Plans Are Made and Forces Are Readied
Estimate of the Enemy Situation
American knowledge of the Japanese forces on Leyte was derived
from many sources. [69] The guerrillas on Leyte and other islands
in the archipelago sent information to Australia on the movements,
dispositions, fortifications, and defenses of the Japanese. Commander
Parsons, on his submarine trips to the Islands, brought back with
him important intelligence. Just before the invasion an intelligence
officer from Sixth Army and one from the Seventh Fleet secretly went
ashore from a submarine and gathered material on Japanese coastal
fortifications and defenses in the beach area.
Much effort was expended before the invasion in mapping the island,
but this work was based on prewar maps and the results were very
inaccurate. Since much of the island was under heavy fog for long
periods, the photomaps that were produced had little value. They
missed many important terrain features and misplaced others by
thousands of yards. In general, however, the maps of the beachhead
areas were accurate.
In the spring of 1944 General MacArthur's headquarters received
information that the Japanese were starting to reinforce their
Philippine garrisons. An early estimate, made in June, put the
number of enemy troops on the island at 20,000, a sharp increase
over the 5,900 of the previous month. The increase resulted from
the movement to Leyte from Samar of the veteran 16th Division, which
had fought at Bataan, and the arrival of 4,000 naval troops from the
Palau Islands. [70] For the next month reports flowed in to General
Headquarters that the 16th Division was building coastal defenses and
air-raid shelters, and improving the airfields and garrison defenses
of the island. [71]
In July 1944 the Americans received information that all was not
going well in the Japanese homeland. From a radio interception
they learned that Premier Hideki Tojo and his entire cabinet had
resigned on 18 July. The Japanese message stated: "The situation is
the result of the period of 'sweating blood' and we sincerely regret
causing anxiety to the Emperor. We thank the people at home and at the
front for co-operating with the government...." [72] The tenor of the
announcement and of subsequent statements made it abundantly clear,
however, that the Japanese were determined to do their utmost toward
prosecuting the war to a successful conclusion.
Meanwhile, all the Japanese garrisons in the Philippines were
reinforced. The senior headquarters in the western Pacific was
transferred from Singapore to Manila, and the brigades in the Islands
were being developed to divisional strength. Of the estimated 180,000
troops, 80,000 were believed to be on Luzon, 50,000 in the Visayan
Islands, and 50,000 on Mindanao. It was also believed that the enemy
air strength on the Islands was being greatly increased. There were
100 to 120 airfields in operation and between 700 and 1,500 aircraft,
of which half were combat planes and the others training aircraft. [73]
In September 1944 Sixth Army G-2 estimated that the Japanese forces
on Leyte consisted mainly of 16th Division units and service troops--a
total of 21,700 troops. The 35th Army had just been activated on Cebu
and was to be charged with the defense of all the Visayan Islands. It
was estimated that the Leyte garrison consisted of the following
combat troops: 20th Infantry Regiment, 3,000; 33d Infantry Regiment,
3,000; 16th Division Reconnaissance Regiment, 1,000; elements of
102d Division, 1,700; 7th Independent Tank Company, 125; and 16th
Division Headquarters troops, 1,800. The total amounted to 10,625
men. In addition there were 1,000 base-defense troops and 10,075
service troops.
It was believed that the Japanese would commit one division on the day
of the landing and the equivalent of another division, assembled from
the tactical reserves on the island, not later than three days after
the landing. For the next ten days, five to eight regiments might be
sent in from neighboring islands. These would constitute the "maximum
numbers of reinforcements predicated upon the existence of conditions
most favorable to the enemy." [74] The enemy had an undetermined
number of tanks and armored cars. The only artillery known to be
available were some coastal defense guns emplaced along the east
coast and some artillery pieces on the hills overlooking Tacloban.
Sixth Army believed that on Leyte there were five operational
airfields; three probably operational or under construction; seven
nonoperational; and one seaplane base. The two most important
operational airstrips were the one at Tacloban with forty-five
hardstandings and the one at Dulag with twenty hardstandings. The
Tacloban airstrip could accommodate both bombers and fighters. At
the time of the invasion, it was estimated that the Japanese could
oppose the amphibious movement and the landing with 442 fighters and
337 bombers from airfields scattered throughout the Philippines.
Although the possibility existed that the Japanese Fleet, which was
based in waters near the home islands, might move to the Philippines,
such a move was considered doubtful. It was believed that the principal
and immediate threats consisted of a strong cruiser-destroyer task
force; submarines; and motor torpedo boats and similar craft.
Sixth Army concluded that the town of Tacloban, with its important
port and airfield, was the key to the Japanese defense of the
island. Consequently, a strong perimeter defense of the town and
the surrounding area was expected. Since it was impossible for the
Japanese, with a limited number of their troops on the island, to
defend all of the east coast, strong forces and emplaced defensive
positions were likely to be concentrated at road junctions and at the
operational airfields. Mobile reserves would almost certainly be held
in readiness at key points in Leyte Valley, ready to be rushed to the
east coast areas under attack. It was assumed that strong defenses
were already established in the Ormoc area and along the northeast
coast of Ormoc Bay, since the port of Ormoc could be used to bring in
reserves from the other islands in the archipelago. A strong garrison
was expected at Carigara to protect the northern approaches to Leyte
Valley and to repel any amphibious landing through Carigara Bay.
