Why [are] these tears?
Why [are you] so dejected?
He was ten years of age, his brother [was] eight [years of age].
I have more confidence in James than [I have] in Edmund.
Mary is younger than George [is young].
Tom likes you better than [he likes] me.
You like him better than I do [like him].
I like him better than Charles does [like him].
This racket is not so heavy as that [is heavy].
You are not so old as I [am old].
Peace [be] to his memory!
This is the only pencil [that] I have.
Is that the boy [whom] you hired yesterday?
They say [that] you are going to Europe soon.
+529.+ The examples in § 528 show that most cases of ellipsis fall
under two heads:
1. To avoid repetition, words are often omitted in one part of the
sentence when they occur in another part.
2. Pronouns, the conjunction _that_, and some forms of the verb _is_,
are often omitted when they are readily supplied.
Under the second head come (1) the ellipsis of the subject (_thou_ or
_you_) in imperative sentences (§ 268), (2) that of relative pronouns
in the objective case (§ 151), (3) that of _is_, _are_, etc. (with the
subject pronoun) in subordinate clauses introduced by _when_, _though_,
_if_, and the like (§§ 397, 399, 417).
NOTE. The so-called “telegraphic style” omits _I_ with any verb or
with all verbs. It should be confined to telegrams, where space is
money.
+530.+ Adverbs indicating direction (like _forward_, _back_) are often
used without a verb in imperative sentences.
_Forward_, brave companions!
_Down_ on your knees!
_Up_, guards, and at them!
NOTE. In older English, the omission of the verb of motion was
common, even in sentences not imperative, as in the following
examples from _Julius Cæsar_:--“We’ll along ourselves, and meet
them”; “Shall we on, and not depend on you?”
+531.+ The ellipsis of the subordinate conjunction _that_ is very
common, especially in indirect discourse (§§ 388, 433).
I know [_that_] you are my friend.
Jack said [_that_] the boat had sunk.
He told me [_that_] he was sorry.
+532.+ Many constructions, originally elliptical, have become
established idioms in which no ellipsis is felt. In such cases it is
usually better to take the sentence as it stands, and not to supply the
omitted words.
Thus, in “He eats _as if he were famished_” the italicized words
are properly treated as a subordinate clause modifying _eats_ and
introduced by the compound conjunction _as if_. Yet in strictness
this construction is an ellipsis for “He eats as [_he would eat_] if
he were famished.”
+533.+ Various ellipses are illustrated in the following sentences:--
1. Although in a friendly country, they marched always as if in a
land of enemies.
2. The aspect of the country was as wild and dreary as the climate.
3. Do not serious and earnest men discuss Hamlet as they would
Cromwell or Lincoln?--LOWELL.
4. Not so with the others.
5. Though rather shy and distrustful of this new acquaintance, Rip
complied with his usual alacrity.
6. Arras was famed for its rich tapestries, Brussels for its carpets,
Cambrai for its fine cambric, Lisle for its thread and the fabrics
woven from it.
7. Every day brings its task, which, if neglected, is doubled on the
morrow.
8. It is not easy to recover an art when once lost.
9. I wish you would go down with me to Newstead.
10. The men are all soldiers, and war and the chase their sole
occupation.
11. While in this state of irresolution, she was startled by a low
knock.
12. The house was tall, the skylight small and dirty, the day blind
with fog.
13. I little thought you would have deserted me.
14. He is the best Oriental scholar I know.
15. Cromwell was evidently laying, though in an irregular manner, the
foundations of an admirable system.
16. He was a foot taller than I.
17. This concerns you rather than me.
18. My father loved Sir Rowland as his soul.
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1
(§§ 1–5, pp. 1–3)
1. Tell whether each of the following sentences is declarative,
interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory. If a sentence is both
declarative and exclamatory, mention the fact. Mention the subject and
the predicate of each sentence. Note all instances of the inverted
order (§ 5).
1. You need not answer this letter. 2. Many surmises of evil alarm
the hearts of the people.--LONGFELLOW. 3. Here I am again in the land
of old Bunyan. 4. Me this uncharter’d freedom tires.--WORDSWORTH.
5. Twilight’s soft dews steal o’er the village green.--ROGERS. 6.
Were there many robbers in the band? 7. How will posterity the deed
proclaim!--BYRON. 8. At dawn the towers of Stirling rang.--SCOTT.
9. You cannot recall the spoken word.--EMERSON. 10. The boughs
over my head seemed shadowy with solemn thoughts as well as with
rustling leaves.--HAWTHORNE. 11. So you don’t like Raphael! 12.
All around lay a frightful wilderness. 13. Why does the sea moan
evermore?--ROSSETTI. 14. What lonely straggler looks along the
wave?--BYRON. 15. Off went his wig! 16. For some minutes he continued
to scrutinize the drawing minutely. 17. Our strength grows out of our
weakness.--EMERSON. 18. Rudely carved was the porch. 19. What hopes
the prince to gain by Lacy’s death? 20. Trust thyself.
21. The rest of the men were morose and silent. 22. Here are the
ruins of the emperor’s palace. 23. Now rumbles along the carriage of
some magnate of the city. 24. Wild was the life we led. 25. How poor,
and dull, and sleepy, and squalid it seemed! 26. Built are the house
and the barn. 27. With what tenderness he sings! 28. Marked ye the
younger stranger’s eye? 29. One or two idlers, of forbidding aspect,
hung about in the murky gaslight. 30. Several mountains crowned with
snow shone brilliantly in the distance. 31. Follow me through this
passage. 32. Stop me not at your peril. 33. Carry thou this scroll to
the castle.
2. Write ten interrogative sentences concerning each topic. Reply in
declarative sentences.
(1) The American Revolution; (2) the Pilgrim Fathers; (3) the history
of your own state; (4) the government of the United States; (5)
hygiene; (6) the manufactures (or other industries) of your town or
city.
3. Write ten imperative sentences, each giving an order concerning--
(1) the playing of a game; (2) the building or sailing of a boat; (3)
the care of the health; (4) the manufacture of some article of common
use; (5) the writing of a business letter.
4. Write ten exclamatory sentences. Tell whether each is declarative,
interrogative, or imperative.
EXERCISE 2
(§§ 6–25, pp. 3–11)
1. Tell the parts of speech (including verb-phrases).
1. The rain pattered upon the roof and the sky gloomed through the
dusty garret windows.--HAWTHORNE. 2. Make yourself necessary to
somebody.--EMERSON. 3. I have a regard for every man on board that
ship, from the captain down to the crew. 4. “An artist,” said Michael
Angelo, “must have his measuring tools not in the hand, but in the
eye.”--EMERSON. 5. Time had wintered o’er his locks. 6. Must we in
all things look for the how, and the why, and the wherefore? 7. Power
dwells with cheerfulness.--EMERSON. 8. What hurrahs rang out! 9. He
sneaked about with a gallows air. 10. So! you see things go on as
when you were with us.
11. Rigby and his brother hirelings frightened them with hideous
fables and ugly words.--DISRAELI. 12. These are prize peaches. 13.
Ha ha! how vilely doth this cynic rhyme! 14. O Antony, beg not your
death of us. 45. Wordsworth was praised to me in Westmoreland because
he afforded to his country neighbors an example of a modest household
where comfort and culture were secured without display.
16. Shake hands with this knot of good fellows. 17. He had been
deserted by the Moderates. 18. The moderate Liberals held a meeting
very early in the struggle. 19. After a dreadful night of anxiety,
perplexity, and peril, the darkness, which I thought had lasted an
eternity, slowly disappeared.--TRELAWNY.
2. Use the following words in sentences of your own:--
Sleep (_noun_, _verb_); dry (_adjective_, _verb_, _noun_); very
(_adverb_, _adjective_); express (_noun_, _verb_, _adjective_);
bellow (_verb_, _noun_); American (_adjective_, _noun_); future
(_adjective_, _noun_); to-morrow (_noun_, _adverb_); flower
(_noun_, _verb_); sovereign (_noun_, _adjective_); summer (_noun_,
_verb_, _adjective_); double (_adjective_, _adverb_, _verb_); well
(_adjective_, _adverb_); fast (_adjective_, _adverb_, _noun_,
_verb_); content (_noun_, _adjective_, _verb_); last (_adjective_,
_adverb_, _verb_, _noun_); down (_adverb_, _preposition_); for
(_preposition_, _conjunction_); downright (_adjective_, _adverb_);
home (_noun_, _adjective_, _adverb_); lower (_adjective_, _adverb_,
_verb_); iron (_noun_, _adjective_, _verb_); off (_adverb_,
_preposition_, _adjective_); up (_adverb_, _preposition_); high
(_adjective_, _adverb_, _noun_); except (_verb_, _preposition_);
inside (_adjective_, _adverb_, _preposition_, _noun_); past
(_noun_, _adjective_, _preposition_); what (_adjective_, _pronoun_,
_interjection_); round (_noun_, _adjective_, _verb_, _preposition_,
_adverb_); sound (_noun_, _verb_, _adjective_, _adverb_); black
(_noun_, _verb_, _adjective_); all (_noun_, _adjective_, _adverb_);
open (_noun_, _adjective_, _verb_); while (_noun_, _verb_).
EXERCISE 3
(§§ 26–33, pp. 11–13)
Point out the infinitives and the participles. Tell when they occur in
verb-phrases. Use them in sentences.
1. I did wrong to smile. 2. Luttrell adjured me with mock pathos to
spare his blushes. 3. I begged my friend Sir Roger to go with me
into her hovel. 4. I was wonderfully pleased to see the workings of
instinct in a hen followed by a brood of ducks. 5. A man’s first care
should be to avoid the reproaches of his own heart.--ADDISON. 6. I
was highly entertained to see the gentlemen of the county gathering
about my old friend, and striving who should compliment him most. 7.
He was let loose among the woods as soon as he was able to ride on
horseback. 8. Plutarch says very finely that a man should not allow
himself to hate even his enemies. 9. It gives me a serious concern to
see such a spirit of dissension in the country.
10. It was his intention to remain there for two or three days. 11.
Every part of every carriage had been cleaned, every horse had been
groomed. 12. Liberated from the embarrassments of the city, and
issuing into the broad uncrowded avenues of the northern suburbs, we
soon begin to enter upon our natural pace of ten miles an hour. 13.
The beggar, rearing himself against the wall, forgets his lameness.
14. Three miles beyond Barnet, we see approaching another private
carriage. 15. We saw many lights moving about as we drew near.
EXERCISE 4
(§§ 34–39, pp. 13–15)
1. Mention the simple subject and the simple predicate of each sentence
in Exercise 1 (p. 227). Tell whether the simple subject is a noun or a
pronoun, and whether the simple predicate is a verb or a verb-phrase.
2. Study in the same way your own sentences in Exercise 1.
3. Divide each sentence into the complete subject and the complete
predicate. If the sentence has a compound subject, mention the
substantives that compose it; if the sentence has a compound predicate,
mention the verbs (or verb-phrases).
1. The Queen and Prince Albert came to London from Windsor on
Saturday morning. 2. You and Lockhart must not abandon the good
cause. 3. I saw that he was weak, and took advantage of a pause to
remind him not to forget his drive. 4. Two or three of my English
biographies have something of the same historical character. 5. Lord
Grey, Clanricarde, Labouchere, Vernon Smith, and Seymour will fill
up the places. 6. Every change of season, every change of weather,
indeed, every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical
hues and shapes of these mountains.--IRVING. 7. He looked round, and
could see nothing but a crow winging its solitary flight across the
mountain. 8. They suddenly desisted from their play and stared at
him. 9. The sea flashes along the pebbly margin of its silver beach,
forming a thousand little bays and inlets, or comes tumbling in among
the cliffs of a rock-bound coast, and beats against its massive
barriers with a distant, hollow, continual roar.--LONGFELLOW.
10. A wide gateway ushered the traveller into the interior of the
building, and conducted him to a low-roofed apartment, paved with
round stones. 11. The strange visitant gruffly saluted me, and, after
making several ineffectual efforts to urge his horse in at the door,
dismounted and followed me into the room.--WHITTIER. 12. The foolish
and the dead alone never change their opinion.--LOWELL. 13. They
will slink into their kennels in disgrace, or perchance run wild and
strike a league with the wolf and the fox.--THOREAU. 14. Strong will
and keen perception overpower old manners and create new.--EMERSON.
15. Neither Aristotle, nor Leibnitz, nor Junius, nor Champollion has
set down the grammar-rules of this dialect. 16. His mantle and hood
were of the best Flanders cloth, and fell in ample and not ungraceful
folds. 17. A deep fosse or ditch was drawn round the whole building.
EXERCISE 5
(§§ 40–42, p. 16)
1. Point out the noun-phrases, verb-phrases, adjective phrases, and
adverbial phrases. Which of these phrases are prepositional?
1. Sometimes he spent hours together in the great libraries of Paris.
2. He assumed the garb of a common sailor, and in this disguise
reached the Dutch coast in safety. 3. Some of the frigate’s men were
still endeavoring to escape. 4. Was Milton rich or at his ease when
he composed “Paradise Lost”? 5. It was a cold-blooded exhibition of
marksmanship. 6. He then continued on to the place of rendezvous at
Speedwell’s Iron Works on Troublesome Creek.--IRVING. 7. The gates of
Amsterdam had been barred against him. 8. They heard his confession
with suspicion and disdain. 9. The stagecoach always drew up before
the door of the cottage. 10. The wind moaned through the silent
streets. 11. The clouds are scudding across the moon. 12. Steele had
known Addison from childhood. 13. A broad ray of light fell into the
garret.--DICKENS. 14. The fate of his insulted and broken-hearted
brother still rankled in his mind. 15. All day with fruitless strife
they toiled.--SCOTT.
2. Fill each blank with a single word. Substitute for the word a phrase
with the same meaning. Mention in each instance (1) the part of speech,
(2) the kind of phrase.
1. He spoke to me ----.
2. The grounds were shut in by a high ---- wall.
3. The fire engine ---- past.
4. The three girls were laughing ----.
5. The poor child looked ---- at the toys.
6. Harold ---- the bunch of grapes.
7. The proprietor is a ---- man.
8. The archbishop placed upon the king’s head a ---- crown.
9. The book which I hold in my hand is ----.
10. The ---- ordered the _Conqueror_ to open fire.
11. The enemy retreated ----.
12. The rain ---- heavily all day.
13. The rain came down ---- all day.
14. The ---- is in his office.
15. A ---- boy came to the door.
16. My brother is president of ----.
EXERCISE 6
(§§ 43–51, pp. 16–21)
1. Tell whether each sentence is simple, compound, or complex. If the
sentence is compound, divide it into its independent clauses, and
mention the simple subject (noun or pronoun) and the simple predicate
(verb or verb-phrase) of each clause.
If the sentence is complex, divide it into the main (independent) and
the subordinate clause, and tell whether the latter is used as an
adjective or as an adverb.
1. The great gate slowly opened, and a steward and several
serving-men appeared. 2. The victors set fire to the wigwams and
the fort; the whole was soon in a blaze; many of the old men, the
women, and the children perished in the flames. 3. Night closed in,
but still no guest arrived. 4. The black waves rolled by them, and
the light at the horizon began to fade, and the stars were coming
out one by one.--WILLIAM BLACK. 5. Mr. Nickleby closed an account
book which lay on his desk. 6. By ceaseless action all that is
subsists.--COWPER. 7. When the morning broke, the Moorish army had
vanished. 8. At midnight, when the town was hushed in sleep, they all
went quietly on board. 9. Fortune had cast him into a cavern, and he
was groping darkly round. 10. I paced the deserted chambers where he
had composed his poem. 11. I strove to speak; my voice utterly failed
me. 12. The only avenue by which the town could be easily approached,
was protected by a stone wall more than twenty feet high and of great
thickness.
13. The night fell tempestuous and wild, and no vestige of the
hapless sloop was ever after seen. 14. The simple majesty of this
anecdote can gain nothing from any comment which we might make on it.
