etc., to avoid ambiguity, as--
Doscientos mil soldados (200,000 soldiers).
Doscientas y un mil millas (201,000 miles).
"One million inhabitants" is translated by Un millon _de_ habitantes.
(_Note_.--The _de_ cannot be omitted.)
In the case of more than one million the word "millon" must be
plural--millones, as--
Cien millones de hombres (one hundred million men).
As will have been observed, besides "uno," "doscientos," "trescientos,"
etc., change the _os_ into =as= for the feminine.
_Future Tense, Indicative Mood._
+-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+
|Haber.[54] |Tener.[54] |Ser.[55] | Estar. |
|Habre (I shall |Tendre (I shall |Sere (I shall | Estare (I shall|
|have, etc., |have, etc., |be, etc.) | be, etc.) |
|auxiliary, to |denoting |(See foot-note,| (See foot-note,|
|be used with |possession) |Lesson IV.) | Lesson IV.) |
|past participles)| | | |
|Habras |Tendras |Seras | Estaras |
|Habra |Tendra |Sera | Estara |
|Habremos |Tendremos |Seremos | Estaremos |
|Habreis |Tendreis |Sereis | Estareis |
|Habran |Tendran |Seran | Estaran |
+-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+
_Conditional Mood._
+-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+
|Habria (I |Tendria (I |Seria | Estaria |
|(I should have, | (I should have,| (I should be) | (I should be) |
| etc.) | etc.) | | |
|Habrias |Tendrias |Serias | Estarias |
|Habria |Tendria |Seria | Estaria |
|Habriamos |Tendriamos |Seriamos | Estariamos |
|Habriais |Tendriais |Seriais | Estariais |
|Habrian |Tendrian |Serian | Estarian |
+-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+
[Footnote 54: The Future Indic. and the Cond. mood of "Haber" and
"Tener" are formed irregularly from the Infinitive mood, the _e_ after
the root _Hab_ being dropped, and after the root _Ten_ being changed
to d.]
[Footnote 55: For reference only--
_Ser_ (and not _Estar_) must be used:
(1) Before nouns; (3) When denoting possession;
(2) When used impersonally; (4) Before Feliz, Infeliz, Rico,
Pobre.]
VOCABULARY.
=acabar de=,[56] to have just
=almacen=, warehouse
=aprender=, to learn
=ayudar=, to help
=banar=, to wet, to bathe, to water
=bicicleta=, bicycle
=certisimo=, most certain
=discipulo=, pupil
=disfrutar=, to enjoy
=el es, ella es=,[57] it is
=ello= (_neuter_),[57] it
=este= (_m._), =esta= (_f._), this
=esto= (_neuter_),[58] this
=estos= (_m._), =estas= (_f._), these
=la fecha=, the date
=la gente=, the people
=hermosamente=, beautifully
=importancia=, importance
=La India=, India
=libre=, free
=maestro=, master, teacher
=la mayor parte=, most, the majority
=el mes=, the month
=mismo=, same
=novisimo=, brand new
=otro=, other, another
=el Sena=,[59] River Seine
=el Tajo=, River Tagus
=el Tamesis=, River Thames
=tambien=, also, too
=tienda=, shop
=ventaja=, advantage
[Footnote 56: Followed by the verb in the infinitive mood, as Acabar de
escribir (to have just written).]
[Footnote 57: "It" (subject) is most generally left understood, as "It
is useful" (El, ella, _or_ ello) es util.]
[Footnote 58: Referring to a whole statement, as Esto _or_ ello es
justo. This or it (what you have just said) is right.]
[Footnote 59: Names of rivers are masculine because the word "rio"
(river) is understood.]
EXERCISE 1 (11).
Translate into English--
1. La India es una posesion inglesa de grande importancia.
2. El Sena es un rio de Francia[60] y el Tamesis es un rio de
Inglaterra.
3. Toledo, ciudad interesantisima de Espana banada por el Tajo.
4. La mayor parte de estos Espanoles comen en esta fonda.
5. Este ano las tiendas estan hermosamente decoradas.
6. Es certisimo que los almacenes y las tiendas de esta calle disfrutan
de grandes ventajas.
7. ?De quien es esta regla? Es mia.
8. ?En que fecha escribio V. la carta?