The plan for the liberation of Leyte called for more men, guns, ships,
and aircraft than had been required for any previous operation in the
Pacific. For the first time ground troops from the Central Pacific
and Southwest Pacific were to join and fight the foe under a common
commander. General MacArthur, who had left Luzon in a motor torpedo
boat, was to return to the Philippines with a vast armada--the greatest
seen in the Pacific up to that time.
The Tactical Plan
The Southwest Pacific Area was the command responsibility of General
MacArthur. He had under his command Allied Air Forces, Lt. Gen. George
C. Kenney commanding; Allied Naval Forces, Vice Adm. Thomas C. Kinkaid
commanding; Allied Land Forces, Gen. Sir Thomas Blamey commanding;
United States Army Services of Supply (SWPA), Maj. Gen. James
L. Frink commanding; and Alamo Force, which was virtually Sixth Army,
Lt. Gen. Walter Krueger commanding.
On 31 August 1944 General MacArthur issued his first formal
directive covering projected operations in the Philippines. The Leyte
operation was known as King II. The Southwest Pacific forces were to
"seize objectives in the Mindanao, Leyte and Samar areas in order
to establish air, naval and logistic bases to cover subsequent
operations to complete the reoccupation of the Philippines." The
assigned target dates were as follows: southern Mindanao, 15 November
1944; northwestern Mindanao, 7 December; and Leyte Gulf-Surigao Strait
area, 20 December. The Sixth Army, covered by Admiral Halsey's Third
Fleet and supported by the Allied Air and Naval Forces, was directed
to carry out the three operations. [75] On 15 September General
Krueger received word that the Talaud and Mindanao operations had
been canceled and that the target date--designated as "A Day"--for
the Leyte operation had been advanced to 20 October. [76]
The American Forces
The immediate task assigned the forces of the Southwest Pacific,
supported by the Third Fleet, was the seizure and control of the Leyte
Gulf-Surigao Strait area in order to establish air, naval, and logistic
bases to support further operations into the Philippines. Before
the invasion, air and naval operations were to be conducted so as to
disorganize Japanese ground and air defenses. The ground operation was
divided into three phases. In the first phase overwater movement and
minor amphibious operations to secure entrance into Leyte Gulf were
to take place. The main effort, which constituted the second phase,
was to involve a major assault to capture the airfields and base sites
in Leyte Valley and to open up San Juanico and Panaon Straits. In
the final phase, the remaining portions of the island in Japanese
hands and the western part of southern Samar were to be secured,
and Surigao Strait was to be opened. [77] The target date had been
set for 20 October 1944.
General plans for the operation had long since been worked out,
but not until 20 September did General MacArthur issue his final
plan for the occupation of Leyte. It was based upon the assumption
that American forces were or would be established along the
Marianas-Ulithi-Palaus-Morotai line and that the Japanese land and
air forces in the Philippines and Formosa would have been "seriously
crippled and that the Japanese Fleet would elect to remain in Empire
waters" with only "light forces remaining in the vicinity of the
Philippines." The Japanese were expected to have one well-supplied
division in the area with only limited ability to reinforce it from
others of the Visayan Islands and with all subsequent supply deliveries
cut off. It was assumed that Japanese defenses would be concentrated
in the vicinity of the airfields in the Leyte Valley and at Tacloban.
The command organization was as follows: General MacArthur was
Supreme Commander, but during the amphibious movement and landing
Admiral Kinkaid, as commander of the Naval Attack Force, was to be
in command of all amphibious operations. (Chart 1) Army officers,
who took control of their forces ashore, were to continue under the
Commander, Naval Attack Force, until the next senior Army commander
assumed control. Upon his arrival ashore and after notification to
Admiral Kinkaid, General Krueger was to take control of the ground
troops. General Kenney, as commander of the Allied Air Forces, would
report directly to General MacArthur.
Admiral Halsey, as commander of the Third Fleet, was to co-ordinate
his operations with those of General MacArthur but he was responsible
to Admiral Nimitz, Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Area. The Third
Fleet was composed of Vice Adm. Marc Mitscher's Fast Carrier Task
Force, together with miscellaneous elements. Mitscher's force was
divided into four carrier groups. [78]
The Allied Naval Forces, which consisted principally of the
U. S. Seventh Fleet under Admiral Kinkaid, was to transport and
establish ashore the ground assault force. The Central Philippine
Attack Force consisted of three task forces. Task Force 77, commanded
by Admiral Kinkaid, was to furnish direct air and naval support and
was composed of battleships, light and heavy cruisers, destroyers,
destroyer escorts, carriers, escort carriers, gunboat and mortar
flotillas, mine sweepers, auxiliary vessels, and underwater demolition
teams. The transports and cargo ships of the Northern Attack Force,
Task Force 78, under Rear Adm. Daniel E. Barbey, and the Southern
Attack Force, Task Force 79, under Vice Adm. Theodore S. Wilkinson,
were to transport and set ashore the ground troops. Task Force 79
had been lent to General MacArthur by Admiral Nimitz for the operation.
