passenger train, the remainder of the articles.
LESSON XIX.
(Leccion decima nona.)
INTRANSITIVE VERBS.
Intransitive verbs express a state, as "to live," "to sleep," or an
action that does not go beyond the doer, as "to go," "to walk."
The Spanish language abounds in Intransitive Pronominal verbs, i.e.,
verbs conjugated, same as the reflexive verbs, with a double pronoun =of
the same person= all through, as--
=Quejarse= (to complain).
_Pres. Indic._, Yo me quejo, tu te quejas, el se queja, nosotros nos
quejamos, vosotros os quejais, ellos se quejan.
_Fut. Indic._, Yo me quejare, tu te quejaras, el se quejara, etc.
These, of course, must not be confused with the Reflexive verbs. In the
reflexive verb, we have an action that passes from the doer and falls on
the doer itself, as--
Yo me amo: I love myself.
Whilst in a neuter pronominal the action =does not go beyond the doer=.
=Intransitive Pronominal Verbs= are of three kinds--
1. Those which are always pronominal, as--
+----------------------------+------------------------------+
|Quejarse (to complain) |Jactarse (to boast) |
|Avergonzarse (to be ashamed)|Maravillarse[126] (to wonder) |
|Alegrarse[126] (to rejoice) |Proponerse[126] (to intend, to|
|Arrepentirse (to repent) | purpose) |
|Hacerse[126], volverse[126] |Desanimarse[126] (to feel |
| (to become) | discouraged) |
+----------------------------+------------------------------+
[Footnote 126: Some of these verbs may be also Transitive verbs with a
modified meaning, as: Alegrar (to gladden), Maravillar (to surprise),
Proponer (to propose). Here the pronominal form marks the difference
between Transitive and Intransitive.]
2. A few which, when used pronominally, have their meaning intensified
or more or less modified, as--
+------------------------+----------------------------------+
|Ir (to go) |Irse (to go away) |
|Reir (to laugh) |Reirse (to laugh at = suggesting |
| | scorn) |
|Entender (to understand)|Entenderse de panos (to be a judge|
| | of cloths) |
|Dormir (to sleep) |Dormirse (to fall asleep) |
|Correr (to run) |Correrse (to make a slip of the |
| | tongue). |
+------------------------+----------------------------------+
3. Many which may be used pronominally or otherwise without any
appreciable or definable modification of meaning, as--
Estar, estarse (to be)
Quedar, quedarse (to remain)
Casar (_con_), casarse (_con_), (to marry)
Pensar, pensarse (to think)
Yo pienso, _or_ me pienso que si (I think so)
Me escapo de la memoria _or_ (it escaped my memory).
Se me escapo de la memoria (it escaped my memory).
In the case of this third kind, students should not indulge freely in
the pronominal form, but should wait until they see it in the reading
of good books, because, although the meaning is practically the same in
all cases, still there are "finesses" of shade which practice alone can
teach.
=Irregular Verbs=.
We shall give only those Primary Tenses which are irregular and the
Derivative Tenses when they are not formed regularly from the Primary
Tenses from which they are derived[127]--
[Footnote 127: For Primary and Derivative Tenses see Synopsis at the
end.]
+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
| | =Pensar= (to think).[128] |
|_Pres. Indic._,|Pienso-as-a, pensamos, pensais, piensan. |
|_Pres. Subj._, |Piense-es-e, pensemos, penseis, piensen. |
|_Imperative_, |Piensa, pensad (_reg._). |
+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
| | =Acordar= (to agree).[128] |
|_Pres. Indic._,|Acuerdo-as-a, acordamos, acordais, acuerdan.|
|_Pres. Subj._, |Acuerde-es-e, acordemos, acordeis, acuerden.|
|_Imperative_, |Acuerda, acordad (_reg._). |
+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
[Footnote 128: And its group; see Appendix VI.]
VOCABULARY.
