CH. 1.
12. =Macedonicum=: sc. _bellum_.
CH. 2.
13. =Philippum=: Philip V, king of Macedonia, began to reign 220 B.C.,
was defeated by Flamininus at Cynoscephalae 197 B.C., and died 179 B.C.
_The Story of the Romans_, p. 137; Creighton, p. 47.
15. =rem prōsperē gessit=: in 196 B.C., at the meeting of the Isthmian
games, Flamininus caused a herald to proclaim, “that the senate and the
people of Rome, and their commander, Titus Quinctius, having subdued
Philip and the Macedonians, now restored the Corinthians, Phocians,
Locrians, Euboeans, Thessalians, Achaeans, etc., to their freedom and
independence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws.”
19. =quaterna mīlia=: sc. _lībrārum_; note the force of the
distributive.
=pondō=: cf. _pondō_, Bk. III, 21.
PAGE 37.
2. =Nabidem=: Nabis, the tyrant of Lacedaemon, had seized the city of
Argos.
=quibus voluit condiciōnibus= ＝ _quibus voluit eīs condiciōnibus_.
=in fidem accēpit=: cf. _in fidem acceptae_, Bk. II, 19. This is a mild
way of saying that he made the king a subject of Rome.
CH. 3.
6. =Syriacum=: sc. _bellum_. Creighton, p. 48.
7. =Antiochum=: the most illustrious of the family of the Seleucidae,
kings of Syria, was Antiochus, surnamed the Great. After having
conquered Caelo-Syria and Palestine, he was urged by Hannibal, who
had taken refuge at his court, to make war on the Romans. He invaded
Greece, but was defeated by L. Scipio at Thermopylae in 191 B.C., and
again at Mt. Sipylus in Magnesia in 190 B.C., when he was compelled to
sue for peace.
12. =fuisset=: cf. _quia … fēcissent_, Bk. II, 11.
CH. 4.
14. =L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne=: cf. Bk. III, 16.
=Scīpiō Āfricānus=: although Scipio Africanus was the _legatus_ of his
brother, yet he practically acted as commander, as his brother was a
man of no ability.
17. =nāvālī proeliō=: this battle, fought at the mouth of the
Eurymedon, off Aspendus in Pamphylia, “was the first naval battle and
the last battle fought by Hannibal against the Romans.”
18. =apud Māgnēsiam=: “with the day of Magnesia Asia was erased from
the list of great states; and never perhaps did a great power fall so
rapidly, so thoroughly, and so ignominiously as the kingdom of the
Seleucidae under this Antiochus the Great.” Mommsen.
20. =Eumenēs=: Antiochus had offered one of his daughters in marriage
to Eumenes, the king of Pergamus, on condition that he assist him
against the Romans.
22. =ex parte rēgis=: ‘on the side of the king.’
24. =data est=: sc. _pāx_.
25. =recēderet=: cf. _īnferret_, Ch. 2.
PAGE 38.
1. =concitātōrem bellī=: ‘who had aroused the war’; often it is best to
translate nouns of Agency by a clause.
6. =et ipse=: cf. _et ipse_, Bk. I, 8.
=Asiāgenis=: the more usual title is _Asiāticus_.
CH. 5.
12. =per T. Quīntium Flāminīnum=: cf. _per fīliōs_, Bk. I, 6.
13. =trādendus esset=: the bitterness with which the Romans hunted down
Hannibal was unworthy of such a man and such a nation.
=venēnum bibit=: “Thus ignominiously ended the career of the man who
stood once at the head of the commanders of the world, and whose memory
is still honored for the magnificence of his ambition in daring to
attack and expecting to conquer the most powerful nation of his time.”
CH. 6.
19. =rebellāvit=: on account of the division of the conquered territory
after the fall of Antiochus, Philip became indignant at the Romans, and
planned a revolt on a large scale. His death in 179 B.C. prevented him
from putting his plans into execution. His son Perseus attempted to
carry them out. Owing to his lack of genius, he did not act promptly
and with energy when the opportunity offered, and let it slip by.