The Allied Air Forces, principally the Far East Air Forces under
General Kenney, was to neutralize hostile air and naval forces
within range of the Philippines. The Allied Air Forces consisted
of the Fifth Air Force, commanded by Maj. Gen. Ennis P. Whitehead;
the Thirteenth Air Force, commanded by Maj. Gen. St. Clair Streett;
the Royal Australian Air Force Command under Air Vice Marshal William
D. Bostock; and miscellaneous elements. On order, the Fifth Air Force
was to be prepared to take over the mission of furnishing direct air
support to the ground troops.
The United States Army Services of Supply, Southwest Pacific Area,
commanded by General Frink, was to furnish logistic support for
the operation. The Eighth U.S. Army, commanded by Lt. Gen. Robert
L. Eichelberger, and the Allied Land Forces, commanded by General
Blamey, were to take over missions previously assigned the Sixth Army
and to assist the latter in training, staging, and mounting the troops
for the Leyte operation.
The ground troops who were to attack Leyte constituted a field
army--the Sixth Army, which had fought its way up the New Guinea coast
since April 1943 as Alamo Force. On 25 September 1944 Alamo Force
was dissolved and Sixth Army assumed its tactical missions. General
Krueger was commanding general for all these campaigns. The principal
component parts of Sixth Army were X and XXIV Corps. The former
consisted of the 1st Cavalry and 24th Infantry Divisions, under
Lt. Gen. Franklin C. Sibert, a seasoned commander who had successfully
fought the Japanese on New Guinea at Wakde-Sarmi. The XXIV Corps,
under Maj. Gen. John R. Hodge, who had defeated the Japanese on
Guadalcanal, New Georgia, and Bougainville, was composed of the
7th and 96th Infantry Divisions. In reserve were the 32d and 77th
Infantry Divisions. The Sixth Army Service Command was to perform
engineer functions on the island and give general logistic support.
Approximately 174,000 troops were made available for the initial
assault phase of the operation. About 51,500 of these made up the XXIV
Corps and 53,000 the X Corps. In addition to these troops, the reserve
32d and 77th Divisions had a strength of about 14,500 and 14,000
troops, respectively. All of the assault divisions were reinforced
with tank battalions, amphibian truck and tractor battalions, joint
assault signal companies, and many attached service units. A total of
about 202,500 ground troops was committed to the Leyte operation. [79]
Headquarters, Sixth Army, had never participated as such in any
campaign, but as Headquarters, Alamo Force, it had directed the
operations up the New Guinea coast. Both the X and XXIV Corps were
yet to be battle tested, though all their divisions with one exception
had participated in previous campaigns against the Japanese. The 1st
Cavalry Division had taken part in the Admiralty Islands campaign;
the 7th Division had defeated the Japanese at Attu and Kwajalein;
the 24th Division had fought in the Hollandia campaign; the 32d
Division had won the Papua Campaign and been victorious at Aitape
on New Guinea; and the 77th Division had shared in the victory at
Guam. Only the 96th Division was yet to be combat tested. [80]
General MacArthur's Warning Instructions 5 and Operations Instructions
70 were used by each of the major commanders as a basis for his own
operations orders. Although each order was derived from the one
next above it, all were planned concurrently. There was need for
constant intertheater, interservice, and intraservice conferences and
discussions on all phases of the plans as they evolved. Frequently
the planning was made easier by using the work done on plans for
other operations. For example, the logistical plan for the canceled
Yap operation was adapted with very little change to the Leyte
operation. The general schemes of maneuver and the employment of
support forces which had been found valuable in previous operations
were also adapted with minor variations to the plans for Leyte.
Air Support
The Navy was to bear the brunt of furnishing air support in the early
stages of the campaign. By arrangement with Admiral Nimitz, the Carrier
Task Force from Admiral Halsey's Third Fleet was to strike northern
Luzon and Okinawa or Formosa, or both, from A Day minus 10 to A minus
7. From A minus 4 through A Day, strikes were to be made on Luzon, the
Cebu-Negros area, and the Leyte area in support of the landings. As
soon as the Palau air base facilities would permit, shore-based air
forces from the Central Pacific were to operate in the Bicol area. [81]
The Allied Naval Forces was to furnish carrier aircraft as protection
for convoys and naval task forces and, supplemented by aircraft of
the Third Fleet and the Allied Air Forces, to provide direct air
support for the landings. In addition, it was to furnish protective
air support and cover by carrier aircraft prior to A Day for the
preliminary landings in Leyte Gulf and for the mine sweeping. [82]
General Mac Arthur assigned air support missions to the Allied Air
Forces. General Kenney's airmen were (1) to make aerial reconnaissance;
(2) in co-ordination with Third Fleet carrier-based aircraft, to
neutralize hostile naval and air forces within range of the Philippines
from A minus 9 in order to cover the movement of naval forces, the
landing, and subsequent operations; (3) within capabilities and when
requested by Admiral Kinkaid, to protect convoys and naval forces and
provide direct support of the landings and subsequent operations;