=agitarse=, to agitate (_n._)
=algo=, something, anything (_interrog._)
=amenaza=, threat
=anticipacion=, anticipation
=anticipar=, to anticipate
=anticipo=, advance
=arduo=, arduous, difficult
=baja=, decline
=bajo cubierta=, underdeck
=botones=, buttons
=callar=, to be silent, to abstain from saying
=camaradas=, comrades
=cepillo=, brush
=cinta=, ribbon
=cortarse=, to cut oneself, to stop short
=damascos=, damasks
=definitivo=, definite
=descuidar=, to neglect
=ejecutar=, to execute
=encaje de cortinas=, curtain lace
=espantarse=, to be frightened
=estiva=, stowage
=*imponer=, to impose
=impuesto=, imposed
=lienzo adamascado=, diaper
=pasas=, raisins
=patronos=, masters, employers of workmen
=prisa=, haste, hurry
=*producir=, to produce
=produje=, I produced
=produjeron=, they produced
=razon= (=a razon de=), at the rate of
=reglamento=, regulations
=sobre cubierta=, on deck
=sobre estadias=, demurrage
=sobrecargarse=, to overload oneself
=tonelada=, ton
=*traer=, to bring, to carry
=traje=, I brought, I carried
=tranquilo=, quiet
=uvas=, grapes
=vista= (=a la=), at sight
EXERCISE 1 (37).
Translate into English--
1. Nuestros obreros se quejan del nuevo reglamento impuesto por los
Patronos.
2. No se avergueenzan de decir que se arrepienten de no haber declarado
la huelga hace quince dias y se alegran que sus camaradas en Francia se
agitan por el dia de trabajo de ocho horas.
3. Este problema se va haciendo cada dia mas arduo.
4. Voy a escribir una carta y despues me ire.
5. ?Porque rie V.?
6. Se rie de mi sin duda porque no me espanto por sus amenazas, pero yo
se bien lo que me hago (what I do) y V. no sabe lo que se dice.
7. Este fabricante se entiende muy bien de panos.
8. Nunca he visto a un hombre activo dormirse en medio de su trabajo.
9. Quedese V. aqui, estese tranquilo y no piense a nada, su primo se
acuerda con V., me pienso verle esta tarde, y tal vez llegaremos a un
acuerdo comun y definitivo.
10. No deseo que piense V. que descuido la ejecucion de sus ordenes a la
mayor brevedad (as soon as possible).
11. Con la prisa me he corrido y he dicho algo que habria debido callar.
12. Despues de haber principiado a hablar muy bien se corto y no pudo
hallar palabras para continuar.
EXERCISE 2 (38).
Translate into Spanish--
1. You have anticipated my wishes.
2. A further (nueva) decline in prices is anticipated (se preve).
3. We overloaded ourselves with stocks in anticipation (en la esperanza)
of large orders.
4. To pay in anticipation.
5. Thanking you in anticipation (anticipando las gracias, _or_
agradeciendoles de antemano) we remain.
6. The news from the East (Levante) produced a bad effect on the market.
7. To this effect (con este fin) I wrote him to draw (que girase) at
sight.
8. Our efforts have all been to no effect (en balde).
9. His plans have been carried into effect (llevados a cabo).
10. The sailing vessel (velero) carried 800 tons of grapes and raisins,
600 under and 200 on deck.
11. She used 5 lay days in loading (la carga), having therefore 3 days
left (quedandole), so that (asi que) we do not think we shall have to
pay demurrage.
12. The captain paid for stowage at the rate of 1s. per ton.
13. The advance on account (a cuenta) of freight is L120.
14. I wonder if everything will be in order? (?Estara todo en orden?)
15. I send you several patterns of curtain-lace, damasks, diapers,
ribbons, buttons, and brushes.
LESSON XX.
(Leccion vigesima.)
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
Impersonal verbs are those which are only conjugated in the 3rd pers.
sing, of all the tenses.[129]
[Footnote 129: They are so called because they have no person or thing
as their subject.]
The principal =Impersonal Verbs= are--
Llover-llueve (to rain, it rains)
Granizar (to hail)
Helar-hiela (to freeze, it freezes)
Lloviznar (to drizzle)
Nevar-nieva (to snow, it snows)
Relampaguear (to lighten)
Tronar-truena (to thunder, it thunders)
Alborear (to dawn)
Amanecer (to dawn)
Anochecer (to grow dark)
The subject (generally understood) of Impersonal verbs is _ello_.