9. La escribi (I wrote it) ayer.
10. Juan acaba de comprar una bicicleta novisima.
11. Yo acabo de comprar cepillos de dientes y de cabello.
12. La criada compro esta manana una escoba.
13. Necesitamos comprar manteca pero no la compramos porque no queremos
gastar dinero.
14. La mayor parte de la gente no quiere gastarlo (to spend it).
15. ?Es bueno este vino?
16. Es muy bueno y tambien no es caro.
[Footnote 60: Names of countries should not take the article (the rule
is not very strict, however). EXCEPTIONS: La India, El Peru, El Japon
(Japan).]
EXERCISE 2 (12).
Translate into Spanish--
1. Foreigners in England enjoy many advantages.
2. Yes, because England is a free country.
3. Englishmen also enjoy the same advantages in other free countries.
4. Does the teacher help his pupils?
5. He does (Si, Senor), but the pupils must study and learn their
lessons well and work diligently (diligentemente).[61]
6. This morning I was writing a letter when my sister spoke of the
bicycle (which [62]) she wants to buy.
7. Did you sell the muslins and prints (which) you bought last year (el
ano pasado)?
8. The merchant has drawn a bill at three months' date for (por) the
velvets (which [62]) he sold to the Spanish customer.
9. Little and good is better than much and bad.
10. John is a partner in that firm (casa).
11. It is necessary to work.
12. This is George's beautiful garden.
13. It is a large garden with many flowers, roses, carnations, violets
and other plants (plantas).
14. Who is here?
15. Charles and Henry are here.
[Footnote 61: To form an adverb from an adjective add _mente_ as you add
"ly" in English. If the adjective changes for the feminine add _mente_
to the feminine form, as rico (_m._), rica (_f._)--ricamente (richly).]
[Footnote 62: Cannot be left understood in Spanish.]
LESSON VII.
(Leccion septima.)
ORDINAL NUMBERS AND FRACTIONS.
+-------------------------------+-----------------------------+
|Primero[63] 1st |Decimo sexto, etc. 16th|
|Segundo 2nd |Vigesimo 20th|
|Tercero 3rd |Trigesimo 30th|
|Cuarto 4th |Cuadragesimo 40th|
|Quinto 5th |Quincuagesimo 50th|
|Sexto 6th |Sexagesimo 60th|
|Septimo (Setimo) 7th |Septuagesimo 70th|
|Octavo 8th |Octogesimo 80th|
|Noveno (Nono) 9th |Nonagesimo 90th|
|Decimo 10th |Centesimo 100th|
|Decimo primero, Decimo |Ducentesimo 200th|
| primo, Undecimo, |Tricentesimo 300th|
| Onceno 11th |Cuadrigentesimo 400th|
|Decimo segundo, duodecimo, |Quingentesimo 500th|
| Doceno 12th |Sexcentesimo 600th|
|Decimo tercero, decimo |Septingentesimo 700th|
| tercio, Treceno 13th |Octingentesimo 800th|
|Decimo cuarto, |Novingentesimo 900th|
| catorceno 14th |Milesimo 1,000th|
|Decimo quinto, |Millonesimo 1,000,000th|
| quinceno 15th |Postrero, ultimo Last|
+-------------------------------+-----------------+-----------+
[Footnote 63: Ordinal adjectives agree in gender and number with the
noun they accompany or for which they stand. Final _o_ changes into _a_
for the feminine, and the plural is formed by adding _s_.]
"Primero," "tercero," and "Postrero" drop the =O= before a masculine
noun singular,[64] as--
El primer pedido: The first order.
El tercer lote: The third lot.
El postrer envio: The last shipment.
But--
La primera entrega (_fem._): The first delivery.
[Footnote 64: Eight words in all present this peculiarity, viz., uno,
alguno, ninguno, bueno, malo, primero, tercero, postrero (these last
two not always).]
After "vigesimo" ordinal numbers are generally substituted by cardinal
numbers, as--
La pagina veintidos: Page 22nd.
Dates are expressed by cardinal numbers instead of ordinal, as--
Madrid, 20 (de) Agosto (de) 1911: Madrid, 20th of August, 1911.
EXCEPTION: El primero, as--
El 1 deg. (primero) de Septiembre (1st September).
Numbers following names of kings, etc., are ordinal up to the tenth;
then generally cardinal, as--
Felipe II. (segundo): Philip II.
Alfonso XIII. (trece): Alphonso XIII.
