S. & Co. (Vale).[138]
[Footnote 138: Used instead of initialling a postscriptum.]
LESSON XXII.
(Leccion vigesima segunda.)
THE MOODS.
Mood is that form or modification of the Verb which marks the mode in
which an action is viewed or stated.
There are =5= moods in Spanish: one the Infinitive and =4= Finite, viz.,
the Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, and Imperative.
The =Infinitive Mood= (Modo Infinitivo) represents the action or state
of being without any reference to time or person. The present and past
participles are parts of the Infinitive Mood.
The Infinitive Mood may be used in the capacity of a noun either as
Subject or Object of the sentence. It is then generally (but not
necessarily) accompanied by the def. article, as--
El leer es util: To read is useful.
Me es necesario el leer: It is necessary for me to read.
The form of the Pres. Part. used in this capacity in English is
inadmissible in Spanish, e.g., we could never say "leyendo" for "el
leer" (or "la lectura").
The Infinitive Mood preceded by _a_ may have a passive meaning, as--
Una consignacion a hacer _or also_ a hacerse (a ser hecha): A shipment
to be made.
The Infinitive Mood preceded by _a_ may be used instead of the Finite
Mood introduced by "if," as--
A saber yo que V. era accionista de aquella compania, le habria
comunicado luego aquella relacion: If I had known (or had I known) that
you were a shareholder in that society, I would have sent you at once
that report.
The =Present Participle= after "to be" is used in both languages to form
the continuous or progressive tenses; in Spanish this happens much less
frequently than in English, and only with verbs whose action implies
=duration of time= and besides when it is spoken of as =actually in
progress=. This form is never possible with the verb "to go," and is
very rarely found with "to come," as--
Miro aquellas Mantas y Terlices que me gustan: I am looking at those
Blankets and Tickings which I like.
Grita: He is shouting.
Nos escribe continuamente: He is continually writing us.
Hoy como con el arquitecto: To-day I am dining with the architect.
Estoy haciendo mi correspondencia, no puedo dejar el despacho: I am
writing my correspondence, I cannot leave the office.
A =Preposition= before a Pres. Part. is either translated by a
preposition followed by the Infinitive Mood or by the Pres. Part.
without a Preposition, as--
Al ir _(or _yendo) a la Bolsa; On going to the Exchange.
EXCEPTION--
After _en_ we find the Pres. Part. used with the following meaning--e.g.
En acabando saldre: As soon as I have finished, I shall go out.
"I, acting as trustee," is translated "Yo, procediendo como sindico";
but "I wrote to the party acting as umpire" would be "Escribi a la
persona que funcionaba (_not_ funcionando) de arbitro."
After "Intentar,"[139] "Ver," "Oir," "Sentir," and "Simular" the
Infinitive only can be used in Spanish, as--
[Footnote 139: Or verbs of similar meaning.
Intento (_or_ pienso) hipotecar la casa: I intend mortgaging the
house.
Le veo pasar: I see him passing.
"My coming," "my going," etc., are translated: "El venir _or_ el
haber venido yo," etc.]
The Past Part. may be used in an absolute manner, as--
Entregada la carta se fue: The letter (being) delivered, he went.
Sellados los sobres, los echo al correo: Having sealed the envelopes he
posted them.
VOCABULARY.
=abogado=, lawyer, barrister
=bombas de aire=, air pumps
=*contribuir=, to contribute
=contribuyo, etc=., I contribute
=convenio=, agreement
=desperdiciar=, to waste
=diseno=, design
=embajador=, ambassador
=empenos=, obligations, engagements
=estacion, temporada=, season
=Estados Unidos=, United States
=excelentemente=, excellently
=forma=, shape
=forros=, linings
=gorras=, caps
=*hacer frente=, to face, to meet (bills, etc.)
=honrar=, to honour
=locomotora=, locomotive
=malgastar=, to waste, to squander
=Navidad=, Christmas
=necesitar, desear=, to require
=paso= step
=*poner en conocimiento=, to inform
=ponerse de acuerdo=, to agree
=pormenores=, particulars
=presupuesto=, estimate
=proyectar=, to project, to plan
=representar=, to represent, to act for
=rizo del ala=, curl of the brim (of a hat)
=secretario=, secretary
=senado=, senate
=someter=, to submit
=supondre, etc=., I shall suppose, etc.
