CH. 1.
12. =Ptolemaeum=: this was the famous Ptolemy Philadelphus. He was
engaged in war with Antiochus II, king of Syria, for a long time, but
finally concluded peace with him and gave him his daughter in marriage.
He was noted for his patronage of literature and science.
14. =Antiochus=: this was the name of several kings of Syria. The one
referred to here was Antiochus II, called Theos.
=grātiās … ēgit=: ‘gave thanks.’
16. =Hierō=: more properly the king of Syracuse (see Bk. II, 18, 19).
During his reign the celebrated mathematician Archimedes lived. He
became the firm ally of the Romans, and when the Second Punic War
broke out he remained true to his alliance. After the battle of Lake
Trasimenus he sent a fleet with provisions and other gifts to the
Romans and also furnished them with a body of light troops.
18. =exhibuit=: lit. ‘held out’ ＝ ‘presented.’
CH. 2.
19. =quibus=: sc. _annīs_; cf. _tempore_, Ch. 1.
20. =Ligurēs=: they inhabited the upper part of the Po valley. They
were of small stature, but strong, active, and brave. In early times
they served as mercenaries in the armies of Carthage. They were not
subdued finally by the Romans until after a long and fierce struggle.
Genua was their chief city.
21. =dē hīs=: cf. _dē hīs_, Bk. I, 11.
PAGE 28.
1. =Sardiniēnsēs=: when a revolt occurred in Sardinia, Rome took
advantage of the exhausted condition of Carthage, and demanded the
surrender of the island and an additional indemnity of 1200 talents
($1,500,000). Corsica was obtained in a similar manner. This was the
beginning of the Roman provincial system. Each province was governed by
a praetor and paid taxes to the Roman people. _Rome and Carthage_, p.
102; Creighton, p. 39.
3. =impellentēs=: nominative agreeing with _Karthāginiēnsēs_ and
governing _Sardiniēnsēs_.
CH. 3.
7. =nūllum bellum habuērunt=: at Rome there was the so-called Temple of
Janus, the gates of which were open in time of war and closed in time
of peace. The gates were closed only three times from the building of
the temple by Numa to Augustus, viz. by T. Manlius, 235 B.C., and by
Augustus in 29 and 25 B.C.
8. =semel tantum=: ‘only once.’
=Numā Pompiliō rēgnante=: cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Bk. I, 2.
CH. 4.
10. =Īllyriōs=: the Illyrians lived on the eastern side of the Adriatic
Sea. They were a nation of pirates, and made the whole Adriatic and
Ionian seas unsafe for commerce. Even the towns on the coast were not
safe from their ravages. The Romans sent a force against them and
compelled them to give up their conquests and to make peace.
11. =ex Īllyriīs=: _dē Īllyriīs_ would be more common.
CH. 5.
13. =Gallōrum=: the Romans, recalling the terrible battle of Allia,
Bk. I, 20, were panic-stricken at first. A large army was raised and
stationed at Ariminum, where the first attack was expected. But the
Gauls passed around the Roman army, and, falling in with a small
reserve force, utterly defeated it. Instead of hastening to Rome, they
resolved to put their plunder in a place of safety. The Roman army
following them met them finally near Telamon, where the decisive
battle was fought, and the Gauls were annihilated.
14. =cōnsēnsit=: ‘united.’
15. =Fabiō=: _Q. Fabius Pictor_, the earliest of the annalists.
He wrote in Greek an account of the early history of Rome. He is
frequently quoted by Livy.
17. =tantum=: ‘alone.’
CH. 6.
20. =M. Claudiō Mārcellō=: he was five times consul. This was his first
consulship. He was one of the chief generals of the Romans in the
Second Punic War. He captured Syracuse after a siege of two years (Chs.
12, 14). He fell in battle 208 B.C., and was buried by the enemy with
military honors (Ch. 16).
24. =Mediōlānum=: the modern Milan.
=expūgnāvit=: note the difference between _expūgnō_ and _oppūgnō_.
