realisation of the scheme.
9. I did all I could (podia) so that nothing should be lost (no se
perdiera nada).
10. Some say the market will go up, some say it will go down, and such
is the position that one does not know (no sabe) what to do.
11. Anything is preferable to this uncertainty.
12. I have not seen anything so pretty before.
13. Mail advices (los anuncios por la mala) from America report an
abnormal (anormal) curtailment of production in the United States Cotton
Mills.
14. They cannot take the risk of piling up stocks when the demand is so
slight (exigua).
15. Foreign Bourses.--Berlin. A weak tone ruled at the opening. During
the later dealings (operaciones posteriores) a slight (ligera)
improvement was noticeable (se observo).
LESSON XVI.
(Leccion decima sexta.)
THE VERB.
The verb is a word by which we affirm something. It is the essential
word in a sentence: without it (expressed or understood) no sentence can
be construed.
Verbs are divided into Auxiliary, Transitive and Intransitive.
The Auxiliary verbs in Spanish are: Haber, Tener, Ser, Estar.
_Haber_ is a true auxiliary because it helps to form compound
tenses[112] but it presents the following peculiarities--
1. It is used as an impersonal verb (as well as the verb _hacer_ which
is given here for the sake of completeness) for expressions of time,
as--
Dos anos ha (_or_ ha dos anos) _or_ hace dos anos la exportacion de los
Caldos espanoles estaba muy floreciente: Two years ago the exportation
of Spanish wines and oils was very flourishing.
Ha dos anos (_or_ hace dos anos) que la casa Guillermo Fernandez y Cia
esta establecida en La Coruna como Comisionistas: The firm, G.F. & Co.,
has been established in Corunna as Commission Agents these last two
years.
?Cuanto tiempo ha (_or_ hace) que estudia V. el castellano? How long
have you been studying Spanish?
[Footnote 112: The Past Part. following "haber" IS ALWAYS INVARIABLE.]
2. It is also used impersonally as "there to be" (French, "y avoir"),
as--
Hay mucha pimienta, clavos, y canela en el mercado de Londres: There are
much pepper, cloves, and cinnamon in the London market.
Si, hubo muchas especias el ano pasado tambien: Yes, there were many
spices last year also.
Cuando estaba en El Cairo habia miedo de que estallara algun motin: When
I was in Cairo there was the fear of some riots breaking out.
(N.B.--Impersonal verbs are only used in the 3rd pers. singular.)
In English we have "there is" and "there are," because "there to be" is
not used impersonally, the meaning being, e.g., "a man is there"; "two
men are there." In Spanish, however, _haber_ is used impersonally and
both "there is a man" and "there are two men" are translated "Hay un
hombre," "Hay dos hombres."
It will be noticed that _Haber_ used for "there to be" makes _Hay_
instead of _Ha_ for the present indicative. All its other tenses remain
unchanged: _habia, hubo, habra, habria_, etc.
_Hay que_ followed by an Infinitive (French "il faut"), it is necessary
to ..., as--
Hay que tener mucho cuidado: It is necessary to be very careful. I, you,
etc., must be very careful.
_Tener_ is generally a =principal= (viz., not an auxiliary) verb, used
to denote possession; but it is used sometimes as an =auxiliary= instead
of _haber_, as--
Tengo recibido su catalogo ilustrado y lista (or boletin) de precios: I
have received your illustrated catalogue with price list.
Tenemos recibida[113] su apreciable carta de 20 del que rige (or del
corriente): We have received your favour of the 20th inst.
?Tiene V. recibidas las cotizaciones? Have you received the quotations?
Los presupuestos, que tenemos recibidos del Trapiche para nuestro
Ingenio de la Habana: The estimates which we have received for the Sugar
Mill for our Factory in Havana.
In all the preceding examples _tener_ used instead of _haber_ introduces
an additional idea of "=possession=".
"He recibido su carta" might be followed, in Spanish, by "pero la he
perdido" (but I have lost it). "Tengo recibida su carta" implies that
the receiver holds it now.