Sometimes we find the words _Dios_ or _el dia_ expressed as subjects,
as--
Amanecera Dios y veremos: Let us wait for the morning and then we shall
see.
Amanecio el dia: The day dawned.
_Amanecer_ and _anochecer_ may be used as personal verbs, as--
Amanecimos en Madrid y anochecimos en Guadalajara: We were in Madrid at
daybreak and at nightfall in Guadalajara.
Tu anocheciste bueno y amaneciste malo: You passed the night well, but
you had a bad morning.
Many ordinary verbs are used sometimes impersonally, as--
Bastar (to suffice).
Convenir (to suit).
Parecer (to appear).
Faltar[130] (to be wanting).
Hacer falta (to be wanted).
Suceder[131] (to happen).
[Footnote 130: As a personal verb, it means also "to fail."]
[Footnote 131: As a personal verb, it means also "to succeed."]
EXAMPLES--
Basta ganar la vida: It is enough to earn a living.
No conviene explotar esta mina: It does not pay to exploit this mine.
No parece justo que se aprovechen de este modo: It does not seem right
that they should take advantage in this way.
Falta hacer algunos arreglos: Some arrangements are still wanting.
Sucedio que se declaro en quiebra: It happened that he filed his
petition in bankruptcy.
In the sentences:
Me bastan diez libras: L10 are enough for me.
Me parecen justas sus razones: His reasons seem to me to be right.
Le sucedieron muchas desgracias: Many misfortunes happened to him.
the verb is =personal=, and this accounts for its being in the plural.
In "me bastan diez libras," "diez libras" is the subject.
The verb is impersonal when referring to a whole statement, as--
(Ello) es necesario: It is necessary.
Of _Haber_ and _Hacer_ as impersonal verbs, we have treated in Lesson
VIII and Lesson XVI.
We add here that _Hacer_ is used impersonally before certain nouns to
denote the state of the weather or of the temperature, as--
Hace calor, frio, lluvia, viento, sol, etc.: It is warm, cold, rainy,
windy, sunny, etc.
_Valer_ used impersonally = "to be better," as--
Mas vale asi: It is better so.
Expressions like "?Que se dira?" or "?que diran?" (What will people
say?) may also be called impersonal uses of the verb.
+--------------------+----------------------------------------+
| =Irregular Verbs= (_contd._). |
+--------------------+----------------------------------------+
| =Andar= (to walk, to go). |
|_Past Def._, | Anduve,-iste,-uvo,-uvimos-uvisteis-uvieron.|
+--------------------+----------------------------------------+
| =Dar= (to give). |
|_Pres. Indic._,| Doy,[132] das, da, damos, dais, dan. |
|_Pres. Subj._, | De, des, de, demos, deis, den. |
|_Past Def._, | Di, diste, dio, dimos, disteis, dieron. |
+--------------------+----------------------------------------+
[Footnote 132: Only 6 verbs in Spanish do not end in _o_ in the 1st pers.
sing., pres. indic., viz., Doy (I give), Soy (I am), Estoy (I am), Voy
(I see), He (I have), Se (I know).]
VOCABULARY.
=algo=, somewhat
=asunto=, matter
=calor=, heat
=carranclanes, guingas=, ginghams
=cerrar el trato=, to conclude the bargain
=cheques=, cheques
=circular=, to circulate, to go round
=cobrar=, to collect (money)
=comprometer=, to compromise
=costa=, coast
=cuesta=, slope
=cuidar=, to take care
=cuidarse=, to take care of oneself
=decididamente=, decidedly
=decidir=, to decide
=despues=, afterwards
=drogas=, drysalteries
=durante=, during
=faltar, hacer falta=, to be wanting, to be wanted
=el fin=, the end
=fustanes=, fustians
=gasa=, gauze
=gastos=, expenditure
=ingresos netos=, net revenue
=jamon=, ham
=letras=, bills of exchange
=maiz=, maize
=malbaratar=, to undersell
=mantas con franjas=, fringed blankets
=merceria=, haberdashery
=paseo=, promenade, walk, stroll
=puerto=, port, harbour
=recursos=, means
=*reducir=, to reduce
=reduje=, etc., I reduced, etc.
=reduzco, reduces=, etc., I reduce, etc.
