PAGE 16.
CH. 1.
3. =tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī potestāte=: six military tribunes
with consular powers and consular duration of office were elected by
the Comitia Centuriata. The office was open alike to patricians and
plebeians. This was a compromise measure on the part of the patricians
when they were forced to yield to the demands of the plebeians to be
admitted to the consulship. All the rights of the consulship were given
to them by this means without the honorary privileges the holding of
the office of consul conferred. Each year the people determined whether
consuls or military tribunes with consular power should be elected.
From the time of the creation of the tribunes with consular power
until the opening of the consulship to the plebeians in 367 B.C., the
tribunes were elected fifty times and the consuls twenty-three. The
plebeians were kept out of the office until 400 B.C. Mommsen, p. 63;
Tighe, p. 100.
4. =hinc=: cf. _hinc_, Bk. I, 9.
7. =trēs … ēgit=: _i.e._ a triumph for each of the cities.
CH. 2.
11. =sub ipsīs=: ‘under the direction of these’; _i.e._ the citizens of
Praeneste.
12. =Rōmānīs=: note the name of the people for that of the city.
14. =dēcrētus=: sc. _est_ from the _sunt_ preceding.
CH. 3.
16. =placuit=: lit. ‘it was pleasing’ ＝ ‘they determined.’
17. =ita fluxit=: lit. ‘it flowed so’ ＝ ‘there was such disturbance.’
CH. 4.
21. =L. Genuciō … cōnsulibus=: cf. _C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus_, Bk. I, 16.
22. =honor … dēlātus est=: lit. ‘honor second after Romulus was
conferred upon him’ ＝ ‘honor second to that of Romulus,’ etc.
PAGE 17.
CH. 5.
2. =mīliāriō=: cf. _mīliāriō_, Bk. I, 4.
3. =Aniēnem=: the Anio, a tributary of the Tiber. _Aniēnem_ is
Accusative from the old Nominative _Anien_.
=nōbilissimus=: lit. ‘of highest birth.’ √GNO, cf. _nōscō_.
=dē senātōribus=: cf. _ex seniōribus_, Bk. I, 2.
4. =L. Mānlius=: his name is generally given as _Titus_. _The Story of
the Romans_, p. 106.
5. =sublātō … impositō=: ‘having taken off his (the Gaul’s) golden
necklace and having placed it on his own neck’; cf. _conditā cīvitāte_,
Bk. I, 2.
6. =in perpetuum=: ‘forever.’
7. =fugātī sunt=: note the difference in form and meaning between
_fugāre_ and _fugere_.
8. =nōn multō post=: lit. ‘not after by much’ ＝ ‘not long after.’
9. =mīlia captīvōrum=: it was customary to adorn the procession of
the victorious general, when he was celebrating a triumph, with the
captives he had taken in the campaign. When the procession passed
up the Capitoline Hill to the Temple of Jupiter, the captives were
led aside to the Mamertine prison at the foot of the hill and were
strangled.
CH. 6.
11. =Latīnī=: Creighton, p. 27.
12. =mīlitēs praestāre=: it was the custom of Rome to compel the states
she had subdued to furnish soldiers for the Roman army. These were used
as auxiliary forces.
=ex Rōmānīs=: cf. _ex seniōribus_, Bk. I, 2.
13. =quī modus= ＝ _modus quī_; ‘a force which.’
14. =parvīs … rēbus=: ‘although up to this time the Roman state was
small.’
16. =quae= ＝ _eae lēgiōnēs_.
=duce L. Fūriō=: lit. ‘L. Furius being the leader’ ＝ ‘under the
leadership of L. Furius.’
17. =quī esset optimus=: ‘whoever was the best.’
18. =sē … obtulit=: ‘offered himself.’
=Valerius=: see _The Story of the Romans_, p. 111.
20. =commissā … pūgnā=: _cf. conditā cīvitāte_, Bk. I, 2.
21. =ālīs et unguibus=: cf. _fulmine_, Bk. I, 4.