Fractional numbers up to 1/10th are the same as ordinal numbers,
except--
(Un) medio: one half.
Un tercio (_not_ tercero): one-third.
From 1/11th upwards, fractions are formed from cardinal numbers adding
to them the termination =avo=, as--
Un dieciseisavo[65]: 1/16.
_Un_ need not be used before the fractions 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4, preceded by
an integer, as--
Uno y cuarto: One and a quarter.
Cuatro y tercio: Four and a third.
La mitad: The half.
La tercera parte: The 3rd part.
La cuarta parte: The 4th part.
La duodecima parte: The 12th part.
[Footnote 65: If the cardinal number ends in a vowel, this is elided, as
veinte--un veintavo (1/20th). If it ends in _ce_ the _c_ is changed into
_z_ as, doce--un dozavo (1/12th).]
Collective Numbers.
Un par: A pair. Una treintena: A set of 30.[66]
Una decena (half a score).[66] Una centena: A set of 100.[66]
Una docena (a dozen).[66] Un centenar: A set of 100.[66]
Una veintena: A score.[66] Un ciento: A set of 100.[66]
Un millar: A set of 1,000.[66]
[Footnote 66: Also the number approximately, as: Una treintena de
libros: (about 30 books).]
_Subjunctive Mood,[67] Present Tense_.
+---------------------+--------------------+----------------------+
| =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. |
+---------------------+--------------------+----------------------+
|Que yo hable (That I |Que tema (that I may|Que parta (that I may |
| may or shall | or shall fear).| or shall depart).|
| speak). | | |
| " tu hables | " temas | " partas |
| " el hable | " tema | " parta |
| " nosotros hablemos| " temamos | " partamos |
| " vosotros hableis | " temais | " partais |
| " ellos hablen | " teman | " partan |
+---------------------+--------------------+----------------------+
[Footnote 67: This tense is formed from the first person singular of the
present indicative by changing the last vowel into =e= for the 1st
conjugation and into =a= for the 2nd and 3rd conjugations. These remain
the ruling vowels throughout the tense.
N.B.--The Subjunctive Mood occurs only in dependent sentences when the
action is not expressed in a positive manner but is doubtful or merely
contingent.]
VOCABULARY.
=actual=, present
=al por mayor, por menor=, wholesale, retail
=arroz=, rice
=articulo=, article
=asociacion de obreros=, trade union
=blanquear=, to bleach
=ya caigo=, I understand, I see
=colocar=, to place
=*conseguir=, to get
=consignacion=, consignment
=contenido=, contents
=decadencia=, decadence
=delegado=, delegate
=demasiado=, too, too much
=dificil=, difficult
=driles labrados=, figured drills
=driles lisos=, plain drills
=entrar a reinar=, to begin to reign
=escoger, *elegir=, to choose, to select
=extrano=, strange, queer, funny
=el germen=, the germ
=grueso=, thick, stout
=hallar=, to find
=ilustrado=, enlightened
=incluyendo=, enclosing
=limitar=, to limit
=mientrastanto=, meanwhile
=*obtener=, to get
=peso=, weight
=poder=, power
=podriamos=, we should be able to, might, could
=proximo=, next
=rebaja=, abatement
=rebajar, *reducir=, reduce, to abate
=reduccion=, abatement, reduction
=reunion=, meeting
=*salir=, to come, to go, out
=*salir en=, to come to
=solo= (_adj._), alone
=solo, solamente= (_adv._), only
=sujeto a=, subject to
=sumar=, to add
=tocino=, bacon
=tomar=, to take
=varios=, several
=verificarse=, to take place[68]
=*verse obligado a=, to be compelled to[69]
[Footnote 68: Lit.: _to verify itself_.]
[Footnote 69: Lit.: _to see oneself obliged_.]
EXERCISE 1 (13).
Translate into English--
1. ?Cual envio han recibido Vs.?
2. Nos han llegado el primero y el cuarto, pero el tercer lote no ha
llegado todavia.
3. El postrer hombre a entrar en la reunion fue el delegado de la
asociacion de obreros.
4. ?(A) cuanto por libra cuesta este tocino?
5. Al por menor sale en seis peniques y cuarto, pero al por mayor
podriamos darlo a cinco y tercio o talvez un poquito menos, digamos
(say) cinco y cinco dieciseisavos.
6. ?Puede V. sumar tres dozavos y siete quinzavos?