15. Raleigh speaks the language of the heart of his country when he
urges the English statesmen to colonize Guiana.--FROUDE. 16. Men, in
their youth, go to push their fortune in the colony; they succeed;
they acquire property there; they return to their native land; they
continue to draw the income from their colonial estates.--BROUGHAM.
17. The moonlight glistened upon traces of the gilding which had
once covered both rider and steed. 18. While this brief conversation
passed, Donatello had once or twice glanced aside with a watchful
air. 19. Pray for us, Hilda; we need it.
2. Divide the compound complex sentences into their coördinate clauses.
Tell whether each of these clauses, when standing alone, is a simple or
a complex sentence.
1. It would be dark before he could reach the village, and he heaved
a heavy sigh when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame
Van Winkle. 2. Language gradually varies, and with it fade away
the writings of authors who have lived their allotted time. 3. The
tallest and handsomest men whom England could produce guarded the
passage from the palace gate to the river-side, and all seemed in
readiness for the queen’s coming forth, although the hour was yet so
early. 4. Edward the Confessor died on the fifth of January, 1066,
and on the following day an assembly of the thanes and prelates
present in London, and of the citizens of the metropolis, declared
that Harold should be their king.
EXERCISE 7
(§§ 54–64, pp. 27–30)
1. Point out all the common nouns and all the proper nouns. Mention all
the examples of personification.
1. There Guilt his anxious revel kept.--SCOTT. 2. The first vessel we
fell in with was a schooner, which, after a long chase, we made out
to be an American. 3. You will be sauntering in St. Peter’s perhaps,
or standing on the Capitol while the sun sets. 4. I am very deep in
my Aristophanes. 5. I saw a most lovely Sir Joshua at Christie’s
a week ago.--FITZ GERALD. 6. I hear there is scarce a village in
England that has not a Moll White in it.--ADDISON. 7. Such a spirit
is Liberty. At times she takes the form of a hateful reptile. She
grovels, she hisses, she stings. But woe to those who in disgust
shall venture to crush her!--MACAULAY. 8. Rough Wulfstane trimmed his
shafts and bow.--SCOTT. 9. To-day we have been a delightful drive
through Ettrick Forest, and to the ruins of Newark--the hall of
Newark, where the ladies bent their necks of snow to hear “The Lay of
the Last Minstrel.”--MARIA EDGEWORTH.
10. The same waves wash the moles of the new-built Californian towns,
and lave the faded but still gorgeous skirts of Asiatic lands, older
than Abraham; while all between float milky-ways of coral isles,
and low-lying, endless, unknown Archipelagoes and impenetrable
Japans.--MELVILLE. 11. The duchess said haughtily that she had done
her best for the Esmonds. 12. To see with one’s own eyes men and
countries is better than reading all the books of travel in the
world.--THACKERAY. 13. Defeat and mortification had only hardened the
king’s heart. 14. Earth, Ocean, Air, beloved brotherhood!--SHELLEY.
15. The iron tongue of St. Paul’s has told twelve. 16. The Indians,
brandishing their weapons, answered only with gestures of angry
defiance.
2. Point out all the abstract, all the collective, and all the compound
nouns.
1. The poet binds together by passion and knowledge the vast empire
of human society.--WORDSWORTH. 2. The country is now showing symptoms
of greenness and warmth. 3. When the public are gone, we at once put
up the great iron shutters. 4. Washington returned to headquarters at
Newbury. 5. The Bruce’s band moves swiftly on.--SCOTT. 6. He shall
with speed to England.--SHAKSPERE. 7. Soon were dismissed the courtly
throng.--SCOTT. 8. Sickness, desertion, and the loss sustained at
Guilford Courthouse had reduced his little army. 9. A detachment was
sent against them. 10. Never before this summer have the kingbirds,
handsomest of flycatchers, built in my orchard. 11. The young
suddenly disperse on your approach, as if a whirlwind had swept them
away.--THOREAU. 12. This lighthouse, known to our mariners as Cape
Cod or Highland Light, is one of our “primary seacoast lights.” 13.
We have some salt of our youth in us.--SHAKSPERE. 14. Thou hast nor
youth nor age.--SHAKSPERE.
15. The passion for hunting had revived with Washington on returning
to his old hunting grounds. 16. A circle there of merry listeners
stand.--BYRON. 17. The act of the Congress of Vienna remains the
eternal monument of their diplomatic knowledge and political
sagacity.--DISRAELI. 18. Lee undertook the task with alacrity. 19. A
row of surfboats and canoes lay along the beach. 20. The situation he
had held as aide-de-camp to the commander-in-chief had given him an
opportunity of observing the course of affairs. 21. The ground was
frozen to a great depth. 22. He was aware of his unpopularity. 23.
The stern old war-gods shook their heads.--EMERSON.
24. Freckled nest eggs thou shalt see
Hatching in the hawthorn tree.--KEATS.
25. Fair morn ascends, and sunny June has shed
Ambrosial odors o’er the garden-bed,
And wild bees seek the cherry’s sweet perfume
Or cluster round the full-blown apple-bloom.--CAMPBELL.
26. For in their looks divine
The image of their glorious Maker shone,
Truth, wisdom, sanctitude severe and pure.--MILTON.
27. Steer, helmsman, till you steer our way
By stars beyond the line.--CAMPBELL.
28. Say I sent thee thither:
I, that have neither pity, love, nor fear.--SHAKSPERE.
EXERCISE 8
(§§ 66–84, pp. 31–39)
1. Make a list containing thirty nouns, ten in each of the three
genders. Use each of these nouns in a sentence.
2. Write ten sentences, each containing a noun of common gender.
3. Write sentences containing the masculine forms corresponding to the
feminine forms in this list, and the feminine forms corresponding to
the masculine:--
earl, abbess, schoolmaster, porter, hind, mare, ram, sire, witch,
sultan, czar, widow, marquis, executor, salesman, tailor, hero,
bride, songster, great-uncle, nephew, buck, horseman, bachelor, belle.
4. Mention the gender and the number of each noun. Tell whether the
gender is shown by the form, by the meaning, or by both. Whenever it
is possible, give the plural of each noun that is singular, and the
singular of each noun that is plural.
1. Oft Music changed, but never ceased her tone.--BYRON.
2. Grace Crawley was at this time living with the two Miss
Prettymans.--TROLLOPE. 3. The Catos and the Scipios of the village
had gathered in front of the hotel. 4. This gunner was an excellent
mathematician, a good scholar, and a complete sailor.--DEFOE. 5. I
was, in fact, in the chapel of the Knights Templars.--IRVING. 6.
The luckless culprit was brought in, forlorn and chapfallen, in the
custody of gamekeepers, huntsmen, and whippers-in, and followed by a
rabble rout of country clowns.--IRVING. 7. The hare now came still
nearer to the place where she was at first started.--BUDGELL. 8.
The Fairfaxes were no longer at hand.--IRVING. 9. All the peers and
peeresses put on their coronets. 10. Time is no longer slow; his
sickle mows quickly in this age.--DISRAELI. 11. Under the humblest
roof, the commonest person in plain clothes sits there massive,
cheerful, yet formidable, like the Egyptian colossi.--EMERSON.
12. Within forty-eight hours, hundreds of horse and foot came
by various roads to the city. 13. The hart and hind wandered in
a wilderness abounding in ferny coverts and green and stately
trees.--DISRAELI. 14. The ship had received a great deal of damage,
and it required some time to repair her.--DEFOE. 15. When Mary,
the nurse, returns with the little Miss Smiths from Master Brown’s
birthday party, she is narrowly questioned as to their behavior.
16. Of all our fleet, consisting of a hundred and fifty sail,
scarce twelve appeared.--SMOLLETT. 17. Hindoos, Russians, Chinese,
Spaniards, Portuguese, Englishmen, Frenchmen, Genoese, Neapolitans,
Venetians, Greeks, Turks, descendants from all the builders of Babel,
come to trade at Marseilles, sought the shade alike.--DICKENS. 18.
There lies the port; the vessel puffs her sail.--TENNYSON. 19. I had
desire to see the old family seat of the Lucys.--IRVING.
20. The Miss Lambs were the belles of little Britain.--IRVING.
21. Lord Culloden at length appeared with his daughters, Ladies
Flora and Grizell.--DISRAELI. 22. Still his honied wealth Hymettus
yields.--BYRON. 23. Josephine has been made executrix of her father’s
estate. 24. Georgette crouched by the fire, reading a wonderful tale
of kings, princesses, enchanted castles, knights and ladies, monks
and nuns, wizards and witches. 25. She was a vixen when she went to
school.--SHAKSPERE. 26. Keep a gamester from the dice and a good
student from his book.--SHAKSPERE. 27. They are sheep and calves
which seek out assurance in that.--SHAKSPERE. 28. A score of good
ewes may be worth ten pounds.--SHAKSPERE. 29. Let ay’s seem no’s and
no’s seem ay’s.--GAY.
30. She clasps a bright child on her upgathered knee;
It laughs at the lightning, it mocks the mixed thunder
Of the air and the sea.--SHELLEY.
EXERCISE 9
(§§ 71–84, pp. 34–39)
1. Write sentences in which the following words, letters, or figures
are used in the plural number:--
German, radius, lens, moose, wharf, index, piano, thesis, 4, 500, p,
q, and, syllabus, staff, die, s, t, seraph, hero, stimulus, crisis,
elf, heathen, brother-in-law, July, March, spoonful, memorandum, Miss
Allen, Master Allen, Mr. Hayes, General Raymond, Knight Templar, head
(of cattle), animalcule, potato, valley, formula, penny, curriculum,
dwarf, man-child.
2. Write sentences in which the following nouns are used in the
singular number:--
strata, phenomena, alumnæ, alumni, candelabra, species, cherubim,
errata, bacteria, Japanese, beaux, vertebræ, Messrs., theses, oases.
EXERCISE 10
(§ 88, pp. 41–42)
Mention all the nouns that are in the nominative case, and give the
construction (or syntax) of each,--as subject, predicate nominative,
vocative (or nominative of direct address), exclamatory nominative, or
nominative in apposition.[50]
1. A weary lot is thine, fair maid.--SCOTT. 2. At last, our small
acquaintance, Ned Higgins, trudged up the street, on his way to
school.--HAWTHORNE. 3. The soil is in general a moist and retentive
clay. 4. Rumors alone were their guides through a wild and desolate
country.--LONGFELLOW. 5. Young man, have you challenged Charles the
wrestler?--SHAKSPERE. 6. Ralph was an Eton boy, and hence, being
robust and shrewd, a swimmer and a cricketer. 7. Here Harold was
received a welcome guest.--SCOTT. 8. The tall Highlander remained
obdurate. 9. The beams and rafters, roughly hewn and with strips
of bark still on them, and the rude masonry of the chimneys, made
the garret look wild and uncivilized. 10. Deathlike the silence
seemed. 11. Sorrow and silence are strong, and patient endurance is
godlike.--LONGFELLOW. 12. Fly, fly, detested thoughts, forever from
my view!--BEATTIE. 13. Time must not be counted by calendars, but by
sensation, by thought.--DISRAELI.
14. This is the history of Charlotte Corday. 15. The nabobs soon
became a most unpopular class of men. 16. Before him stretched the
long, laborious road, dry, empty, and white.--HARDY. 17. With the
great mass of mankind, the test of integrity in a public man is
consistency.--MACAULAY. 18. These are trifles, Mr. Premium. 19.
My thanks are due to you for your trouble and care. 20. Here’s my
great uncle, Sir Richard Ravelin. 21. Rowley, my old friend, I am
sure you congratulate me. 22. David, you are a coward! 23. Here come
other Pyncheons, the whole tribe, in their half-a-dozen generations.
24. Uncle Venner, trundling a wheelbarrow, was the earliest person
stirring in the neighborhood. 25. Up the chimney roared the fire,
and brightened the room with its broad blaze. 26. Liberty! freedom!
tyranny is dead!--SHAKSPERE. 27. The hostess’s daughter, a plump
Flanders lass, with long gold pendants in her ears, was at a side
window.--IRVING.
28. Horses! can these be horses that bound off with the action and
gesture of leopards?--DE QUINCEY. 29. Peace! silence! Brutus speaks.
30. The rains, frosts, and tempests splinter the chalk above and the
waves gnaw it away below.--GEIKIE.
EXERCISE 11
(§§ 89–96, pp. 43–47)
1. Point out all the nouns in the possessive case, and parse them
according to the model in § 112.
1. James’s parliament contained a most unusual proportion of new
ministers. 2. I live in general quietly at my brother-in-law’s in
Norfolk (see § 96). 3. There is a small cottage of my father’s close
to the lawn gates. 4. We had found, in that day’s heap of earth,
about fifty pounds’ weight of gold dust.--DEFOE. 5. Much the most
striking incident in Burns’s life is his journey to Edinburgh. 6.
As to freaks like this of Miss Brooke’s, Mrs. Cadwallader had no
patience with them.--GEORGE ELIOT. 7. Homeward they bore him through
the dark woods’ gloom.--MORRIS. 8. The eye travels down to Oxford’s
towers.--ARNOLD. 9. I obeyed all my brother’s military commands
with the utmost docility. 10. Tellson’s wanted not elbowroom,
Tellson’s wanted no light, Tellson’s wanted no embellishment. Noakes
& Co.’s might, or Snooks Brothers’ might; but Tellson’s--thank
heaven!--DICKENS.
2. Examine the nouns in the possessive case in 1 (above), and tell
which of the possessives might be replaced by an _of_-phrase. Mention
particularly those passages in which the possessive would not be used
in modern prose.
3. Write sentences containing the possessive singular of--
Henry, James, Thomas, Mr. Fox, child, Charles Price, Mrs.
Gibbs, Edward, General Edwards, horse, Hortense, Miss Bellows,
father-in-law, Major Ellis, commander-in-chief, Thompson and Howard
(_a firm_), Eustis and Morris (_a firm_), Messrs. Cartwright and
Robbins, Apollo, Brutus, Ulysses.
4. Write sentences containing the possessive plural of--
Englishman, fireman, washerwoman, fox, sheep, horse, ox, child,
emperor, empress, robin, Norman, German, hawk, Knight Templar, lady,
sailor, heir, heiress, teacher, whale, walrus, critic, poet, vireo.
5. In which of the sentences that you have written (under 3 and 4)
would it be possible to substitute an _of_-phrase for the possessive?
In which of them (if any) would this phrase be preferable? Why?
EXERCISE 12
(§§ 97–110, pp. 47–53)
Parse the nouns in the objective case, according to the model in § 112.
Tell the particular construction in each instance,--direct object,
predicate objective, indirect object, etc.
1. Such was the narrative of Jack Grant, the mate. 2. Rippling waters
made a pleasant moan.--BYRON. 3. Swiftly they hurried away to the
forge of Basil the blacksmith.--LONGFELLOW. 4. A pale fog hung over
London. 5. So like a shattered column lay the king.--TENNYSON. 6.
Then sing, ye birds, sing, sing a joyous song.--WORDSWORTH. 7. A
blighted spring makes a barren year.--JOHNSON. 8. Dark and neglected
locks overshadowed his brow. 9. Imagine the wind howling, the sea
roaring, the rain beating. 10. Lay these vain regrets aside. 11.
Birds of passage sailed through the leaden air. 12. Authority
forgets a dying king.--TENNYSON. 13. Three years she grew in sun and
shower.--WORDSWORTH. 14. The sound of horns came floating from the
valley, prolonged by the mountain echoes. 15. Hours had passed away
like minutes. 16. Your mistrust cannot make me a traitor.--SHAKSPERE.