25. =annōrum=: by a law passed in 181 B.C., the legal age of the
consulship was fixed at forty-three. There were exceptions made, as in
the case of Cn. Pompeius, who was elected consul when he was thirty-six
years old.
PAGE 18.
CH. 7.
1. =Latīnī=: Creighton, p. 28.
2. =ex eōrum=: sc. _populō_.
4. =pūgnā=: see _The Story of the Romans_, p. 113.
5. =dē hīs perdomitīs=: ‘a triumph was celebrated on account of their
defeat.’
6. =rōstrīs=: the Rostra or speaker’s platform in the Forum. From it
the speaker could command the entire Forum and the Comitium. In 42 B.C.
it was removed and set up again at the west end of the Forum. Another
rostra was constructed about the same time at the opposite end, in
front of the new Temple of Divus Iulius.
7. =Alexandrō Macedone=: Alexander the Great.
CH. 8.
9. =Samnītas=: a Greek form of the Accusative. The Samnites were
offshoots of the Sabines, occupying the hilly country between the Nar,
the Tiber, and the Anio. Their bravery made them the most formidable
rival of Rome in Italy. In 290 B.C. they were subjected to Rome.
12. =Q. Fabiō Māximō=: called _Rulliānus_. This Fabius was five times
consul and dictator twice. He triumphed over the Samnites, Marsi,
Gauls, and Etrurians. He was the great-grandfather of Q. Fabius
Maximus, the hero of the Second Punic war.
14. =sē absente=: ‘while he (Papīrius) was absent.’
16. =capitis damnātus=: lit. ‘having been condemned of the head’
＝ ‘having been condemned on a capital charge’; cf. our expression
‘capital punishment.’
=sē vetante=: cf. _parvīs … rēbus_, Ch. 6. _Sē_; the antecedent is
_Papīrius_.
CH. 9.
19. =T. Veturiō … cōnsulibus=: cf. _C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus_, Bk. I, 16.
20. =vīcērunt=: at the battle of the Caudine Forks, a narrow pass east
of Campania. The commander of the Samnites was Gavius Pontius. See _The
Story of the Romans_, p. 113.
=sub iugum=: the yoke was formed by sticking two spears in the ground
and fastening a third on top. To pass under the yoke was a sign of
subjection, and is equivalent to our expression ‘laying down arms.’
Livy, Bk. IX, VI, describes the process.
21. =pāx … solūta est=: a Roman general could not make peace with the
enemy without the ratification of the senate and the people.
22. =ipsīs=: see note on _ipsōs_, Bk. I, 20.
=facta fuerat=: see note on _facta fuisset_, Bk. I, 8.
PAGE 19.
3. =aquam Claudiam indūxit=: _i.e._ he built the aqueduct named after
him. It was more commonly called ‘Aqua Appia.’ Between seven and eight
miles in length, chiefly under ground, it was the beginning of the
magnificent system of water works that distinguished ancient Rome. Four
of these old aqueducts still furnish the water supply of modern Rome.
Lanciani, _Ancient Rome_, p. 58.
4. =viam Appiam=: “the Appian road was made in 312 B.C. to join Rome to
Capua, and was afterwards carried as far as Brundisium. This ‘queen of
roads,’ as it was called, was a stone causeway, constructed according
to the nature of the country, with an embankment either beneath or
beside it, and was of such a width that two broad wagons could easily
pass each other.”
=Q. Fabium Māximum=: called _Gurges_, the son of Q. Fabius Maximus,
mentioned in Ch. 8.
6. =datus fuisset=: cf. _questa fuisset_, Bk. I, 8.
7. =ipsōrum=: cf. _ipsīs_, above.
10. =per annōs=: cf. _per annum_, Bk. I, 10.
11. =āctum=: ‘waged’; agrees with _bellum_.
CH. 10.
13. =sē … iūnxērunt=: cf. _coniūnxērunt sē_, Bk. I, 19.
15. =dēlētae sunt=: _The Story of the Romans_, p. 114.
CH. 11.