20. =Thraciae=: Thrace was the name given originally to the whole
region north of the Aegean Sea. Afterwards it was confined to the
valley of the Hebrus. It became a Roman province in 46 A.D.
=Īllyricī=: Illyricum was on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea. Its
rocky coasts were infested with pirates until it was conquered by the
Romans in the second century B.C. It was made a province afterwards and
known as Dalmatia.
21. =Rōmānīs … auxiliō=: cf. _auxiliō … Rōmānīs_, Ch. 4.
24. =utrīsque … praebuit=: lit. ‘furnished himself equal to both’ ＝
‘remained neutral.’
25. =P. Licinius=: sc. _Crassus_. He was utterly incompetent and
thoroughly unscrupulous.
26. =gravī proeliō victus=: near Larisa. If Perseus had possessed the
energy to follow up this victory, the result might have been different.
PAGE 39.
1. =mox missus contrā eum=: Eutropius does not mention the two
campaigns under Aulus Hostilius and Quintius Marcius Philippus, in both
of which the Romans were unsuccessful.
2. =L. Aemilius Paulus=: he was the son of the consul who fell at
Cannae, Bk. III, 10. He was one of the best specimens of the sturdy
Roman character. He was noted for his discipline in the army, and
maintained throughout life a pure and unspotted character.
6. =ante … quam=: cf. note on _ante … quam_, Bk. II, 13.
CH. 7.
8. =III Nōnās Septembrēs=: the full expression would be _ante diem
tertium Nōnās Septembrēs_; cf. _XI Kal. Māiās_, Bk. I, 1.
9. =vīcit=: at the battle of Pydna in Macedonia, 168 B.C. “It was in
fact the last battle in which a civilized state confronted Rome in the
field on a footing of equality with her as a great power. … The whole
civilized world henceforth recognized in the Roman senate the supreme
tribunal whose commissioners decided in the last resort between kings
and nations.” Mommsen, _History of Rome_, Vol. II, p. 330.
14. =honōrem … habuit=: ‘held him in honor’ ＝ ‘honored him.’
=victō=: in apposition with _eī_.
15. =sibi=: _sibi_ and _sē_ refer to Paulus.
23. =convīviī apparātū=: ‘in his entertainments.’
CH. 8.
25. =praedam … distribuit=: this act of cruelty was commanded by the
senate.
PAGE 40.
2. =triumphāvit autem māgnificentissimē=: never before had Rome seen so
grand a triumph. It lasted for three days.
3. =cum duōbus fīliīs=: Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Scipio Africanus
Minor, both of whom had been adopted into other families.
9. =Bīthȳniae=: supply _rēx_ from _rēgēs_ above.
CH. 10.
15. =tertium … Karthāginem=: _The Story of the Romans_, p. 139;
Creighton, p. 50; _Rome and Carthage_, Ch. XIX. The Romans encouraged
their ally Masinissa to encroach on the territories of Carthage and to
harass her in every way. They were seeking a pretext for war, having
fully decided to utterly destroy their hated rival. The story is told
that every speech that Cato the Censor made was concluded with the
words ‘_Dēlenda est Carthāgō_,’ ‘Carthage must be destroyed.’
16. =L. Mānliō Cēnsōrīnō et M. Mānīliō=: they were utterly incompetent.
On several occasions they were saved from destruction only by the skill
of Scipio.
19. =Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt=: the Carthaginians tried in every way
to avert the war. Embassy after embassy was sent to Rome, offering
everything that could be asked. When the Romans demanded the surrender
of the arms of the city, they were given. But when it was demanded that
they should leave their city and should settle somewhere else at a
distance of ten miles from the sea, they refused and prepared for the
struggle that was inevitable.