=*seguir=, to follow, to continue
=sigo, sigues=, etc., I follow, etc.
=el temporal=, the storm
=*valer mas=, to be preferable
=vencer=, to fall due
=vidriado=, glassware
EXERCISE 1 (39).
Translate into English--
1. Amanecio el dia hermoso pero algo frio.
2. Hizo mas calor despues y por la tarde hizo _or_ soplo (blew) viento
fuerte.
3. Anochecio cuando aun no habiamos llegado, pero como hacia luna el
paseo siguio siendo (continued to be) agradable.
4. Ayer llovio, granizo, nevo y llovizno sucesivamente todo el santo dia
(the livelong day).
5. Me parece que no le conviene de cerrar el trato con el banco bajo
estas condiciones.
6. Me hace falta dinero pues es menester (it is necessary)
proporcionarme (to get) el importe que me falta para completar las
L1,000 que vencen el 15 del corriente.
7. Mas vale aceptar las condiciones del banco que tener que malbaratar
los generos.
8. Ande V. con cuidado (be careful) no sea (lest) que vaya V. a
comprometer su credito.
9. Reina por estas costas muy violento temporal a cuya consecuencia ha
resultado el vapor "Juan" con el arbol de la helice (shaft of the screw)
roto, por lo cual hubo de ser traido a remolque a (to be towed into)
este puerto.
10. El "Juan" navegaba con rumbo a (was bound for) Cadiz.
11. Los modernos medios de fabricacion de que disponemos, el
abaratamiento (cheapening) de la mano de obra (labour) y las
facilitaciones de que disfrutamos (we enjoy) merced a (thanks to)
nuestros cuantiosos (abundant) recursos, nos permiten, ahora mas que
nunca, realizar nuestras ventas en condiciones que no cabe competencia
posible (which preclude ...).
12. Hemos asegurado buenas partidas de fustanes, mantas con franjas,
gasas, y carranclanes.
EXERCISE 2 (40).
Translate into Spanish--
1. San Paulo (Brazilian) Railway.--The net revenue for the half-year
from the main line (linea principal) amounted to L607,297 as against
(contra) L743,077 in 1909.
2. The expenditure in England and the Interest on Stores (sobre los
depositos) reduce the amount to L594,714.
3. The Stock Exchange (la Bolsa) will be closed from this evening (esta
tarde) until next Monday morning.
4. The turnover (giro) of the day's transactions has been small.
5. Sentiment turned somewhat bearish (hubo disposicion a la baja)
during the forenoon (la manana), but became (se volvio) decidedly
bullish (a la alza) towards the end of the day.
6. The following figures show the amount of bills and cheques which
passed through the banker's clearing-house (por el banco de liquidacion)
during the week ended April 12th (que acabo el 12 de abril).
7. We must not attach (atribuir) too much importance to the rumours (los
rumores, las especies) which are circulating in the market.
8. You should take care that the bales are properly (bien) packed.
9. I was ignorant of the fact that (no sabia que) he had been declared a
bankrupt.
10. I shall do all that depends on me (de mi dependa) to collect the
money in full (por entero).
11. As far as we are concerned (en cuanto a nosotros), we have decided
not to take (dar) any steps in the matter.
12. We do not wish to throw good money after bad (echar la soga tras el
caldero).[133]
13. We shall invoice by next mail your glassware and haberdashery.
14. Ham is a drug in the market (no tiene salida).
15. A good business is done at present in drysalteries.
16. A good crop of maize is announced from Cape Town (desde el Cabo).
[Footnote 133: Lit.: to throw the rope after the pail.]
LESSON XXI.
(Leccion vigesima primera.)
DEFECTIVE AND PRONOMINAL VERBS.
=Defective Verbs= are those only certain parts of which are in use, the
rest having never existed in the language or having died out of it.
The principal ones are--
_Soler_. "To be wont," "to be accustomed to." Used in the pres. indic.,
Suelo, sueles, suele, solemos, soleis, suelen; in the imperf. indic.,
Solia, solias, etc.; and in the pres. perf., He solido, has solido,
etc., as--
En su juventud solia trabajar con ahinco--ahora ya ha aflojado un poco:
When he was young he used to work with fervour, now he begins to flag a
little.