7. Si, Senor, esto hace ciento veintinueve cientiochentavos.
8. iQue fraccion tan extrana!
9. Lo es en efecto pero se da (it is given)[70] solo por ejemplo.
10. iAh, ya caigo!
11. Felipe II entro a reinar en 1556. Ningun soberano (sovereign) de
Europa podia competir en poder y en Estados con el, pero ya desde ese
tiempo se observan (are observed)[70] los germenes de la decadencia que
se verifico despues.
12. Alfonso XIII actual rey de Espana es un monarca ilustrado y
constitucional.
13. La nueva Espana espera mucho de el.
14. El primero y el quince de cada (each) mes, la Compania efectua
(effects) sus pagos.
15. Hoy estamos a (to-day is) cinco de Junio de 1911.
[Footnote 70: The verb with SE is _reflexive_ or _passive_: se da, _it
gives itself_ or _it is given_; se observan, _they observe themselves_
or _are observed_.]
EXERCISE 2 (14).
Translate into Spanish--
1. I shall be compelled (me vere obligado a) to abandon this
undertaking. It is too difficult.
2. We received a consignment of rice, but the price demanded (pedido),
2-15/16d. a lb., is too dear; we shall never be able (nunca podremos) to
get it; a better quality (calidad), whiter and stouter, was placed at
2-29/32d. but (solo) a few days ago (hace algunos dias).
3. If you cannot sell your plain and figured drills at the figures
quoted it will be necessary to abate the price.
4. I shall accept those bleached linens subject to an abatement of 5 per
cent.
5. We shall consult our partners; meanwhile let us leave (dejemos)[71]
the matter in abeyance (en suspenso).
6. He has chosen several designs (disenos, dibujos) for his lot of
prints, but he finds that three of them are wrong (estan equivocados).
7. Some firms always give wrong (falsos, inexactos) weights in their
declarations.
8. He ordered the wrong article (un ... por otro).
9. You are wrong (V. se equivoca), it is the right (justo, exacto)
article.
10. This cloth is finished on the wrong side (al reves).
11. We received your favour (su atenta) of 10th instant (del corriente),
enclosing copy of your previous letter 1st ult. (p deg., p deg..) and have taken
note of its contents.
12. By next mail (mala) we shall send you all the details required (que
Vs. necesitan).
[Footnote 71: The Imperative Mood is like the Pres. Subj., except in the
2nd Person.]
LESSON VIII.
(Leccion octava.)
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
We shall divide the Personal Pronouns into Subject Pronouns and Object
Pronouns.[72]
[Footnote 72: Grammarians often give the names--
Nominative case for the Subject pronouns
Accusative " " " Direct object pronouns
Dative " " " Indirect object pronouns]
+----------------------------------------------------+
| Subject Pronouns. |
+--------------------------+-------------------------+
|Yo (I) |Nosotros,-as (we) |
|Tu (thou) |Vosotros,-as (you) |
|El (he, or it, _m._) |Ellos,-as (they) |
|Ella (she, or it, _f._) |Ello (_neuter_), |
| |(it, referring to a |
| | whole statement) |
+--------------------------+-------------------------+
Instead of "Tu" or "Vosotros,-as," =V=. and =Vs=. are used in general
conversation as already stated (the verb following in the 3rd person).
N.B.--These pronouns are left understood when no emphasis is required or
where no ambiguity is possible, as--
(Yo) compro las telas: I buy the cloths.
(El) gira las letras y firma las cartas: He draws the bills and signs
the letters.
(Ella) ha tenido una entrevista con su abogado: She has had an interview
with her barrister, lawyer or solicitor.
But--
Yo he comprado la partida de ferreteria y quincalla y no V.: _I_ have
bought the lot of ironware and small ware and not _you_.
=Object Pronouns=.
These are divided into two classes--1. =Disjunctive=, viz., following a
preposition--
Mi (me) Nosotros-as (us)
Ti (thee) Vosotros-as (you)
El (him, it, _m._) Ellos-as (them)
Ella (her, it, _f._) Ello (_neuter_) (it, referring
to a whole statement)
V. (you, sing.) Vs. (you, pl.)
EXAMPLES--
Ellos hablan de mi: They speak of me.
Nosotros trabajamos para el: We work for him.
Ella confia en ti, en V.: She trusts thee, you.