21. =Scīpiō=: “Publius Cornelius Scipio was the youngest son of
Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia. When quite a youth he had
fought at his father’s side at Pydna, and he was afterwards adopted
into a still more illustrious family, that of the Scipios. Like his
grandfather, the great Africanus, he had early shown a taste for other
arts than that of war; and his fondness for literature was cemented
by the friendship which he formed, while still a youth, with the
historian Polybius. He was inferior in all respects to his grandfather
by adoption, the elder Africanus.” He is chosen by Cicero in the _De
Amicitia_ as one whose friendship was worthy of immortality.
24. =cōnsultissimus=: ‘most fertile in council.’
=per eum=: cf. _per Ancī fīliōs_, Bk. I, 6.
27. =committere=: sc. _proelium_; the omission is late and rare.
PAGE 41.
CH. 11.
1. =per idem tempus=: equivalent to the Ablative of Time within which.
=Masinissa=: see note on _Syphācem_, Bk. III, 20.
CH. 12.
5. =iuvenis=: see note on _annōrum_, Bk. II, 6. Scipio was about
thirty-seven years old, and had held the office of military tribune
only.
6. =cōnsul est factus=: as in the case of his grandfather by adoption,
there was the tacit understanding that his office was to be continued
until he had brought the war to an end. The Romans by this time had
learned the advantage of retaining in office in times of danger a man
who showed himself adapted to the place.
9. =quae sua recognōscēbant=: ‘which they recognized as their own.’
10. =Karthāgō … dēlēta est=: “Thus happened what, happily, has rarely
happened in history before or since. An ancient seat of civilization
with the race which inhabited it, with its arts and its sciences, its
laws, its literature, and its religion, was swept away at a single
stroke, leaving hardly a wrack behind; and with it vanished the last
rival whom Rome had to fear, the one state which ever met her on equal
terms, and therefore alone stood between her and universal empire.”
_Rome and Carthage_, p. 260.
=quam= ＝ _postquam_.
11. =avus ēius=: his grandfather by adoption, P. Cornelius Scipio
Africanus Maior, the conqueror of Hannibal.
12. =Āfricānus iūnior=: _etiam ipse_ can, of course, refer only to
Africanus, _iunior_ being adversative; ‘Africanus (but) younger’; cf.
note on _Tarquinius iūnior_, Bk. I, 8.
CH. 13.
14. =Pseudophilippus=: “A pretender, calling himself Phillip, the
son of Perseus, met with support from Thrace and Byzantium, and
was accepted as king by the Macedonian nation. He even extended his
rule over Thessaly by his victory over the Roman praetor Juventius.”
Mommsen, p. 219.
15. =praetorem=: the praetor was one of the chief magistrates at Rome,
next to the consuls. The number varied at different times. After
Sulla’s time there were eight. The duties of the praetor were to
administer justice, and in the absence of the consuls to act in their
place. Praetors were also sent to govern provinces subject to Rome.
16. =ad interneciōnem=: ‘to the point of destruction.’
CH. 14.
22. =cēpit=: after the battle of Leucopatra, in which the Achaeans were
utterly defeated.
=dīruit=: “With Corinth fell the liberties of Greece; a Roman province
took the place of the state that for six centuries had been the home
of art and eloquence, the intellectual sovereign of antiquity; but
though overcome and despoiled, she became the guide and teacher of her
conqueror.” The light of Greece was extinguished.
27. =pīctae tabulae=: ‘pictures.’
PAGE 42.
CH. 15.
3. =habēret=: H. 598 (515, III); M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, _d_; G. 587;
B. 309, 3.
=quaestōre=: the quaestor was an officer in charge of the treasury.
Two remained in the city while the others accompanied the provincial
governors and managed the finances of the provinces.
CH. 16.
