edward I., 179
Joan of Arc, 308-311
Joanna, daughter of Henry II., marries William of Sicily, 109;
imprisoned by Tancred, 118;
restored to Richard I., accompanies him to Palestine, 118;
marries Raymond of St. Gilles, 124
John, Duke of Bedford, third son of Henry IV., Lieutenant of
England, 291;
Regent in France, 302, 303;
character, marriage, 304;
visits England, 306;
returns, renews alliance with Burgundy and Brittany, 307;
captures Joan of Arc, 311;
his second marriage, 312;
visits England, 313;
dies, 314
John, Bishop of Oxford, sent to the Pope, 98;
his excommunication by Becket, 99;
it is removed by the Pope, 100;
sent as Becket’s escort, 101;
made Bishop of Norwich, 105
John de Grey, Bishop of Norwich, elected Archbishop of Canterbury,
great administrator, 130;
governor in Ireland, 132
John (King), marries Alice of Savoy, 103;
favourite of Henry II., 109;
war with Richard, 110, 111;
Henry II.’s grief at his rebellion, 113;
his great possessions, 117;
tries to secure the succession, 121;
restrained by his mother, purchases Philip’s favour, 122, 123;
his party destroyed, 123;
nominated successor, crowned at Rouen and Westminster, 126;
his strong position, 127;
excites the anger of his subjects, 128;
kills Arthur, loses Normandy, 129;
quarrels with the Church and the Pope, 131;
is excommunicated, settles Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, 132;
his extortions, joins the League, 133;
dethroned by the Pope, 134;
is reconciled with the Church, goes to Poitou, 135;
defeated at Bouvines, 136;
signs Magna Charta, 137;
attempts to break it, 139;
dies, 140
John of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III., commanding in France,
marriage, 236;
assumes the government, 237, 239;
renewed power, 240;
protects Wicliffe, 240;
hated by the people, 240, 244;
head of the Council, 243;
deserts Wicliffe, 245;
character of his government, 245, 246;
goes to Spain, 246;
returns, 251;
dies, 253
John, King of France, 229;
taken prisoner at Poitiers, 231;
liberated, 233;
dies, 234
Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, ancestress of Matilda, wife
of William I., her three marriages, 6
Jurisdiction, early organization of, 32;
connected with the possession of land, 33, 36;
of the Witan, 34;
old machinery retained by William, 37;
ecclesiastical separated from secular, 38, 94;
private, 87;
punishment of corrupt judges, 179
Jury, origin of, 108
Justiciary, his duties, 38;
president of the Curia Regis, 75
Kemp, Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor, 321;
dies, 322
Kenilworth, last stronghold of the Barons, 167;
Dictum of, 168
Kent, Earl of, half-brother of Edward II., his conspiracy and
death, 215
Kent, Earl of, his conspiracy against Henry IV., beheaded, 277
King, the origin of, 30;
his personal relation becomes territorial, 33;
his office elective, 34;
becomes supreme landowner, 37;
practically irresponsible, 38;
position of William I., 42;
of Henry I., as feudal lord, 64;
his equitable power, his power of making laws and levying taxes, 76;
misery caused by a weak king, 78, 86, 87;
rivalry with the Church, 94, 105;
his judicial power, 107;
opposition to his overstrained power, 125, 137, 138, 159;
view of his position in a political poem of Henry III.’s time,
169, 170;
desire of Edward I. for despotism, 173;
opposition of his clergy and barons, 187, 188;
his legislative power, 193;
Edward II.’s prerogative restricted by the Ordinances, 201;
Richard II.’s despotism, 253;
Henry IV.’s power checked by the Commons, 282, 283;
character of Edward IV.’s monarchy, 330, 340
Knowles, general of the Free Companies, 234, 235;
opposes Wat Tyler, 244
Lacey, Hugh de, does homage for land beyond Hereford, 59
Lacey, Hugh (his nephew), sent as envoy to O’Connor, 102;
made Earl of Meath, 103
Lacey, Hugh de (son of Earl of Meath), obtains the kingdom of
Ulster, 132
La Hire, French general, 310
Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of, opposition to Gaveston, 200;
his great possessions, Edward II. flies from, 202;
made minister, 205;
joins Hereford in rebellion, 206;
surrenders, is beheaded, 207
Land, how apportioned by the Saxons in England, 31;
tenure becomes military, 37;
granted to Normans by William I., 43
Landrica, his jurisdiction, 33;
his position, 34
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, connects the Church with Rome, 38;
establishes ecclesiastical courts, 49;
England left in charge of, 53;
supports William II., 56;
restrains him, 57;
prevents the quarrel on investitures from reaching England, 60;
dies, 57
Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, consecrated, 131;
opposes John, 135;
causes Pandulf’s fall, 143;
excommunicates Hubert’s enemies, 145;
his national policy, 146;
dies, 147
Latimer, leader of a rebellion against Edward IV., 332
La Tremouille, favourite of Charles VII., 310;
opposed to peace, 313
Layamon, his translation of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Chronicle, 271
Leicester. [See Beaumont.]
Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 20;
competes with Godwine, 22
Leofwine, fifth son of Godwine, outlawed, 22;
Earl of Essex and Kent, 23;
killed at Hastings, 27
Lindisfarne, episcopal See in, 4
Lionel, third son of Edward III., Duke of Clarence, left in command
of England during the French war, 228;
governor of Ireland, 250
Lisle, Lord, 341;
takes sanctuary, 342
Literature, 270-274, 353
Llewellyn, John’s son-in-law, submits to him, 132
Llewellyn, attacks Mortimer’s lands, 162;
refuses to obey the summons of Edward I., 175;
conquered and killed, 176
Læt, position of, 29;
origin of, 30;
settle on the demesne land, 31
Lollards, their petition, 251;
their doctrines, 267;
persecuted by Henry IV., 285;
by Henry V., 288, 289;
by Gloucester, 312;
by Suffolk, 318
Longchamp, Chancellor, buys bishopric of Ely, 116;
justiciary and legate, 117;
Richard I. orders his arrest, his dispute with Geoffrey and John,
is dismissed, 121;
retires to France, 122
Lothians, granted to Scotland, 14
Louis VI., upholds William Clito, defeated at Puysac, makes peace, 67
Louis VII., divorces Eleanor, 85;
his friendship secured by Henry II., 90;
cemented by a marriage-treaty, war with Henry II., 92;
receives Alexander III., 94;
protects Becket, 98;
war with Henry II., 100;
supports Prince Henry, 103, 104;
makes peace, 105;
jealous of Henry II.’s power, 109
Louis VIII., engaged to Blanche of Castile, 127;
summoned to England, 139;
retires, 142;
dies, 145
Louis XI., makes Treaty of Pecquigni, 338
Louis of Bavaria, Emperor, dispute with the Pope, 219;
joins France against Edward III., 222
Lovel, favourite of Richard III., 345
Magesætas, men of Hereford, 19
Magna Charta, 107, 137, 138, 139;
re-enacted, 168;
confirmed, 188
Maid of Norway, betrothed, 181;
dies, 182
Maine, Robert, Governor of, 52, 53;
William II. fights against, 59;
suzerainty of, given up by Louis VI. to Henry I., 67
Maintainers, complaints against, 245;
explained, 270
Malcolm I., King of Scotland, holds part of Strathclyde by military
service, 12
Malcolm II., King of Scotland, does homage to Cnut, 20
Malcolm III., Canmore, King of Scotland, helps Eadgar, 45;
commends himself to William I., 46;
his savage invasions, 51;
marries Eadgar’s sister, does homage to William I., 52;
his wars with William II., does homage to him, killed at Alnwick, 58
Malcolm IV., King of Scotland, resigns three counties to Henry II., 90;
does homage for Huntingdon, 91;
follows Henry to his war with France, 93
Malet, Count of, supports Robert, 65;
banished, 67
Manny, Sir Walter, raises siege of Hennebone, 222;
invades Picardy, 233
Manor, origin of, 32
Mansell, holds seven hundred livings, 152;
on Henry III.’s council, 159;
driven to France, 162;
joins Eleanor’s army, 164
Marcel, revolutionary leader in Paris, 232
Margaret, sister of Eadgar, marries Malcolm, 52
Margaret, daughter of William the Lion, sent as hostage to John, 132
Margaret, of France, marries Edward I., 190
Margaret, marries Henry VI., 316;
character, 317;
wins battles of Wakefield and St. Albans, rescues the King, 327;
flies with him to Scotland, attempts to overthrow Edward IV., 329;
defeated at Tewkesbury, 335;
ransomed, 338
Margaret, sister of Edward IV., marries Charles of Burgundy, 331
Mark system, described, 28;
how carried out, 31
Marlborough, castle of, held for Matilda, 83
Marriage of the clergy, permitted by Dunstan, 14, 15,
forbidden by Lanfranc, 49
Marshall, William, first Earl of Pembroke, ordered to supplant
Longchamp, 121;
summoned to Rouen, 126;
advises John to disband his troops, 129;
declares Henry III. King, 141;
his character, government, 142;
death, 143
Marshall, William, second Earl, head of the Barons at Brackley, 136;
his property attacked, 144;
quarrels with De Burgh, 146
Marshall, Richard, third Earl, his patriotism, 149;
outlawed, murdered, 150
Marshall, Gilbert, fourth Earl, restored to favour, 150
Martin, Papal agent, his exactions, 154
Mary of Burgundy, rivals for her hand, 336, 337;
marries Maximilian of Austria, 339
Matilda, wife of William I., helps Robert, 53;
dies, 54;
her claim on Flanders, 69
Matilda, niece of Eadgar Ætheling, marries Henry I., 64;
dies, 68
Matilda, daughter of Henry I., marries Henry V., 67;
the Barons swear fealty to her, 69;
marries Geoffrey of Anjou, 70;
her claim passed over, 77;
David of Scotland supports her, 79;
Robert of Gloucester declares for her, 81;
lands, 82;
supported by Henry of Winchester, 83;
offends London and the Church, retires to France, 84
Maud of Boulogne, wife of Stephen, fights for him, 81
Mellent. [See Beaumont.]