V. se declara contra ellos: You declare against them.
2. =Conjunctive=, viz., _direct_ or _indirect object_ of verb (without a
preposition).
El me[73] ama (he loves me) El nos ama (he loves us)
El te ama (he loves thee) El os ama (he loves you)
El lo _or_ le ama (he loves El los ama (he loves them,
him, it, _m._) _m._)
El la ama (he loves her, El las ama (he loves them,
or it, _f._) _f._)
[Footnote 73: N.B.--In the conjunctive form the 1st and 2nd persons are
the same for both direct and indirect objects, but the 3rd pers.
differs.]
EXAMPLES of _Indirect Object_--
El me da he gives me (to me)
El te da he gives thee (to thee)
El le da he gives him (to him), her (to her), it (to it)
El nos da he gives us (to us)
El os da he gives you (to you)
El les da he gives them (to them, _m._ and _f._)
The direct and indirect object of verb may also be rendered by the
pronoun in the Disjunctive form preceded by =a=, as--
a mi me _or_ to me direct and indirect object
a ti thee _or_ to thee " " " "
a el him _or_ to him, " " " "
it _(m.) or_ " " " "
to it _(m.)_ " " " "
a ella her _or_ to her, " " " "
it _(f.) or_ " " " "
to it _(f.)_ " " " "
a nosotros-as us _or_ to us " " " "
a vosotros-as you _or_ to you " " " "
a ellos them _or_ " " " "
to them _(m.)_ " " " "
a ellas them _or_ " " " "
to them _(f.)_ " " " "
We have then a double form for the pronouns used as direct and indirect
object of verb--one Conjunctive, the other Disjunctive.
The =Conjunctive= form is that in general use.
The =Disjunctive= form is employed when emphasis or distinctness is
required. It is seldom used alone,[74] Spaniards preferring to use it as
a repetition after having used the Conjunctive form, as--
El me ama a mi: He loves _me_.
El nos vende a nosotros generos estampados y a V.
generos de fantasia: He sells to _us_ printed cloth and to _you_
fancies.
Yo le quiero ver a el y no a ella: I wish to see _him_ and
not _her_.
Dele V. el dinero a el y los libros a ella.
Give _him_ the money and _her_ the books.
De V. el dinero a el y los libros a ella.
Give _him_ the money and _her_ the books.
[Footnote 74: In sentences like "Le pagaran mas que a mi" (they will pay
_him_ more than _me_), "me pagaran" is understood after _que_.]
VOCABULARY.
=acero=, steel
=antes=, before--in point of time
=asunto= (_not_ =sujeto=), the subject-matter
=Bolsa=, the Exchange
=calcular=, to calculate
=celebrarse=, to be celebrated, to take place
=compania anonima=, limited company
=*concebir=, to conceive
=conjuncion=, conjunction
=desfavorable=, unfavourable
=donde=, where
=emision=, issue, of loans, etc.
=emplearse=, to be employed, to be used
=espalda=, shoulder (back)
=explicar= to explain
=explanar= to explain
=falta de aceptacion=, non-acceptance
=falta de pago=, non-payment
=la frase=, the phrase, sentence
=ganancias y perdidas=, profits and losses
=el gerente=, the manager
=*gobernar=, to govern
=*haber=, there to be[75]
=hay=, there is[75]
=hay=, there are
=el hecho=, the fact
=la ley=, the law
=llamar=, to call
=mas adelante=, later on
=la mente=, the mind
=los negocios=, the business
=Pascua=, Easter
=posicion=, position
=proyecto=, scheme, plan
=pues, entonces=, then
=regresar=, to come or go back
=*saber=, to know
=la semana pasada=, last week
=sirvase V=., please
=tenga la bondad de=, please
=tratar=, to try
=*valer=, to be worth
=valor=, courage
=*volver=, to turn, to go back, to turn back
[Footnote 75: As an impersonal verb, "haber" makes "hay" instead of "ha"
in the Pres. Indicative.]
EXERCISE 1 (15).
Translate into English--
1. ?Usamos nunca el modo subjuntivo en una frase principal?
2. No, Senor, aunque hay quien lo diga (some who say so).
3. ?Donde lo empleamos pues?
4. En frases dependientes de ciertos verbos y conjunciones.
5. ?Y como sabemos que despues de estos se debe emplear el verbo (must
be used) en subjuntivo?
6. Porque entonces la accion del verbo es representada[76] solo como
concebida en la mente y no se habla de ella como de un hecho.