5. =Metellus=: Q. Caecilius Metellus, called Macedonicus, was the son
of Caecilius mentioned in Bk. III, 19. He was consul in 143 B.C., and
received the province of Hither Spain, where he carried on war with
success for two years against the Celtiberi. His brother, L. Caecilius,
was consul in 142 B.C. Chs. 21, 23.
8. =Viriāthus=: it is said that Caepio procured his assassination.
9. =quō metū= ＝ _cūius metū_: for the case of _metū_, cf. _metū_, Ch. 3.
12. =adsertor=: ‘restorer of liberty.’
CH. 17.
17. =pācem ignōbilem fēcit=: but fearing the reckoning that awaited him
at home for concluding peace, he denied before the senate the agreement
he had made with the people of Numantia. The total incompetency of
Pompeius and of his successor, Mancinus, and the demoralization of the
army, caused the war to drag on with disgrace and disaster for three
years. Creighton, p. 49.
20. =Mancīnum hostibus trādī=: they refused to receive him, as the
senate knew they would.
24. =cōnsul factus=: sc. _est_; this was in 134 B.C. He was then at the
legal age for the consulship.
25. =mīlitem=: ‘the soldiers’; a collective noun.
PAGE 43.
4. =reliquam … accēpit=: “A senatorial commission was shortly
afterwards sent to Spain, and the provinces were reorganized. Spain
gradually became exceedingly prosperous, and, despite the guerilla
warfare ever waged by the half-subdued native tribes, it was the
most flourishing and best organized country in the Roman dominions.”
Mommsen, p. 215.
CH. 18.
6. =Attalus=: the kingdom of Attalus consisted of Lydia, Phrygia,
Mysia, and Caria, four states on the coast of Asia Minor.
CH. 19.
9. =Callaecīs=: generally written _Gallaecī_. They were a people
inhabiting the northwestern part of Spain, bordering on the Atlantic.
They were the most uncivilized people of Spain.
=Lūsitānīs=: they lived a little south of the Gallaeci.
10. =P. Scīpiō … Numantīnīs=: from the capture of the city of Numantia
he received the name _Numantīnus_.
12. =dē Āfricā=: _i.e. dē Karthāgine_.
CH. 20.
13. =Aristonīcō=: he was a natural son of Eumenes II of Pergamus. Upon
the death of his brother Attalus, who left his kingdom to the Romans,
Ch. 18, he claimed the throne. At first he met with considerable
success.
15. =P. Licinius Crassus=: he was consul for the year 131 B.C. He was a
good orator and jurist.
25. =carcere=: the Mamertine prison at the foot of the Capitoline Hill.
This was the only prison in Rome in early times. In it most of the
famous captives of the Romans were strangled. It consisted of an upper
and lower chamber. The term Tullianum sometimes applied to the prison
as a whole is more properly restricted to the lower dungeon. Sallust
in the ‘Catiline’ gives an impressive picture of the lower vault in
which Jugurtha perished. “There is,” he says, “in the prison a chamber
named the Tullianum, about twelve feet below the surface of the earth.
It is surrounded by walls, and covered by a vaulted roof of stone; but
its appearance is repulsive and fearful, because of the neglect, the
darkness, and the stench.”
27. =diem obierat=: lit. ‘he had met his day’ ＝ ‘he died.’
CH. 21.
29. =quae nunc manet=: Eutropius is in error. The Carthage of his time
was founded by Augustus. He was carrying out the plans of Julius Caesar
in this.
PAGE 44.
2. =dēductī sunt=: the regular term for the founding of a colony.
=eō= ＝ _ad eum locum_.
CH. 22.
5. =Gallīs trānsalpīnīs=: the Gauls of the modern France and
Switzerland were called _trānsalpīnī_, to distinguish them from the
Gauls of northern Italy, who were called _cisalpīnī_.
=Arvernōrum=: the Arverni were a people of Aquitania, in the modern
Auvergne. In early times they were the most powerful people in southern
Gaul. They still possessed considerable power in Caesar’s time, as he
refers to them several times in the _Gallic War_.
