Carguenos en cuenta este renglon: Debit this line to our account.
Abonenle la suma que reclama: Credit him with the amount he claims.
[Footnote 78: By Imperative Mood, we mean Imperative Mood Affirmative.
In Spanish there is no imperative mood negative, its place being taken by
the Present Subjunctive, as--
Hablale tu: Speak to him.
No le hables tu: Do not speak to him.]
If two Conjunctive pronouns meet, contrary to the English general rule,
the pronoun which stands as indirect object precedes the pronoun
standing as direct object,[79] as--
Ellos nos lo garantizan: They guarantee it to us.
If these two pronouns are both in the 3rd person, the indirect object is
changed into =Se=, as--
Nosotros se lo vendimos: We sold it to him.
V. se lo mando (a ella)[80]: You sent it to her.
Nosotros se lo aconsejamos (a ellos)[80]: We gave them that advice.
Yo se lo digo (a V.)[80]: I tell it to you.
[Footnote 79: Combinations of _me_ and _te_ are _very rare_, and then _te_
precedes whether direct or indirect object, the context clearly showing
the meaning. In such cases it is better, however, to use a disjunctive
form, for the indirect object, as--
El te da a mi: He gives thee to me.
El me da a ti: He gives me to thee.]
[Footnote 80: _A el, a ella, a V._, etc., may be added for clearness, when
otherwise ambiguity might occur.]
VOCABULARY.
=administrador=, manager (of a branch house, etc.)
=arancel=, custom-house tariff
=aviso=, advice, notice
=confianza=, trust, confidence
=constantemente=, constantly
=conveniente=, convenient, suitable
=correo=, post, post office
=*dar aviso=, to inform, to give notice to leave
=*dar aviso de despedida=, to give notice of dismissal
=de moda=, fashionable
=devolver=, to give or send back
=efectuar=, to effect
=favorable=, favourable
=fijar=, to fix
=holgazan, haragan=, lazy
=honrar=, to honour
=indicar=, to indicate, to point out
=largo=, long
=noticia, noticias=, news
=*poner en condiciones=, to enable
=por=, _or_ =de, su cuenta=, on his account
=el sobre=, the envelope
=tomar nota=, to take note, to notice
=venta=, sale
EXERCISE 1 (17).
Translate into English--
1. Me aprecia. Te necesita. Le manda. Lo cree. Nos halla. Os busca.
2. Son generos de moda, los vende muy bien.
3. Son buenas plumas, las usamos constantemente.
4. Me escribe que te envia los sobres.
5. Le indica el medio mas conveniente.
6. Nos honra con (with) su confianza.
7. Os fija sus limites.
8. Les da su cotizacion.
9. Creernos.
10. Mandarnos los presupuestos (estimates).
11. Venderles a credito.
12. Dandonos sus instrucciones tan claras, nos pone en condiciones de
servirle a toda su satisfaccion (his entire satisfaction).
13. Digannos Vs. (tell us) la verdad.
14. El me lo escribio.
15. Nosotros te lo mandaremos.
16. El nos lo explico.
17. Yo os lo enviare.
18. Se lo escribiremos a el.
19. Se lo explicaremos a ella.
20. Compraron los generos y se los vendieron a ellos.
21. Vendieron las telas y se las mandaron a ellas.
22. ?Me lo dice V. (do you say) a mi?
23. Si, Senor, se lo digo a V. mismo (I say it to you yourself)
24. Yo mismo lo mande.
25. V. mismo me lo ha escrito.
26. Nosotros mismos no podriamos (could not) hacerlo mejor.
27. El me lo dio (gave) a mi, y yo se lo entregue a el.
28. Su socio es mejor que el, y el es mejor que ella.
EXERCISE 2 (18).
Translate into Spanish--
1. Did you see (vio V.) the new Custom House tariff?
2. Yes, I saw (vi) it.
3. It is more favourable to us than the old.
4. We sent it to the manager of our Liverpool branch (sucursal).
5. We sent it to him yesterday; he will return it to us after he has
read it (despues que lo haya leido).