[Footnote 113: The Past Part. following "tener" agrees in gender and
number with the _direct object_.]
Sometimes this idea of possession is very distantly implied, as--
?Que me dice V.? tengo leido ese proyecto de Ley: What are you talking
about? I have read that (Parliamentary) Bill.
Meaning that the effect of the reading is extant in the mind.
Colloquially the people will use _tener_ for _haber_ without any
allusion to possession, but this should be avoided.
VOCABULARY.
=anteayer=, the day before yesterday
=apresurar=, to hasten, to urge (_a._)
=apresurarse=, to hasten (_n._)
=apresurarse con sus ordenes=, to rush one's orders
=arbol de eje=, axle shaft
=camara de comercio=, chamber of commerce
=cigueena, arbol de cigueena, cigueenal=, crank-shaft
=compania de ferrocarril=, railway company
=con manchas=, (designs)--spot
=con puntitas, con bolitas=, (designs) spot
=contestar=, to answer, to reply
=cuadritos=, (designs) checks
=cuenta simulada=, pro forma account
=culpa=, blame, fault
=dano=, damage, injury, breakdown
=de buena tinta=, from a good source
=derecho=, right
=duda=, doubt
=equivocarse=, to be mistaken
=existencias=, stocks of goods
=expedidor=, sender
=fecha de=, dated
=listados=, (designs) striped
=a listas, a rayas=, (designs) striped
=malcontento=, uneasiness, discontent
=mundial=, world (_adj._)
=proximamente=, about, approximately
=pues=, well
=redactar=, to write out
=repentinamente=, suddenly
=representacion exclusiva=, sole agency
=responsabilidad=, responsibility
=retardar=, to delay, to be delayed
=*romperse=, to break (_n._)
=roto=, broken
=todavia=, yet
=vivir=, to live, to reside
=ya=, already
EXERCISE 1 (31).
Translate into English--
1. En la Asociacion de Agricultores de Espana (Society of Spanish
Agriculturists) dara manana viernes a las seis y media de la tarde una
conferencia (lecture) el ilustrado Sr. Fulano.
2. ?Como manana? ya la ha dado esta manana.
3. No sabia que la habia dado ya.
4. Pues tengo esta noticia de buena tinta y no hay duda que asi es.
5. Tenemos recibida su estimada, fecha de anteayer.
6. Mucho tiempo ha que tengo proyectadas estas empresas.
7. Habra un mes que me escribio y no le he contestado todavia.
8. La Camara de Comercio de Londres voto, despues de larga discusion,
una protesta contra el nuevo Tratado de Comercio con Cuba y redacto una
peticion que sera dirigida al gobierno.
9. El vapor ingles "Raleigh" que sale para Montevideo ha recibido un
marconigrama anunciando que reina alli el malcontento politico.
10. El aviador acaba de batir el "record" mundial de velocidad y
distancia recorriendo (covering) ciento veintidos kilometros en hora y
media, a saber (namely) proximamente 80 kilometros por hora.
11. No se equivoca V. en la interpretacion de lo que hemos escrito
acerca de las facturas simuladas.
12. El arbol de eje y el cigueenal se han roto.
EXERCISE 2 (32).
Translate into Spanish--
1. Have you obtained the sole agency for (de) that firm?
2. Not yet, but I hope to get it.
3. How long have you been living in England?
4. Two weeks ago prices were so high that buyers were rushing their
orders; now they have suddenly fallen to an unprecedented level (nivel
sin precedente).
5. He has examined the samples and found that the designs of the light
grounds (fondos claros) are not as ordered.
6. He also complains of the checks and stripes.
7. The spot muslins have been delayed owing to a breakdown in the works
(la fabrica).
8. The senders are trying to throw the blame on (a) the Railway Company,
but we have no right of claim (derecho de reclamar) against the latter
(esta); it is they who (son ellos quienes) must indemnify us for the
loss.
9. It is a well-founded (bien establecida) and respectable firm and they
will not deny their responsibility--there is no doubt about (de) that.