17. She halted a moment before speaking. 18. The room opened on a
terrace adorned with statues and orange trees. 19. The sun is coming
down to earth, and the fields and the waters shout to him golden
shouts.--MEREDITH. 20. England is unrivalled for two things--sports
and politics.--DISRAELI. 21. Thus we lived several years in a
state of much happiness. 22. The old gentleman’s whole countenance
beamed with a serene look of indwelling delight. 23. I am reading
Selwyn’s “Correspondence,” a remarkable book. 24. I have lived my
life.--TENNYSON. 25. My heart is like a singing bird.--CHRISTINA
ROSSETTI. 26. How like a winter hath my absence been.--SHAKSPERE.
27. Three weeks we westward bore.--LONGFELLOW. 28. It rains
pitchforks.--FITZ GERALD. 29. The sublimer and more passionate
poets I still read, by snatches and occasionally.--DE QUINCEY. 30.
Coningsby slept the deep sleep of youth and health.--DISRAELI.
31. Thou mightst call him a goodly person. 32. My father named
me Autolycus. 33. A country fellow brought him a huge fish. 34.
I’ll make you the queen of Naples. 35. You call honorable boldness
impudent sauciness.--SHAKSPERE. 36. Sir Roger generally goes two
or three miles from his house before he beats about in search of a
hare or partridge. 37. This misconception caused Washington some
embarrassment. 38. I now thank you for Beattie, the most agreeable
and amiable writer I ever met with.--COWPER.
EXERCISE 13
(§§ 97–110, pp. 47–53)
1. Write fifteen sentences, each containing a transitive verb and its
direct object (§§ 99–100).
2. Substitute a pronoun for each noun in the objective case.
3. Write ten sentences containing both a direct object and a
predicate objective (§ 104).
4. Use in sentences fifteen of the verbs in the list in § 105, each
with both a direct and an indirect object.
5. For each indirect object, substitute _to_ with an object. Change the
order, if necessary.
6. Write ten sentences, each containing a cognate object (§ 108).
7. Write ten sentences, each containing an adverbial objective (§ 109).
8. Write ten sentences, each containing a noun in apposition with a
noun in the objective case (§ 110).
EXERCISE 14
(§§ 54–112, pp. 27–54)
Parse every noun, according to the models in § 112.
1. Pennon and banner wave no more. 2. They soon gained the utmost
verge of the forest, and entered the country inhabited by men without
vice.--GOLDSMITH. 3. Our avenue is strewn with the whole crop of
autumn’s withered leaves.--HAWTHORNE. 4. He is the rich man who can
avail himself of all men’s faculties.--EMERSON. 5. Like an awakened
conscience, the sea was moaning and tossing.--LONGFELLOW. 6. He
again called and whistled after his dog. 7. She wrote and addressed
a hurried note. 8. The light and warmth of that long-vanished day
live with me still. 9. Violet and primrose girls, and organ boys
with military monkeys, and systematic bands very determined in tone
if not in tune, filled the atmosphere.--MEREDITH. 10. The blood
left Wilfrid’s ashen cheek. 11. Give us manners, virtue, freedom,
power!--WORDSWORTH. 12. A great deal of shrubbery clusters along the
base of the stone wall, and takes away the hardness of its outline.
13. I travelled the whole four hundred miles between this and Madras
on men’s shoulders. 14. Here we set up twelve little huts like
soldiers’ tents. 15. Swiftly they glided away, like the shade of a
cloud on the prairie. 16. Athens, even long after the decline of the
Roman empire, still continued the seat of learning, politeness, and
wisdom.--GOLDSMITH. 17. Four times the sun had risen and set. 18.
Speak! speak! thou fearful guest! 19. The oak rose before me like
a pillar of darkness. 20. Another long blast filled the old courts
of the castle with its echoes, and was answered by the warder from
the walls. 21. Sound, sound the clarion, fill the fife!--SCOTT. 22.
Now, Falstaff, where have you been all this while? 23. Sounds of a
horn they heard, and the distant lowing of cattle. 24. Homer was
always his companion now. 25. Forgive me these injurious suspicions.
26. O, pride! pride! it deceives me with the subtlety of a serpent.
27. I made Mr. Wright’s gardener a present of fifty sorts of plant
seeds. 28. Your mother and I last week made a trip to Gayhurst, the
seat of Mr. Wright, about four miles off. 29. Beneath the shelter
of one hut, in the bright blaze of the same fire, sat this varied
group of adventurers. 30. The cares of to-day are seldom the cares of
to-morrow.--COWPER.
EXERCISE 15
(§§ 115–129, pp. 55–62)
1. Parse the personal pronouns, using the models in § 168.
1. She peeped from the window into the garden. 2. The little marquis
immediately threw himself into the attitude of a man about to tell a
long story. 3. It pours and it thunders, it lightens amain.--SCOTT.
4. Master, master, look about you! 5. Leontine, with his own and his
wife’s fortune, bought a farm of three hundred a year.--ADDISON. 6.
The Tories carry it among the new members six to one.--SWIFT. 7. I
wrote to him, but could tell him nothing. 8. On the next morning
after breakfast the major went out for a walk by himself. 9. Their
hearts quaked within them, at the idea of taking one step farther.
10. Mrs. Forrester’s surprise was equal to ours. 11. It’s twenty
years since he went away from home. 12. I seated myself in a recess
of a large bow window. 13. At the last moment his heart failed him,
and he looked round him for some mode of escape. 14. A friend of mine
has been spending some time at Sir Walter Scott’s.
15. Send me a letter directed to me at Mr. Watcham’s. 16. I have
lately received from my bookseller a copy of my subscribers’ names.
17. We came in our first morning’s march to very good springs of
fresh water. 18. We are both of us inclined to be a little too
positive. 19. Heyne’s best teacher was himself.--CARLYLE.
20. Aspasia, you have lived but few years in the world, and with
only one philosopher--yourself. 21. I got to the side in time to see
a huge liner’s dim shape slide by like a street at night; she would
have been invisible but for her row of lights. 22. The cataracts blow
their trumpets from the steep.--WORDSWORTH. 23. I am he they call Old
Care.--PEACOCK. 24. The sharp and peevish tinkle of the shop-bell
made itself audible. 25. The heroes themselves say, as often as not,
that fame is their object. 26. He seems to himself to touch things
with muffled hands. 27. She took counsel with herself what must be
done. 28. The head of the Pyncheons found himself involved in serious
financial difficulties. 29. Ha! here is Hepzibah herself!
2. Write sentences in which the personal pronoun of the first person is
used as direct object, as indirect object, as predicate nominative; in
the possessive singular with a noun; in the possessive singular without
a noun.
3. Fill the blanks with personal pronouns of the first or the third
person.
1. He thought the burglars were ----.
2. He mistook the burglars for ----.
3. William is better at his lessons than ----.
4. It is ----.
5. These are ----.
6. Nobody volunteered except Edward and ----.
7. ---- boys have formed a debating club.
8. Mr. Jones is going to give ---- boys a baseball field.
9. Who is there? ----.
10. Between you and ----, I am not sorry that he has resigned.
11. If I were ---- I would study art.
12. Arthur likes you better than ----.
13. Behind Ruth and ---- came the guest of honor.
14. Automobiles are not for such as ----.
15. It was ---- that Joseph meant.
16. ---- two are always together.
17. Richard dislikes everybody, ---- most of all.
4. Write sentences in which _myself_, _yourself_, _ourselves_,
_himself_, _herself_, _themselves_ are used (1) intensively, (2)
reflexively as direct object, (3) reflexively as indirect object.
EXERCISE 16
(§§ 131–142, pp. 62–65)
1. Parse the demonstratives and the indefinites. In parsing the word,
tell whether it is used as a pronoun or as an adjective. If it is used
as a pronoun, tell the number and the case and give the reason for the
case. If it is used as an adjective, mention the substantive which it
modifies.
1. What is the meaning of all this? 2. On either side extended a
ruinous wooden fence. 3. You have seen that picture, then! 4. This
very Judge Pyncheon was the original of the miniature. 5. Twenty
years ago this man was equally capable of crime or heroism; now he is
fit for neither.--STEVENSON. 6. None are all evil. 7. Solitude has
many a dreary hour. 8. Every science has its hitherto undiscovered
mysteries.--GOLDSMITH. 9. The same day we visited the shores of the
isle in the ship’s boats. 10. None but picked recruits were enlisted.
11. A longing for the brightness and silence of fallen snow seizes
him at such times. 12. Such were Addison’s talents for conversation.
13. Nicholas Vedder! why, he is dead and gone these eighteen years!
14. What a lamentable situation was that of the poor baron! 15.
Several houses were pillaged and destroyed.
16. Each warrior was a chosen man. 17. See how yond justice rails
upon yond simple thief!--SHAKSPERE. 18. Our naval annals owe some
of their interest to the fantastic and beautiful appearance of old
warships.--STEVENSON. 19. Some are too indolent to read anything
till its reputation is established.--JOHNSON. 20. In both sexes,
occasionally, this lifelong croak, accompanying each word of joy or
sorrow, is one of the symptoms of settled melancholy.--HAWTHORNE.
21. Such voices have put on mourning for dead hopes. 22. Another
phenomenon was a package of lucifer matches. 23. How few appear in
those streets which but some few hours ago were crowded! 24. This was
a very different camp from that of the night before.
25. Alternations of wild hope and cold despair succeeded each other.
26. The poor know best how to console each other’s sorrows. 27.
Everybody has his own interpretation for that picture. 28. I strove
with none, for none was worth my strife.--LANDOR. 29. Scarcely any of
the items in the above-drawn parallel occurred to Phœbe. 30. He went
about moping. None spake to him. No one would play with him.--LAMB.
31. Ah, that good Kent! He said it would be thus. 32. How easy is the
explanation to those who know! 33. There has been a quarrel between
him and Hepzibah this many a day.
2. Fill each blank with a personal pronoun (§ 141).
1. Each of us should do ---- best.
2. Everybody thinks ---- own way is wise.
3. If anybody has a better plan, now is the time for ---- to speak.
4. It was an old-fashioned picnic, every person furnishing ---- share
of the provisions.
5. When anybody is talking, it is bad manners to interrupt ----.
EXERCISE 17
(§§ 143–156, pp. 66–71)
1. Parse the relative pronouns, using the models in § 168.
1. The lights in the shops could hardly struggle through the heavy
mist, which thickened every moment. 2. I shall not budge from the
position that I have taken up. 3. The land of literature is a fairy
land to those who view it at a distance.--IRVING. 4. I hate people
who meet Time half-way.--LAMB. 5. The weather, which had been stormy
and unsettled, moderated toward the evening. 6. He that once indulges
idle fears will never be at rest.--JOHNSON. 7. The only ford by
which the travellers could cross was guarded by a party of militia.
8. One dark unruly night she issued secretly out of a small postern
gate of the castle, which the enemy had neglected to guard. 9. I
paused to contemplate a tomb on which lay the effigy of a knight
in complete armor. 10. He who loves the sea loves also the ship’s
routine.--CONRAD. 11. There were two or three indefatigable men among
them, by whose courage and industry all the rest were upheld.--DEFOE.
12. Thou hadst a voice whose sound was like the sea.--WORDSWORTH.
13. They slander thee sorely who say thy vows are frail.--MOORE. 14.
The first great poet whose works have come down to us, sang of war
long before war became a science or a trade.---MACAULAY. 15. The
gusts that drove against the high house seemed ready to tear it from
its foothold of rock. 16. At its western side is a deep ravine or
valley, through which a small stream rushes. 17. A weak mother, who
perpetually threatens and never performs, is laying up miseries both
for herself and for her children.--SPENCER. 18. As they approached, a
raven, who sat upon the topmost stone, black against the bright blue
sky, flapped lazily away.--KINGSLEY. 19. To such of her neighbors as
needed other attention, she would give her time, her assistance, her
skill. 20. It was such a battle-axe as Rustum may have wielded in
fight upon the banks of Oxus. 21. I may neither choose whom I would,
nor refuse whom I dislike.
2. Point out the descriptive and the restrictive relatives in 1 (above).
3. Write ten sentences, each containing a descriptive relative; ten
sentences, each containing a restrictive relative.
4. Fill the blanks with relatives. In the first eight sentences, at
least, use _who_ or _whom_.
1. This is the boy ---- I recommended.
2. The boy ---- I recommended is a Swede.
3. The boy ---- brought the letter is not the one ---- I recommended.
4. I told Anna, ---- I knew would keep my secret.
5. I told Anna, ---- I knew I could trust.
6. I told Anna, ---- I knew to be trustworthy.
7. I told Anna, ---- I knew intimately.
8. No one ---- you know lives in this street.
9. All ---- I can say is, I am sorry.
10. Give me the same horse ---- I had yesterday.
11. A dog, ---- showed his teeth and growled, blocked the way.
12. Choose the partner ---- you like best.
13. The policeman was leading a little child ---- had lost its mother.
14. Take such measures ---- you deem necessary.
15. Take ---- measures seem necessary.
16. Take the measures ---- seem to you necessary.
17. My hat is of the same size ---- yours.
18. This is the picture ---- I am so proud of.
19. This is the picture of ---- I am so proud.
20. The man ---- is talking to Henry is the one ---- owns this house.
5. Supply the relatives that are “understood” (§ 151).
1. It was a bold step she had taken.
2. I am not altogether unqualified for the business I have in hand.
3. His taste of books is a little too just for the age he lives in.
4. Censure is the tax a man pays to the public for being eminent.
5. Who is the wittiest man you know?
6. Morton was the only friend I had.
7. That sonata was the first piece I learned.
8. Ten dollars is the price he asks.
9. Are you the man I bought the coat of?
10. This is the book we are reading evenings.
11. Take any seat you like.
12. “Faust” is the only opera I care for.
13. I have done all I can.
EXERCISE 18
(§§ 157–162, pp. 71–73)
Parse the relatives.
1. Whatever wisdom and energy could do William did. 2. Whatever is
done skilfully appears to be done with ease. 3. We must suspect what
we see, distrust what we hear, and doubt even what we feel!--MISS
BURNEY. 4. Whoever has been in a state of nervous agitation, must
know that the longer it continues the more uncontrollable it
grows.--IRVING. 5. Time hath reft whate’er my soul enjoyed.--BYRON.
6. The gallant major showed no hesitation whatever. 7. Whoever has
made a voyage up the Hudson must remember the Kaatskill Mountains.
8. A recollection of what I had seen and felt the preceding night
still haunted my mind. 9. Hard work was what he needed now. 10.
Whatever regrets Mrs. Thorverton might indulge in secret, she had had
the strength of mind to hide them. 11. Like all weak men, they had
recourse to what they called strong measures. 12. We see in him a
freer, purer development of whatever is noblest in ourselves. 13. Sir
Roger was what you call a fine gentleman. 14. Sweet princes, what I
did, I did in honor.--SHAKSPERE. 15. He was really interested in what
Coningsby had seen and what he had felt. 16. What was to be seen at
Naples, Addison saw.
EXERCISE 19
(§§ 163–168, pp. 73–74)
Parse the interrogative pronouns, mentioning gender, number, person,
and case. If the interrogative word is an adjective, tell what noun it
limits.
1. Who would not sing for Lycidas? 2. What that sigh meant I cannot
say. 3. Columns, arches, pyramids, what are they but heaps of sand?
4. Which of the two was daughter to the duke? 5. Whom next shall
we summon from the dusty dead?--LAMB. 6. Why! Peggy, what have you
brought us? 7. What’s fame? A fancied life in others’ breath.--POPE.
8. To what shall I compare it? 9. And what art thou, O melancholy
voice?--SHELLEY. 10. Proud sufferer, who art thou? 11. What were
Swigby’s former pursuits I can’t tell. What need we care? Hadn’t he
five hundred a year? Ay, that he had.--THACKERAY. 12. What does it
matter? 13. Which way have you looked for Master Caius? 14. What
business had they in Prussia?
EXERCISE 20
(§§ 163–168, pp. 73–74)
Fill each blank with _who_ or _whom_, as the construction may require.
1. He asked me ---- was elected.
2. From ---- did she hear this news?
3. To ---- did you apply for assistance?
4. ---- do you regard as the better scholar of the two?