6. Did you give (dio V.) it (_m._) to me or to him?
7. I gave (di) it to you, not to him.
8. Well (bien)! he says (dice) that he will not give it to me until you
tell him to do so (hasta que V. se lo diga).
9. He took it with him, and we took it with us.
10. I shall take it (_f._) with me.[81]
11. Take it with thee.[81]
12. It is a long letter, but it is necessary to write it to-day.
13. Writing it to-day you are in time (a tiempo) for the post.
14. Mr. So-and-So gave more money to you than to me.
15. We have taken notice of it.
16. Take due notice of the contents (del contenido) of the letter.
17. Give him notice (aviso) of the sales you effected on (por) his
account.
18. There is nothing worthy of notice (no hay nada de particular) in our
market to-day.
19. I gave him notice because he is very lazy.
20. This circumstance (circunstancia) must have escaped your notice
(debe habersele pasado por alto).
21. Do not take any notice of him (no le haga V. caso).
22. I gave notice to my landlord (propietario).
[Footnote 81: See next note.]
LESSON X.
(Leccion decima.)
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
These pronouns are not, of course, used as subject of the verb. They are
used as the object of the verb when this and the subject are the same.
They are the same as the other personal pronouns, as--
Conjunctive form. Disjunctive form.
myself me mi
thyself te ti
EXCEPTION--
3rd person for both genders & numbers:
se si
EXAMPLES--
El se ama: He loves himself.
Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself.
Maria habla siempre de si[82]: Mary is always talking about herself.
Nosotros nos divertimos al mismo tiempo que hacemos negocios: We enjoy
ourselves at the same time as we do business.
Ellos se respetan a si y a otros tambien: They respect themselves and
others too.
_Mismo-a,-os,-as_, may be added to the disjunctive form for emphasis,
as--
Maria habla siempre de si misma: Mary always speaks of herself.
Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself.
Ella se atribuye la culpa a si: She attributes the fault to herself.
(more emphatic).
Ella se atribuye la culpa a si misma: She attributes the fault to
herself (still more emphatic).
[Footnote 82: After _con_ (with) _si_ becomes Sigo; same change with
_mi_ and _ti_: conmigo, contigo, consigo, written in one word.]
The pronoun =Se= with any verb in the 3rd pers. sing. or plural may be
used to form the passive voice, as--
Se ha cerrado el almacen: The warehouse has been closed.
Se han encaminado las reclamaciones a la Compania de Seguros[83]:
The claims have been referred to the Insurance Company.
[ootnote 83: This form is preferable when the "doer" is not mentioned.]
=Se= followed by a verb in the 3rd pers. sing.[84] translates the
English "one," "people," "they" (_indefinite_), as the French "on" and
the German "man," as---
Se dice que habra un alza[85] en el mercado: They say, _or_ it is said,
that there will be a rise in the market.
Se cree que no habra Reforma Arancelaria en Inglaterra: People think,
_or_ it is thought, that there will not be Tariff Reform in England.
En la vejez se goza el fruto de una juventud laboriosa: In old age one
enjoys the fruits of active youth _or_ The fruits of active youth are
enjoyed in old age.
[Footnote 84: Or we can use the 3rd pers. plur. of the verb without the
pronoun.]
[Footnote 85: Or "una alza" (both used).]
As will be seen, this is really a form of the passive voice rendered by
"se," as "se goza" instead of "es gozado." But there are more typical
examples, as--
Los generos se han fabricado en Irlanda y se los ha (_not_ han) plegado
como lienzos irlandeses: The goods were made in Ireland and they folded
them as Irish Linens.
A Conjunctive Reflexive Pronoun, whether direct or indirect object,
always precedes any other conjunctive pronoun, as---
Yo me lo reservo: I reserve it for myself.
Nosotros nos lo guardamos: We keep it for ourselves.
Se me dice: It is said to me (it says itself to me).
Se les venden las telas: The cloths are sold to them.
Nosotros nos le confiamos: We entrust ourselves to him.