and (4) to destroy Japanese shipping and installations in the Sulu
and Arafura Seas and the East Indies. [83]
On 24 September General Kenney issued his order for the Leyte operation
and assigned missions to the Allied Air Forces. He designated General
Whitehead's Fifth Air Force as the Air Assault Force. It was to
support the operation by intensified air activities against enemy
installations, destroy hostile air and surface forces in the Celebes
Sea and assigned areas in the Philippine Archipelago, and provide
air defense for existing bases and forces in transit to Leyte within
range of its capabilities. It was also to be prepared to establish,
on order, land-based air forces on Leyte. The Thirteenth Air Force
was to support the missions of the Fifth Air Force, while the Royal
Australian Air Force Command was to destroy Japanese installations
and sources of raw materials in the Netherlands Indies. [84]
Aircraft from other theaters agreed to aid in the operation. The
Fourteenth Air Force from the China-Burma-India Theater and the
Twentieth Air Force from the Central Pacific were to conduct strikes
against Formosa. The Southeast Asia Command was asked to schedule
air offensives against Burma and Malaya just prior to A Day. [85]
Naval Support
The Seventh Fleet under Admiral Kinkaid was assigned the following
mission: "by a ship to shore amphibious operation, [to] transport,
protect, land and support elements of the 6th Army in order to assist
in the seizure, occupation and development of the Leyte area of the
Southern Philippines." [86] (Chart 2)
The Seventh Fleet was designated the Naval Attack Force. For the
operation Admiral Kinkaid organized two attack forces: the Northern
Attack Force (VII Amphibious Force), under Admiral Barbey, and
the Southern Attack Force (III Amphibious Force), under Admiral
Wilkinson. In addition, several subordinate units were created: a
bombardment and fire support group under Rear Adm. Jesse B. Oldendorf;
and a close covering group, an escort carrier group, a mine-sweeping
group, and twelve underwater demolition teams. The Northern Attack
Force was to transport and land the X Corps, while the Southern Attack
Force was to do the same for the XXIV Corps.
The task groups of the two attack forces were to sortie from the
mounting areas at Manus in the Admiralties and Hollandia in Netherlands
New Guinea and rendezvous en route to the objective area. Both were
"to land main elements as nearly simultaneously as practicable at H
Hour on 20 October." Meanwhile, an advance group on 17 October was
to land the 6th Ranger Infantry Battalion on the islands guarding the
approaches to Leyte Gulf. The task groups were to regulate their speed
of advance so that they would arrive at the entrance of the approach
channel to Leyte Gulf at specified times. The mine-sweeping group and
certain units of the bombardment and fire support group which were
to render fire support for initial mine-sweeping operations were to
arrive at 0600 on 17 October. They were to be followed fifteen minutes
later by the attack group assigned to the island approaches. At 1000
on the same day the rest of the bombardment and fire support group
were to arrive. Beginning at 2300 on 19 October the transports and
LST's of the two attack forces were scheduled to arrive in successive
groups. Their time of arrival was also set so that each group would
reach its transport area in sufficient time to dispatch the assault
waves to the beach at the designated hour. [87]
On arrival in the objective area, the bombardment and fire support
group was to divide into northern and southern fire support units,
which were then to move to their respective target areas. The northern
fire support unit consisted of 3 old battleships--the Mississippi,
Maryland, and West Virginia--and 3 destroyers. The southern fire
support unit was composed of 3 battleships--the Tennessee, California,
and Pennsylvania--13 destroyers, 3 light cruisers, 3 heavy cruisers,
and 1 small seaplane tender.
The destroyers in the two target areas were to furnish protection to
the mine sweepers and the underwater demolition teams. The latter were
to cover the northern and southern beaches before A Day and search
out and destroy any obstacles, either Japanese-made or natural, in
the waters surrounding the landing beach areas. The mine sweepers
were to start clearing Leyte Gulf of fixed or floating mines on 17
October, three days before the main assault. On the following days,
including 20 October, they were to make more intensive sweeps of the
channels and landing beach areas, with the vessels going as close to
shore as possible without endangering gear. [88]
Admiral Oldendorf was to direct the bombardment and fire support. The
bombardment was to start on 17 October in preparation for the
landings on the island approaches. The gunfire before 20 October
was for the purpose of rendering unserviceable both airfields and
Japanese aircraft on the ground, in addition to destroying guns and
emplacements, fuel storage and ammunition dumps, naval forces and
shipping, beach defenses and strong points, troops, torpedo launching
ramps, and torpedo barges. Close fire support was to be given to the
underwater demolition teams and destructive fire was to be delivered
against enemy forces attempting overwater movements. Finally, night
harassing fire was scheduled to prevent any night attempts of the
Japanese to reconstruct the fortifications and airfields.