5. ---- shall I ask for the key?
6. ---- did you see when you called?
7. ---- do you think is the best physician in town?
8. ---- can I trust in such an emergency?
9. With ---- have you discussed this affair?
10. ---- do you suppose this letter is from?
11. ---- do you suppose I am?
12. ---- do you suppose I saw?
13. ---- do you think will help us?
EXERCISE 21
(§§ 113–168, pp. 55–74)
Point out each pronoun; tell to what class it belongs, and give its
construction.
1. His mind now misgave him. 2. Under the dark and haunted garret
were attic chambers which themselves had histories. 3. Passion itself
is very figurative, and often bursts out into metaphors.--GOLDSMITH.
4. He had a wiry, well-trained, elastic figure, a stiff military
throw-back of his head, and a springing step, which made him appear
much younger than he was. 5. It was the owl that shrieked. 6. Slowly,
slowly, slowly the days succeeded each other. 7. Say nothing to the
men, but have all your wits about you. 8. He saw that it would be
dark long before he could reach the village. 9. I must do myself the
justice to open the work with my own history. 10. Economy in our
affairs has the same effect upon our fortunes which good breeding
has upon our conversations.--STEELE. 11. It was a cloudy night, with
frequent showers of rain. 12. “Fair sirs,” said Arthur, “wherefore
sit ye here?” 13. Who would be free, themselves must strike the
blow.--BYRON. 14. This is my son, mine own Telemachus.--TENNYSON.
15. Richard bade them adieu. 16. Ye men of Kent, ’tis victory or
death!--WORDSWORTH. 17. We dined yesterday with your friend and mine,
the most companionable and domestic Mr. C. 18. Great is the power of
the man who has nothing to lose.--DOYLE. 19. Each hamlet started at
the sound. 20. Look on me with thine own calm look. 21. Mr. Rigby
was not a man who ever confessed himself at fault. 22. They were
conversing with much earnestness among themselves. 23. He heard the
deep behind him, and a cry before. 24. When Deerslayer reached the
fire, he found himself surrounded by no less than eight grim savages.
25. Mine hostess, indeed, gave me a long history how the goblet had
been handed down from generation to generation. 26. The uncle and
nephew looked at each other for some seconds without speaking. 27. We
had yet seen no wild beasts, or, at least, none that came very near
us.--DEFOE. 28. We envy you your sea-breezes. 29. Which is he that
killed the deer? 30. There was the choice, and it was still open to
him to take which side he pleased. 31. There is always something to
worry you. It comes as regularly as sunrise.
EXERCISE 22
(§§ 169–188, pp. 75–82)
1. Point out every adjective. Tell whether it is descriptive or
definitive (§§ 169–171), and mention the substantive to which it
belongs. If the adjective can be compared, give its three degrees of
comparison.[51]
1. The old, unpainted shingles of the house were black with moisture.
2. “My very dog,” sighed poor Rip, “has forgotten me!” 3. Loud was
the lightsome tumult on the shore.--BYRON. 4. Sweet are the shy
recesses of the woodland. 5. Rows of pewter and earthen dishes
glittered along the dresser. 6. The major spoke in a matter-of-fact
way. 7. The sheep and the cow have no cutting teeth, but only a hard
pad in the upper jaw.--HUXLEY. 8. The faint, foggy daylight glimmered
dimly on the bare floor and stairs. 9. He wiped his serious,
perplexed face on a red bandanna handkerchief, a shade lighter
than his complexion. 10. The yellow moonlight sleeps on all the
hills.--BEATTIE. 11. The young hostess seemed to perform her office
with a certain degree of desperate determination. 12. This warning is
meant in a friendly spirit.
13. The house remained untenanted for three years. 14. Numberless
torrents, with ceaseless sound, descend to the ocean. 15. The contest
between the two branches of the legislature lasted some days longer.
2. Write five sentences containing descriptive adjectives; five
containing definitive adjectives.
3. Write sentences containing demonstrative, indefinite, relative, and
interrogative adjectives.
4. Write sentences in which the indefinite article is directly followed
by--
honorable, youthful, yew, ewe, euphonious, historical, history, hymn,
humble, hilarious, university, express, horticultural, oratorio,
automatic, heritage, harmonious.
EXERCISE 23
(§§ 181–187, pp. 79–82)
Point out the comparatives and the superlatives. Mention any
superlatives used for emphasis (§ 200).
1. The Governor-General is the frankest and best-natured of men. 2.
The company grew merrier and louder as their jokes grew duller. 3. A
knock alarmed the outer gate. 4. At once there came the politest and
friendliest reply. 5. Many a poet has been poorer than Burns, but no
one was ever prouder.--CARLYLE. 6. The last tyrant ever proves the
worst.--POPE. 7. The profoundest secrecy was observed in the whole
transaction. 8. Earth has not anything to show more fair. 9. The
natural principle of war is to do the most harm to our enemy with the
least harm to ourselves.--IRVING. 10. During the rest of the journey,
Rose was in the strangest state of mind. 11. There’s not a nobler
man in Rome than Antony. 12. Little he ate, and less he spake. 13.
Our journey hither was through the most beautiful part of the finest
country in the world. 14. Meanwhile the throng without was constantly
becoming more numerous and more savage. 15. Vain are his weapons,
vainer is his force. 16. She might have been more lenient.
17. You’ll have to be more practical. 18. How does a love of gain
transform the gravest of mankind into the most contemptible and
ridiculous!--GOLDSMITH. 19. Most authors speak of their fame as if it
were quite a priceless matter.
20. Loveliest and best! thou little know’st
The rank, the honor, thou hast lost!--SCOTT.
21. Of two such lessons, why forget
The nobler and the manlier one?--BYRON.
EXERCISE 24
(§§ 189–198, pp. 83–87)
1. Parse each adverb by telling whether it is an adverb of manner,
time, place, or degree, and by mentioning the verb, adjective, or
adverb which it modifies. Compare the adverbs which are capable of
comparison.
1. A great part of the island is rather level. 2. They had worked
very hard and very cheerfully. 3. When spake I such a word? 4. We can
ill spare the commanding social benefits of cities.--EMERSON. 5. She
looked up and met his eyes, and thereupon both became very grave. 6.
The silence of the prairie at night was well-nigh terrible. 7. Far in
the West there lies a desert land. 8. The whistling ploughman stalks
afield. 9. Swiftly they glided along. 10. He has only just arrived
in England. 11. Fast the white rocks faded from his view. 12. Whole
ranks instantly laid down their pikes and muskets. 13. Thick clouds
of dust afar appeared. 14. Bitter sobs came thick and fast. 15. How
long are you going to be in Paris? 16. To-morrow I intend to hunt
again. 17. Answer made King Arthur, breathing hard. 18. Some of us
laughed heartily. 19. They had spoken simply and openly about that
from the very start.
2. Form an adverb of manner from each of the following adjectives. Use
each adverb in a sentence. Tell what it modifies.
Proud, careless, vehement, tender, vigorous, dainty, brave, formal,
courteous, blunt, sharp, keen, weary, heavy, true, skilful, legible.
3. Fill each blank with an adverb of degree modifying the adjective or
the adverb.
1. Ogilvie was ---- lucky that day.
2. They were thought to be ---- fashionable people.
3. She made her objections ---- delicately as she could.
4. July has been ---- hot.
5. Carlyle was ---- dainty about his food.
6. Jack did not come early ---- to find a seat.
7. The tide runs ---- fast round this point.
8. The balloon soared ---- high that it disappeared.
9. The fugitive reached the pier ---- late to take the steamer.
10. The bear growled ---- savagely that the dogs were frightened.
11. You write ---- more legibly than I.
EXERCISE 25
(§§ 194–196, p. 86)
1. Point out the relative adverbs, and mention the subordinate clause
introduced by each. Tell whether each adverb expresses time, place, or
manner.
1. Just as the sun went down, they heard a murmur of voices. 2. On
waking, he found himself on the green knoll whence he had first seen
the old man of the glen. 3. There is no place of general resort
wherein I do not often make my appearance. 4. Wherever he determines
to sleep, there he prepares himself a sort of nest. 5. I hastened to
the spot whence I had come. 6. Where rolled the ocean, thereon was
his home.--BYRON. 7. Where shineth thy spirit, there liberty shineth
too!--MOORE. 8. He will look on the world, wheresoever he can catch
a glimpse of it, with eager curiosity. 9. Until Lady Glenmore came
to call next day, we heard of nothing unusual. 10. When she and Miss
Pole left us, we endeavored to subside into calmness. 11. Small
service is true service while it lasts. 12. Long before we saw the
sea, its spray was on our lips. 13. As they ascended, Rip every now
and then heard long rolling peals, like distant thunder. 14. The
village clock struck five as Mr. Millbank and his guests entered the
gardens of the mansion. 15. When only a small space was left between
the armies, the Highlanders suddenly drew their broadswords and
rushed forward with a fearful yell.--MACAULAY. 16. When he rejoined
his companions, he said something to them in Welsh.
2. Point out the interrogative adverbs, and tell what each modifies.
1. Why look’st thou so? 2. Whence came ye, jolly satyrs? whence
came ye?--KEATS. 3. Where now shall I go, poor, forsaken, and
blind?--CAMPBELL. 4. Why weep ye by the tide?--SCOTT. 5. See how
the world its veterans rewards!--POPE. 6. How wildly will ambition
steer!--DRYDEN. 7. Where have you been these twenty long years? 8.
Here was a Cæsar! When comes such another?--SHAKSPERE. 9. When shall
we three meet again? 10. History is clarified experience, and yet how
little do men profit by it! Nay, how should we expect it of those who
so seldom are taught anything by their own?--LOWELL. 11. Why did you
not bring what I asked for?
3. Write ten sentences containing relative adverbs; ten containing
interrogative adverbs.
EXERCISE 26
(§§ 197–203, pp. 87–89)
1. Point out the comparatives and superlatives. Tell whether each is an
adjective or an adverb.
1. I thought it the most prudent method to lie still. 2. When the
people observed I was quiet, they discharged no more arrows. 3. You
know your own feelings best. 4. He was taller than any of the other
three who attended him. 5. The song and the laugh grew less and less
frequent. 6. The harder I try to forget it, the more it comes into
my mind. 7. The night grew darker and darker; the stars seemed to
sink deeper in the sky. 8. I answered in a few words, but in a most
submissive manner. 9. Their sight is much more acute than ours. 10.
The natives came by degrees to be less apprehensive of any danger
from me. 11. Whoever performs his part with the most agility, and
holds out longest in leaping, is rewarded with the blue-colored silk.
12. It received less damage than I expected. 13. Long live the most
puissant king of Lilliput! 14. Fast are the flying moments, faster
are the hoofs of our horses. 15. Nigh come the strangers and more
nigh.--SCOTT.
2. Write sentences containing either the comparative or the superlative
of the following words:--
merry, uncomfortable, ill, joyfully, northern, old (_both forms_),
far, in, out, early, little (_adjective_), little (_adverb_), badly,
often, worthy, wonderful, accurate, far, nigh, top, much, severe.
3. Write six sentences containing adverbs which are incapable of
comparison; six containing adjectives which are incapable of comparison.
EXERCISE 27
(§§ 204–208, pp. 89–90)
1. Write five sentences in which cardinal numerals are adjectives, five
in which they are nouns. Use the same numerals in the ordinal form as
adjectives, as nouns.
2. Write five sentences, each containing a numeral adverb; five
containing an adverbial phrase that includes a numeral.
EXERCISE 28
(§§ 209–215, pp. 91–93)
1. Point out all the verbs and verb-phrases. Tell whether each is
transitive or intransitive. Tell which are copulative; which are
auxiliary. Mention any examples of the copula.
1. Little tasks make large return. 2. We must now return to the
fortress of Tillietudlem and its inhabitants. 3. Though I look old,
yet I am strong and lusty. 4. The sunshine might now be seen stealing
down the front of the opposite house. 5. He sat apart from them all,
and looked at them with a melancholy, haughty countenance; while the
rest hallooed and sang and laughed, and the room rang. 6. You cannot
relieve me, but you may add to the torments I suffer. 7. One gains
nothing by attempting to shut out the sprites of the weather. They
come in at the keyhole; they peer through the dripping panes; they
insinuate themselves through the crevices of the casement, or plump
themselves down chimney astride of the raindrops.--WHITTIER. 8. A
large lamp threw a strong mass of light upon the group. 9. The baron
pardoned the young couple on the spot. 10. Every now and then he
would turn his head slowly round.
11. The river sleeps along its course and dreams of the sky and of
the clustering foliage. 12. A severe gale compelled him to seek
shelter. 13. Miss Betsy Barker dried her eyes and thanked the Captain
heartily. 14. Pray you, look not sad. 15. I am! yet what I am who
cares, or knows?--CLARE. 16. After all, it is a glorious pastime to
find oneself in a real gale of wind, in a big ship, with not a rock
to run against within a thousand miles.--KINGSLEY. 17. We will talk
over all this another time. 18. What is progress? Movement. But what
if it be movement in the wrong direction?--DISRAELI. 19. They say
you are a melancholy fellow. 20. The valiant Clifford is no more.
21. The wreck had evidently drifted about for many months; clusters
of shellfish had fastened about it, and long seaweed flaunted at its
sides.--IRVING. 22. Times grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as
years of matrimony rolled on.
2. Frame twenty sentences, each containing a verb-phrase. Use
the auxiliaries mentioned in § 210. Let some of the sentences be
interrogative.
3. Make a list of twenty verbs that are transitive in one sense,
intransitive in another (§ 212). Use these verbs in sentences.
4. Illustrate the absolute use of transitive verbs by framing ten
sentences (§ 213).
5. Make a list of six copulative verbs (§ 214). Use them in sentences.
Frame sentences in which the same verbs are not copulative (§ 215).
6. Use the copula (§ 214) in twenty sentences, several of which shall
illustrate its use in verb-phrases.
EXERCISE 29
(§§ 217–225, pp. 94–99)
1. Write ten sentences in each of which a weak (or regular) verb is
used in the past tense; ten, in each of which a strong (or irregular)
verb is used in the past tense.
2. Construct sentences in which the past tense of each of the following
verbs is used: _drink_, _lie_, _sow_, _get_, _wake_, _dwell_, _sing_,
_pay_, _bid_, _light_, _bereave_, _build_, _ride_, _hang_, _swim_,
_lay_, _split_, _shrink_, _slay_, _wring_, _weave_, _thrive_, _spin_,
_tread_, _shake_, _burst_, _slink_, _dive_, _flee_, _fly_, _swing_,
_wet_, _fling_, _kneel_, _let_, _chide_.
3. Point out all the verbs (except the copula and auxiliaries) in
Exercise 28, 1, and conjugate them in the present and the past tense.
Tell which are weak (regular) and which are strong (irregular). Account
for the person and number.
EXERCISE 30
(§§ 226–232, pp. 100–102)
1. Fill each blank with _am_, _is_, or _are_.
1. England and the United States ---- at peace.
2. Neither Arthur nor John ---- right.
3. Either a saw or an axe ---- necessary.
4. Either you or Dorothy ---- going.
5. You and I ---- going.
6. You and he ---- going.
7. Is it Mr. Allen or is it his children who ---- going?
8. Either he ---- going or you ----.
9. Either you ---- going or I ----.
10. The sum and substance of the article ---- this.
11. Half the sheep ---- missing.
12. A number of Italians ---- present.
13. The number of Italians in this town ---- small.
14. Mathematics ---- my most difficult study.
15. The number of applicants ---- not sufficient
16. A number of reasons ---- alleged.
17. The jury ---- in agreement.
18. The jury ---- being charged by the judge.
19. The committee ---- composed of five members.
20. The committee ---- always wrangling with one another.
21. I, who ---- only a beginner, cannot compete with Richards, who
---- an expert.