=*suponer=, to suppose
=supongo, etc=., I suppose, etc.
=supuse, etc=., I supposed, etc.
=tarea=, task
=tratado de arbitraje=, arbitration treaty
=varar=, to ground (a ship)
=variedad=, variety
=vendre, etc=., I shall come, etc.
=vengo, vienes, etc=., I come, etc.
=*venir=, to come
=vine, etc=., I came, etc.
EXERCISE 1 (43).
Translate into English--
1. El escribir concisa y claramente contribuye al buen exito (success)
de una casa comercial.
2. Quedan muchos pasos a dar.
3. A suponer yo que no honrara sus aceptaciones no le habria concedido
el credito.
4. ?Que hace V.?
5. Estoy escribiendo un presupuesto para una locomotora y cuatro bombas
de aire que se piden para Chile; en acabando mi tarea saldre (I shall
come out) con V.
6. Debemos escribir al abogado que representa al Sr. Fulano para ponerle
en conocimiento de los pormenores que puedan interesarle.
7. Si, Senor, pensaba hacerlo manana.
8. Siento tener que informar a V. que he encontrado al Sr. Smith y le he
oido decir que no puede hacer frente a sus empenos.
9. Ejecutada esta primera orden, y pagada que sea (once paid) le
manifestare claramente que no me conviene continuar bajo estas
condiciones.
10. Se asegura que el secretario del departamento de Estado y el
embajador de Inglaterra se han puesto de acuerdo, hace poco, sobre los
principales puntos del tratado de arbitraje proyectado por el Presidente
de los Estados Unidos.
11. Se supone que dicho (said) convenio sera sometido al senado antes de
Navidad.
12. Se han recibido noticias de haber naufragado (shipwrecked) un buque
en la costa de Marruecos (Morocco) y de haber varado otro en Almeria.
EXERCISE 2 (44).
Translate into Spanish--
1. I do not consider (no creo que) I have been fairly (equitativamente
_or_ bien) treated.
2. Silk and Cotton Linings.--We note (nos enteramos de) your complaints
but you know they were bought as job lots (imperfectos) and in buying
such lots, one has to put up with (conformarse con) some
imperfections (defectos, imperfecciones).
3. The hats and caps have turned out (salido) excellently.
4. The former (aquellos) are exactly of the shape and curl you require
and the latter (estas) include (abarcan) a large variety of designs.
5. They will reach you (le llegaran) in plenty of time (con bastante
anticipacion) for the coming (entrante) season.
6. Please report (hacer sus comentos) on samples as soon as received
(luego que las reciban).
7. Reading good papers is necessary to keep oneself posted up
(mantenerse al corriente), but reading the sensational news (noticias
sensacionales) of a certain press (prensa) is wasting one's time.
8. Are you going to Spain this year?
9. I do not think so, my correspondent is coming to England.
10. We shall write to the gentleman acting as secretary to send us (que
nos envie) a copy of the report.
11. Did you hear him saying that?
12. I regret having to inform you that once I have paid what I owe (to
owe = deber), I shall not continue my transactions with your firm.
LESSON XXIII.
(Leccion vigesima tercera.)
THE MOODS (_contd._).
The =Indicative Mood= (Modo Indicativo) is that form of the verb that
expresses the action in a =positive manner=, as a =fact=.
The =Conditional Mood= (Modo Condicional)[140] affirms like the
Indicative Mood in a positive manner, =but subject to a condition=.
The =Imperative Mood= is used to command or to beg. This mood has only
one tense and one distinct form of person: the second, as--
Habla tu: Speak thou.
Hablad vosotros: Speak ye _or_ you.
The 1st pers. sing, does not occur and the other persons are taken from
the Present Subjunctive.[141]
In the 3rd person (and sometimes even the 1st plural) the pres. subj.
may take the place of the Imperative used affirmatively. This becomes
apparent by the use of _Que_, which precedes the Subjunctive and when an
object pronoun occurs in the sentence, as--
Escribalo el _or_ Que lo escriba el: Let him write it.