26. =spolia=: called _opīma_, were the arms taken from a hostile
general by a Roman general commanding under his own auspices. They were
hung in the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius on the Capitol. This temple is
said to have been built by Romulus, who inaugurated the custom. They
were won on only two subsequent occasions, when A. Cornelius Cossus
killed Lars Tolumnius, king of the Veii (Bk. I, 19), and the time
mentioned in this chapter.
PAGE 29.
CH. 7.
4. =bellum Pūnicum secundum=: immediately after the end of the First
Punic War the Carthaginians began to prepare for a renewal of the
struggle against Rome. Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, crossed
over into Spain and conquered a large part of it. Probably it was
his intention to make this province the basis of operations against
Italy. But death prevented the realization of his plans. Hasdrubal, his
son-in-law, took command of the empire Hamilcar had founded in Spain,
and organized and enlarged it. He founded the city of New Carthage,
which from its situation seemed destined to become a second Carthage in
commercial importance. In 221 B.C. he was assassinated. At his death
the command was turned over to Hannibal, the idol of the army and the
sworn enemy of the Romans. Active preparations were made. Forces were
assembled, supplies were prepared, and when all was ready Hannibal gave
the signal for war by besieging Saguntum.
=per Hannibalem=: cf. _per fīliōs_, Bk. I, 6.
5. =Saguntum=: a town on the southern coast of Spain, said to have been
founded by the Greeks as a trading post. It was in alliance with the
Romans, although by the terms of the last treaty with the Carthaginians
independence was secured to the Saguntines by both parties. The capture
of this town was the first hostile act of the war. _Rome and Carthage_,
p. 112; Creighton, p. 40.
7. =annum … aetātis=: lit. ‘passing the twentieth year of his life’ ＝
‘being twenty years of age’; cf. _decem et octō annōs nātus_, Bk. I, 1.
10. =mīsērunt=: sc. _lēgātōs_.
=ut mandārētur=: lit. ‘that it might be commanded’ ＝ ‘that instructions
might be given.’
11. =dūra respōnsa=: the story is told that when Q. Fabius, the chief
of the embassy, held up his toga, saying, ‘I carry here peace and war:
choose ye which ye will have.’ ‘Give us which ever you please,’ replied
the Carthaginians. ‘War, then,’ said Fabius; and the decision was
greeted by the short-sighted acclamations of the masses.
13. =adficiuntur=: historical Present.
CH. 8.
15. =in Hispāniam=: cf. _Rōmam_, Ch. 2.
16. =Ti. Semprōnius=: sc. _Longus_.
17. =Alpēs=: there is a disagreement as to the pass by which Hannibal
entered Italy. Probably he crossed by the Little St. Bernard pass, and
came into Italy near the present town of Aosta. Creighton, p. 41; _Rome
and Carthage_, p. 118.
19. =LXXX mīlia peditum=: the number of the forces of Hannibal given
here is taken from L. Cincius Alimentus, a Roman annalist. He was
captured by Hannibal, and so had excellent opportunities for gaining
information.
21. =Semprōnius Gracchus=: a mistake of Eutropius. It was Ti.
Sempronius Longus. In the next chapter it should be _Semprōnius Longus_
instead of _Semprōnius Gracchus_.
CH. 9.
23. =P. Cornēlius Scīpiō=: at the beginning of the war he set out for
Spain, Ch. 8, but finding that Hannibal had already left and was on his
way to Italy, he went to Gaul to encounter the Carthaginian before he
should cross the Alps. Hannibal was too quick for him. Scipio returned
to Italy and awaited the arrival of the Carthaginians in Cisalpine
Gaul. Near the river Ticinus, one of the northern tributaries of
the Po, the first engagement of the war took place. The Romans were
defeated; Scipio received a severe wound, and was only saved from death
by the courage of his son Publius, the future conqueror of Hannibal. P.
Scipio and his brother Gnaeus were killed in Spain, Ch. 14. _Rome and
Carthage_, p. 127; Creighton, p. 43.
PAGE 30.
1. =apud Trebiam amnem=: the Trebia is a small stream flowing into
the Po from the south. For an account of the battle see _Rome and
Carthage_, p. 130; Creighton, p. 43.