22. He is one of those men who ---- always out of work.
23. I am not a man who ---- easily frightened.
24. Walter is one of the best fellows there ---- in this town.
25. Is it the king and queen who ---- coming?
26. Is it the king or the queen who ---- coming?
27. They made me, who ---- the shyest of mortals, respond to a toast.
28. A gift of four hundred books, eighteen maps, and ten plaster
casts ---- to be made to our school.
29. Vocal and instrumental music ---- taught here.
30. Neither vocal nor instrumental music ---- taught here.
31. Neither elementary nor advanced physics ---- taught here.
32. Neither organic nor inorganic chemists ---- trained here.
33. One or two pages ---- missing.
34. Physics, together with algebra and Latin, ---- taught the first
year.
35. Stevenson’s “Memories and Portraits” ---- lying on the table.
36. The insurgent general with ten of his followers ---- said to have
surrendered.
37. James, as well as his sisters, ---- coming.
38. Six months ---- a long time to wait.
39. A series of lectures ---- given here every winter.
2. Make a list of ten collective nouns. Use them in sentences (1) with
a singular verb, (2) with a plural verb. Explain the difference in
meaning.
3. Use the relative _who_ in ten sentences in which the antecedent is
in the first or the second person.
EXERCISE 31
(§§ 233–241, pp. 102–105)
1. Explain the use of _will_ and _shall_ in the following sentences.
1. We shall never forget what you have done for us. 2. “You ought to
know my military secretary,” said the general, as Lothair entered,
“and therefore I will introduce you.” 3. I am very patient; I will
wait. 4. If I do return, I will vote against them. But I will not
return. I have made up my mind to that. 5. I will send you Jennings’s
poem, if you like. 6. You will of course make a drawing and an
estimate, and send them to me (§ 240). 7. Do congratulate her for me,
will you? 8. Another Athens shall arise.--SHELLEY. 9. “I won’t allow
it!” cried Lady Niton, “he sha’n’t go!” 10. Shall I find you at home
if I call some day soon, between five and six o’clock? 11. You must
be convinced, and on reflection you will be convinced. 12. Before my
journey to Rochdale, you shall have due notice where to address me.
13. I consider myself a first-rate shot, and you shall practise with
me. 14. Shall I ever forget that party? 15. Shall you hunt to-morrow,
Mr. Deronda? 16. When shall you be at Cambridge?
17. Lady St. Jerome is a little indisposed--a cold caught at one of
her bazaars. She will hold them, and they say that no one ever sells
so much.--DISRAELI. 18. Will you be good enough to keep an account
of all the manuscripts you receive, for fear of omission? 19. O
rest ye, brother mariners, we will not wander more.--TENNYSON. 20.
Will you forward the inclosed immediately to Corbet, whose address
I do not exactly remember? 21. Byron was no common man: yet if we
examine his poetry with this view, we shall find it far enough from
faultless.--CARLYLE. 22. I shall be in town by Sunday next, and will
call and have some conversation on the subject of Westall’s proposed
design. 23. Will you go down, dear? I will follow you in a moment.
24. Will not your trip to Bath afford you an opportunity to take a
peep at Weston? 25. Never, as long as I live, will I speak to you
again, nor shall Harry, whom you have humiliated!
26. Yet he for whom I grieve shall never know it. 27. Shall you
let him go to Italy? 28. Prone to the dust Oppression shall be
hurled.--CAMPBELL. 29. You sha’n’t go on with this affair, I tell
you, Harry. 30. I shall probably return this evening, but I will see
you before I go.--TROLLOPE. 31. In the interim I shall leave town; on
Sunday I shall set out for Herefordshire, from whence, when wanted, I
will return. 32. If my father does not return with me in the spring,
it shall not be for want of urging on my part.--COOPER.
2. Fill each blank with _will_ or _shall_.
1. I ---- be glad to see you.
2. We ---- be obliged to go home early.
3. I ---- help you whenever you wish.
4. I promise that he ---- not trouble you again.
5. You ---- be kind enough to take your seat.
6. We ---- miss our train, I fear.
7. I must hurry or I ---- be late.
8. Robert ---- have as much as is good for him.
9. Arthur ---- disobey me in spite of all I can do.
10. Arthur ---- obey you, I am sure.
11. Arthur ---- obey me, or I ---- punish him.
12. If we reject these offers, we ---- regret it.
13. I ---- no longer endure his insolence.
14. ---- they return in season for dinner?
15. I ---- have to excuse you this time, I suppose.
16. I ---- gladly see you at any time.
17. You ---- not leave this room until you have confessed.
18. He ---- give you the money, I feel confident.
19. He ---- give you the money, or I ---- have no more to do with him.
20. ---- we allow them to do as they please?
3. Write declarative sentences, using _will_ or _shall_ in the first
person (singular or plural) to express a threat, a promise, resolution,
consent, desire, determination, simple futurity.
4. Fill the blanks in the following questions with _will_ or _shall_.
Write sentences (using _will_ or _shall_) in answer.
1. ---- you promise to do better?
2. ---- you make any promises if he insists?
3. ---- we miss our train?
4. ---- we go? Just ask us!
5. ---- I go now? I fear I am wearying you.
6. ---- I tell you what I really think?
7. ---- you call a cab for me, if you please?
8. ---- you be glad to see him?
9. ---- you see me if I call at one o’clock?
10. ---- we see you this evening?
11. ---- you be kind enough to open that door, or ---- I?
12. ---- you miss your brother?
13. ---- we wait here, or ---- you relent and let us go with you?
14. ---- we allow this evil to continue?
15. ---- you forgive me?
EXERCISE 32
(§§ 242–245, pp. 106–107)
1. Name all the complete (or compound) tenses and explain their
formation.
1. Four long years in the times of the war had he languished a
captive.--LONGFELLOW. 2. The adventurer has subsequently returned to
his native country. 3. Spiders had built their webs in the angles of
the walls and ceilings. 4. Whole fleets had been cast away. Large
mansions had been blown down. 5. I am just returned from staying
three days at a delightful inn by the river Ouse, where we always go
to fish (§ 242, 1, note).--FITZ GERALD. 6. In the evening we reached
a village where I had determined to pass the night. 7. I have sent by
the Gisbornes a copy of the “Elegy on Keats.” 8. I have really done
my best. 9. Our visits to the islands have been more like dreams than
realities. 10. We are here arrived at the crisis of Burns’s life. 11.
The chills of a long winter had suddenly given way; the north wind
had spent its last gasp; and a mild air came stealing from the west.
12. The officer at last turned away, having satisfied himself that
the room was empty. 13. Carson will have reached shelter long before
this.
2. Construct ten sentences in which the verbs in Exercise 29, 2 are
used in the perfect tense.
3. Turn the verbs in these sentences into the pluperfect tense; into
the future perfect tense. Write sentences in which the same verbs are
used as perfect participles; as perfect infinitives.
EXERCISE 33
(§§ 246–254, pp. 107–112)
1. Tell whether each verb is in the active or the passive voice.
2. If the verb is active, change it to the passive, and make such other
changes as may be necessary. If the verb is passive, change it to the
active.
3. Conjugate each verb in the tense in which it occurs.
1. The customs of mankind are influenced in many ways by climate. 2.
The door, which was slightly ajar, was suddenly pushed open. 3. The
landlord handed the stranger the newspaper. 4. After a short pause,
my host resumed his narration. 5. During the greater part of that
night my slumbers were disturbed by strange dreams. 6. Not a word was
spoken, not a sound was made. 7. The great willow tree had caught
and retained among its leaves a whole cataract of water. 8. Early in
the morning I was awakened by the voices of Peter and his wife. 9.
He that is loudly praised will be clamorously censured.--JOHNSON.
10. Out of this story he formed a tragedy. 11. The assailants were
repulsed in their first attack, and several of their bravest officers
were shot down in the act of storming the fortress sword in hand. 12.
This fatal question has disturbed the quiet of many other minds. 13.
No genius was ever blasted by the breath of critics.--JOHNSON. 14.
The jury then heard the opinion of the judge.
15. What cruel maxims are we taught by a knowledge of the
world!--MISS BURNEY. 16. Their departure made another material change
at Mansfield. 17. The appearance of a housemaid prevented any further
conversation. 18. Each word of this leave-taking was overheard by
Kezia. 19. Before nine o’clock next morning the two canoes were
installed on a light country cart. 20. An old harper was summoned
from the servants’ hall. 21. He had been wounded at Waterloo. 22.
This advice struck the disputants dumb. 23. Through the night were
heard the mysterious sounds of the desert. 24. A violent storm of
rain obliged them to take shelter in an inn. 25. Far was heard the
fox’s yell.--SCOTT. 26. Adams highly commended the doctor’s opinion.
4. Rewrite the following sentences, changing the form of the verbs from
active to passive, or from passive to active. Notice the effect upon
subjects and objects.
1. I was brought up by my uncle. 2. I have found them. 3. We were
delayed by the storm. 4. They were warned by the pilot. 5. She saw
us. 6. That winter will never be forgotten by any of us. 7. You
surprise me. 8. Will you meet me? 9. Was he struck by a bullet? 10.
Have you forgotten me? 11. How the crowd cheered him! 12. Tom, the
blacksmith, makes horseshoes. 13. The schooner was run down by the
steamship. 14. The old man has opened a little shop. 15. Mary has
invited Ellen. 16. Mary might have invited Ellen. 17. Mary will
invite Ellen. 18. The storm has made great havoc along the coast.
19. The children have been called home by their nurse. 20. He vexes
me. 21. The tower was struck by lightning yesterday. 22. A policeman
helped her over the crossing. 23. I was amused by your letter.
5. Use each of the following verbs in both the active and the passive
of the past, the future, and the perfect (or present perfect):--_send_,
_bring_, _teach_, _drink_, _get_, _set_, _lay_, _leave_, _find_,
_forget_.
6. Use each of the verbs in § 105 in the active voice of the past tense
with both a direct and an indirect object. Change to the passive.
EXERCISE 34
(§§ 255–261, pp. 113–114)
1. Point out all the progressive and all the emphatic verb-phrases.
Mention the tense and voice of each. Note any instances where _do_ and
_did_ are not emphatic.
1. Thus did the long sad years glide on. 2. Now pray do settle in
England. 3. Meanwhile, I go about in my little ship, where I do think
I have two honest fellows to deal with. 4. I remember. I do indeed
remember--too well! 5. Not until it was broad daylight did I quit
the haunted house. 6. Do but look on her eyes. 7. Roland reached the
boat just as the gang plank was being hauled in. 8. We are being
entertained by the Archers. 9. The man at our wheel was spinning his
spokes desperately to avoid banging into vessels we could not see,
but whose bells were ringing everywhere about us. 10. Wild weeds are
gathering on the wall. 11. I did actually pick up a French crown
piece, worth about a dollar and six cents, near high-water mark. 12.
I was loitering about the old gray cloisters of Westminster Abbey.
13. The friends of Coningsby were now hourly arriving. 14. My eyes
have been leaving me in the lurch again.
15. They had been for some time passing through narrow gorges of
the mountains, along the edges of a tumbling stream. 16. We are
just sitting down to dinner with a pleasant party. 17. The large
Newfoundland house-dog was standing by the door. 18. “Do thou,”
said Bertram, “lead the way.”--SCOTT. 19. Music in his ears his
beating heart did make. 20. Over the hillsides the wild knell is
tolling.--HOLMES.
2. Write sentences in which the verb _teach_ is used in the present
progressive, past progressive, future progressive, perfect progressive,
pluperfect progressive, and future perfect progressive tenses of the
active voice.
3. Write ten questions containing some form of _do_ (or _did_).
EXERCISE 35
(§§ 262–286, pp. 115–123)
Point out all the verbs in the imperative or the subjunctive mood. Tell
the subjects of the imperatives and explain the forms and uses of the
subjunctives.
1. And now dispatch we toward the court, my lords.--SHAKSPERE. 2. I
think you had better speak to Lady Corisande yourself (§ 285). 3. My
dear boy, God bless thee a thousand times over! 4. O that the desert
were my dwelling place! 5. “Rest we here,” Matilda said.--SCOTT.
6. Go where thy destiny calls thee. 7. Now Hesper guide my
feet.--AKENSIDE. 8. O that such hills upheld a freeborn race!--BYRON.
9. Perish those riches which are acquired at the expense of my honor
or my humanity!--GOLDSMITH. 10. Would all were well! but that will
never be.--SHAKSPERE. 11. The distaff were more fitting for you. 12.
Robert hesitated, as if he were inclined to refuse. 13. Do what they
might, the hook was in their gills.--GEORGE MEREDITH. 14. Fare you
well, fair gentlemen.--SHAKSPERE. 15. Suffice it to say, the robbers
were defeated. 16. Disclose thy treachery, or die! 17. Let us not be
influenced by any angry feelings. 18. Be that as it may, Kidd never
returned to recover his wealth.
19. I would to God my heart were flint, like Edward’s.--SHAKSPERE.
20. Move we on.--SCOTT. 21. Mark that the signal-gun be duly
fired.--BYRON. 22. The hull drives on, though mast and sail be
torn. 23. I am glad that you liked my song, and, if I liked the
others myself so well as that I sent you, I would transcribe them
for you also.--COWPER. 24. I beseech you, punish me not with your
hard thoughts.--SHAKSPERE. 25. If there be change, no change I
see.--LANDOR. 26. Be it as thou wilt. 27. Weep you no more, sad
fountains. 28. If thou leave thy father, he will die.--WORDSWORTH.
29. Come thou no more for ransom, gentle herald.--SHAKSPERE. 30.
Learn thou his purpose. 31. Come, go we in procession to the
village.--SHAKSPERE. 32. The destruction of property which took place
within a few weeks would be incredible, if it were not attested by
witnesses unconnected with each other and attached to very different
interests.
33. I wish I were as I have been,
Hunting the hart in forest green.--SCOTT.
34. Come what come may,
Time and the hour runs through the roughest day.--SHAKSPERE.
35. Buried be all that has been done,
Or say that naught is done amiss.--CRABBE.
EXERCISE 36
(§§ 272–286, pp. 118–123)
Fill each blank with a verb in the appropriate form.
1. O that he ---- here!
2. Would that I ---- there!
3. If he ---- a little older, I should take him into partnership.
4. ---- you asked me to go, I should have refused.
5. ---- you to ask me, I should refuse.
6. If you ---- there, I should have seen you.
7. I am glad I saw the play, even if I ---- a little disappointed.
8. I should have been glad to see the play, even if I ---- a little
disappointed.
9. I should be glad to see the play, even if I ---- a little
disappointed.
10. I shall be glad to see the play, even if I ---- a little
disappointed.
11. Though he ---- to increase my salary, I should not remain in his
employ. [Use the copula.]
12. Unless he ---- to increase my salary, I should not remain in his
employ. [Use the copula.]
13. When Tom saw you, you looked as if you ---- angry. [Use the
copula.]
14. When Tom sees you, I suppose you will look as if you ---- angry.
15. I must remind him to post this letter, lest he ---- it.
EXERCISE 37
(§§ 287–295, pp. 124–127)
Explain the meaning of each potential verb-phrase, and parse the
phrase. In parsing such a phrase, describe it merely as a potential
verb-phrase and tell the tense, voice, person, and number, without
assigning it to any mood.
1. Enough! You may depart. 2. Men should travel. 3. What must be
shall be. That’s a certain text.--SHAKSPERE. 4. At times, with
a strong effort, he would glance at the open door which still
seemed to repel his eyes. 5. Nothing can bring you peace but
yourself.--EMERSON. 6. It was sometimes sad enough to watch him as
he sat alone. He would have a book near him, and for a while would
keep it in his hands.--TROLLOPE. 7. O, my friend! may I believe
you? May I speak to you? 8. Presently he faced Adrian, crying, “And
I might have stopped it!” 9. Nothing is impossible to the man who
can will.--EMERSON. 10. A scholar may be a well-bred man, or he
may not.--EMERSON. 11. “I trust we’re at liberty to enter,” said
the elder lady with urbanity. “We were told that we might come at
any time.” 12. I sent for you that I might have your counsel and
assistance. 13. I could no longer doubt the doom prepared for me.