10. Is it long since you received their last (ultima) letter?
11. Have they been long established? (Hace mucho tiempo que....)
12. They have been for 15 years.
13. Our friends have large stocks but they say the market is looking up
(mejorando).
LESSON XVII.
(Leccion decima septima.)
"SER" AND "ESTAR."
=Ser= is used as a true auxiliary, when it forms the passive voice.
=Estar= is an auxiliary when it forms the progressive tenses, as
Estoy escribiendo (I am writing).
Estaba escribiendo (he was writing).
The difficulty in the employment of _ser_ and _estar_ is, by some,
unduly magnified. Others give the following rule--
_Ser_ denotes a permanent state.
_Estar_ "temporary"
This rule should not be adopted because often it would not apply, as the
following two examples will show--
El es soldado porque se ha alistado por dos anos: He is a soldier as he
has enlisted for two years.
Aquellos montes estan eternamente cubiertos de nieve: Those mountains
are perpetually covered with snow.
The following simple and true rules will enable the student to
understand the difference between _ser_ and _estar_ and to apply them
correctly.
_Ser_ is used--
1. To form the Passive Voice, as--
El cartero trajo las cartas--_Active_: The postman brought the letters.
La carta fue traida[114] por el cartero--_Passive[115]_: The letter was
brought by the postman.
[Footnote 114: The Past Part. following "Ser" and "Estar" agrees in
gender and number with the subject of these verbs.]
[Footnote 115: Este cuarto es barrido todos los dias (this room is swept
every day) is passive voice, because we speak of the _action_ of sweeping,
viz., somebody sweeps the room every day. Este cuarto esta barrido--no
voice; "barrido" is used as an adjective to denote _state_ or
_condition_.]
2. To denote an inherent[116] quality, as--
La nieve es blanca: Snow is white.
El hombre es mortal: Man is mortal.
[Footnote 116: Inherence = a fixed state of being in another body. A
quality may be inherent "for the time being," as: Juan se ha alistado por
dos anos, entonces _es soldado_: John has enlisted for two years, then he
is a soldier.]
_Estar_ is used to denote--
1. State in locality, viz., to be in a place, as--
Estoy aqui I am here.
Londres esta en Inglaterra: London is in England.
2. A condition, as--
Estoy candado: I am tired.
Esta enfermo: He is ill.
SUPPLEMENTARY RULES.
_Ser_ must be used--
1. Before any noun (even if an adjective or article intervenes), as--
Soy negociante: I am a merchant.
Es un corredor de cambios bien conocido: He is a well-known exchange
broker.
Son buenos valores: They are good securities.
2. When "to be" is used to denote possession, as--
Los trapiches son de estos fabricantes: The sugar mills belong to these
makers.
3. When "to be" us used impersonally, as--
Es necesario tomar medidas legales: It is necessary to take legal
proceedings.
4. Before the words "Feliz," "Infeliz," "Pobre," and "Rico."[117]
[Footnote 117: These are not, strictly speaking, "inherent qualities,"
but they are spoken of as such.]
_Estar_ must, of course, be always used before Present Participles,[118]
as--
Esta activando sus esfuerzos: He is making still further efforts.
Estamos extendiendo nuestras relaciones: We are extending our connection.
[Footnote 118: A Pres. Part. can only express a condition, not a
quality.]
Verbs ending in _cer_, _cir_, _ger_ and _gir_ change the _c_ into =z=
and the _g_ into =j= before _a_ or _o_ as--
+----------------------+-----------------------+
| =Vencer= (to win) | =Dirigir= (to direct)|
+----------------------+-----------------------+
|_Pres. Indic._, venzo| dirijo |
|_Pres. Subj._, venza| dirija |
+----------------------+-----------------------+
Verbs ending in _guir_ and _quir_ change the _gu_ into =g= and the _qu_
into =c= before _a_ or _o_, as--
+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| =Distinguir= | =Delinquir=[119] |
| (to distinguish) |(to commit a delinquency)|
+-------------------------+-------------------------+
|_Pres. Indic._, Distingo| Delinco |
|_Pres. Subj._, Distinga| Delinca |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+
[Footnote 119: The only verb ending in _quir_.]
