The Illustrious Ambassador traverses the great desert of
Asiatic Sarmatia and arrives at Moscow, a city of White Russia,
where he presents himself to the Duke.
We started, as I have said, by God’s grace, and travelled, as before,
in a northerly direction, but turned very often towards the west. There
was no indication of a road, but all was a desert plain. The Tartars
said that we were more than fifteen days’ journey north of Tana, which
I thought we had passed. We continued travelling in the same manner,
resting at midday and towards evening, our couch being the earth and our
covering the air and sky. At night we always placed three guards: one on
our right hand, one on our left, and a third in front, to secure us from
attack. At times we could not find water either for ourselves or for our
horses at our resting places, and throughout this journey we scarcely
met with any game. We found, however, two camels and four hundred horses
feeding, which were said to have belonged to the caravan of the preceding
year. We were, on two occasions, in fear of attack. One was a false
alarm; on the other we found about twenty chariots with a few Tartars,
who could not make us understand where they were going. As the journey
was long and my stock of provisions small, we were obliged to limit
ourselves.
On the 22nd September, 1476, it pleased God that we should enter Russia.
There were a few little Russian villages in the middle of the woods,
and when it was known that Marco was with the caravan, the people came
forth,—with great timidity, however, on account of the Tartars,—and
brought him a little honey in the combs. Of this he gave me a portion,
and I was certainly in want of it, as all our provisions were exhausted,
and we were reduced to such a state that we could scarcely mount our
horses. We left here, and reached a city called Resan, belonging to a
lord whose wife is sister to the Duke of Muscovy, the houses, as well as
the castle of which, are all of wood. Here we obtained bread and meat in
abundance, as well as their beverage of apples, by which we were much
restored. After leaving here, we travelled through extensive forests,
and at night we all lodged in Russian villages, and were able to take
some repose, as by the aid of God we appeared to have reached a place of
security. We then came to another city named Colonna, which is situated
on a branch of the Volga, called Mosco, over which there is a large
bridge. We left here, and I was sent in advance by Marco, as the caravan
would not go so quickly.
On the 26th, praising and thanking God, who had taken pity on us in so
many dangers and extremities, we entered Moscow, which belongs to Duke
Zuanne, the sovereign of Great White Russia. I should state that, during
the greater part of the time we occupied in passing the desert, which was
from the 18th of August, when we left Citracan, until we reached Moscow
on the 25th of September, as we had no wood, we cooked our food with the
dung of the cattle. Having reached here, then, in safety, Marco provided
lodgings for myself and my people, and stables for the horses, which,
although small and cheerless, seemed to me a grand palace in comparison
with what I had had to put up with.
On the 27th, Marco entered Moscow, and came in the evening to see me,
bringing with him some provisions, which are very abundant in this
city, as I shall describe hereafter. He exhorted me in the name of his
sovereign to be of good cheer, as I might consider myself at home; for
which I thanked him as well as I was able.
On the 28th, I went to visit Marco, and, as I was desirous of returning
home, I requested him to be pleased to procure me an audience of the
Duke. This he did, as the Duke shortly afterwards sent for me. After
the usual salutations I thanked his lordship for the good offices I had
experienced at the hands of Marco, his ambassador, as I could certainly
say, with truth, that by his means I had escaped many dangers. And,
although I had benefited by these services personally, they might be
considered as having been rendered to my Illustrious Signory, whose
ambassador I was. The Duke scarcely allowed me to finish my speech, but,
with a severe look, complained of Zuan Battista Trivisano. I will not
enter into this subject, as it is beside the purpose; but when, after a
long conversation, I requested to be allowed to take my departure, he
said that I should receive an answer on that subject at another time; and
with this I was dismissed by the Duke, who was about to leave the city.
It is his custom to visit the various parts of his dominions every year.
He especially looks after a Tartar, in his pay, who commands, it is said,
five hundred horsemen, to guard the frontiers of his territory from the
incursions of the Tartars.
Being desirous, as I have said, of leaving, I endeavoured to obtain an
answer to my request, and was again summoned to the palace, before
three of the Duke’s principal barons. They informed me, in the Duke’s
name, that I was welcome, and repeated everything that the Duke himself
had said, complaining at the same time about the above-mentioned Zuan
Battista. In conclusion, they told me that I might go or stay, as I
pleased; and with this they dismissed me.
As I was indebted to Marco for the amount of my ransom with the interest,
as well as for some other expenses which he had incurred on my account,
I begged him to have the goodness to allow me to leave, and that as soon
as I had reached Venice I would send him all that I owed him. He would
not, however, consent to this, as he said that the Tartars and Russians
whom I had promised to pay, wanted the money; and, as I was unable, after
various attempts, to influence either the Duke or Marco in this matter, I
determined to send Stephano to Venice to advise the Illustrious Signory
of all that had occurred, that they might with their accustomed clemency
and good nature provide against my ending my days in this country.
On the 7th of October, 1476, I despatched Priest Stephano in company with
a certain Nicolo da Leopoli, who was well acquainted with the road, while
I remained in Moscow. I found here Maestro Trifoso, a goldsmith from
Catharo, who had made, and was engaged in making, many beautiful vases
and other articles for the Duke. There was also a Maestro Aristotele da
Bologna, an engineer, who was building a church in the Piazza, besides
many Greeks from Constantinople, who had come in the suite of Despina,
with all of whom I was on terms of great friendship. The room which
Marco had given me was small and unpleasant, and made an uncomfortable
dwelling-place; but, by the influence of Marco, I obtained a lodging in
the house of Maestro Aristotele, which was situated close to the Duke’s
palace, and was very convenient. A few days afterwards, however (for
what reason I never heard), I was ordered, in the Duke’s name, to leave
this house, and I was, with difficulty, provided with two little chambers
outside the castle, where I remained until my departure, one of which I
occupied myself, while the other served for my attendants.