7. =fluvium=: a late word. The regular term for river is _flūmen_.
8. =torquibus=: cf. _torque_, Bk. II, 5.
9. =dēductus est=: _i.e._ from Gaul.
CH. 23.
12. =Narbōne=: this was the first colony of the Romans in Gaul. Later
it gave the name of _Narbōnēnsis_ to the province. It was situated on
the river Atax, and was of considerable commercial importance.
13. =L. Caeciliō Metellō=: see note on _Metellus_, Ch. 16.
CH. 24.
17. =Scordiscīs=: a people of Pannonia. They were sometimes classed
with the Illyrians, but they were remains of an ancient and powerful
Celtic tribe.
CH. 25.
19. =C. Caeciliō Metellō=: he was the son of Quintus Caecilius
Metellus, mentioned in Ch. 16. He was consul in 113 B.C., and carried
on war in Macedonia against the Thracians, whom he subdued. He obtained
a triumph, in consequence, in the same year and on the same day with
his brother.
20. =alterum ex Sardiniā=: this was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, a
brother of Gaius Caecilius mentioned above. He was consul in 115
B.C. In 114 he was sent to Sardinia as proconsul, and while there he
suppressed a revolt in the province. For this he was granted a triumph,
which he celebrated at the same time with his brother.
22. =Cimbrōs=: see Bk. V, 1, 2.
CH. 26.
23. =P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā=: _i.e._ ‘Scipio with the pointed nose.’ This
name, which was given in derision to one member of his family, clung to
all his descendants.
24. =Iugurthae … inlātum est=: Jugurtha is an interesting character
in Roman history. He was the illegitimate nephew of Micipsa, the
king of Numidia. He served under Scipio in Spain, and there made the
acquaintance of the dissolute patricians who were serving in the army.
On the death of his uncle, he put Hiempsal to death and seized the
kingdom. He besieged Adherbal in the town of Cirta, and, having taken
the town, he put him to death with savage torture. In the capture of
Cirta several Roman citizens were slain. This compelled the senate
to make an investigation; but many of its members had been bribed by
Jugurtha, and it resulted in nothing. Finally war was declared against
him. The army, however, was poorly equipped and badly organized.
Nothing but defeat resulted. Metellus, on taking command in 109 B.C.,
reformed the army, won several victories, and seemed on the point of
bringing the war to an end when he was succeeded by Gaius Marius, his
lieutenant. Marius speedily brought the war to a close. Jugurtha,
however, was surrendered to Sulla, Marius’ lieutenant, by the Moors,
with whom he had taken refuge. After gracing the triumphal procession
of Marius, he was strangled in the Mamertine prison. He is said to
have exclaimed as he touched the water at the bottom of the prison,
‘How cold are thy baths, O Hercules’!
25. =frātrēs suōs=: Eutropius is incorrect. They were his cousins, not
brothers.
PAGE 45.
2. =quae … improbāta est=: probably the senate would have approved of
it, but such an outcry was raised by the people that they were forced
to reject the peace and order the war to be continued.
CH. 27.
6. =Q. Caecilius Metellus=: he was the son of Lucius Caecilius,
mentioned in Chs. 21, 23. He received the name of Numidicus for
his campaign against Jugurtha. In an age of growing corruption his
integrity remained unsullied, and he was distinguished for his
abilities in war and peace. Creighton, p. 61.
12. =successum est eī=: lit. ‘it was succeeded to him’ ＝ ‘he was
succeeded.’
=C. Mariō=: see Bk. V, 1. Marius, who had accompanied Metellus, gained
his consulship by appealing to the credulity of the people and by
misleading them with the most unfair misrepresentations of the conduct
of Metellus.
=Bocchum=: king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha.
16. =Cornēlium Sullam=: see Bk. V, 4. The fact that Sulla was an
aristocrat was very annoying to Marius.