_Yacer_. "To lie"; generally on tombstones, as: Aqui yace: Here lies.
(In poetry, but seldom in prose, it is found conjugated throughout.)
_Salve_ and _Vale_ used in the Imperative for "Hail!" and "Farewell!"
_Placer_ (to please). Generally used in "Plegue a Dios" (may it please
God) and "Pluguiera (pluguiese) a Dios" (might it please God).
It is still used also in the 3rd pers. of Pres. Indic., Imperf. Indic,
and Past Def. (the Past Def. is "Plugo").
EXAMPLES--
Mucho me place: It pleases me much.
Plegue a Dios que no se declare la huelga: May it please God that a
strike is not declared.
_Abolir_ (to abolish) is irregular like "mover" (viz., changes _o_ into
_ue_ when stressed). Its irregular parts are however never used, and are
substituted by giving a different turn to the sentence, as--
Digo que =se debe abolir= _instead of_ =se abuela=: I say that it must
be abolished.
_Ataner_ (to bear upon) is only used in the 3rd pers., as--
Lo que atane al asunto: What bears on the subject.
Las noticias que atanen a nuestro proyecto: The news that bears on our
scheme.
_Concerner_ (to concern) is only used in the pres.
participle--concerniendo (concerning) and in the 3rd persons, as:
concierne (it concerns), etc.
=Pronominal Verbs= are verbs conjugated throughout with a double pronoun
of the same person, as--
_Amarse_--Yo me amo, tu te amas, el se ama, nosotros nos amamos,
vosotros os amais, ellos se aman.
These are--
1. Reflexive Verbs (when the action falls back on the subject. See
Lesson XVIII), as--Yo me amo: I love myself.
N.B.--The second pronoun must be direct object. If the second pronoun
is indirect object, the verb is called Transitive Pronominal, as--
Procurarse una clientela: To get a _clientele_ (a connection).
2. Intransitive Pronominal Verbs (see Lesson XIX).
3. Intransitive Verbs made Pronominal from verbs ordinarily transitive
(see Lesson XIX), as--
Hacerse, Volverse: To become.
La competencia se ha hecho imposible: Competition has become impossible.
4. The 3rd pers. pronominal forms the Passive Voice, same as the verb
_ser_, as--
La sabiduria se alaba _or_ es alabada: Wisdom is praised.
N.B.--If the doer is expressed after using _ser_ it may be preceded by
_de_ or _por_, as--
La sabiduria es alabada de _or_ por todos[134]: Wisdom is praised by
all.
[Footnote 134: When the verb does not mean a physical action _de_ is
preferable.]
If it is expressed after using _se_, =Por= must be used, as--
La sabiduria se alaba por todos: Wisdom is praised by all. (Grammar of
the Academy.)
Pronominal Verbs are used in Spanish very frequently in conjunction with
the article to avoid the use of the possessive adjective before parts of
the body, or articles of dress,[135] as--
Me he quebrado la pierna: I broke my leg.
Se ha danado los ojos, _or_ la vista: He has damaged his eyes or
eyesight.
[Footnote 135: The article is most generally substituted for the
possessive pronoun referring to parts of the body or articles of dress,
whenever this can be done _without producing ambiguity_, as--
Me dio la mano: He gave me his hand.
Tiene los ojos azules: His eyes are blue.
Le cogi el brazo: I caught his arm.
Me duele la cabeza: My head aches.
Me lastiman las botas: My boots hurt me.]
=Irregular Verbs= (_contd._).
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| =Entender=[136] (to understand). |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|_Pres. Indic._,| Entiendo-es-e, entendemos, entendeis, entienden.|
|_Pres. Subj._, | Entienda-as-a, entendamos, entendais, entiendan.|
|_Imper. Mood_, | Entiende, entended (_reg._). |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
[Footnote 136: And its group (see Appendix IV)]
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Mover[137] (to move). |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
|_Pres. Indic._,| Muevo-es-e, movemos, moveis, mueven.|
|_Pres. Subj._, |Mueva-as-a, movamos, movais, muevan. |
|_Imper. Mood_, |Mueve, moved (_reg._). |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
[Footnote 137: And its group (see Appendix IV)]
VOCABULARY.