On 20 October the naval gunfire support units were to cover the
approach of the transports to the unloading areas and to furnish
necessary counterbattery fire; thoroughly cover the landing beach
areas from the low-water line to approximately 400 yards inland;
and closely support the landings with rockets, 4.2-inch mortars, and
gunfire of all caliber from the ships. After the landings, the naval
gunfire units were to deliver fire on call and prevent the Japanese
from either reinforcing or evacuating the island. [89]
The Joint Chiefs of Staff had directed Admiral Nimitz to support
General MacArthur's operation against Leyte. Admiral Nimitz ordered
Admiral Halsey's Third Fleet to "destroy enemy naval and air forces
in or threatening the Philippine Area." The Third Fleet was also to
protect the air and sea communications along the Central Philippines
axis. If an opportunity to destroy major portions of the Japanese
Fleet should arise or could be created, such destruction was to be the
primary task of all naval forces from the Central Pacific. Admiral
Halsey and General MacArthur were to arrange the necessary measures
for the co-ordination of their operations. [90]
In support of the Leyte operation the Third Fleet was to contain
or destroy the Japanese Fleet and to destroy enemy aircraft and
shipping in the Formosa, Luzon, Visayan, and Mindanao areas from 9
October through 17 October, and from A Day for as long as necessary
during the next thirty days, in order to "maintain their continued
neutralization." From 18 October until such time as the escort carriers
could assume direct support, the Third Fleet was to destroy enemy
ground defenses and installations in Leyte and adjacent areas. Finally,
the Third Fleet was to provide direct support by fast carrier aircraft
for the landing and subsequent operations. [91]
Submarines from both the Southwest Pacific and Central Pacific were to
support the operations by maintaining an offensive reconnaissance over
the most probable Japanese route of advance, maintaining observation
and lifeguard services and furnishing weather reports and strategic
patrols. Submarines from the Central Pacific were to patrol in the
Formosa, Luzon, Tokyo Bay, and Sasebo areas, while those from the
Seventh Fleet patrolled in the area of Makassar Strait, the Celebes
Sea, and the Sulu Sea. Submarines from both areas were to maintain
a strong patrol in the Hainan--northern Luzon areas. [92]
The naval gunfire, the air support, and the artillery fire were to
be carefully co-ordinated. At every level from battalion to army
representatives from each support arm were to co-ordinate the use
of their support arms against targets in their respective zones
of action. Requests for support were to be screened as they passed
through the various echelons for approval. Commanders in the field
felt that the passage of requests through many channels was time
consuming and consequently sometimes nullified what might have been
an immediate advantage. However, requests for support were usually
acted upon within an hour.
The Ground Forces
The ground forces designated for the Leyte operation came from two
different theaters--the X Corps from the Southwest Pacific and the XXIV
Corps from the Central Pacific. The XXIV Corps, originally intended
for the Yap operation, had been substituted for the XIV Corps,
originally intended for Leyte. As the new assignment of the XXIV
Corps placed it under the operational control of General MacArthur,
it was necessary that agreements on the co-ordination of operations
be reached by the commanders in chief of the two areas. The XXIV
Corps, with its original shipping, had been turned over to General
MacArthur. During the combat phase at Leyte, General MacArthur was to
furnish the replacements required by the XXIV Corps, but subsequent
replacements were to be supplied by Admiral Nimitz. [93]
The initial assault for the island of Leyte was to begin in the dim
half dawn of 17 October, when elements of the 6th Ranger Infantry
Battalion were to land under the protection of naval gunfire and seize
the small islands that guarded the entrance to Leyte Gulf. (Map 3)
Harbor lights were to be placed on Homonhon Island and the northern
tip of Dinagat Island in order to guide the passage of the convoy into
the gulf. Since it was believed that there were valuable mine charts
on Suluan, that island was added to the objectives of the 6th Rangers.
General Krueger had wanted to use either the reinforced 158th Infantry
Regiment or the reinforced 112th Cavalry Regimental Combat Team
to secure the island approaches to Leyte Gulf and the Panaon Strait
area. The 21st Infantry, which was assigned the mission of securing the
Panaon Strait area, then could have remained with the 24th Division,
its parent unit, and the 6th Ranger Battalion could have been used
wherever and whenever needed. In addition, these missions would have
been put in the hands of a general officer who had an experienced
staff to assist him. Neither of the desired regiments, however,
could be made available for the Leyte operation because of shortage
of troops and previous commitments. [94]
While the Rangers were seizing the small islands, the mine sweepers
and underwater demolition teams were to start clearing the gulf of
natural and man-made obstacles. The fire support units were to move in
and start softening up the beaches. The completion of these missions
would conclude the first phase of the operation.