2. =multī … dēdidērunt=: it was Hannibal’s policy to encourage the
communities subject to Rome to revolt and to attach themselves to his
standard. Everywhere he proclaimed himself to be the ‘Liberator of
Italy.’
3. =Flāminiō … occurrit=: this battle took place in the following
year, 217 B.C. Hannibal wintered in the plains of Lombardy, and at the
approach of spring attempted to cross the Apennines. He was driven
back by a violent storm, and was forced to return to his winter
quarters. Later in the year he passed the mountains and marched into
Etruria, where he was met by the Romans under Flaminius, who had been
elected consul for that year, in the battle of Lake Trasimenus, in
which the Romans were utterly defeated, and almost the whole force was
annihilated. _Rome and Carthage_, p. 138; Creighton, p. 43.
6. =Q. Fabius Māximus=: was the great-grandson of the Q. Fabius Maximus
mentioned in Bk. II, 8, and grandson of the Q. Fabius mentioned in
Bk. II, 9. He was one of the greatest generals of Rome. He was chosen
dictator in 217 B.C., after the battle of Lake Trasimenus. The policy
he adopted is well known. By following Hannibal from place to place,
by watching for any error or neglect on his part and immediately
taking advantage of it, and by avoiding a general engagement, he
earned for himself the name of Cunctator, ‘delayer,’ but he saved the
state. In 215 B.C. he was elected consul again, and again employed the
same tactics. In 210 B.C., when he was consul for the fifth time, he
recaptured Tarentum by stratagem (Ch. 16). He opposed the sending of
Scipio to Africa, saying that Italy ought to be rid of Hannibal first.
=eum … frēgit= ＝ _ab impetū eum prohibuit_; ‘prevented him from
attacking in force.’
=differendō pūgnam=: ‘by postponing battle’: _i.e._ by avoiding a
decisive engagement.
CH. 10.
8. =quadrāgēsimō=: Eutropius is mistaken in the date; it was 216 B.C.
9. =L. Aemilius Paulus=: father of the L. Aemilius Paulus mentioned in
Bk. IV, 6, 7. He had distinguished himself in his former consulship
in the war against the Illyrians. Against his advice the battle of
Cannae was fought, and, refusing to fly from the field when the battle
was lost, he was slain. He was an aristocrat, and was raised to the
consulship by that party to counterbalance the influence of the
plebeian P. Terentius Varro.
13. =impatientiā Varrōnis=: the aristocracy laid all the blame of the
defeat on Varro.
14. =Cannae=: a town of Apulia to the south of the Aufidus, about
halfway between Canusium and the sea. This was one of the most
important battles of the war. Although the Romans greatly outnumbered
the Carthaginians, by the skillful maneuvers of Hannibal, they were
surrounded on all sides and were cut down without mercy. “For eight
hours the work of destruction went on, and at the end 50,000 men lay
dead upon the ground. Aemilius Paulus, the Illyrian hero, who, though
wounded by a sling early in the day, had clung to his horse, heartening
on his men, till he dropped exhausted from his saddle, the proconsul
Servilius, the late high-spirited master of the horse, Minucius, both
quaestors, twenty-one military tribunes, sixty senators, and an
unknown number of knights were among the slain. Nearly 20,000 Roman
prisoners were taken. Of the rest, Varro, with a few horsemen only,
escaped to Venusia. Amid all this slaughter the conqueror had lost only
5500 of his infantry and but 200 of that matchless cavalry to whom the
victory was mainly due.” _Rome and Carthage_, p. 160; Creighton, p. 44.
16. =pars dē exercitū= ＝ _pars exercitūs_; a very rare usage.
18. =acceptī sunt=: ‘were handled’; an ironical use of the word.
20. =nōbilēs virī=: men whose ancestors had held high office.
22. =mentiōnem habēre=: usually _mentiōnem facere_.
=quod numquam ante=: sc. _factum erat_.
23. =manūmissī=: sc. _sunt_; they were liberated because none but
freemen could serve in the Roman legions.
CH. 11.
24. =multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs=: “chiefly Samnites and other south
Italian states. The Greek cities held to Rome, and ‘not one Roman
citizen, nor one Latin community, had joined Hannibal.’”