There is no Imperative Mood negative in Spanish.[142]
[Footnote 140: English form: (auxiliary) should + verb for 1st persons;
(auxiliary) would + verb for 2nd and 3rd persons.]
[Footnote 141: With only one exception--
=Ir= (to go). 1st pers. pl., Pres. Subj.--Vayamos. 1st pers. pl.,
Imperative--Vayamos _or_ vamos (more used).]
[Footnote 142: It is borrowed entirely from the Pres. Subjunctive, as:
No hables, no hable, no hablemos, no hableis, no hablen. The difference
is of course, only apparent in the 2nd person.]
=The Subjunctive Mood=.
This mood offers some difficulty to English students; this arises from
the fact that in English this mode of viewing the action of the verb is
often rendered by the indicative mood or by the semi-auxiliary verbs
"may," "might," "should," "would."
=Note=.--The Spanish rule on the Subjunctive mood must be therefore
applied irrespective of the English construction.
GENERAL RULE.
The Subjunctive Mood can only be used in dependent clauses, as--
Yo quiero que el venga: I wish him to come.
Yo quiero que el vaya: I wish him to go.
And then, only when, by reason of what precedes in the Principal Clause,
the action of the Subordinate verb is not expressed in a positive manner
(i.e., as a fact) but as merely contingent (i.e., only conceived in the
mind), as--
Yo declare que el vino (_or_ vendria): I say that he came
_or_ that he would come.
Yo espero que el venga: I hope that he may come.
Yo esperaba que el viniese: I hoped that he might, _or_
would come.
SPECIAL RULES.
I. A verb in a dependent clause is placed (generally) in the Subjunctive
Mood after verbs expressing an action, or emotion of the mind, when the
subjects of the principal and of the subordinate verbs are different.
EXAMPLES of principal verbs which govern the following verb in the
Subjunctive Mood--
aconsejar (to advise)
alegrarse de que (to be glad that)
avergonzarse de que (to be ashamed that)
conceder (to grant)
conseguir (to obtain)
desear (to desire)
esperar (to hope)
evitar (to avoid)
impedir (to hinder)
mandar (to order)
querer (to wish)
rogar (to ask, to beg)
sentir (to regret)
temer (to fear)
confiar en que (to trust)
N.B.--(_a_) If the 2nd verb should have the same subject, use the
Infinitive Mood, as--
Deseo que venga: I wish him to come.
Deseo venir: I wish to come.
(_b_) After verbs expressing joy, shame, sorrow, or fear, the Indicative
may be used instead of the Subjunctive.
(_c_) After "mandar" (to order) the subordinate verb is often in the
Infinitive instead of the Subjunctive, as--
Mandele V. que lo haga: Order him to do it.
Mandeselo V. hacer: Order him to do it.
VOCABULARY.
=agradar, favorecer=, to oblige
=almacenero, dependiente de almacen=, warehouseman
=celebrar=, to be glad of
=colorido=, colouring
=*complacer=, to oblige
=complazco, etc=., I oblige, etc.
=(el) cortapluma=, penknife
=cortesmente=, politely
=coste flete y seguro=, cost, freight and insurance
=*dar las gracias=, to hank
=demora=, delay
=*demostrar confianza=, to show confidence
=deplorar=, to deplore
=dictados=, dictates
=en seguida=, at once
=franco de averia particular=, free of particular average
=*hacer una remesa=, to send a remittance
=intereses=, interests
=justificarse=, to justify oneself
=mucho=, much, exceedingly, greatly
=navajas de afeitar=, razors
=obrar=, to act
=patines=, skates
=primer dependiente=, chief clerk
=propio=, own
=*rogar=, to beg, to request
=ruego, etc=., I beg, etc.
=sin novedad=, safe and sound
=tela para pantalones=, trousering
=tijeras=, scissors
EXERCISE 1 (45).
Translate into English--
1. En nuestra anterior les rogamos[143] nos enviasen una muestra de las
telas de nuestros competidores.