14. I am as well as I can expect to be under the excitement which I
suffer. 15. I can become a party to no such absurd proceeding. 16. I
could scarcely refrain from tears. 17. Come! we must go back. 18. We
must be strangers to each other in future. 19. As my horse must now
have eaten his provender, I must needs thank you for your good cheer,
and pray you to show me this man’s residence, that I may have the
means of proceeding on my journey.
EXERCISE 38
(§§ 289–291, pp. 125–126)
1. Fill each blank with _can_ or _may_.
1. ---- I borrow your pen?
2. Yes, you ----.
3. No, you ---- not.
4. I ---- swim across this river some day, for I know well enough
that I ----.
5. I shall ask my father if I ---- swim across this river. I know
well enough that I ----.
6. My father is confident that I ---- swim across the river safely.
7. My father says that I ---- swim across the river if I will wait
until he ---- go with me.
8. ---- I trouble you to give me that tennis racket?
9. It ---- be that you will regret this.
10. It ---- not be that you will regret this.
11. ---- you take a vacation this year, or is permission still
refused?
12. Why not ask if you ---- take a vacation?
13. You ---- take your vacation after I have taken mine.
14. The weather man says we ---- hope for sunshine to-morrow.
15. He ---- be thankful that he escaped so easily.
16. When you are twenty-one, you ---- have your own way.
2. Write sentences asking permission in the first, second, and third
persons. Write sentences (1) granting these requests; (2) refusing them.
EXERCISE 39
(§§ 297–308, pp. 127–132)
1. Justify the use of the auxiliary (_should_ or _would_). In some of
the sentences, _should_ might be substituted for _would_. Which are
they?
1. If I were you, I would not dwell too much on this fancy of yours.
2. I have neither servants nor clothes, and, if it had not been for
these good people, I should not have had food. 3. I should delight
in having her for a sister-in-law. 4. I should hardly wish to go out
before Friday. 5. I shouldn’t wonder if this made him set his teeth.
6. Well, that’s over! and I’m sure neither Oliver nor I would go
through it again for a million of money. 7. If I were you, I would
turn it over in my mind. 8. I should be afraid to express myself in
this manner, if the matter were not clear and indisputable.--BURKE.
9. I should like to remain where I am for another week or ten days.
10. Would you do me the favor to look at a few specimens of my
portrait-painting?--DICKENS. 11. “Would you come?” she said, with
a serious, searching glance, and in a kind of coaxing manner.--“I
should be an intruder, my dear lady,” said Theodore, declining the
suggestion.--DISRAELI.
12. I should not like to be out of my seat were the House in
session.--W. J. LOCKE. 13. If I were you I would not tempt Fate
by remaining here a day longer.--W. E. NORRIS. 14. Candidates
would rather, I suppose, climb in at a window than be absolutely
excluded.--COWPER. 15. Impey would not hear of mercy or delay. 16. I
should not be surprised if he were here immediately. 17. There’s a
plantation of sugar-canes at the foot of that rock: should you like
to look?--GEORGE ELIOT.
2. Explain the use of the auxiliary (_shall_, _should_, or _will_,
_would_) in each subordinate clause.
1. With this purpose in view, he sent a skilful architect to build
him such a palace as should be fit for a man of his vast wealth
to live in. 2. Their majesties commanded me to submit to whatever
Bobadilla should order in their name. 3. Should you find yourself
able to push on to Braemar, your visit will be most welcome. 4. It’s
a simple affair enough, if you’ll just leave it as it stands. 5.
Fearing to awaken Joseph a second time, lest he should again hazard
all by his thoughtlessness, he crept softly out of the wigwam. 6. I
watched the grapes from day to day till they should have secreted
sugar enough from the sunbeams. 7. If an old prophecy should come to
pass, we may see a man, some time or other, with exactly such a face
as that. 8. He kept his heart continually open, and thus was sure to
catch the blessing from on high, when it should come.--HAWTHORNE.
9. This law provided that the presidency of Bengal should exercise
a control over the other possessions of the Company. 10. It is time
that we should proceed.
11. It is necessary that he should have some work to do. 12. I
shall be thankful if you will condescend to enlighten my ignorance.
13. It was natural that the leading authors should affect a style
of levity and derision.--JEFFREY. 14. I will take care that you
shall not be troubled by him again. 15. That the Duke of Wellington
should cordially approve is singular enough. 16. “Boys,” interrupted
Wilder, “it is now proper that you should know something of my
future movements.”--COOPER. 17. We all stood ready to succor them
if there should be occasion.--DEFOE. 18. You are so well qualified
for the task yourself that it is impossible you should need any
assistance; at least, it is hardly possible that I should afford you
any.--COWPER. 19. The brave sufferer refused to purchase liberty,
though liberty to him would have been life, by recognizing the
authority which had confined him. 20. I meant that he should walk
off, but he did not choose to understand me. 21. When time shall
serve, you shall have the fruit of my labors.--COWPER.
22. I shall be so glad if you will tell me what to read.--GEORGE
ELIOT. 23. I protest against such a combat, until the king of England
shall have repaid the fifty thousand bezants.--SCOTT. 24. Unless
something should go wrong, I flatter myself that the performance
will elicit your generous approbation. 25. A seat in the cabinet was
offered to him, on condition that he would give efficient support to
the ministry in Parliament. 26. The proposition which he made was,
that Fox should be Secretary of State.
27. That night he put forth a proclamation, directing that the posts
should be stopped, and that no person should, at his peril, venture
to harbor the accused members.--MACAULAY. 28. Hyde interfered, and
proposed that the question should be divided. 29. I am sorry that you
should be bothered in this way. 30. I am sorry that Murray should
groan on my account.--BYRON. 31. There are old brass andirons,
waiting until time shall revenge them on their paltry substitutes.
32. Should he be acquitted, that, I imagine, should end the matter.
33. A rumor was circulated that some new pageant was about to
be exhibited, which should put a fitting close to the splendid
festivities. 34. If this new purpose of conquest shall be abandoned,
Richard may yet become King of Jerusalem by compact.--SCOTT. 35.
Saladin desires no converts save those whom the holy prophet shall
dispose to submit themselves to his law. 36. Pride now came to
Montezuma’s aid, and, since he must go, he preferred that it should
appear to be with his own free will. 37. God forbid that I should
regret those gifts!
EXERCISE 40
(§§ 309–323, pp. 132–137)
1. Point out each infinitive and explain its construction as noun, as
complementary infinitive, as infinitive of purpose, as modifier of a
noun or an adjective, or as part of a verb-phrase (with an auxiliary).
2. Point out any modifiers or objects of infinitives.
1. To advance toward London would have been madness. 2. To trace
the exact boundary between rightful and wrongful resistance is
impossible.--MACAULAY. 3. I was too young to keep any journal of
this voyage. 4. The baron hastened to receive his future son-in-law.
5. It was her habit to go over to the deanery (§ 318). 6. He could
not consent to turn his back upon a party of helpless travellers.
7. The fixed purpose of these men was to break the foreign yoke.
8. Here rise no cliffs the vale to shade. 9. They saw the gleaming
river seaward flow (§ 322). 10. She perceived one of the eyes of the
portrait move. 11. His first scheme was to seize Bristol. 12. The
first business of the Commons was to elect a Speaker. 13. The old man
frequently stretched his eyes ahead to gaze over the tract that he
had yet to traverse. 14. When other things sank brooding to sleep,
the heath appeared slowly to awake and listen.--HARDY. 15. All were
anxious to hear the story of the mysterious picture. 16. I see the
lights of the village gleam through the rain and the mist. 17. Then
the bishop rose from his chair to speak.
18. To dismiss him from his high post was to emancipate him from all
restraint. 19. This is not a time to hesitate. 20. Burghers hastened
to man the wall. 21. I felt Leslie’s hand tremble on my arm. 22. He
heard a mighty bowstring twang.--MORRIS. 23. Mr. Ralph Nickleby sat
in his private office one morning, ready dressed to walk abroad. 24.
I put down the letters, and began to muse over their contents. 25.
Waves of clear sea are, indeed, lovely to watch. 26. Halifax had now
nothing to give. 27. The neighborhood seemed to breathe a tranquil
prosperity. 28. It is always perilous to adopt expediency as a guide.
29. Soldiers were drawn up to keep the passage clear.
3. Write sentences containing an infinitive used as subject, as
predicate nominative, as appositive, as the object of a preposition, as
an adjective; a complementary infinitive; an infinitive of purpose; an
infinitive used with _shall_, with _will_, with _must_.
4. Note any modifiers or objects that you have used with the
infinitives.
EXERCISE 41
(§§ 324–328, pp. 137–139)
1. Point out each infinitive clause. Mention the verb of which it is
the object. Find the subject of each infinitive. When it is possible,
substitute a _that_-clause for the infinitive clause.
1. It might seem irreverent to make the gray cathedral and the tall
time-worn palaces echo back the exuberant vociferation of the market.
2. We have made you wait. 3. We then went to Pembroke College, and
waited on his old friend Dr. Adams, the master of it, whom I found
to be a most polite, pleasing, communicative man.--BOSWELL. 4. The
doctor expects Captain Starbuck to recover. 5. For a good sailor to
foul the first buoy was ludicrous enough. 6. Will you ask Annie to
feed the parrot? 7. I believe it to be a speaking likeness. 8. I
suppose them to be utterly ignorant of their own condition.
9. Hepzibah bade her young guest sit down. 10. Calamity and peril
often force men to combine. 11. He knew himself to be a liar whom
nobody trusted. 12. I must not ask the reader to suppose that he was
cheerful. 13. I felt this melancholy to be infectious. 14. No one on
seeing Mr. Crawley took him to be a happy man, or a weak man, or an
ignorant man, or a wise man.--TROLLOPE. 15. Humanity impelled him to
rescue the poor wretch.
2. Write sentences containing infinitive clauses used after verbs of
_wishing_, _commanding_, _believing_, _declaring_, _perceiving_.
3. Fill each blank with a personal pronoun.
1. He believes the author to be ----. [First person.]
2. He believes that the author is ----. [First person.]
3. I knew the thief to be ----. [Third person.]
4. I thought that the thief was ----. [Third person.]
5. We thought the strangers to be ----. [Third person.]
6. We thought that the strangers were ----. [Third person.]
4. Fill each blank with _who_ or _whom_.
1. The man ---- I believe to be responsible for this accident is the
engineer.
2. I believe that the man ---- is responsible for this accident is
the engineer.
3. My knock was answered by a lad ---- I believed to be a lodger.
4. You are not the person ---- I believed you to be.
EXERCISE 42
(§§ 329–343, pp. 140–143)
1. Point out all the participles, present and past, and tell what
substantive each modifies. Mention such as are used as pure adjectives.
Mention any modifiers or objects of participles.
1. The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and
done.--WHITMAN. 2. Even the tight windows and the heavy silken
curtains drawn close could not shut out the sound of the driving
sleet. 3. Godolphin was not a reading man. 4. Mr. Sikes, dragging
Oliver after him, elbowed his way through the thickest of the crowd.
5. Betrayed, deserted, disorganized, unprovided with resources,
begirt with enemies, the noble city was still no easy conquest. 6.
Thus regretted and cautioned on all hands, Mordaunt took leave of the
hospitable household. 7. Far away, an angry white stain undulating
on the surface of steely-gray waters, shot with gleams of green,
diminished swiftly, without a hiss, like a patch of pure snow melting
in the sun.--CONRAD. 8. I set her on my pacing steed.--KEATS.
9. But the poor traveller paused here barely for a minute, and then
went on, stumbling through the mud, striking his ill-covered feet
against the rough stones in the dark, sweating in his weakness,
almost tottering at times, and calculating whether his remaining
strength would serve to carry him home.--TROLLOPE. 10. His teeth are
set, his hand is clenched. 11. Passing through the ravine, they came
to a hollow, like a small amphitheatre. 12. He found the house gone
to decay--the roof fallen in, the windows shattered, and the doors
off the hinges. 13. And now, sir, when you next go to the British
Museum, look for a poet named Vaughan. 14. A heavy sea struck us
on our starboard quarter, almost throwing us on our beam-ends. 15.
He stood chuckling and rubbing his hands, and scarcely hearing a
word the parson said. 16. The light struggles dimly through windows
darkened by dust. 17. We sailed merrily forward for several days,
meeting with nothing to interrupt us.
2. Write sentences containing the past participles of six weak verbs;
of six strong verbs.
3. Write sentences containing a participle used as a pure adjective;
a participle used as a predicate adjective; a participle modified
adverbially; a participle taking an object.
4. Write ten sentences each containing a perfect participle. Substitute
for each a clause introduced by _when_.
EXERCISE 43
(§§ 344–346, p. 144)
Explain all examples of the nominative absolute. Substitute a modifying
clause in each sentence.
1. A carriage, drawn by half a dozen horses, came driving at a
furious rate, the postilions smacking their whips like mad. 2. As far
as the eye could reach, the sea in every direction was of a deep blue
color, the waves running high and fresh, and sparkling in the light.
3. For some years past there had been a difficulty about the rent,
things not having gone at the Dragon of Wantly as smoothly as they
had used to go. 4. He began to talk rapidly, all diffidence subdued.
5. Noon coming, and the Doctor not returning, Mr. Lorry advised with
Lucie. 6. The second mate falling ill during the passage, I was
promoted to officer of the watch. 7. The dog now roused himself and
sat on his haunches, his ears moving quickly backward and forward.
8. This done, Mazeppa spread his cloak. 9. She was seated alone, her
arms on the table, her head bent down. 10. There being some time upon
his hands, he left his luggage at the cloak-room, and went on foot
along Bedford Street to the church.
EXERCISE 44
(§§ 347–353, pp. 145–147)
1. Point out the present participles, and also the verbal nouns in
_-ing_ (participial nouns). Show the difference. Mention any modifiers
or complements used with either.
1. The consternation was extreme. Some were for closing the gates
and resisting; some for submitting; some for temporizing. 2. A
troop of strange children ran at his heels, hooting after him, and
pointing at his gray head. 3. The wicket opened on a stone staircase
leading upward. 4. Watching and toil were to me pleasure, for my
body was strong, and my spirits winged. 5. The lingerings of decent
pride were visible in her appearance. 6. His deep bass voice had
a quavering in it, his eyes looked dim, and the lines on his face
were deep. 7. There were several French privateers hovering on the
coast. 8. He does not like talking of these matters to strangers.
9. Miss Matty cared much more for the circumstance of her being a
very good card-player. 10. His discourse was broken off by his man’s
telling him he had called a coach. 11. Swallows and martens skimmed
twittering about the eaves. 12. I have loved, lived with, and left
the sea without ever seeing a ship’s tall fabric of sticks, cobwebs,
and gossamer go by the board.--CONRAD.
13. The sexton was a meek, acquiescing little man, of a bowing, lowly
habit; yet he had a pleasant twinkling in his eye. 14. The rain
always made a point of setting in just as he had some outdoor work to
do. 15. I have been employed this morning in composing a Latin motto
for the king’s clock. 16. Two more of the boats were lost by being
stove and swamped alongside. 17. I heard the ripple washing in the
reeds. 18. After wandering through two or three streets, I found my
way to Shakspere’s birthplace. 19. Rip’s heart died away at hearing
of these sad changes in his home and friends. 20. The fish did not
bite freely, and we frequently changed our fishing ground without
bettering our luck. 21. Lady Niton sat blinking and speechless. 22. I
cannot help hearing things, and reading things, and observing things,
and they fill me with disquietude. 23. Here was circumstance after
circumstance goading me onward. 24. I sat staring at a book of my
own making. 25. That thought actually drove out of my head the more
pressing danger.