Vosotros os les empenasteis en L1,000: You pledged yourselves to them
for L1,000.
_Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense_.[86]
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Que yo hablase (that |Temiese (that I |Partiese (that I might,|
| I might, should or | might, should, or | should or would |
| would speak, etc.) | would fear, etc.) | depart, etc.) |
| " tu hablases |Temieses |Partieses |
| " el hablase |Temiese |Partiese |
| " nosotros hablasemos|Temiesemos |Partiesemos |
| " vosotros hablaseis |Temieseis |Partieseis |
| " ellos hablasen |Temiesen |Partiesen |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
[Footnote 86: This tense is formed from the Past Def. by changing the
termination _ron_ of the 3rd pers. pl. into _se, ses, se, semos, seis
sen_, in all the three conjugations.]
VOCABULARY.
=en la actualidad, al momento=, at present
=a menudo=, often
=acostumbrarse=, to accustom oneself
=admitir=, to acknowledge
=aparecer=, to appear
=aplicarse=, to apply oneself
=ayuda=, help
=boletin=, form, slip, price list
=caucho seco=, dry rubber
=cebada y avena=, barley and oats
=cifras=, figures
=la compra=, the purchase
=*contar (con)=, to count, to rely on
=la costumbre=, custom
=cualquiera=, any (_affirm._)
=cuidadosamente=, carefully
=declararse en quiebra=, to file one's petition in bankruptcy
=dedicarse=, to devote oneself
=dirigirse=, to address oneself
=escribirse=, to write to each other, to one another
=escuchar=, to listen to
=exacto=, exact, accurate
=firmeza=, firmness
=industria azucarera=, sugar industry
=los informes=, information
=lisonjearse=, to flatter oneself
=llamarse=, to be called
=el montaje=, the erection of machinery, etc.
=*moverse=, to be moved, driven (machinery)
=operadores=, dealers (on 'Change)
=partida=, lot (of goods)
=perfeccionar=, to perfect, improve (machinery)
=*reconocer=, to acknowledge
=recursos=, means
= respetar=, to respect
=seccion=, section
=tacharse=, to censure, to blame, oneself
=tejidos=, textiles, cloths
=ultimamente=, lately
=unicamente=, solely, only
EXERCISE 1 (19).
Translate into English--
1. Nos dirigimos a Vs. por informes sobre la casa cuyo (whose) nombre
aparece en el boletin adjunto.
2. Se aplicaron a la industria azucarera y consiguieron buenos
resultados.
3. Me he acostumbrado a este trabajo.
4. Te has dedicado al comercio.
5. Tiene mucha opinion de si (mismo).
6. Cuenta (he relies) consigo unicamente.
7. Se debe pensar a si y tambien a los otros.
8. Estos tejidos se llaman "uniones."
9. Las dos casas se escriben[87] en frances.
10. Estos tornos y estas sierras mecanicas (these lathes and sawing
machines) se mueven por motor electrico.
11. Se los ha perfeccionado mucho ultimamente.
12. ?Se envian las maquinas en secciones?
13. Si, Senor, y se las marca cuidadosamente para facilitar el montaje.
14. Se dice que llegaron grandes partidas de Cebada y Avena, ?piensa V.
que influiran en los precios?
15. Asi se cree.
16. Entonces resultara (or resultara pues) alguna ventaja para los
consumidores (consumers).
17. No puedo tacharme de imprevidencia (want of foresight) por no
haberme abastecido (supplied, stocked) a tiempo, pues (because) carecia
de los recursos necesarios para hacerlo (to do so).
[Footnote 87: Reflexive Pronouns in the plural are also Reciprocal.]
EXERCISE 2 (20).
Translate into Spanish--
1. I flatter myself that you will be pleased with (le gustaran) my
purchases seeing (visto) the firmness of prices at present.
2. We consider ourselves lucky (dichosos de) not to have listened to
their advice (consejo).
3. He is always speaking of himself and of his business.
4. He found himself a loser (a perder).
5. They declared themselves bankrupts (they filed their petition in
bankruptcy).