2. Celebraremos mucho que encuentren ventaja en el cambio de via (route)
que hemos adoptado para sus envios.
3. Siento haber hecho este error y siento tambien que mi primer
dependiente no me lo haya hecho observar.
4. Me avergueenzo que por culpa de un dependiente de almacen negligente
haya recibido V. un genero por otro (the wrong goods).
5. Nunca me avergueenzo de hablar a las claras (openly, clearly).
6. No podemos ni deberiamos querer impedir a los otros que piensen como
quieran; lo que si debemos hacer es aconsejar a todos que obren segun
los dictados de su propia conciencia.
7. Lo que me este bien (is my duty) hacer lo hare.
8. Espero me mande pronto los coloridos para las telas para pantalones.
9. Deploro que el quiera justificarse con argumentos que se quiebran de
sutiles (which do not stand the light of day).
10. Explicate para que te entienda.
11. No te justifiques con malas razones (by quibbling).
12. Expliqueme V. de que se trata (what it is about).
13. No le explique V. mas de lo necesario.
[Footnote 143: The 1st pers. plural Past Definite of the 1st Conjugation
may take an accent to distinguish it from the Present Indicative.]
EXERCISE 2 (46).
Translate into Spanish--
1. We should like to do more business with your firm.
2. You would greatly oblige (us) by sending us a remittance.
3. He would do well to write it to them.
4. Let him write at once.
5. We hope you may arrive safe and sound, and we advise you to take care
of yourself.
6. From what we can gather (por lo que tenemos entendido) the firm is
doing a successful (buenos) business.
7. We trust this information will be of service (de utilidad) to you.
8. The documents appear to be in order and we hope there will be no
difficulty.
9. We are glad the goods have arrived before the time stipulated
(estipulado).
10. We do not want you to lose any money; on the contrary, we wish you
to realise a substantial (buena) profit.
11. Tell the clerk to write more politely.
12. Order them to do it quickly.
13. I may come (es posible que venga) to-morrow.
14. We notice (observamos) that the Razors, Scissors, Penknives and
Skates are ready to be shipped, and trust (confiamos) that, as announced
(nos anunciaron Vs.), they will come to hand (llegaran a manos) without
delay.
15. We thank you for the confidence you have shown in us which we hope
to justify and you may be sure that we shall do our best for (por) your
interests.
16. I request you kindly to insure the cargo against total loss or
f.p.a.[144]
17. Sell at 21s. c.i.f.[145]
[Footnote 144: Free of particular average.]
[Footnote 145: Cost, insurance, freight.]
LESSON XXIV.
(Leccion vigesima cuarta.)
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (_contd._).
II. The Subjunctive Mood is used after Impersonal verbs, as
Es menester que lo haga: It is needful that he does it.
Es necesario que lo haga: It is necessary that he does it.
EXCEPTIONS--
1. When the Impersonal Verb expresses certainty, as--
Es cierto que lo hara: It is certain that he will do it.
2. When the dependent verb has not its own subject, both the following
constructions are correct--
Es necesario hacerlo: It must be done
Es necesario que se haga: It must be done
III. The Subjunctive Mood is used after the following locations---
Antes que (before)
En caso que (in case)
De miedo que (lest)
Por mas que (however much, although)
Sin que (without)
Para que (so that)
A menos que (unless)
Salvo que (except that)
Con tal que (provided that)
Sea que (whether ... or)
Aunque (even if)
IV. The Subjunctive Mood is generally used after the following
locations, when the action refers to future time, but the Indicative is
used when the action refers to the past or present--
Despues que (after)
Aunque (although)
De modo que (so that)
No obstante que (notwithstanding)
Cuandoquiera que (whenever)
Hasta que (until)
Luego que (as soon as)
Quienquiera que (whoever)
Comoquiera que (however)
Cualquiera que (whichever, whoever)
Dondequiera que (wherever)
El 1 deg., 2 deg., 3 deg., etc., que (the 1st 2nd 3rd, etc., that)
El unico que (the only one that)
El solo que (the only one that)
El ultimo que (the last that)
Nada que (nothng that)
Ninguo, nadie que (no one that)
El mejor (or any other superlative) que (the best etc., that)
E.g.--
Escribio de modo que su padre quedo contento: He wrote so that his
father remained content.