17. =Tarentīnīs=: the people of Tarentum, a rich and luxurious city in
southern Italy. It played an important part in the war with Pyrrhus.
The whole of southern Italy was known as Magna Graecia, on account of
the number of cities founded there by the Greeks.
=in ultimā Ītaliā=: ‘in the most remote part of Italy’; H. 497, 3 (440,
N. 1); M. 423; A. & G. 193; G. 291, R. 2; B. 241.
19. =Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt=: ‘asked aid of Pyrrhus.’ Pyrrhus
was regarded as one of the greatest generals that had ever lived. With
his daring courage, his military skill, and his kingly bearing, he
might have become the most powerful monarch of his day. But he never
rested satisfied with any acquisition, and was ever grasping at some
fresh object. For an account of the war see _The Story of the Romans_,
pp. 115-121; Creighton, p. 31.
20. =orīginem trahēbat=: ‘was claiming descent’; it was the custom of
royal families to claim descent from heroes or gods.
21. =prīmum=: ‘for the first time.’
24. =cēpisset=: cf. _latrōcinārētur_, Bk. I, 1.
=dūcī=: cf. the construction with _praecēpit_, Ch. 8.
PAGE 20.
2. =auxiliō=: cf. _fulmine_, Bk. I, 4.
=vīcit=: although the loss of the Romans was nearly equaled by that of
Pyrrhus, the value of winning the first battle was at once shown by the
fact that the Lucanians, Bruttians, Samnites, and all the Greek cities
joined Pyrrhus.
6. =quōs … vīdisset=: ‘and when he saw them lying’; _quos ＝ et eos_;
cf. _quō morbō mortuō_, Bk. I, 10.
=adversō vulnere=: ‘with their wounds in front’; _i.e._ they died
facing the enemy.
8. =hāc vōce=: lit. ‘this voice’ ＝ ‘these words.’
CH. 12.
10. =sibi=: cf. _Tuscīs Samnītibusque_, Ch. 10.
13. =terrōre exercitūs=: ‘on account of his fear of the army’; note the
difference in meaning between the Subjective and Objective Genitive;
H. 440, 2 (396, III); M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.
14. =sē recēpit=: lit. ‘he took himself back’ ＝ ‘he withdrew.’ This
march was merely a feint on the part of Pyrrhus.
15. =honōrificē=: the Romans always regarded Pyrrhus as an honorable
enemy. Their feelings towards Hannibal were entirely different.
17. =Fābricium=: _C. Fābricius Luscīnus_. He was consul for the first
time 283 B.C., when he triumphed over the Boii and Etrurians. He was
noted for his extreme frugality and simplicity, as well as for his
integrity. He is cited by Cicero and Horace as a type of the Roman
citizens of the best days of the Commonwealth.
18. =cognōvisset=: cf. _latrōcinārētur_, Bk. I, 1.
19. =voluerit=: cf. _habuerit_, Bk. I, 11.
CH. 13.
25. =pāx displicuit=: it is said that at first the senate wavered; but
by the energy of the blind and aged Appius Claudius, who caused himself
to be carried into the senate house, their courage was revived.
=remandātum est=: ‘word was sent back.’
PAGE 21.
1. =nisi … posse=: this answer passed into a maxim of state.
4. =ante … quam=: note the fondness of the Latin for separating the
parts of this and other compounds of the same nature.
=veterem=: ‘former.’
=bīnōrum=: ‘two apiece.’
6. =quālem=: predicate to _Rōmam_; ‘what sort (of a city) he had found
Rome (to be).’
7. =comperisset=, cf. _agerentur_, Ch. 11.
CH. 14.
18. =occīsūrum=: cf. note on _prōmittentēs … implendum_, Bk. I, Ch. 16.
=sī … aliquid=: ‘if something.’
=pollicērētur=: Imperf. Subjunctive representing the Future Indicative
in Direct Discourse; H. 574, 646 (507, I, 527, I); M. 363, 1, 402; A. &
G. 307, 1, 337, _a_, 3; G. 595, R. 1; B. 319, B.
19. =dominum=: indicating that the physician was a slave, as was usual
at that time.