6. They wrote to each other often.
7. He respects himself.
8. He himself respects old customs.
9. We acknowledge we are wrong.
10. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (acusamos recibo de).
11. We shall gratefully acknowledge (agradeceremos infinito) any help
you may render (preste) to our friend.
12. We hope you will be very accurate in your figures.
13. The output (producto) for the first two months of the current year
was 18,668 lbs. dry rubber.
14. The bill market (los cambios) was very firm to-day but there was
little doing (poco se hizo).
15. Dealers were reluctant (se mostraron contrarios) to do business in
the securities.
16. Rubber shares were lifeless (muy desanimadas), but prices were
maintained (se mantuvieron).
LESSON XI.
(Leccion decima primera.)
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
A Possessive Adjective _accompanies a noun_; a Possessive pronoun
_stands for a noun_.
The =Possessive Adjectives= are--
+-------------------------+----------------------------+
|Mi (_m._ & _f., sing._) |my |
|Mis (_m._ & _f., plu._) |my |
|Tu (_m._ & _f., sing._) |thy |
|Tus (_m._ & _f., plu._) |thy |
|Su (_m._ & _f., sing._) |his, her, its, one's, their,|
| | your, (_polite_) |
|Sus (_m._ & _f., plu._) |his, her, its, one's, their,|
| | your, (_polite_) |
|Nuestro-a, os-a |our |
|Vuestro-a, os-as |your (_familiar_) |
+-------------------------+----------------------------+
EXAMPLES--
Mi embarque: My shipment.
Nuestro arreglo: Our arrangement.
Su sinceridad: His, her, or their sincerity.
Tu beneficio: Thy benefit.
Sus fondos: His funds, capital.
_De el, de ella, de ellos, de V._, etc., may be added for the sake of
clearness, but are not needed when the sense is clear without them.[88]
In the 3rd person (but not in the 1st and 2nd) instead of "su ... de
el," "su ... de V.," etc., we may say "el ... de el," "el ... de V.,"
etc.
[Footnote 88: "De V." is added also for politeness ("V." being a title in
itself--your grace).]
The =Possessive Pronouns= are--
El mio, la mia, los mios, las mias (mine).
El tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (thine).
El suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (his, hers, theirs, yours,
_polite_).
El nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras (ours).
El vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras (yours _familiar_).
The Possessive Pronoun must be preceded by the definite article except
when it follows the verb "to be" ("Ser") and ownership is asserted.
EXAMPLES--
Su casa es mas importante que la mia: His firm is more important than
mine.
V. ha acabado su trabajo, pero yo no he principiado el mio: You have
finished your work, but I have not started mine.
Estos titulos y acciones son mios: These bonds and shares are mine
(viz., belong to me).[89]
[Footnote 89: If the intention is only _to distinguish_ between one
object and another the article is maintained; as, Estas son mis acciones,
_aquellas_ son las de V. (these are my shares, _those_ are yours).]
=Possessive Adjectives Emphatic=. If any emphasis is placed on the
possessive adjectives, the forms of the possessive pronouns are used,
_following the noun_, as--
Quiero la maleta mia y no la de su amigo: I want _my_ portmanteau, not
your friend's.
"A friend of mine," "a customer of yours" will be translated "un amigo
de los mios," "un cliente de los suyos," or also "un amigo mio," "un
cliente suyo," without the preposition _de_.
The Possessive Pronoun preceded by the neuter article =lo= denotes
"property in general," as--
Lo mio (mine--that which is mine).
Lo nuestro (ours--that which belongs to us).
Lo suyo _or_ lo propio (one's own property).
Lo ajeno (other people's property (that which belongs to others)).
In addressing a person translate "my," etc., by "mio," etc., as--
Amigo mio: My friend.
Muy Senor mio (usual introduction to a Spanish letter).
But if the noun is qualified by an adjective, both "mi" and "mio" are
used ("mi" is more general), as Mi querido amigo (my dear friend).