The second phase comprised "a major amphibious assault to attack and
destroy hostile forces in the coastal strip Tacloban-Dulag inclusive,
and to seize airdromes and base sites therein; a rapid advance through
Leyte Valley to seize and occupy the Capoocan-Carigara-Barugo area;
[and finally] open San Juanico and Panaon Straits...." [95]
In the very early hours of 20 October the Northern and Southern Attack
Forces were to move to their appointed beach areas and be prepared
to disembark their assault troops. The reinforced 21st Infantry
Regiment was to go ashore at 0930 in the vicinity of Panaon Strait
at the extreme southeast tip of Leyte and secure control of that
entrance to Sogod Bay. To the north at 1000, the X Corps was to land
with two divisions abreast in the Marasbaras and Palo areas. About
fifteen miles farther south, in the Dulag area, the XXIV Corps was to
go ashore simultaneously with two divisions abreast. The two corps
would be so widely separated and their objectives so divergent that
initially they could not be mutually supporting. Even within the zones
of action of the two corps, the missions assigned the divisions would
limit the ability of the divisions to support each other. [96]
As General Krueger felt that the Japanese would offer the greatest
resistance in the north, the initial objectives of the X Corps were
limited to the seizure of Palo and the capture of Tacloban and its
airfield. The northernmost unit, the 1st Cavalry Division, actually
an infantry square division, was to land with brigades abreast in
the Marasbaras area, advance to the north, and seize Tacloban and
its airstrip, the most important objective for A Day. Thereafter,
the division was to secure control over San Juanico Strait. To the
left of the 1st Cavalry Division, the 24th Division was to go ashore
with regiments abreast in the Palo area, seize Palo, and then advance
northwest through the Leyte Valley. The two divisions were to converge
on Carigara, at the northern end of Leyte Valley on Carigara Bay. [97]
In the XXIV Corps zone, the 96th Division with regiments abreast
was to land in the area between Dulag and San Roque, and to secure
that portion of Highway 1 in its zone, Catmon Hill, and, finally,
the Dagami-Tanauan area. On its left the 7th Division with regiments
abreast was to go ashore in the Dulag area. One element was to go
south and seize the Highway 1 bridge and crossings of the Daguitan
(Marabang) River at Dao while the main force of the division was
to advance along the axis of the Dulag-Burauen road and capture
Burauen. The 7th Division would then be in a position to move north
toward Dagami. All hostile airfields in its zone of action were to
be seized and occupied. The division was to be prepared, on corps
order, to seize Abuyog, to the south, and Baybay, on the west coast,
destroying enemy forces on the west coast and in the southern portion
of Leyte. [98]
Completion of these missions of the X and XXIV Corps would bring
to an end the second phase of the Leyte operation. By this time,
General Krueger hoped, the back of the Japanese resistance would be
broken. With Leyte Valley and its airfields and base sites firmly
in the hands of the Sixth Army, General Krueger's forces would be in
a position to apply firmly the pincers on the remaining Japanese on
the island. The X Corps was to drive south down the Ormoc Valley to
Ormoc while the XXIV Corps was to move north from Baybay along the
shores of Ormoc Bay and make juncture with the X Corps. The remnants
of the Japanese forces, driven into the mountains of western Leyte,
would be unable to continue an organized resistance. [99]
The eastern shores of Leyte were chosen for the initial landing,
since the beaches on this side were the best on the island, and
were the logical entrance to the important airfields, base sites,
and roads in Leyte Valley.
Since the large number of naval vessels required considerable room
for landing the assault troops and for maneuvering, the landing beach
areas of the two corps were widely separated. In addition, the value of
the road net which connected Dulag with the Burauen airfields formed
an important consideration in the determination of the landing beach
sites of the XXIV Corps. "This latter factor--which took precedence
over the potentiality of strong enemy resistance from Catmon Hill--had
determined the selection of beaches in the Dulag area." [100]
Although it was recognized as necessary for elements of the XXIV Corps
to advance south to Abuyog and then overland to Baybay in order to
destroy the enemy forces on the west coast, these maneuvers would
leave great gaps in the battle line if only four divisions were at
first employed. General Krueger therefore asked General Headquarters
of the Southwest Pacific for additional combat troops, and during the
progress of the campaign General MacArthur made them available. [101]
The Sixth Army was also troubled about its reserve force. Although the
32d Division at Morotai and Hollandia and the 77th Division at Guam had
been designated as Sixth Army Reserve, it would be impossible for these
units to arrive at Leyte before the middle of November. The shortage
of amphibious shipping made it necessary to mount these divisions on
the turnaround of assault shipping. Since the floating reserve would
have to come from one of the assault divisions, it was difficult to
determine from which division to take it. It was decided that the
96th Division, considering its mission, could best spare such a unit,
and the 381st Infantry of that division was therefore selected. [102]
To summarize the mission of the Sixth Army: on 17 October, the 6th
Ranger Infantry Battalion would seize Suluan, Dinagat, and Homonhon
Islands, in the entrance to Leyte Bay. At 0930 on 20 October, the 21st
Infantry Regiment was to land in the vicinity of Panaon Strait and
secure control of that entrance to Sogod Bay. At 1000 on the same day
the Sixth Army with the X and XXIV Corps abreast would make a major
amphibious landing on Leyte. In the north the X Corps, with the 1st
Cavalry Division and the 24th Infantry Division abreast, after moving
ashore in the Marasbaras and the Palo areas, would capture Tacloban,
its airfield, and Palo. In the south the XXIV Corps with the 96th and
7th Infantry Divisions abreast would go ashore to secure control in
the Dulag area. [103]
The Logistical Plan
Construction