23. =Lūcānīs et Samnītibus=: they, with the Bruttii, had joined Pyrrhus
against Rome. This was the second triumph of Fabricius; cf. note on
Fabricius, Ch. 12. He was consul the third time two years after.
PAGE 22.
2. =prīmus=: ‘he was the first to.’
3. =apud Argōs=: it is said that he perished ingloriously in a street
fight, 272 B.C.
CH. 15.
6. =urbis conditae=: cf. _ab urbe conditā_, Bk. I, Ch. 18.
8. =petierant= for _petīverant_: the shorter forms are more usual in
this verb.
CH. 16.
11. =dē hīs=: cf. _dē hīs_, Bk. I, Ch. 11.
12. =cīvitātēs= ＝ _urbēs_: see note on _conditā cīvitāte_, Bk. I, Ch. 2.
=Beneventum=: its name is said to have been originally _Maleventum_,
and to have been changed because of the evil omen it contained. The
name Beneventum was given it in 271 B.C. Here Fabricius defeated
Pyrrhus 275 B.C. It remained a possession of the Romans during the
whole of the Second Punic War and was thanked by the senate for its
faithfulness during that critical period.
CH. 17.
16. =Brundisīnī=: the people of Brundisium, the modern Brindisi. It was
a seaport of Calabria, the chief naval station of the Romans on the
Adriatic Sea, and their regular port of departure for Greece.
CH. 18.
17. =annō=: sc. _ab urbe conditā_.
18. =extrā Ītaliam=: ‘the Roman power was now dominant throughout the
peninsula to the river Aesis; the valley of the Po, however, was still
reckoned a part of Gaul.’
24. =contrā Āfrōs=: _i.e._ Carthaginians. Carthage was one of the
first cities of the ancient world. It was situated on the north coast
of Africa, and was said to have been founded by Phoenicians from Tyre
under the leadership of Dido. Carthage had been the ally of Rome in the
war against Pyrrhus. But the growing commercial activity of Carthage
caused jealousy to arise which resulted in the three wars for the
supremacy of the West,--known as the Punic wars. The first was from 264
B.C. to 241 B.C. The second 218-202 B.C. and the third 149-146 B.C. It
resulted in the capture and destruction of Carthage by the Romans under
P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus. Creighton, Ch. III.
26. =rēge Siciliae Hierōne=: Hiero was the king of Syracuse and its
dependencies. Nearly all the rest of Sicily was in the power of the
Carthaginians.
PAGE 23.
CH. 19.
2. =rēs māgnae=: ‘great operations.’
3. =in fidem acceptae=: sc. _sunt_; ‘were taken under their
protection’; _i.e._ they were made tributary.
CH. 20.
11. =Liburnās=: sc. _nāvēs_; these were light vessels built after a
model taken from the Liburnians, a sea-faring people that lived on the
east coast of the Adriatic Sea.
12. =Duilius=: the victory of Duilius was due to a device by which he
turned a naval battle into a land contest. His ships were furnished
with grappling irons, by means of which he seized the ships of the
enemy and then boarded them, when the Roman soldiers easily proved
themselves superior to the Carthaginian mercenaries. It was the first
naval victory the Romans had ever gained, and in honor of it a column
was erected to the memory of Duilius.
17. =possent=: cf. _pūgnāsset_, Ch. 8.
19. =inde= ＝ _ex his locis_: ‘from these places.’
20. =triumphum ēgit=: ‘he celebrated a triumph.’
CH. 21.
23. =pūgnātum=: sc. _est_; ‘they fought.’
=victus est=: ‘he (Hamilcar) was conquered.’
24. =retrō sē recēpit=: cf. _sē recēpit_, Ch. 12.
PAGE 24.
1. =in dēditiōnem accēpērunt=: ‘they received in surrender.’
2. =ūsque ad=: lit. ‘even up to’ ＝ ‘as far as.’
6. =decem et octō=: cf. _decem et octō_, Bk. I, Ch. 1.