PAGE 31.
2. =variīs suppliciīs=: probably the Romans exaggerated the cruelty and
treachery of Hannibal.
3. =ānulōrum=: these rings were the distinctive badges of the knights
and senators.
7. =duōbus Scīpiōnibus=: P. Cornelius and Gnaeus, the father and
uncle of P. Scipio Africanus. For the campaign in Spain see _Rome and
Carthage_, p. 183.
CH. 12.
12. =annō quartō postquam=: H. 486 (429); M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256; G.
393; B. 223; cf. _aliquot annīs post_, Ch. 6.
13. =Mārcellus=: see note on _M. Claudiō Mārcellō_, Ch. 6.
=cīvitātem= ＝ _urbem_; cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Bk. I, 2.
16. =rēx Macedoniae Philippus=: although Philip promised aid, he never
gave it. Owing to his frequent struggles with the states of Greece, and
the invasion of Macedonia by the Romans, he was compelled to devote his
undivided attention to preserving his realm.
21. =prōcōnsulem=: ‘ex-consul’; at the expiration of his term of office
the consul was given a province to govern, under the title of proconsul.
22. =ea=: the antecedent is _Sardinia_.
CH. 13.
25. =Hispāniīs=: the two divisions of Spain, Hither and Further.
28. =missus fuerat=: cf. _questa fuisset_, Bk. I, 8.
PAGE 32.
3. =et Hasdrubalem=: ‘including Hasdrubal.’
CH. 14.
8. =ad … urbis=: cf. _ad quintum mīliārum urbis_, Bk. I, 15. This was
merely a feint on the part of Hannibal to draw the Romans away from
Capua, which they were besieging, to the defense of Rome. _Rome and
Carthage_, p. 187.
12. =per multōs annōs=: cf. _per annum_, Bk. I, 10.
16. =nōbilissima urbs Syrācūsāna=: “So fell Syracuse, the virgin city,
which had seen two Athenian armaments perish beneath its walls which
had for centuries saved Sicily from becoming altogether, what its
greater part then was, a Carthaginian appanage. … It fell to rise no
more, at least to its former opulence. Its temples were left standing,
because they would not pay for moving; … but the choicest works of art
were swept off to adorn the imperial city.” _Rome and Carthage_, p. 181.
22. =in dēditiōnem accēpit=: cf. _in dēditiōnem accēpērunt_, Bk. II, 21.
24. =cōnsulem=: he was praetor, not consul. He was surprised by
Hannibal and slain before Herdonia.
PAGE 33.
CH. 15.
2. =P. Cornēlius Scīpiō=: he is one of the most interesting characters
in Roman history. Brilliant and versatile, he seemed to be the favorite
of fortune. When the senate had resolved to make one more attempt to
conquer Spain and were looking for a leader, he offered himself and
was sent with 11,000 men. On his arrival he found the forces of the
Carthaginians scattered in different parts of the province, and New
Carthage defended by a weak garrison. By a brilliant stratagem he
captured this with its riches and munitions of war, 207 B.C. Next he
attacked Hasdrubal at Baecula in Andalusia. Although the Romans claimed
the victory, Hasdrubal escaped from his hands and started for Italy
to bear aid to his brother Hannibal. Spain was left to the undisputed
possession of the Romans.
3. =annōs nātus … vīgintī=: cf. _decem … nātus_, Bk. I, 1. He was too
young to be elected to the consulship.
5. =ferē prīmus=: ‘almost the first.’
=Karthāginem Hispāniae=: called ‘New Carthage.’ See note on _bellum
Pūnicum secundum_, Ch. 7. A town still exists on the same spot bearing
the name Cartagena.
11. =ūnō animō=: ‘with one accord.’
CH. 16.
14. =Q. Fabius Māximus=: see note on _Q. Fabiō Māximō_, Ch. 9.
17. =pecūniam hominum vēnditōrum=: ‘the money derived from the sale of
the prisoners.’
18. =ad fiscum=: cf. _ex fiscō_, Bk. II, 27.
21. =ēgregiās rēs=: ‘extraordinary exploits.’