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| _Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd Form)_.[90] |
+------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| Hablar. | Temer. | Partir. |
+------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| Que yo hablara |Temiera |Partiera Partieras |
| " tu hablaras |Temieras |Partiera |
| " el hablara |Temiera |Partieramos |
| " nosotros hablaramos|Temieramos |Partierais |
| " vosotros hablarais |Temierais |Partieran |
| " ellos-as hablaran |Temieran | |
+------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
[Footnote 90: Used just the same as the 1st form; but it may also be
used instead of the Conditional Mood.]
+-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| _Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense_.[91] |
+-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
|Que yo hablare (that I |Temiere (that I |Partiere (that I |
| shall speak, etc.) | shall fear, etc.)| shall depart, etc.)|
| " tu hablares |Temieres |Partieres |
| " el hablare |Temiere |Partiere |
| " nosotros hablaremos|Temieremos |Partieremos |
| " vosotros hablareis |Temiereis |Partiereis |
| " ellos-as hablaren |Temieren |Partieren |
+-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
[Footnote 91: Refers to a future doubtful action; little used. Its place
is generally supplied by the Present Subjunctive, and, after _si_ (if),
by the Present Indicative.]
VOCABULARY.
=*atenerse a= to adhere to
=*adherir a= to adhere to
=ajustar=, to adjust
=apresurarse a=, to hasten to.
=asegurar=, to secure
=averia=, average (damage by sea-water, etc.)
=buque=, ship
=buque de vapor=, steamer
=buque de vela=, sailing vessel
=cabida=, room, space
=codiciar=, to covet
=deber=, to owe, must
=debido a=, owing to
=direccion=, address
=encaminar=, to forward
=hierro=, iron
=mensual=, monthly
=mercado de granos=, grain market
=muestra=, sample
=peticion=, request
=pormenores, detalles=, particulars, details
=por tanto=, =por eso=, therefore
=proporcionado=, =adecuado=, adequate
=puerto=, port
=relacion=, report
=representante=, representative
=resto, restante=, remainder
=resultado=, result
=riesgo=, risk
(=a= _or_ =por) saldo=, (in) settlement
=satisfecho=, satisfied
=siguiente=, following
=someter=, to submit
=(la) sucursal=, branch house
=surtido=, assortment, selection
=vigas=, beams
EXERCISE 1 (21).
Translate into English--
1. Su representante de V. me ha sometido sus (his) muestras y dentro de
pocos dias hare un surtido.
2. En seno (herewith) les enviamos nuestro precio corriente.
3. Sirvase V. consignar los generos a la orden mia y no a la (orden) del
Sr. Fulano, como lo hacia V. antes.
4. Su casa y la mia estan ambas (both) interesadas en esta especulacion.
5. Les embarcaremos sus vigas de hierro por el proximo vapor y las
(vigas) de su sucursal de Rosario con el buque siguiente.
6. Nuestro buque de vela el "Neron" saldra (will leave) en breve
(shortly).
7. Queremos lo nuestro pero no codiciamos lo ajeno.
8. Nuestro catalogo contiene todos los pormenores necesarios.
9. Debemos su nombre de V. al Sr. Fulano.
10. Nos tomamos la libertad de solicitar sus apreciables ordenes.
11. A nuestro parecer (in our opinion) su clientela de V. es mejor que
la suya de el.
EXERCISE 2 (22).
Translate into Spanish--
1. We beg (tenemos el gusto de) to inform you that your order has been
placed at your prices owing to the fall experienced (que tuvimos) in our
market.
2. In our monthly report, which we beg to enclose, we have stated
(consignado) the present position of our grain market.
3. Please forward the enclosed letters to their address.
4. Our risk would be great and therefore we must adhere to our request
of an adequate commission.
5. The average having been adjusted we now hasten to enclose our cheque
for L59 16s. 9d. in settlement of your claim as per statement enclosed.
6. Trusting (en la confianza que) you will be satisfied with (con _or_
de) this result, we are, yours faithfully (somos de Vs. attos. y
S.S.Q.B.S.M.[92]).