2. Write sentences in which (1) a verbal noun and (2) a present
participle are formed from--
run, hunt, leap, swim, strike, find, speak, sing, shout, play, skate,
blow, spend, listen, eat, move, translate, recite, murmur, whisper,
read, talk, complain, paint, build, give, breathe, teach, flow, shine.
3. Whenever it is possible, substitute either a noun or an infinitive
for each verbal noun in your sentences.
4. Select three of these verbal nouns, and write other sentences in
which each is used (1) as a subject, (2) with a direct and an indirect
object, (3) with an adjective modifier, (4) with an adverbial modifier.
EXERCISE 45
(§§ 354–371, pp. 148–154)
1. Point out and parse the prepositions and conjunctions.
In parsing a preposition, tell (1) the object, and (2) the word to
which the preposition shows the relation of the object.
In parsing a conjunction, indicate the words or groups of words which
it connects, tell whether it is coördinate or subordinate, and mention
its correlative (§ 369) if it has one.
1. Neither witch nor warlock crossed Mordaunt’s path. 2. But I will
be bolder, and do not doubt to make it good, though a paradox, that
one great reason why prose is not to be used in serious plays, is,
because it is too near the nature of converse.--DRYDEN. 3. All down
that immense vista of gloomy arches there was one blaze of scarlet
and gold. 4. No doubt, something of Shakspere’s punning must be
attributed to his age, in which direct and formal combats of wit
were a favorite pastime of the courtly and accomplished.--COLERIDGE.
5. Bodily labor is of two kinds: either that which a man submits
to for his livelihood, or that which he undergoes for his
pleasure.--ADDISON. 6. Early upon the morrow the march was resumed.
7. The camp was broken up, and the troops were sent to quarters in
different parts of the country. 8. My attention was called off for
a moment by the cries of birds and the bleatings of sheep. 9. This
is well to be weighed, that boldness is ever blind, for it seeth not
dangers and inconveniences.--BACON. 10. At a little distance from Sir
Roger’s house, among the ruins of an old abbey, there is a long walk
of aged elms. 11. Then I sent you the Greek instead of the Persian
whom you asked for?--FITZ GERALD. 12. Rowland’s allowance at college
was barely sufficient to maintain him decently, and, his degree
nevertheless achieved, he was taken into his father’s counting-house
to do small drudgery on a proportionate stipend.
13. Though this lady never expressed an idea, Richard was not
mistaken in her cleverness. 14. If I am tired, your letter will
refresh me. 15. The young ladies however, and Mr. Pecksniff likewise,
remained in the very best of spirits in spite of these severe trials,
though with something of a mysterious understanding among themselves.
16. He went along almost gaily, nor felt the fatigue of the road.
2. Write sentences in which, the following words are used as
indicated:--
for (_preposition_, _conjunction_), then (_conjunction_, _adverb_),
notwithstanding (_preposition_, _conjunction_), since (_preposition_,
_adverb_, _relative adverb_), until (_preposition_, _relative
adverb_), as (_conjunction_, _relative pronoun_, _relative adverb_),
that (_conjunction_, _relative pronoun_, _demonstrative adjective_,
_demonstrative pronoun_), but (_preposition_, _conjunction_).
3. Construct sentences containing _either_ and _or_, _neither_ and
_nor_, _whether_ and _or_, _not only_ and _but also_, _both_ and _and_,
_though_, _if_, _because_.
4. Construct six sentences containing coördinate conjunctions; six
containing subordinate conjunctions; six containing relative adverbs.
EXERCISE 46
(§§ 372–375, pp. 155–156)
Point out all interjections, all other parts of speech used here in
exclamation, and all exclamatory phrases.
1. Ring the alarum-bell! Murder and treason!--SHAKSPERE. 2.
Kipling is by far the most promising young man who has appeared
since--ahem--I appeared.--STEVENSON. 3. O, to be in England! 4.
“Courage!” he said, and pointed toward the land.--TENNYSON. 5. Ah!
my lord Arthur, whither shall I go? 6. Alas for my credulous fancy!
7. Tut, man! we must take things as they come. 8. O day, the last of
all my bliss on earth!--MARLOWE. 9. Adieu, fair Cadiz! yea, a long
adieu!--BYRON. 10. Peace, sister, peace! 11. Fie, fie, my brother!
12. How now, Thersites? what, lost in the labyrinth of thy fury? 13.
Farewell for the present, my dear sir. 14. O Jupiter! how weary are
my spirits!--SHAKSPERE. 15. Guilty, my lord, guilty! I confess, I
confess! 16. Hence, you long-legg’d spinners, hence! 17. O monstrous!
O strange! we are haunted! 18. Faith, he is gone unto the taming
school. 19. But, soft! whom have we here?
20. A Tory! a Tory! a spy! a refugee! hustle him! away with him! 21.
What! this gentleman will outtalk us all. 22. Up, up, Glentarkin!
rouse thee, ho!--SCOTT. 23. And now good-bye, my dear fellow. 24.
Ahem! you remember, friend? Grand triumphs those, eh?
EXERCISE 47
(§§ 376–392, pp. 157–162)
1. Construct ten sentences in which the simple subject (noun or
pronoun) is modified by an adjective clause; ten in which the simple
predicate is modified by an adverbial clause.
2. Tell the construction (as subject, predicate nominative, object,
etc.) of each noun clause in § 392. Mention the simple subject and
predicate of each clause.
EXERCISE 48
(§§ 395–402, pp. 163–165)
1. Tell whether each of the subordinate clauses expresses place, time,
cause, or concession. Is the clause adjective or adverbial? What
introduces it? What does it modify?
1. Though often misled by prejudice and passion, he was emphatically
an honest man. 2. When a prisoner first leaves his cell, he cannot
bear the light of day. 3. As I walked through the wilderness of this
world, I lighted on a certain place where was a den.--BUNYAN. 4. He
postponed his final decision till after the Parliament should have
reassembled. 5. They gave a dismal croak or two, and hopped aside
into the darkest corner, since it was not yet their hour to flap
duskily abroad. 6. Calmly and sadly she waited, until the procession
approached her. 7. Half the task was not done when the sun went down.
8. However I might be disposed to trust his probity, I dare not trust
his prejudices. 9. After a little more conversation we strolled to
the stable, where my horse was standing. 10. As we approached the
house, we heard the sound of music, and now and then a burst of
laughter. 11. His face was not cruel, though it was desperate.
12. We again set out for the hut, at which we deposited our golden
burdens. 13. It will be midnight before we arrive at our inn. 14.
Though I was not particularly well supplied with money, I had
enough for the expenses of my journey. 15. The day, though it began
brightly, had long been overcast. 16. As there were no men in the
company, the girls danced with each other. 17. Although without fear,
I did not neglect to use all proper precautions. 18. When I return,
I shall find things settled. 19. Clifford, as the company partook of
their little banquet, grew to be the gayest of them all. 20. The mill
where Will lived with his adopted parents stood in a falling valley
between pinewoods and great mountains. 21. As Ichabod approached this
fearful tree, he began to whistle. 22. Infected be the air whereon
they ride!--SHAKSPERE. 23. So they were forced to go, because he was
stronger than they.
24. Since you will not help me, I must trust to myself. 25. When
they beheld his face, they recognized Basil the blacksmith. 26.
This is the third day since we came to Rome. 27. Amsterdam was the
place where the leading Scotch and English assembled. 28. These
considerations might well have made William uneasy, even if all the
military means of the United Provinces had been at his absolute
disposal. 29. Although the breeze had now utterly ceased, we had made
a great deal of way during the night.
2. Illustrate clauses of place, time, cause, and concession, by
constructing twenty sentences, five for each.
3. Tell whether the clauses are adjective or adverbial. What does each
modify?
4. See if you can replace your clauses of time by participles or
adverbial phrases.
EXERCISE 49
(§§ 403–410, pp. 166–167)
1. Point out the clauses of purpose and those of result.
1. The weather was so bad I could not embark that night. 2. She
opened the casement that the cool air might blow upon her throbbing
temples. 3. So intent were the servants upon their sports, that we
had to ring repeatedly before we could make ourselves heard. 4.
The consequence was that, according to the rules of the House, the
amendment was lost. 5. Therefore I am going this way, as I told you,
that I may be rid of my burden. 6. Tess’s friends lived so far off
that none could conveniently have been present at the ceremony. 7.
Sometimes I was afraid lest I should be charged with ingratitude.
8. There is such an echo among the old ruins and vaults that, if
you stamp but a little louder than ordinary, you hear the sound
repeated.--ADDISON. 9. They durst not speak without premeditation,
lest they should be convicted of discontent or sorrow. 10. My purpose
was, to admit no testimony of living authors, that I might not be
misled by partiality, and that none of my contemporaries might have
reason to complain.--JOHNSON. 11. It is King Richard’s pleasure that
you die undegraded.
2. Write five sentences containing each a clause of purpose; of result;
an infinitive clause expressing purpose.
3. Write ten sentences in which the infinitive (without a subject)
expresses purpose.
4. Review Exercise 40.
EXERCISE 50
(§§ 411–427, pp. 167–172)
1. Tell whether the conditional clauses in the following sentences are
non-committal or contrary to fact, and whether they represent present,
past, or future condition.
1. Should Hayley be with you, tell him I have given my friend Mr.
Rose an introductory letter to him. 2. If the judgment against
him was illegal, it ought to have been reversed. If it was legal,
there was no ground for remitting any part of it. 3. If I ever saw
horror in the human face, it was there. 4. His affliction would
have been insupportable, had not he been comforted by the daily
visits and conversations of his friend. 5. We perish if they hear a
shot.--SCOTT. 6. Can Freedom breathe if Ignorance reign?--HOLMES. 7.
If power be in the hands of men, it will sometimes be abused. 8. If
hopes were dupes, fears may be liars.--CLOUGH. 9. If you write to
Moore, will you tell him that I shall answer his letter the moment I
can muster time and spirits? 10. If you have any good news to tell,
it will not be unwelcome; if any bad, you need not be afraid. 11. I
feel quite as much bored with this foolery as it deserves, and more
than I should be, if I had not a headache. 12. Will you let me offer
you this little book? If I had anything better, it should be yours.
13. I shall hope, if we can agree as to dates, to come to you
sometime in May. 14. If I could only get to work, we could live here
with comfort. 15. If he had been left to himself, he would have
whistled life away in perfect contentment. 16. If this frolic should
lay me up with a fit of rheumatism, I shall have a blessed time with
Dame Van Winkle. 17. I know that two and two make four, and should
be glad to prove it, if I could,--though, I must say, if by any sort
of process I could convert two and two into five, it would give me
much greater pleasure.--BYRON. 18. I would not say this if I could
help it. 19. If you are disposed to write--write; and if not, I shall
forgive your silence, and you will not quarrel with mine. 20. Had
not exercise been absolutely necessary for our well-being, nature
would not have made the body so proper for it.--ADDISON. 21. Nothing
will ever be attempted, if all possible objections must first be
overcome.--JOHNSON. 22. If fashion gives the word, every distinction
of beauty, complexion, or stature ceases.--GOLDSMITH.
2. Write twenty sentences, each containing a conditional clause. Tell
whether each condition refers to present, past, or future time. Which
of them are contrary to fact?
EXERCISE 51
(§§ 428–429, p. 173)
1. Point out the clauses of comparison and explain such forms of verbs
or pronouns as may require comment.
1. Dull as a flower without the sun, he sat down upon a stone. 2.
He sighed as if he would break his heart. 3. The modern steamship
advances upon a still and overshadowed sea with a pulsating tremor of
her frame, an occasional clang in her depths, as if she had an iron
heart in her iron body.--CONRAD. 4. It would have been as difficult,
however, to follow up the stream of Donatello’s ancestry to its dim
source, as travellers have found it to reach the mysterious fountains
of the Nile. 5. I will become as liberal as you. 6. The triumph was
as destructive to the victorious as to the vanquished. 7. The public
conduct of Milton must be approved or condemned, according as the
resistance of the people to Charles the First shall appear to be
justifiable or criminal. 8. There was no one in all Clavering who
read so many novels as Madame Fribsby. 9. No kind of power is more
formidable than the power of making men ridiculous.--MACAULAY.
10. The leader of the orchestra was sawing away at his violin as
savagely as if he were calling on his company to rush up and seize
a battery of guns.--BLACK. 11. He shouts as if he were trying his
voice against a northwest gale of wind. 12. The playground seemed
smaller than when I used to sport about it. 13. The blood in me ran
cold, and I drew in my breath as if I had been struck. 14. There are
few things more formidable than the unwonted anger of a good-natured
man.--MILLER. 15. Nor was Lochiel less distinguished by intellectual
than by bodily vigor. 16. He showed less wisdom than virtue. 17. He
was as courageous an animal as ever scoured the woods. 18. As fierce
a beak and talon as ever struck--as strong a wing as ever beat,
belonged to Swift.--THACKERAY.
19. Homer’s description of war had as much truth as poetry
requires.--MACAULAY. 20. Of all the objects I have ever seen, there
is none which affects my imagination so much as the sea.--ADDISON.
21. “Somebody must go,” murmured Mrs. Heathcliff, more kindly
than I expected. 22. We do not so often disappoint others as
ourselves.--JOHNSON. 23. The battle raged as fiercely on the lake
as on the land. 24. The young man looked down on me from the corner
of his eyes, for all the world as if there were some mortal feud
unavenged between us.--E. BRONTË.
2. Write ten sentences containing _as if_ with a subjunctive.
3. Insert personal pronouns of the first or third person.
1. You are much stronger than ----.
2. Your anger hurts yourself more than it hurts ----.
3. You are not so studious as ----.
4. He was quite as much to blame as ----.
5. I blame myself rather than ----.
6. You should rather blame yourself than ----.
7. How much older are you than ----?
8. Is Jack more ambitious than ----?
9. Do you wish to please yourself more than ----?
10. Your conduct was less censurable than ----.
EXERCISE 52
(§§ 430–436, pp. 173–176)
1. Change the direct statements to indirect discourse, prefixing _He
said_. Thus,--
Supper was announced shortly after my arrival.
He said that supper was announced shortly after his arrival.
Be careful to make the proper changes in person and tense.
1. Supper was announced shortly after my arrival. 2. Misery loves
company. 3. Iron floats in mercury. 4. The grime and sordidness of
the House of the Seven Gables seem to have vanished. 5. Nothing is
to be seen. 6. Straws show which way the wind blows. 7. I remained
undecided whether or not to follow my servant. 8. Rest of mind and
body seems to have reëstablished my health. 9. The fortifications
consist of a simple wall overgrown with grass and weeds. 10. Fire is
a good servant but a bad master. 11. Not a cheer was heard; not a
member ventured to second the motion. 12. The most rigid discipline
is maintained. 13. Without our consent, such an expedition cannot
legally be undertaken. 14. The newspapers will happily save me the
trouble of relating minute particulars.
15. The ringing of bells is at an end; the rumbling of the carriages
has ceased; the pattering of feet is heard no more. 16. My mind has
been much disturbed, and too agitated for conversation. 17. While all
this is taking place within the Towers, vast bodies of people are
assembling without. 18. The spelling and handwriting are those of a
man imperfectly educated. 19. I have an unconquerable repugnance to
return to my chamber. 20. I like to see a man know his own mind.
2. Change into a direct statement each clause that is in the indirect
discourse. Mention the construction of the clause (as subject, object,
etc.).
1. The booming of a gun told them that the last yacht had rounded the
lightship. 2. All of a sudden she thought she heard something move
behind her. 3. Though they spoke French fluently, I perceived that
it was not their native language. 4. I soon found that, in making
the acquaintance of the young man, I had indeed made a valuable
acquisition. 5. I thanked him, but said that Dr. Johnson had come
with me from London, and I must return to the inn and drink tea with
him; that my name was Boswell, and I had travelled with him in the
Hebrides. 6. I discovered that he was wonderfully fond of interfering
with other people’s business. 7. I had heard that he had been
unhappy, that he had roamed about, a fevered, distempered man, taking
pleasure in nothing. 8. I had observed that the old woman for some
time past had shown much less anxiety about the book. 9. I learned
that times had gone hard with her. 10. I perceived that the objects
which had excited my curiosity were not trees, but immense upright
stones.