Escriba V. de modo que su padre quede contento: Write so that your
father may remain content.
Le pague aunque no hizo su trabajo: I paid him, although he did not do
his work.
No le pagare aunque haga su trabajo: I shall not pay him although he may
do his work.
The above rules have liberties and exceptions to be learnt by practice,
generally turning on whether the action is intended to be alluded to =as
a fact= or as =a mere conception=.
V. The Subjunctive Mood is used after _cuando, asi como, luego que_ and
similar expressions when the action of the verb refers =to the future=,
as--
Lo hare cuando tenga tiempo: I shall do it when I have time.
N.B.--The Future Subjunctive is often used in this case.
VI. The Subjunctive Mood is used after _si_ (conditional _if_) when the
context requires the following verb in the past form, as--
Lo haria si tuviese (tuviera) dinero: I should do it if I had money.
N.B.--If the context requires the verb in the present form, the
Indicative Present must be used, as--
Lo hago si tengo tiempo: I do it if I have time.
Lo hare si tengo tiempo: I shall do it if I have time.
When, as in the latter example a future time is indicated, the Future
Subjunctive may be used instead of the Pres. Indicative, as--
Lo hare si tuviere tiempo: I shall do it if (ever) I have time.
VII. After _como_ the Subjunctive Mood is used idiomatically but not
necessarily, as--
Como le vio le hablo: As soon as he saw him he spoke to him.
Como le viese le hablo: On seeing him he spoke to him.
VIII. After _creer, pensar, opinar,_ and similar verbs, the following
verb is generally in the Indicative; but after _no creer,_ etc., the
verb is in the Subjunctive mood. After _creer,_ etc., used
interrogatively, the verb may be Indicative or Subjunctive.
VOCABULARY.
=abaca=, Manilla hemp
=calcetines=, half-hose, socks
=canamo=, hemp
=cancelar=, to cancel
=coger=, to catch
*=conseguir=, to succeed in
=contado (al)=, (in) cash
=dificultad=, difficulty
=un dineral=, a mint of money
=encogerse=, to shrink
=equivocarse=, to be mistaken
=la gente=, the people
=mecanismo=, mechanism, contrivance
=medias=, stockings, hose
=ocurrir=, to happen
=perfeccionar=, to perfect
=persona=, person
=por mas que=, however much, whatever
*=probar=, to prove, to attempt, to try
=pruebo, etc=., I try, etc.
*=reconvenir=, to reprimand
=repasar=, to look over
*=saber=, to know
=se, sabes, sabe, etc=., I know, etc.
=sepa, sepas, sepa, etc=., I may know,
*=ser menester=, to be necessary
=telefonear=, to telephone
=trabajo=, work
=yute=, jute
EXERCISE 1 (47).
Translate into English--
1. Es conveniente (proper) y aun absolutamente necesario que se acabe
esta cuestion.
2. Es cierto que se acabara.
3. Es posible que suba el mercado; tal vez suba mas de lo que se crea.
4. Es el unico cliente que no haya pagado su factura.
5. Es menester pues escribirle y apremiarle para que cumpla con su deber
(to fulfil his duty).
6. Antes que escriba V., repase sus libros para que no haya miedo de que
haya ocurrido alguna equivocacion (mistake).
7. A menos que pague le citaremos ante los Tribunales (we shall summon
him) de miedo que otros sean pagados con nuestro dinero.
8. Por mas que V. diga, las medias, calcetines, y guantes no son iguales
a las muestras que sirvieron de base (as a basis) al contrato.
9. Sin que V. me lo diga lo hare, salvo que intervenga algun
contratiempo (any hitch should happen) y con tal que, interin (in the
meantime) llegue su remesa.
10. Sea que llegue, sea que no, V. deberia hacerlo aunque le fuese en
ello todo su capital (all your capital were at stake).