7. We have secured room for the remainder of your machinery in the
steamer leaving (que saldra de) our port on the 10th prox.
[Footnote 92: Atentos y seguros servidores (que besan sus manos). The
words in brackets are not used in South America and some Spanish firms
also omit them. Instead of q.b.s.m., Spaniards have lately adopted:
q.e.s.m. (que _estrechan_ sus manos).]
LESSON XII.
(Leccion decima segunda.)
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
A demonstrative adjective _accompanies_ a noun and a demonstrative
pronoun _stands for_ a noun.
The =Demonstrative Adjectives= are--
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
|Este, esta (this). |Estos, estas[93] (these). |
|Ese, esa (that). |Esos, esas_[93]_ (those--near to the |
| | person addressed). |
|Aquel, aquella (that).|Aquellos, aquellas (those--removed |
| | from both speaker and addressee). |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
[Footnote 93: Sometimes "estotro," "estotra," "esotro," "esotra," but
these and other forms are obsolete.]
The difference between _Ese_ and _Aquel_ is not strictly observed.
However, in cases like "this box," "that table," "that cupboard yonder,"
use _ese_ for the nearer of the two removed from the speaker: "Esta
caja," "esa mesa," "aquel armario."
The =Demonstrative Pronouns= are the same as the above, with the
addition of--
Neuter form Esto, eso, aquello[94] (this, that). This has no plural and
is used--
1. In reference to a whole sentence, as--
El mercado del algodon esta muy abatido; esto me desanima: The cotton
market is very flat; this disconcerts me.
2. In reference to something pointed at, without referring to what the
thing is,[95] as--
?Que es eso? What is that? (thing there, whatever it may be.)
_Este, ese, aquel_, etc., are accented when a stress is placed on them;
_Este_ is also used for "the latter" and _Aquel_ for "the former."[96]
Instead of _ese_, etc., _aquel_, etc., before _que_ and _de_, the
definite article is generally used, as--
El aumento de precio de hoy y el[97] que tuvimos ayer: The increase in
price to-day and that we had yesterday.
La remesa anterior y la que haremos hoy: The previous shipment and that
we are sending to-day.
El flete del aceite y el de los vinos: The freight on oil, and that on
wine.
Mis documentos y los de mi jefe: My documents and those of my chief
(employer).
Lo que (instead of "aquello que") escribo es la pura verdad: That which
(what) I write is the honest truth.
[Footnote 94: "Eso" and "aquello" are used practically
indiscriminately.]
[Footnote 95: French "ceci," "cela."]
[Footnote 96: Esto es--namely, that is ...]
[Footnote 97: It might appear to be an abbreviation of "aquel," but it
is not] so.
A preposition may precede _que_, as--
?Que libro es ese? Es el en que escribimos ayer: What book is that? It
is that in which we wrote yesterday.
?Que carta quiere V.? La a que me referi ayer: What letter do you want?
That to which I referred yesterday.
?Que plumas son estas? Son las con que yo escribia: What pens are these?
They are those with which I wrote.
_Esta_ translates the commercial phrase, "our place," "our market."
_Esa_ translates the commercial phrase, "your place," "your market."
As--
El mercado en esta esta muy flojo: The market here is very slack.
Nos dicen los armadores que el cargamento llegara a esa el 15 del mes
entrante: The shipowners inform us that the cargo will reach your town
on the 15th prox.
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| _Subjunctive Mood, Present Tense_. |
+-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| =Haber=. | =Tener=. | =Ser=. | =Estar=. |
+-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+
|Que yo haya (that I|Tenga (that I |Sea (that I |Este (that I |
| may have, etc.) | may have, etc.)| may be, etc.)| may be, etc.)|
| " tu hayas |Tengas |Seas |Estes |
| " el haya |Tenga |Sea |Este |
| " nosotros |Tengamos |Seamos |Estemos |
| hayamos | | | |
| " vosotros |Tengais |Seais |Esteis |
| hayais | | | |
| " ellos hayan |Tengan |Sean |Esten |
+-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+
VOCABULARY.