=per sē=: cf. _per fīliōs_, Bk. I, 6.
22. =L. Scīpiōnem=: became famous for his victories in the East, Bk.
IV, 4.
23. =Claudius Mārcellus=: see note on _M. Claudiō Mārcellō_, Ch. 6.
CH. 17.
26. =rēs inclitās=: cf. _ēgregiās rēs_, Ch. 16.
PAGE 34.
1. =in amīcitiam accēpit=: cf. _in dēditiōnem accēpērunt_, Bk. II, 21.
It meant practical subjection in either case.
=ā victō=: sc. _hoste_.
2. =obsidēs nōn poposcit=: by pursuing the opposite course to that of
the Carthaginians he hoped to win over the Spaniards.
CH. 18.
3. =dēspērāns=: ‘giving up the hope.’
6. =ā cōnsulibus=: construe with _īnsidiās compositās_.
7. =apud Sēnam=: one of the critical battles of the world’s history.
It is generally known as the battle of the Metaurus, from the name of
the river near which it was fought. The messenger sent by Hasdrubal
to inform his brother Hannibal of his coming fell into the hands of
the Romans. Nero, leaving a part of his forces to watch Hannibal,
with a picked band hastened north, joined the force under Salinator,
defeated Hasdrubal, who perished in the battle, and returned to his
army in Apulia before Hannibal discovered his absence. It is said that
he ordered the severed head of Hasdrubal to be flung into the camp of
Hannibal. He “recognized the features of the brother whom he had so
long and eagerly expected, and in them sadly saw the doom of Carthage.”
_Rome and Carthage_, p. 196; Creighton, p. 45.
12. =ingēns animus accessit=: lit. ‘great courage came to in addition’
＝ ‘great courage was inspired in.’
=et ipsī= ＝ _etiam_: cf. _et ipse_, Bk. I, 8.
CH. 20.
19. =in Āfricam missus=: the senate, led by Fabius, opposed the sending
of Scipio, but the people forced that body to accede to their demands.
Owing to the opposition Scipio was not as well equipped for the
expedition as he should have been.
=dīvīnum quiddam=: ‘something divine.’ The ancients believed that great
men were inspired by the gods. Scipio pretended to hold communication
with Jupiter Capitolinus. Probably he merely took advantage of a
popular superstition.
24. =Syphācem=: Syphax had driven Masinissa, a Libyan king, from his
throne. Masinissa joined Scipio on his arrival in Africa and gave him
valuable aid. When the war was ended Masinissa was restored to his
throne as his reward.
PAGE 35.
CH. 21.
5. =lēgātī … petīvērunt=: their purpose was to enable Hannibal to reach
Africa and prepare for war against Scipio.
7. =quoūsque= ＝ _dōnec_: a late usage.
8. =mīlia=: sc. _lībrārum_.
=pondō=: ‘by weight.’
11. =nē … redderent=: Indirect Discourse depending on an idea of
commanding implied in _hīs … dedit_.
CH. 22.
19. =quibus prius=: sc. _data esset_; cf. _hīs condiciōnibus dedit_,
Ch. 21.
20. =quīngentīs mīlibus=: Dative, object of _additīs_.
24. =Karthāginī bellum=: the details of these operations are
imperfectly known. _Rome and Carthage_, p. 222.
PAGE 36.
CH. 23.
2. =ūllā memoriā=: ‘within the memory of any one.’
3. =Scīpiō victor=: this was at the famous battle of Zama, one of the
decisive battles of the world. Although Hannibal managed his forces
with his usual skill, and his veterans fought like the men who had so
often conquered in Italy, the Carthaginians were utterly defeated. This
ended the Second Punic War. _Rome and Carthage_, p. 224; Creighton, p.
46.
6. =mīlia=: sc. _lībrārum_.
7. =supellectilis=: Nominative, the usual form is _supellex_.
9. =Āfricānus=: later _Māior_ was added to his name to distinguish him
from the Scipio Africanus who destroyed Carthage, 146 B.C.
11. =quam coeperat=: cf. _quam vēnerant_, Bk. II, 28.