The city of Moscow is situated on a little hill, and is built entirely
of wood, as is the castle. It is traversed by a river called Moscow, on
one side of which stands the castle and part of the city, and on the
other the remaining portion. The river is crossed by numerous bridges.
Moscow is the principal city, and the residence of the Duke. It is
surrounded by forests, with which, indeed, the greater part of the
country is covered. The country abounds in all kinds of corn; and when I
was there, you might have bought more than ten of our _stare_ of wheat
for a ducat, and other corn in proportion. The meat principally eaten is
that of cows and pigs, of which you can procure, I believe, more than
three pounds for a soldo. They give a hundred fowls or forty ducks for a
ducat, and geese are little more than three _soldi_ each. A great number
of hares are brought to market, but other game is very scarce, because,
I imagine, they do not know how to catch them. There are small birds of
all kinds, and very cheap. They do not make wine of any kind, nor have
they any fruit, with the exception of a few water melons and wild apples.
The climate is so excessively cold, that the people stay nine months of
the year indoors. As it is difficult to travel in the summer time, on
account of the thick forests and the great quantity of mud caused by the
melting of the ice, they are obliged to get in all their provisions in
the spring, for which purpose they use their _sani_ or sledges on which
they stow everything, and which are easily drawn by one horse. By the end
of October the river which passes through the city is frozen over, and
shops and bazaars for the sale of all sorts of things are erected on it,
scarcely anything being sold in the town. They do this, as the river,
from being surrounded on all sides by the city, and so protected from
the wind, is less cold than anywhere else. On this frozen river may be
seen, daily, numbers of cows and pigs, great quantities of corn, wood,
hay, and every other necessary, nor does the supply fail during the whole
winter. At the end of November, all those who have cows or pigs, kill and
bring them, from time to time, to the city market. They are frozen whole,
and it is curious to see so many skinned cows standing upright on their
feet. The meat that you eat has sometimes been killed three months or
more. Fish, fowls, and all other provisions are treated in the same way.
Horses run on this river when it is frozen, and a good deal of amusement
takes place. Sometimes, also, a neck is broken. Both the men and women
are handsome, but they are a brutal race. They have a pope of their own,
appointed by their sovereign, and hold ours in little esteem, saying that
we are doomed to perdition. They boast of being great drunkards, and
despise those who are not. They have no wine of any kind, but drink a
beverage made of honey and the leaves of the hop, which is certainly not
a bad drink, especially when old. The sovereign, however, will not grant
permission to every one to make it; for, if they had that permission,
they would be constantly intoxicated, and would murder each other like
brutes. Their custom is to remain from morning till midday in the bazaars
and to spend the remainder of the day in the taverns in eating and
drinking. After midday you cannot obtain any service of them whatever. A
great many merchants frequent this city from Germany and Poland during
the winter, for the sole purpose of buying peltries, such as the furs
of young goats, foxes, ermines, squirrels, wolves, and other animals;
and, although these furs are procured at places many days’ journey
from Moscow,—towards the north-north-east, or the north-west,—they are
all brought here where the merchants buy them. A great many, also, go
to a town called Novogardia, on the confines of _Francia_ and Upper
Germany, and eight days’ journey west of Moscow. This town, although it
has a republican government, is subject to the Duke, to whom it pays a
yearly tribute. This prince, from what I have heard, possesses a large
territory, and might raise a large army, but the men are worthless. The
country is bounded by that part of Germany which belongs to the King of
Poland. Towards the north-north-west there is said to be a certain nation
of idolaters, without any sovereign, but who, when so inclined, pay
obedience to the Duke of Muscovy. There are some who are said to adore
the first thing they see, and others who sacrifice an _animal_ at the
foot of a tree, and afterwards worship it. Many other things are told,
which I shall not repeat, as I have not witnessed them myself, nor are
they credible. The Duke may be thirty-five years of age; he is tall and
thin, and handsome. He has two brothers, and his mother is still alive.
Besides two daughters by Despina, who is said to be _enceinte_, he has,
by another woman, a son who is not in great favour, on account of his
bad conduct. I might mention other things, but it would take too long. I
remained in Moscow from the 25th of September until the 21st of January,
and I certainly received good treatment from everyone. After visiting
his dominions, the Duke returned to Moscow about the end of December. I
had sent Priest Stephano for my ransom, and was certain that it would be
forthcoming, yet wishing very much to hasten my return home, as the way
of living of the country did not agree with me, I spoke to some gentlemen
who were favourable to my desire of leaving; and a few days afterwards
received an invitation to dine with the Duke. He then told me that he
was willing that I should depart, and that he should be happy to serve
our Illustrious Seignory, and pay whatever was due to the Tartars and
Russians for my ransom. The banquet to which I was invited was certainly
served in good style, not only with regard to the numerous dishes, but
in every other respect. As soon as the dinner was over, according to the
custom of the country, I returned to my apartments. A few days afterwards
the Duke invited me to dine with him again, and he ordered his treasurer
to give me what money I required to pay the Tartars and the Russians. I
then went to his palace, where I was made to put on a dress of ermine
(that is, the skin only), and received also a thousand squirrel skins,
with which I returned home. I also, at the Duke’s request, paid a visit
to Despina, with whom, after the usual salutations and compliments, I had
a long conversation. She treated me with great kindness and courtesy, and
entreated me earnestly to recommend her to my Illustrious Seignory.