11. That no man can legally promise what he cannot legally perform
is a self-evident proposition.--MACKINTOSH. 12. That there are some
duties superior to others will be denied by no one. 13. It can
hardly be doubted that the highest obligation of a citizen is that
of contributing to preserve the community. 14. Reports had been
brought back that six Christians were lingering in captivity in
the interior of the country. 15. If it be true that, by giving our
confidence by halves, we can scarcely hope to make a friend, it is
equally true that, by withdrawing it when given, we shall make an
enemy.--PRESCOTT. 16. He concluded with the assurance that the whole
fleet would sail on the following day. 17. Pen protested that he had
not changed in the least.
3. Write five sentences in which indirect discourse is expressed by an
infinitive clause (§ 435).
EXERCISE 53
(§ 436, p. 176)
1. Change each of the sentences quoted at the end of § 436 into one of
the other two passive constructions described in that section.
2. Write ten sentences in each of which a clause in the indirect
discourse is the subject of a passive verb.
EXERCISE 54
(§§ 438–439, pp. 177–178)
1. Explain the use of _shall_, _should_, _will_, or _would_ in each
instance. Change the indirect discourse to the direct.
1. I believe I should like to live in a small house just outside a
pleasant English town all the days of my life.--FITZ GERALD. 2. The
sultan said he would oblige us with donkeys or anything else if we
would only give him a few more pretty cloths.--SPEKE. 3. I think that
I should like it to be always summer. 4. He often told his friends
afterwards, that unless he had found out this piece of exercise,
he verily believed he should have lost his senses.--ADDISON. 5.
Do you remember once saying to me that you hoped you should never
leave Brentham? 6. I knew that he would not have accepted office in
1841–1842 if he could have avoided it. 7. Promise you will give him
this little book of drawings. 8. I have often thought that there has
rarely passed a life of which a judicious and faithful narrative
would not be useful.--JOHNSON. 9. She said, very quietly, that she
wished to speak to him after breakfast, and that he would find her
in her sitting room. 10. Lady Annabel had promised the children that
they should some day ride together to Marringhurst.
11. One of them told us that he would make us a canoe. 12. Promise,
Marion--pray promise you will not even mention my name to him when
you write next. 13. He felt that no argument of his would be of any
use. 14. I know very well that I shall sign my own death warrant on
the day when I retire from business. 15. She knew very well now that
Grandcourt would not go without her; but if he must tyrannize over
her, he should not do it precisely in the way he would choose. She
would oblige him to stay in the hotel. 16. They were afraid that they
should not long be able to put him off with promises. 17. Bungay
replied that he should be happy to have dealings with Mr. Pendennis.
2. Fill the blanks with the proper auxiliary (_shall_ or _should_, or
_will_ or _would_).
1. Your father said that he ---- be glad to see me.
2. I told him that I ---- be obliged to dismiss him.
3. I wrote that we ---- gladly accept his invitation.
4. My friends believed that I ---- not be willing to go.
5. Robert thinks that he ---- have to work evenings.
6. Robert says that I ---- have to work evenings.
7. They say that Robert ---- work evenings, although he ought not.
8. I promised that Robert ---- not work evenings.
9. I told Mary that I was sure she ---- succeed.
10. Mary said she had no doubt that I ---- succeed.
11. Mary will say that she has no doubt I ---- succeed.
12. I repeat that I have no doubt you ---- succeed.
13. He declared that you ---- go, even against your will.
14. The report is that we ---- dissolve partnership.
3. Change the indirect statements in the sentences which you have just
made to direct statements.
EXERCISE 55
(§§ 440–445, pp. 179–181)
1. Some, but not all, of the following sentences contain indirect
questions. Point out these questions and tell what introduces them
(interrogative pronoun, interrogative adverb, subordinate conjunction).
Mention the construction of each interrogative clause (as subject,
object, etc.).
2. Turn each indirect question into a direct question.
3. Point out such relative clauses as you find in the sentences. Are
they adjective or adverbial modifiers?
1. Warrington did not know what his comrade’s means were. 2. He could
scarcely tell whether she was imbued with sunshine, or whether it was
a glow of happiness that shone out of her. 3. I started the question
whether duelling was consistent with moral duty.--BOSWELL. 4. The
pilgrims then began to inquire if there was no other way to the gate.
5. He knew not what to make of the letter. 6. I hardly heard what
he said. 7. Every one knows practically what are the constituents
of health or of virtue.--NEWMAN. 8. Think calmly over what I have
written. 9. Then she asked him whence he was and whither he was
going; and he told her. 10. What to expect, he knew not. 11. Theseus
wondered what this immense giant could be. 12. Hack says it was Mrs.
Bungay who caused all the mischief. 13. The question was how best
to extricate the army from its perilous position. 14. Addison was a
delightful companion when he was at his ease. 15. I doubt whether the
wisest of us know what our own motives are.
16. I puzzled my head for some time to find out which of the two
cases was the more applicable. 17. I returned to the studies which I
had neglected. 18. I cannot tell how I dared to say what I did. 19.
How long he slept he could not say. 20. Fanny, in dismay at such an
unprecedented question, did not know which way to look, or how to
be prepared for an answer.--MISS AUSTEN. 21. What my course of life
will be when I return to England is very doubtful. 22. I cannot tell
you how vaingloriously I walked the streets. 23. Then I told what a
tall, upright, graceful person their great-grandmother Field once
was. 24. When the bean-vines began to flower on the poles, there was
one particular variety which bore a vivid scarlet blossom. 25. I know
not which way I must look. 26. Why she submitted, Mrs. Turpin could
not have told you. 27. I began to become conscious what a strange
den that sanctum was. 28. How Ferguson escaped, was, and still is, a
mystery. 29. How far he felt the force of this obligation will appear
in the sequel.
4. Write sentences containing indirect questions introduced by _who_,
_which_, _what_, _when_, _how_, _why_, _whether_, _if_.
5. Fill the blanks with _who_ or _whom_. Tell, in each sentence,
whether _who_ or _whom_ is an interrogative or a relative pronoun.
1. I know ---- it was that broke the window.
2. I know ---- it was that you saw.
3. I know ---- you saw.
4. I know the person ---- you saw.
5. I asked if the man ---- we saw was Douglas.
6. I asked if the boy ---- broke the window was Archer.
7. I know ---- it was you overheard.
8. Tell me ---- it is that I resemble.
9. Tell me ---- I resemble.
10. Tell me ---- you think I resemble.
11. Tell me if I resemble anybody ---- you know.
6. Turn all the indirect questions which you have just written into
direct questions.
7. Construct sentences in which each of the verbs (or verb-phrases) is
followed by an indirect question:--
asked, tell, inquire, is learning, see, might discover, had heard,
have found, doubt, have perceived, is thinking, wonders, knew, was
told, understands, to comprehend, is, could ascertain, has reported,
will announce.
EXERCISE 56
(§ 447, p. 182)
1. Turn each indirect question into the direct form. Explain the use of
_shall_, _should_, _will_, _would_.
1. “I doubt,” said Donatello, “whether they will remember my voice
now.” 2. I did not know whether to resent his language or pursue my
explanations. 3. I clambered to its apex, and then felt much at a
loss as to what should be next done. 4. How we shall live I cannot
imagine. 5. When I shall get to town I cannot divine, but it will
be between this and Christmas. 6. I scarcely know which of us three
would be the sorriest. 7. I can feel for you, because I know what I
should feel in the same situation. 8. Let us see if she will know
you. 9. I wonder how you will answer me a year hence. 10. I asked if
Georgiana would accompany her. 11. You must see the carriage, Jane,
and tell me if you don’t think it will suit Mrs. Rochester exactly,
and whether she won’t look like Queen Boadicea, leaning back against
those purple cushions.--C. BRONTË. 12. Catherine had no idea why her
father should be crosser or less patient in his ailing condition
than he was in his prime. 13. Mr. Hindley will have to proceed to
extremities,--see if he won’t!
2. Fill the blanks with the proper auxiliary (_shall_, _should_,
_will_, _would_). Then change each indirect question to the direct form.
1. Tom asked me if I ---- like to go with him.
2. They inquired whether I ---- prefer to go or to stay.
3. She asked me if I ---- help her.
4. Tell me whether he ---- consent or not.
5. He wishes to know if you ---- recommend him.
6. I was in doubt whether I ---- succeed or fail.
7. I do not know whether you ---- find her at home or at her uncle’s.
8. He is in doubt whether or not he ---- get the appointment.
9. We think we ---- like to sail on the twentieth.
10. He thinks he ---- like to be a farmer.
EXERCISE 57
(§§ 448–453, pp. 183–186)
1. Mention the substantives that make up the compound subjects and the
verbs that make up the compound predicates in § 450; in Exercise 4.
2. See if you can make any of the sentences compound by inserting
personal pronouns as subjects.
3. Divide each compound sentence in § 452 and in Exercise 6 into the
independent coördinate clauses that compose it.
4. Make each sentence in § 450 complex by inserting or adding a
subordinate clause. Is your clause adjective or adverbial? What does it
modify?
5. Divide each complex sentence in Exercises 17, 25, 39 (2), 48–51,
into the independent (main) clause and the subordinate clause.
EXERCISE 58
(§§ 458–461, pp. 188–190)
1. Analyze (according to the directions in §§ 458–461) the simple
sentences in Exercise 1. In analyzing, describe each sentence as
declarative, interrogative, etc. If the sentence is imperative, supply
the subject.
2. Analyze the compound and the complex sentences in Exercises 6, 17,
25, 39 (2), 48–51.
3. Analyze the compound complex sentences in §§ 456–457, 515.
EXERCISE 59
(§§ 462–473, pp. 191–196)
1. Point out the adjectives used as modifiers of the subject.
Substitute for each an adjective phrase; an adjective clause (§§
467–468).
1. Standing in the door was a tearful child. 2. A tall Scot shut off
my view. 3. An iron mask concealed the prisoner’s face. 4. Honorable
men pay their debts. 5. A tumble-down shed stood in the hollow. 6. A
three-cornered hat was cocked over one of his ears. 7. The American
Indians are becoming extinct. 8. An experienced stenographer should
spell correctly. 9. A deep fosse or ditch was drawn round the whole
building. 10. The royal army was assembled at Salisbury. 11. The
mid-day meal was excellent. 12. The morning mist lies heavy upon
yonder chain of islands.
2. Construct sentences, using the following adjective phrases as
modifiers of the subject:--
of great height; in a red hat; with black hair; from Cairo; to
Indianapolis; from India; with high gables; of brilliant plumage; on
the rear platform; in a state of intense agitation; between the two
ships; over the mountain; on the summit of the tower.
3. Substitute (if possible) an adjective clause for each adjective
phrase in the sentences you have just written.
4. Point out all participles used as modifiers of the simple subject in
Exercise 42. Write ten sentences containing such modifiers (§ 469).
5. Construct ten sentences similar to those in § 470 (with infinitives
modifying the simple subject).
6. Write ten sentences containing nouns or pronouns in the possessive
case used as modifiers of the subject (§ 471).
7. Write ten sentences containing nouns in apposition with the subject
(§§ 88, 5; 472); five in which a noun clause is thus used (§§ 386, 473).
EXERCISE 60
(§§ 474–481, pp. 196–199)
1. Point out all the adverbs used to modify the simple predicate.
Substitute for each an adverbial phrase or clause.
1. The witness chose his words deliberately. 2. The old man moved
slowly down the street. 3. I carefully avoided making that promise.
4. Do not speak so loud. 5. I am eagerly looking forward to your
visit. 6. That golf ball must have hit him hard. 7. Allan has played
in public twice. 8. I shall call you early. 9. We often see your
eccentric friend. 10. The priest shook his head doubtfully. 11. Your
father barely escaped drowning. 12. The next morning Chester awoke
late. 13. The accident happened here. 14. The captain had gone below.
15. Marion refuses to go by coach unless she can sit outside. 16.
Frank left home three years ago, and has not been heard from since.
17. Look yonder and tell us where the path lies.
18. We were then presented to Governor Gore. 19. I have not
been there since April. 20. Bruce was afterward ashamed of his
discouragement. 21. The sun will soon set. 22. You are expected to
arrive in good season hereafter. 23. Alice cannot spell correctly.
24. The Indian suddenly disappeared. 25. The girl laughed carelessly.
26. The moose fell heavily to the earth. 27. He passionately longs
to see Italy. 28. All foreigners seem to speak rapidly. 29. Edith
listened attentively.
2. Write ten sentences in which the simple predicate is modified by
an infinitive (§§ 323, 477); by an adverbial objective or by a phrase
containing one (§§ 109, 478); by a nominative absolute (§§ 345, 479);
by an indirect object (§§ 105, 480); by a cognate object (§§ 108, 481).
3. Point out the complementary infinitives and the infinitives of
purpose in Exercise 40, and tell what verb each modifies.
EXERCISE 61
(§§ 482–493, pp. 200–204)
1. Point out the complements and describe each (as direct object,
predicate nominative, etc.). Analyze the sentences.
1. The most amazing wonder of the deep is its unfathomable
cruelty.--CONRAD. 2. Music is Love in search of a word.--LANIER. 3.
The destination of the fleet was still a matter of conjecture. 4. The
reports from the front made Washington anxious. 5. Plato says that
the punishment which the wise suffer who refuse to take part in the
government, is, to live under the government of worse men.--EMERSON.
6. I thought your book an imposture; I think it an imposture
still.--JOHNSON. 7. Moses chose able men out of all Israel and made
them heads over the people. 8. The old gray porter raised his torch.
9. This you will call impudence. 10. Firm and irrevocable is my doom.
11. In return for mere board and lodging, Topham became Mr. Starkey’s
assistant. 12. It was they who attacked us.
13. Serene will be our days and bright. 14. Warwick thought the
situation awkward, but he held his peace. 15. If there were not too
great a risk of the dispersion of their fleet, I should think their
putting to sea a mere manœuver to deceive.--IRVING. 16. I thought
“Aladdin” capital fun.--STEVENSON. 17. The faces of the father
and mother had a sober gladness; the children laughed; the eldest
daughter was the image of Happiness at seventeen; and the aged
grandmother, who sat knitting in the warmest place, was the image
of Happiness grown old. 18. His stories were what frightened people
worst of all. 19. The old man was nervous, fidgety, and very pale.
20. I am growing old, the grey hairs thicken upon me, my joints are
less supple, and, in mind as well as body, I am less enterprising
than in former years.--SOUTHEY. 21. I was uneasy about my letter.
22. Confidence is almost everything in war. 23. He thinks me a
troublesome fellow.
24. At the end of this strange season, Burns gloomily sums up
his gains and losses. 25. Little fire grows great with little
wind.--SHAKSPERE. 26. As he rose to walk, he found himself stiff
in the joints. 27. Noise had been my native element. 28. I caught
tantalizing glimpses of green fields, shut from me by dull lines of
high-spiked palings. 29. One house in a back street was bright with
the cheerful glare of lights.
2. Write ten simple sentences, each containing the direct object of
a verb; a predicate objective; a predicate nominative; a predicate
adjective. Analyze your sentences.
EXERCISE 62
(§§ 494–497, pp. 205–206)
1. Point out any modifiers of complements in the sentences called for
in Exercise 61, 2. Introduce other modifiers of complements if you can
without injuring the sentences.
2. Write sentences similar to those in § 492, taking care to include in
each a complement modified.
3. Write ten sentences, each containing a substantive complement
modified by an adjective clause (§ 496); an adjective complement
modified by an adverbial clause (§ 497). Analyze your sentences.
4. Point out all modifiers of complements in Exercises 12 and 22.
5. Analyze the sentences in § 495.