VOCABULARY.
=acabar de=, to have just
=accesorio=, accessory
=activo y pasivo=, assets and liabilities
=antiguo=, old, ancient
=averia=, particular, particular average
=balance=, balance, balance sheet
=bastar=, to suffice, to be enough
=biela=, connecting rod
=caldera=, boiler
=cilindros=, cylinders
=citar=, to quote, to mention a passage
=*convenir=, to agree, to suit
=cotizar=, to quote prices
=cuenta de ganancias y perdidas=, profit and loss account
=dejar=, to leave, to let
=disposicion (a su)=, (at your) disposal
=durar=, to last
=el engranaje=, the gearing
=entregar=, to deliver
=equipo=, equipment
=es decir, o sea= viz., namely
=a saber= viz., namely
=franco de porte=, carriage paid
=grifo=, cock (machinery)
=hasta la fecha=, (made up) to date
=huelga=, strike
=imprevisto=, unforseen
=a la izquierda=, to the left
=llegar a ser=, to become, to contrive to be
=*mantenerse=, to be maintained
=maquina=, machine, engine
=mercerizar=, to mercerize
=para con=, towards
=transporte seguido=, carriage forward
=porte pagadero al destino=, carriage forward
=presentar=, to present
=proveer=, to provide
=provisto (proveido)=, provided
=semejante=, similar
=*sentir=, to be sorry, to feel
=sin embargo=, however
=soportes, coginetes=, bearings
=tornillos=, screws
=transporte pagado=, carriage paid
=tubos=, tubes
=valvula=, valve
=el volante=, the fly-wheel
=y pico= (=veinte y pico=, etc.), odd, (twenty odd, etc.)
EXERCISE 1 (33).
Translate into English--
1. La marca (the make) de estas maquinas y calderas es una de las mas
antiguas.
2. Son fabricadas en Inglaterra por los Srs. Fulano y Cia.
3. Estan aqui para su inspeccion y estan todas provistas de sus
accesorios: cilindros, volantes, bielas, soportes, engranajes, valvulas
y tornillos.
4. ?No se fabrican tambien en Francia maquinas semejantes?
5. Si, Senor, estas a la izquierda son francesas y son buenas maquinas.
6. Es cierto sin embargo que las inglesas son mejores y que estan en
primera linea en la industria mundial.
7. Los Srs. Fulano y Cia. han llegado a ser los primeros entre los
constructores que han comprendido que se podian entregar maquinas
excelentes a un precio relativamente bajo.
8. Para no citar mas que un ejemplo de la importancia de esta casa
basta decir que son suyas las 1,000 maquinas y
pico que se han exportado ultimamente para Italia y la Argentina.
9. Soy feliz de saberlo.
10. Son fabricantes ricos y al mismo tiempo generosos para con los que
son pobres e infelices.
11. Comprare diez fardos de Estampados Mercerizados si me los deja V. a
5-3/16 d. por yarda.
12. Esta bien; iesta convenido!
EXERCISE 2 (34).
Translate into Spanish--
1. We have just received your Price List, but we are sorry to say your
prices are too dear.
2. The cylinders and boilers are now ready.
3. Every engine is sent out with its complete equipment, viz., tubes,
valves, cocks, etc.
4. The Directors are preparing a balance sheet to be laid before (para
presentar a) the company at the next ordinary general meeting.
5. It will show the assets and liabilities and a profit and loss account
made up to date.
6. There will also be a report on the position and transactions of the
company.
7. It is your action which has done us more harm (dano) than anything
else (cualquier otra cosa[120]).
8. It is we (somos nosotros) who are tired of our agreement (convenio).
9. The goods are at your disposal.
10. We think the shares will be inactive (flojas).
11. The demand for steel, iron and copper was very steady (firme) but it
is probable that it will not last.
12. Are you rich? No, I am poor but I am happy.
13. Our quotations will be maintained except in case of strikes or other
unforeseen circumstances.