8. =in fidem accēpit=: cf. _in fidem acceptae_, Ch. 19.
11. =ā Lacedaemoniīs=: cf. _Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt_, Ch. 11.
The Spartans were called Lacedaemonii from Lacedaemon, another name for
Sparta.
CH. 22.
22. =ingentī praedā=: after a victory a portion of the booty generally
was divided among the soldiers.
23. =subācta … fuisset=: cf. _questa fuisset_, Bk. I, 8.
30. =neque … īnfrāctus fuit=: lit. ‘neither in any one was courage
broken by these’ ＝ ‘and no one’s courage was broken by these
(misfortunes).’
=hīs=: sc. _cāsibus_.
PAGE 25.
CH. 23.
4. =continuae=: ‘repeated’; one following another without any break.
6. =recēderētur=: lit. ‘it should be withdrawn’ ＝ ‘they should
withdraw.’
CH. 24.
8. =Metellō=: a coin was struck to commemorate this battle, having the
head of Metellus on the one side and an elephant on the other. Metellus
was consul a second time in 249 B.C., and was elected Pontifex Maximus
in 243 B.C. In 241 B.C. he rescued the Palladium when the Temple of
Vesta was on fire.
10. =venientem=: ‘on his arrival’; in Sicily from Africa.
12. =in auxilium=: lit. ‘for aid’ ＝ ‘as auxiliaries.’
13. =ingentī pompā=: cf. _ultimā perniciē_, Ch. 21.
CH. 25.
17. =obtinēret=: ‘obtain’; a late meaning.
18. =nihil … ēgit=: ‘did not act at all’; _i.e._ he made no use of the
privileges enjoyed by Roman citizens, but acted as a foreigner on
the ground that he had lost his citizenship when he had been captured
by the enemy. It was so provided by Roman law, but there was also the
provision that when a prisoner returned he recovered his former status.
The story of the return of Regulus is more than doubtful.
20. =uxōrem=: according to the view he took she had ceased to be his
wife.
PAGE 26.
1. =obtinuit=: ‘he gained his point.’
2. =nūllus admīsit=: ‘no one admitted (to the senate)’; _i.e._ the
Romans refused to admit the ambassadors.
3. =negāvit= ＝ _dīxit nōn_.
4. =mānsūrum=: sc. _esse_.
CH. 26.
8. =contrā auspicia=: nothing was undertaken by the Romans without
consulting the will of the gods. In this case the sacred chickens
refused to eat, this being an unfavorable omen, yet Claudius persisted
in fighting.
11. =alius=: in classical Latin _alter_ would have been used; cf. _aliī
… aliī_, Bk. I, 4. L. Junius is meant.
CH. 27.
15. =trecentīs nāvibus=: this fleet was not raised by the state, but by
private subscription. The number is generally given as 200.
18. =nāvem aeger ascendit=: ‘embarked with difficulty.’
=vulnerātus … fuerat=: cf. _questa fuisset_, Bk. I, 8.
22. =īnfīnītum=: ‘a very great (amount).’
=aurī=: cf. _argentī_, Ch. 19.
24. =VI Īdūs Mārtiās=: the full expression would be _ante diem sextum
Īdūs Mārtiās_; cf. _XI Kal. Māiās_, Bk. I, 1.
25. =tribūta … pāx=: peace was granted finally on these terms: Carthage
was to evacuate Sicily, to give up the Roman prisoners without ransom,
and to pay a war indemnity of 3,200 talents,--$4,000,000,--one third
down and the remainder in ten annual payments.
PAGE 27.
1. =licēret=: ‘it might be permitted’; the subject is _redimī captīvōs_.
4. =redīrent=: _iubeō_ generally takes the Accusative and Infinitive,
but in poetry and in late prose it sometimes takes _ut_ with the
Subjunctive.
5. =ex fiscō=: ‘from the treasury’; a late meaning.
CH. 28.
6. =Q. Lutātius=: _Cercō_.
=A. Mānlius=: _Torquātus_.
8. =quam vēnerant=: ‘after they had come.’