The decision to land on Leyte at the beginning of the rainy season
and to construct a major supply and air base thereon presented a
serious problem to the engineers. The poor soil, inadequate roads,
and heavy rains were obstacles that had to be met and in some way
overcome if the operation was to be a logistical success. General
MacArthur recognized the need for making use of Leyte as a logistical
base by creating for the first time in the Southwest Pacific an army
service command and by detailing his chief engineer, Maj. Gen. Hugh
J. Casey, to be its commander. ASCOM, as it was called, was to provide
the logistical services required for the operation and to build and
operate the Army base facilities until the United States Army Services
of Supply (SWPA) could take over. This transfer was expected to take
place about thirty days after the assault troops first landed on the
shores of Leyte. [104]
General Mac Arthur directed the Sixth Army to establish the following
air facilities in the Leyte area: by A plus 5, facilities for two
fighter groups, one night fighter squadron, one photo squadron, one
medium bomber group plus one squadron, three patrol bomber squadrons,
and one Marine reconnaissance squadron; by A plus 30, additional
facilities for two light bomber groups, one air-sea rescue squadron,
one tactical reconnaissance squadron, and one fighter squadron;
additional facilities by A plus 45 for one fighter group, one patrol
bomber squadron, two heavy bomber groups, and one laboratory squadron;
and by A plus 60, further facilities for one photo squadron, one
patrol bomber squadron, two troop carrier groups, and one combat
mapping squadron. [105]
The final Sixth Army plan for the Leyte operation directed ASCOM
to establish naval facilities in the Leyte area as well as the
aforementioned air facilities; to make topographic and hydrographic
surveys, followed by suitable changes in the plans for the construction
of bases, docks, roads, and airdromes; to unload all units, supplies,
and matériel arriving in the area and to store and issue supplies to
ground and air units; and, in co-operation with the Philippine Civil
Affairs Units, recruit and direct native labor. [106]
The construction program as planned for Leyte brought strong
remonstrances from the Sixth Army engineers. On 10 August Col. William
J. Ely, the executive officer, protested against the employment
of Leyte as a major supply and air force base. The reasons for his
objections were prophetic. The operation was to be launched during
the season of heavy rains in an area where high winds and typhoons
occurred. The harbor was so shallow and so obstructed by patches
of coral that the approaches would have to be as much as 800 feet
long. The fact that the flat Leyte Valley was interlaced by many
streams and flooded with rice paddies indicated that the soil was
"most unstable." The condition of the soil and drainage would require
the hauling, frequently for long distances, of considerable quantities
of rock for the construction of roads. The existing roads and bridges,
in most places so narrow as to permit only one-way traffic, would
soon disintegrate under the constant heavy rains and the pounding
of military vehicles. Colonel Ely forecast that, in the light
of past experience with poor conditions of soil and drainage, the
construction and enlargement of the airstrips would be difficult. The
shortage of engineer troops decreased the possibility of providing
major air and supply bases in sufficient time to properly support
further operations. He concluded that "the construction mission
cannot be satisfactorily accomplished with the engineer troops
available, particularly during the first 90 days." Colonel Ely
gloomily summarized, "Perhaps we can mud and muddle through again on
a shoestring but the shoestring must be frayed by this time and if
it broke we may lose our shirt as well as our shoe."
If the strategic plan were fixed, he recommended that one or more of
the following measures be adopted: (1) increase the number of engineer
construction troops; (2) shift the operation to an area where major
air and supply bases could be constructed without encountering the
adverse weather and port conditions existing on Leyte; (3) "decrease
the tempo of the strategic plan"; and finally (4) decrease the scope
of the air and supply requirements. Nothing was to be gained "by
undertaking an overambitious program from the beginning that cannot
be completed on a time schedule that will assure early and adequate
support to future operations." [107]
Col. Samuel D. Sturgis, Jr., Sixth Army Engineer, forwarded Colonel
Ely's report with a strong concurrence to General MacArthur's engineer,
but General Headquarters decided to proceed with the original
logistical plans for the operation. [108]
Supplies
The supplies required for the operation involved staggering
quantities. For an invasion force of 150,000 men, the War Department
figures showed that, for the landing period alone, 1,500,000 tons
of general equipment, 235,000 tons of combat vehicles, 200,000
tons of ammunition, and 200,000 tons of medical supplies were
required. Thereafter, 332,000 tons of equipment would be required
every thirty days. [109] According to the final plan, issued by
General Krueger on 30 September 1944, [110] the units of the Sixth
Army, X Corps, and Sixth Army Service Command, under General Casey,
which were to arrive at Leyte between 20 and 30 October were to take
ashore a minimum of ten days' supply of all classes (except engineer
supplies, which were to be for at least thirty days), and two units
of fire. [111] In this way the strain on ASCOM supply units would be
lessened, and ASCOM, it was hoped, would have time to establish dumps
and make the necessary supply installations. In addition to supplies
accompanying the assault troops, sufficient quantities were to be
brought into Leyte by 30 October to bring the total supplies for the
troops to the following figures, expressed in days: thirty days of
food, clothing, and equipment; fifteen days of motor transport fuel
and distillate; and thirty days of other petroleum products. There were
also to be five units of fire for combat troops and three for service
troops. The original plan had called for a thirty-day supply of all
petroleum products to be brought in by A plus 10, but this quantity
was reduced when General Krueger adopted a plan for the installation