14. The four bales of linens will be delivered to you carriage paid, but
the boilers and (y sus) accessories you will receive (los recibiran)
carriage forward.
15. The whole (todo) will be insured with particular average.
[Footnote 120: Or: _=que nada mas=_.]
LESSON XVIII.
(Leccion decima octava.)
TRANSITIVE VERBS.
A verb is Transitive when its action passes from the subject of the
action to the object.
=Transitive Verbs= are divided into--
=1. Active= (when the subject of the verb stands for the doer or agent
of the action), as--
Renovamos nuestros ofrecimientos de servicios: We renew our offers of
services.
=2. Passive= (when the subject of the verb stands for the real object of
the action, viz., when it suffers the action instead of doing it), as--
Los ofrecimientos de sus servicios nos fueron renovados en su ultimo
escrito: His offers of services were renewed to us in his last letter.
The Passive voice in Spanish is formed with the verb _ser_ as above, or
by using the =active voice= with the pronoun _se_, as--
Se nos renovaron los ofrecimientos de sus servicios: His offers, etc.
Active verbs become reflexive when their subject and object are the same
person or thing, as--
Nos lisonjeamos poderlos servir por lo mejor de sus intereses: We
flatter ourselves that we can serve them to the best of their interests.
Reflexive verbs in the plural are also reciprocal, as--
Nos comprendemos: We understand each other.
Nos escribimos muy frecuentemente: We write to each other very
frequently.
"Uno a otro" and "los unos a los otros" may be added for greater
clearness, as--
Procuramos convencernos (a nosotros mismos). We try to convince
ourselves (each other).
Procuramos convencernos (el uno al otro). We try to convince ourselves
(each other).
The direct object of a transitive verb,[121] if a proper name of a
person or place, must be preceded by _a_, as--
Vimos al Senor Guillermo: We saw Mr. William.
Visitamos a Francia[122]: We visited France.
[Footnote 121: With the exception of "Tener."]
[Footnote 122: But not geographical names preceded by the article, as:
Avistamos La Habana (we sighted Havana).]
A is also generally used before any noun =indicating= a person,[123]
as--
Empleamos a este corresponsal: We employ this correspondent.
[Footnote 123: This part of the rule is not very strict, as we find it
sometimes omitted before persons, and at others used before names of
things, as: El hecho precedio a la palabra (the action preceded the
word).]
But _a_ should be avoided whenever it would engender confusion, or when
the verb governs an accusative and a dative at the same time, as--
Enviamos nuestro dependiente: We send our clerk.
Recomendamos el Sr. Perez a nuestro fabricante: We recommend Mr. Perez
to our manufacturer.
A is also omitted when the noun following it does not refer to a
particular individual, but to =any= individual of a certain class, as--
Busco criado: I am looking for a servant.
Juan no quiere socios en su empresa: John does not want any partners in
his undertaking.
Verbs whose root ends in _ll_ or _n_ take =e= and =o= instead of _ie_
and _io_, as--
+------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| =Bullir= (to boil). | =Grunir= (to growl, grumble).|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------+
|_Pres. Part._, Bullendo |Grunendo |
|_Past Def._ Bullo, bulleron|Gruno, gruneron[124] |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------+
[Footnote 124: The Imperf. and Fut. Subj. follow the Past Def.]
Verbs in whose conjugations _i_ should come =unstressed= between two
vowels change the unstressed _i_ into =y=, as--
+----------------------------------+
| =Creer= (to believe). |
+----------------------------------+
|_Pres. Part._, Creyendo. |
|_Past Def._, Creyo ... creyeron.|
+----------------------------------+
But the _Imperf. Indic._: creia, creias, creia, creiamos, creiais,
creian.
Verbs ending in _zar_ change the _z_ into =c= before =e= (because, with
very few exceptions, _z_ is not used in modern Spanish before _e_ or
_i_), as--
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| =Gozar= (to enjoy). |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
|_Pres. Subj._, Goce, goces, goce, gocemos, goceis, gocen.|
|_Past. Def._, Goce ... |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
VOCABULARY.