Mercenaries, of William I., 46, 54;
of Stephen, 81;
of Henry II., 90, 93;
of John, 133, 136, 139
Mercia, foundation of, 2;
kingdom of, 4;
submits to Wessex, 5;
conquered by the Danes, 7;
submits to Eadward, 10;
Dunstan’s reforms in, 14, 15;
rebels against Æthelred, 16;
overrun by Danes, 18;
surrendered to Cnut, 19;
made an Earldom for Eadric, 20
Militia, Harold’s, 26;
William II.’s, 59;
reorganized by Henry II., 109
Milo, Constable of Gloucester, Earl of Hereford, Robert of Gloucester’s
agent, 81;
fights for Matilda, 82;
attests her oath, 83;
his son Roger surrenders his castles to Henry II., 90
Moleyns, Bishop of Chichester, Minister under Suffolk, 318;
killed, 319
Monarchy. [See King.]
Montgomery, Roger, fights at Hastings, 27;
made Earl of Shrewsbury, 51;
opposes William II., 57
Montgomery, Hugh, second Earl, killed while assisting Hugh of
Chester, 59
Montgomery, Roger, third son of the first Earl, does homage for
Powys, 59
Montgomery, Arnulf, fifth son of the first Earl, does homage for
Dyfed, 59
Montgomery, Robert, eldest son of the first Earl. [See Belesme.]
Montmirail, Peace of, 100
Morkere, a Thegn of the Danish Burghs, 18
Morkere, son of Ælfgar, elected Earl of Northumbria, 24;
defeated by Tostig, 26;
calls a Witan, 40;
hopes to be elected King, deserts Eadgar, 41;
reinstated in his Earldom, 44;
rebels and is pardoned, 45;
joins Hereward’s rebellion, 50;
made prisoner, 51
Mortain, Count of. [See Robert.]
Mortimer, Hugh, descended from Belesme, surrenders to Henry II., 90
Mortimer, Roger, attacked by Llewellyn, 162;
tries to liberate Edward, 164;
succeeds, 166
Mortimer, Roger, subdues Ireland, 205;
surrenders to Edward II., 207;
escapes from the Tower, 208;
in France with the Queen, 210;
his government, 213, 214;
made Earl of March, executed, 215
Mortimer, Roger, fourth Earl of March, made heir-apparent, 246;
killed, 253
Mortimer, Edward, outlawed, 252;
taken prisoner, 278;
refused leave to ransom himself, marries Glendower’s daughter, 279
Morton, Bishop of Ely, apprehended, 343;
released, 344;
proposes marriage between Henry Tudor and Elizabeth of York, 345
Mowbray, Robert, Earl of Northumberland, kills Malcolm at Alnwick, 58;
his conspiracy against William II., 59
Mowbray, Roger (son of Robert’s nephew Nigel), opposes the invasion
of David I., 79
Mowbray, John, Edward I. relies upon, 191
Mowbray, Thomas, Earl of Nottingham, one of the Lords Appellant, 248;
won over to Richard II., 251;
made Duke of Norfolk, 252;
banished, 252
Mowbray, Thomas, joins Scrope’s rebellion, beheaded, 281
Mowbray, John, third Duke of Norfolk, joins York, 321;
defeated at St. Albans, 327
Neville, Ralph, Chancellor, 151
Neville, Ralph, made Earl of Westmoreland, 252;
partisan of Henry IV., 276;
conquers Scrope and Mowbray, 281
Neville, Earl of Salisbury, joins York, 321;
Chancellor, 322;
retires, wins the battle of Blore Heath, 325;
beheaded, 327
Neville, Earl of Warwick, the “Kingmaker,” at St. Albans, 322;
retires to Calais, 325;
wins battle of Northampton, 326;
takes charge of Henry VI., 327;
defeated at St Albans, 327;
his power, 331;
keeps Edward IV. prisoner, pardoned, supports Wells’ rebellion, 333;
makes a treaty with Margaret, re-crowns Henry VI., 334;
killed at Barnet, 335
Neville, John, of Montague, wins battles of Hedgeley Moor and
Hexham, 329;
made Earl of Northumberland, 331;
declares for Henry VI., 334;
killed, 335
Neville, George, Archbishop of York, Chancellor, 331;
deprived of his chancellorship, 332
Neville, William (son of Ralph), Lord Falconbridge, at Ferrybridge, 328
New Forest, made by William I., 39;