7. ?Nos explicara V. esta regla otra vez mas adelante?
8. Si. No hago mas que introducir (I only introduce) el asunto.
9. Tan pronto como (as soon as) volvemos la espalda, nuestros negocios
principian a sufrir.
10. Un caballero no hace nunca nada en espalda de otro, sino que (but)
habla claro, y tiene el valor de sus opiniones.
11. ?Cuando regresara el gerente del Banco?
12. Estara de vuelta (he will be back) hoy en quince.
13. Debe asistir a (attend) la reunion de Directores que se celebrara en
Londres a primeros del mes que viene (at the beginning of next month).
14. El mercado de Coloniales (Colonial produce) carece de (lacks)
animacion.
15. Carecemos de noticias del vapor en que van los granos (carrying the
grain).
16. ?Como han salido Vs. de aquella especulacion en las minas de cobre
(copper mines)?
17. Hemos salido muy mal, la relacion semestral (half-yearly report) de
la compania hace constar (shows) una situacion muy desfavorable y no
habra dividendo este ano.
18. Talvez se remedien las cosas (things) el ano proximo.
19. Hay que esperarlo (let us hope so).
[Footnote 76: _Or_ se representa.]
EXERCISE 2 (16).
Translate into Spanish--
1. We beg to confirm (confirmamos)[77] our cable (cable) of last week.
2. They calculated their profits and losses.
3. I calculate upon doing it (cuento con hacerlo) before Easter.
4. This is not calculated to produce (no se cree que esto producira) any
bad impression.
5. He called him to his house.
6. We take the liberty to call your attention to the position of your
account (nos tomamos la libertad de dirigir ...).
7. The creditors were called (convocados) to a meeting.
8. I was called away (tuve que ausentarme).
9. I shall call at (pasare por) the exchange.
10. All the old issues were called in (se recogieron).
11. The "Shannon" will call at (hara escala en) Cadiz.
12. They will make a call (pediran una cuota) of L1 per share.
13. This steel is worth much less than that.
14. It is not worth (no vale la pena de) buying.
15. This limited company is worth (posee) L50,000.
16. This scheme is worthy of study (merece ser estudiado).
17. Please protest the bill in case of non-acceptance and then again for
non-payment.
18. The law of supply and demand (demanda y oferta) governs the markets
of the world (mundo).
19. The deeds (las actas) were all signed by a notary (notario).
20. Kindly take due note (debida _or_ buena nota) of our signature at
foot (firma al pie).
21. All our efforts (esfuerzos) have been of no avail (en balde, en
vano).
22. In vain (en balde, en vano) we tried.
[Footnote 77: Do not translate "beg" before an infinitive.
LESSON IX.
(Leccion novena.)
PERSONAL PRONOUNS (_contd._).
Pronouns in the Disjunctive form occupy the same position in the
sentence as they do in English.
Pronouns in the Conjunctive form precede the verb, as--
El los compro: He bought them.
Yo le mostrare a V. mi libro mayor y mi diario: I shall show you my
ledger and journal or day-book.
Mi cajero les pagara lo que les debo: My cashier will pay you what I owe
you.
Nos ha exhibido su libro de facturas: He showed us his invoice book.
Me cedio los valores y efectos en cartera: He made over to me his stock
of securities and bills.
El corredor le vio en la agencia de los vapores: The broker saw him at
the steamship agent's.
EXCEPTIONS--
1. When a sentence begins with a verb, especially if the sentence is a
long one, the Conjunctive pronoun _may_ follow the verb, _except when
this is in the Subjunctive Mood_, as--
Bonificole esta cantidad en cuenta corriente para no perder el cliente:
He credited him the amount in A/c current in order not to lose his
customer.
N.B.--Students should not indulge in this liberty until they have
acquired practice in the language. In conversation this change seldom
occurs. When the change is used the Subject Pronoun is generally left
understood.
2. When the verb is in the Infinitive Mood, Gerund, or Imperative
Mood,[78] the Conjunctive Pronoun _must_ follow, and is joined to the
verb to form one word: as--
Lo mejor con estos generos es venderlos en subasta:
The best thing with these goods is to sell them by auction.
Abandonandole la ganancia acabaremos con el asunto:
By giving up the profit to him, we shall end the matter.
Refieralos V. a los armadores: Refer them to the shipowners.