=abedul=, birch
=abeto=, fir
=adjunto=, herewith
=agradable=, agreeable, pleasant
=arpillera=, bagging
=asegurar=, to insure
=atribuir=, to attribute
=el billar=, billiards
=bola=, ball
=calzado=, footwear
=camas, armazones de cama=, bedsteads
=carne seca=, jerked beef
=chalecos=, vests
=consignacion=, consignment
=correas=, belts, belting (machinery)
=corresponsal=, correspondent
=egoista=, selfish
=encaminar=, to forward
=entrar en el dique=, to dock (ships)
=fresno=, ash
=garbanzos=, Spanish or chick peas
=a grande velocidad=, by passenger train
=guisantes=, green peas
=habas=, broad beans
=haya=, beech
=hortalizas=, green vegetables
=instruir=, to instruct
=judias=, French beans
=laton=, brass
=la leche=, the milk
=loza=, crockery
=a pequena velocidad=, by slow train
=pino=, pine
=plomo=, lead
=porcelana=, china
=productos quimicos=, chemicals
=roble, encina=, oak
=rotura=, breakage
=semestre=, half-year
=suprimir=, to suppress, to leave out
=tacos=, billiard-cues
=el viaje=, the journey
=zinc=, zinc
EXERCISE 1 (35).
Translate into English--
1. Estimamos en mucho a nuestros corresponsales y los servimos de la
mejor manera posible.
2. Comunica el capitan del vapor "Rios" que el jueves, al medio dia, se
hallaba a seiscientas millas de Veracruz, sin novedad (all well).
3. Hoy publica la Gaceta dos cuadros estadisticos (statistical tables)
formados por la Direccion general (Board) del Instituto Geografico y
Estadistico, que expresan el movimiento de pasajeros por mar habido en
nuestro puerto durante el semestre pasado, y por los cuales se viene en
conocimiento (we can see) de la emigracion e inmigracion espanola.
4. Desde el dia 1 deg. de Enero proximo satisfara (will pay) el calzado
extranjero 10% mas de derecho de importacion.
5. Una comision de Agricultores de Valencia visito ayer tarde (yesterday
evening) al Presidente del Consejo (the Premier) para pedirle que se
suprima el impuesto sobre el transporte de hortalizas que establece la
nueva ley.
6. Tinendo estas telas con anilina se aumenta el coste de seis centimos
por metro.
7. Bulleron[125] la leche y la esterilizaron.
8. Gocemos de las libertades a que tenemos derecho pero no abusemos de
ellas.
9. Ellos creyeron lo que les dijimos (we said to them) y ya no nos
atribuyen intenciones egoistas.
10. El Sr. Moreno sale para un viaje de negocios y visitara a Santo
Domingo y la Habana.
11. He visto los Alpes y el Pirineo pero no el Himalaya.
12. He visitado a Espana.
[Footnote 125: "To boil" is generally _hervir_. Bullir is given as an
example of the conjugation.]
EXERCISE 2 (36).
Translate into Spanish--
1. Kindly see Mr. Marino and inform him that we shall soon send him a
consignment of timber, consisting of ash, beech, birch, fir, pine and
oak.
2. We shall instruct our correspondent at Bilbao to forward to Vitoria
the brass, lead, tin (estano), and zinc he holds (tiene) at our
disposal.
3. By the boat (steamer) leaving (que sale) this week, we shall ship to
your consignment the bagging, belting, and bedsteads.
4. The "Maria" docked yesterday with a cargo of broad beans, French
beans, green peas, and Spanish or chick peas.
5. She also brings a parcel of jerked beef and canned tongues (lenguas
en latas).
6. I have a friend who is a dealer in billiard tables, balls and cues.
7. The candles and chemicals have been despatched last week.
8. We flatter ourselves that we shall shortly be able to write to each
other pleasanter letters.
9. We have insured the china and crockery free of particular average
(franco de), but we insured them against breakage at a (al) premium of
4%.
10. Herewith please find claim (reclamo) for loss through (por) damage
in your last shipment of clocks and watches.