11. Telefonee V. cuando quiera.
12. Celebrare lo haga luego que le sea posible.
13. Asi como sepa algo le telefoneare.
14. Enviaria las zarazas si estuviese seguro que no me viniera (_imp.
subj._ of venir) despues con quejas.
15. No creo que cueste muy cara esta seda.
16. No me parece que salio ventajosa aquella transaccion.
EXERCISE 2 (48).
Translate into Spanish--
1. It is impossible for us to obtain the goods.
2. He spoke as if he were sure of it.
3. I may (es posible que) accept your price, provided you pay cash.
4. It is certain the white shirtings have shrunk too much in bleaching
(en el blanqueo).
5. He insisted until he paid him something and now he will continue to
insist until he pays him something more.
6. The foreign correspondent (el corresponsal de lenguas extranjeras)
did his work so that his employer was satisfied.
7. Write clearly so that people may read your writing (su letra) without
difficulty.
8. Whenever I spoke to him he was very polite, therefore, I shall put
(dire) a word in his favour whenever I can do so.
9. I reprimanded him notwithstanding that he was my son, and I shall do
so whenever it is necessary in spite of his being now a man.
10. The first to come was the office-boy (muchacho, hortera [joc.]), and
he will be the last to go (a salir).
11. The first firm that attempts it will burn its fingers (se cogera los
dedos).
12. He was the only one who understood us.
13. He is not the only one who is mistaken.
14. They will not be the only persons who will be mistaken.
15. Whoever succeeds in perfecting this contrivance will be sure to make
(es seguro que hara) a mint of money.
16. We shall be thankful if you will cancel our order for flax, hemp,
Manilla hemp and jute.
LESSON XXV.
(Leccion vigesima quinta.)
THE TENSES.
The Tenses in Spanish being mostly used as in English, we shall only
call attention to such of the principal differences between the two
languages as have not yet been treated.
=Present--=
The English emphatic Present, "I do say," must be expressed by "Lo digo
en efecto," "lo digo de veras," "lo digo si."
"I do" with a verb understood after, as "Do you understand? I do" is
translated by "Si," "Si, senor," or "Si entiendo."
"Are you an engineer? Yes, I am"; "He is generous with me, and I am with
him"; "He is my surety, and I am his"; must be translated by "Es V.
ingeniero? Si, lo soy"; "Es generoso conmigo y yo lo soy con el"; "El es
mi fiador y yo lo soy suyo."
=Past--=
The English language has one form of Simple Past--I wrote.
In Spanish this is translated by--
Yo escribia (Imperf. Indic.) or
Yo escribi (Past Definite), according to sense.
It is most important to learn the difference between the Imperfect
Indicative and the Past Definite (or Preterite), because these two
tenses admit of no compromise in Spanish.
The =Imperfect Indicative=[146] _describes_ an action or state which was
_present_ when another past action took place, or another past state
existed.
[Footnote 146: Or Descriptive Past.]
The =Past Definite= or =Preterite=[147] _narrates_ an event.[148]
[Footnote 147: Or Narrating Past (this is why it is often called the
Historical Past).]
[Footnote 148: "Napoleon I died in 1821" is an event. "I fell" is
grammatically also an event.]
Consequently, it will be understood that whilst the Past Def. refers to
"one point of time" or "several =separate= points of time," the
Imperfect embraces a whole indefinite period.
The following examples will show clearly the different functions of
these two tenses--
Le escribi una vez (_or_ dos o tres veces) mientras el viajaba en
Argentina: I wrote to him once (or two or three times) whilst he
travelled[149] in Argentina.
[Footnote 149: Travelled--was travelling, but notice that in Spanish we
would also have the progressive form--"estaba viajando."]
Encontre a Luis, quien llevaba levita negra: I met Louis, who wore[150]
a black frock-coat.
[Footnote 150: Wore--was wearing. Here in Spanish the progressive form
"estaba llevando" would not be admissible because there is _no real
progressive action_.]
Hacia grandes negocios cuando residia en Chile: I had a large business
when I resided in Chili.
Los Cartagineses eran un pueblo comercial y emprendedor: The
Carthagenians were a commercial and enterprising people.
El estaba alli cuando yo llegue: He was there when I arrived.