=acusar recibo=, to acknowledge receipt
=ascensor=, lift, hoist
=bien estar=, well being
=coleccion=, collection, set of samples
=confiar a=, to entrust
=confiar en=, to trust in
=corresponder a las necesidades=, to meet the requirements
=corriente, el que rige=, inst.
=cucharas=, spoons
=cuchillo=, knife
=cueros=, hides
=*deshacerse=, to get rid of
=deshecho=, got rid of
=distrito=, district
=empacar=, to pack
=empaque, etc=., I packed, etc.
=*establecerse=, to establish oneself
=me establezco, etc=., I establish myself, etc.
=fantasias=, fancies
=herramientas=, tools
=manga=, sleeve
=*manifestar=, to inform, to say by letter
=manifiesto, etc=., I inform, etc.
=moeres=, mohair
=nanquines=, nankeens
=pieles=, skins
=planchas de hierro=, sheet iron
=principio=, beginning
=telas para trajes= (=de Senora=), dress goods
=tenedores=, forks
=*torcer=, to twist
=tuerzo, etc=., I twist, etc.
=vale=, farewell, adieu
=viajante=, traveller (commercial)
=viajar=, to travel
=vivamente=, earnestly, vividly
EXERCISE 1 (41).
Translate into English--
1. Sin ningunas de sus gratas a que referirnos dirigimos a Vs. la
presente para manifestarles que estando muy a corto (short) de fondos
nos hemos visto precisados (we have been obliged) a girar a su cargo (on
you) por el saldo de nuestra factura de Planchas de Hierro y
Herramientas.
2. iPlegue a Dios que nuestros buenos deseos tengan pleno cumplimiento
(may be fully realised)!
3. ?Quiere V. encargarse (take charge) de ese asunto?
4. Mucho me place (with much pleasure).
5. Se dice que pronto se abolira esta ley.
6. Tendre mucho gusto que sea abolida (_not_ se abuela).
7. Todo lo que atane al desarrollo de la agricultura o que concierne el
bien estar general del pais me interesa vivamente.
8. La honradez (honesty) es alabada de (_or_ por) todos pero nunca se
alaba tanto como por los de manga ancha (those who themselves are not
over-scrupulous).
9. El comerciante despues de haberse muy bien establecido se consumio el
capital en especulaciones bursatiles.
10. Nos hemos deshecho de los cuchillos, tenedores y cucharas sin tanta
perdida como temiamos.
11. El cajero bajando en el ascensor se ha torcido el pie y se esta en
casa guardando cama (in bed).
12. ?Entiende V. las razones porque ha de subir el cambio?
13. Para que las entienda debo leer la revista de la Bolsa (Exchange
Review).
14. Entienda V. que esto no ha de hacerse otra vez. iEntendido!
EXERCISE 2 (42).
Translate into Spanish--
1. With reference to your esteemed order of 1st inst. for skins and
hides, we understand exactly what you want, but we much regret to say
that we are unable to get in (obtenerlos) at your limit.
2. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (apreciable) of the 1st inst.
with note of purchase we are to make on (de _or_ por) your account, and
we shall report thereon (contestaremos, relataremos) by our next.
3. We have picked up (escogido) a few suitable clearing lines (saldos),
which are awaiting shipment (se embarcaran) by next steamer.
4. Stripes and checks.--Owing to a breakdown in the works these will not
be ready for (antes de) another fortnight.
5. The goods were packed according to (de conformidad con) your
instructions, but we take no responsibility for sending them (haberlos
mandado) in bales instead of cases as usual (como de costumbre).
6. We hand (pasamos) you enclosed the invoice amounting to (importando
en, ascendiendo a) L155 6s. 7d. to the debit of your account, value
(valor al) 15th inst.
7. We can assure you that any (cualesquiera) orders entrusted to our
care (que se nos confien) will receive careful attention.
8. Our traveller will be in your district by the beginning of September,
and he will have much pleasure in waiting upon you (en visitarles) with
our full (completa) collection of dress goods and fancies.
9. We hasten to offer you a lot of cheap mohairs and nankeens and hope
they will meet your requirements.
Hoping to receive a favourable reply,
Yours faithfully,
SMITH AND Co.