The Austrians retained Mantua until their final withdrawal
from the peninsula, in 1866, when it was absorbed in the new
kingdom of Italy.
MANU, Laws of.
"The Indians [of Hindostan] possess a series of books of law,
which, like that called after Manu, bear the name of a saint
or seer of antiquity, or of a god. One is named after Gautama,
another after Vasishtha, a third after Apastamba, a fourth
after Yajnavalkya; others after Bandhayana and Vishnu.
According to the tradition of the Indians the law of Manu is
the oldest and most honourable. … The conclusion is …
inevitable that the decisive precepts which we find in the
collection must have been put together and written down about
the year 600 [B. C.]."
_M. Duncker,
History of Antiquity,
book 5, chapter 6._
"The name, 'Laws of Manu,' somewhat resembles a 'pious fraud';
for the 'Laws' are merely the laws or customs of a school or
association of Hindus, called the Manavas, who lived in the
country rendered holy by the divine river Saraswati. In this
district the Hindus first felt themselves a settled people,
and in this neighbourhood they established colleges and
hermitages, or 'asramas,' from some of which we may suppose
Brahmanas, Upanishads, and other religious compositions may
have issued; and under such influences we may imagine the Code
of Manu to have been composed."
_Mrs. Manning,
Ancient and Mediæval India,
volume 1, page 276._