Richard dies there, 54;
the displaced people taken to Cumberland, 58;
death of William II. in, 60
Nicholas of Ely, Chancellor, 159
Nicholas of Tusculum, Papal Legate, 135
Nigel, Bishop of Ely, nephew of Roger of Salisbury, surrenders Devizes
to Stephen, 81;
joins Matilda, 83
Normandy, connected with England by Emma, 17;
Æthelred and his sons fly there, 18, 19;
Cnut forms alliance with, 20;
Edward the Confessor’s friendship for, 21, 22;
William I. resides there, 53;
given to Robert, 53, 56;
anarchy in, 57;
pledged by Robert to William II., 59;
conquered by Philip II. from John, 129
Northumbria, founded, 2;
claims supremacy, 3;
submits to Wessex, 5;
conquered by the Danes, 7;
helps Hasting against Alfred, 9;
acknowledges supremacy of Eadward, 10;
incorporated with Wessex, made an Earldom for Osulf, 12;
divided into three parts, 14;
surrendered to Cnut, 19;
Cnut makes it an Earldom, 20
O’Connor, King of Ireland, war with Dermot of Leinster, 102;
submits to Henry II., 103
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, brother of William I., at Hastings, 27;
made Earl of Kent, 43;
left in charge of England, 44, 53;
rules severely, aims at the Papacy; William imprisons him, 54;
heads Norman opposition to William II., defeated, and retires to
France, 57
Offa, King of Mercia, 4;
his power, his dyke, 5
Olaf, King of Norway, invades England, retires on receiving
Danegelt, 16
Oldcastle, his character, 286;
persecuted, 288;
escapes, his death, 289
Ordainers, appointment of, 200
Orleans, siege of, 307-310
Orleton, Bishop of Hereford, his conspiracy, 209
Osberht, King of Northumbria, 7
Osulf, Earl of Northumbria, 12;
retains one third of it, 14
Oswald, King of Northumbria, 4
Oswi, King of Northumbria, 4
Otho, son of Henry the Lion, brought up in England, 114;
elected Emperor, 123;
promises help to John, his rivalry with Philip of Swabia, 127;
supported by the Pope, 131;
receives money from John, 132;
crowned as Emperor, joins the Northern League, 133;
defeated at Bouvines, 136
Otho, Papal Legate, his extortions, 146, 151
Owen Glendower, rebellion, 278;
negotiates with the Percies, 279;
conquered, 282
Palatine counties, established by William I., 51;
Ely made one by Henry I., 79
Pale, English, provinces in Ireland, 103
Pandulf, Papal Legate, forbids Philip to attack John, 134;
his government, 143
Parliament, its origin, 106, 107;
Knights and Burghers summoned to, 165;
three Estates represented at, 185, 193, 194;
royal power restricted by, 201;
a Peer’s privileges in, 221;
construction of, in Edward III.’s reign, 237, 238;
mercantile classes introduced, 264;
power of the Commons in Henry IV.’s reign, 282, 283
Paulinus, missionary to Northumbria, 3, 4
Peasantry, their sufferings in Henry I.’s reign, 72, 73;
in Stephen’s reign, 86, 87;
effects of the Friars’ preachings on, 153;
disturbances in Edward I.’s reign, 179;
their love for Lancaster, 207;
effect of Black Death upon, 229;
becoming more important, 237, 238;
their insurrection under Wat Tyler, 244;
oppression of the Commons, 245;
day labourers increasing, 260, 261;
effects of Wicliffe’s preaching on, 267, 269;
the Statute of Labourers, 267, 268;
their sufferings after the French war, 318;
their hatred of Suffolk, 319;
Jack Cade’s rebellion, 320;
rebellions against Edward IV., 332, 333;
their indifference in the War of the Roses, 332, 333, 335;
increased freedom of, and poverty, 352, 353
Pecquigni, Treaty of, 338
Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile, supported by the Black Prince, 234;
his daughters marry John of Gaunt and Edmund of York, 236
Penda, King of Mercia, 4