by A plus 7 of bulk fuel storage. The XXIV Corps supply levels were to
remain the same as those planned for the now-canceled Yap operation,
since the corps was already loaded with supplies which were considered
adequate for the Leyte invasion. [112]
There were certain differences in the loads carried by the X and the
XXIV Corps. The XXIV Corps embarked with a thirty-day supply of rations
and medical supplies, twenty days of clothing, weapons, vehicles,
fuels, lubricants, construction matériel, and seven units of fire for
all artillery and five units for other types of weapons. Since the type
of equipment loaded had been selected for the Yap operation, amphibian
vehicles were favored over wheeled vehicles. Less than 50 percent of
the Table of Equipment allowance of general purpose vehicles and dump
trucks accompanied the units. Furthermore, many badly needed items
of organizational equipment were carried by the rear echelons, which
did not arrive until January 1945, after Leyte had been secured. [113]
The supplies which were to accompany the troops during the initial
phases of the Leyte operation were to come from bases in New Guinea
and the Central Pacific. Resupply shipping--to be called for as
needed--was to be loaded at bases in the United States, Australia, and,
if necessary, New Guinea. [114] In addition, ten loaded liberty ships
were to be held in floating reserve, eight at Hollandia and two in the
Palaus. Two of these were loaded with aviation gasoline, two with fuel
oil and lubricants, two with ammunition for the air forces and four
with ammunition for the ground forces. Admiral Nimitz was to furnish
two of the four last mentioned. Except for the LST's transporting
the XXIV Corps, each LST arriving on 20 October was to carry thirty
tons of technical supplies for the air forces. All LST's arriving
from A plus 1 through A plus 4 were to carry forty tons of similar
supplies. [115] General MacArthur charged the Commanding General,
United States Army Services of Supply (SWPA), with providing the
Sixth Army with all supplies, except air force technical supplies,
that would be needed for the operation. [116]
An Army garrison force for Yap under Maj. Gen. Roscoe B. Woodruff
had been scheduled to go with the XXIV Corps, and at Admiral Nimitz'
suggestion this force was designated to accompany the corps to the
new target, Leyte, though the Southwest Pacific Area had never
used an organization of this type. [117] It was hoped that the
force might be useful in taking over "house-keeping" duties and the
development of rear areas, thus relieving the assault commander of
those responsibilities. Incidentally, General Krueger made little
use of the garrison force. Units which furnished logistic support
for carrier operations were also included and were to be assigned to
the Seventh Fleet. Admiral Nimitz was to continue furnishing logistic
support to the XXIV Corps until relieved by General MacArthur. [118]
Shipping
On 21 September, Pacific Ocean Areas and Southwest Pacific Area reached
an agreement on resupply of ammunition for the XXIV Corps. Arrangements
were made for loaded ships from San Francisco to be sent to the Leyte
area periodically to alleviate the shipping shortage. [119] It was
expected that at least twenty-two cargo ships would so arrive from
San Francisco during the operation.
The change in target dates and the substitution of the XXIV Corps for
the XIV Corps reduced the amount of amphibious shipping available for
the Leyte operation. Consequently representatives of the Sixth Army,
the VII Amphibious Force, and the Fifth Air Force met at General
Krueger's headquarters to work out the details for a new shipping
schedule. They made minor changes in the dates for the movement of
convoys, and rearranged echelons, eliminating one. [120] The shipping
for the XXIV Corps and the ten resupply ships were to remain the same
as planned for Yap. [121]
The amphibious shipping allocated to MacArthur was to be made available
for such turnaround shipping as would be required. The date of release
of the amphibious vessels in order to mount subsequent operations would
be announced later, but none were to be released for return to Nimitz'
control without permission from MacArthur. An additional division
lift, which was not included, was to return the 77th Division from
Guam to Guadalcanal or to a location indicated by Admiral Nimitz. [122]
On 25 September Sixth Army submitted to General Headquarters a schedule
of cargo loadings of heavy shipping for the Leyte operation and made
suggestions as to heavy shipping for direct movement of troops. All
troops and supply ships with the assault convoy which were to depart
from Hollandia must arrive in that area not later than A minus 9. [123]
The shipping instructions specified that the ships were to be loaded
for selective discharge; all resupply ships transporting rations,
clothing, vehicles, weapons, and ammunition would be duplicate loaded;
loaded floating reserve ships would be provided; medical supplies would
be top loaded to avoid breakage and damage; and sufficient stevedore
gear would be placed aboard each ship to handle its cargo. On 25 and
26 September General Krueger's transportation officer submitted to
General Headquarters the heavy shipping requirements for the overwater
movement of cargo and troops, respectively. It was considered necessary
to utilize "all types of shipping from Navy LSM's, LST's, and assault
transports to army controlled merchant ships and troop carriers." [124]
Additional shipping was obtained by making use of that which had
carried the 1st Marine Division and the 81st Division to Peleliu and
Angaur in the Palau Islands. [125] The shipping specified above was
assembled at Manus and Hollandia and was assigned to the 1st Cavalry
Division and the 24th Division, which were embarking, respectively,
at those two ports. The XXIV Corps, after leaving the Hawaiian Islands,
was brought to Manus where it remained in its original shipping.
On 8 October General Krueger asked the commanding generals of X
Corps, XXIV Corps, and ASCOM, together with the commanding officers
of the 6th Ranger Infantry Battalion and the 21st Infantry Regiment,
whether they would be able to meet the target date for Leyte. [126]
Upon receiving affirmative replies, he laconically informed General
Headquarters: "Sixth Army Forces designated for KING TWO Operations
are ready to meet KING TWO Target Date." [127]