BOOK I

Transcriber’s Note:

Pronunciation markers in the Latin are inconsistent. No attempt has

been made to standardize them.

The Notes refer to the body of the text by page, chapter and line

number. In this e-text, page numbers are given in the left margin,

chapter numbers at the start of paragraphs, and line numbers in the

right margin.

=Word= indicates bold text. The equals sign is given as ＝.

EUTROPIUS

_EDITED FOR SCHOOL USE_

BY

J. C. HAZZARD, PH.D.

PROFESSOR OF LATIN, PORTLAND ACADEMY

[Illustration]

NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

To

REV. JACOB COOPER, D.D., D.C.L., LL.D.

WITH GRATEFUL AFFECTION

COPYRIGHT, 1898, BY

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.

EUTROPIUS.

W. P. I

PREFACE

The _Breviarium_ of Eutropius has for many years been used successfully

in German schools, but, though an American edition was published in

the early part of this century, the author has of late years received

little attention in this country. Yet in character and subject the

_Breviarium_ is admirably adapted for elementary work. While the _Viri

Romae_ deals only with the early history of Rome and the lives of a few

great men of the republican age, the _Breviarium_ gives an outline of

the history of Rome from the founding of the city to the death of the

Emperor Jovian in 364 A.D., and is thus in subject closely related to

the Latin course. The Latin is good, remarkably so for the time of its

composition, and is not so difficult as that of Nepos or of parts of

the _Viri Romae_.

In editing the text the beginner has constantly been had in mind,

and so references to the standard Latin Grammars have been added

more copiously than some will consider judicious. It has been found,

however, by experience in the classroom, that a reference to the

grammar when carefully studied is worth far more than a translation of

a difficult passage or comment upon it. The grammatical references are

placed at the bottom of the page where they belong. In the Notes, which

are principally historical and geographical, the editor has tried to

aid the student in mastering the difficulties that occur rather than

to do his work for him. The references to the histories are intended

rather for the teacher than for the pupil. If a few minutes can be

spent every day in reading to the class the portions referred to,

the time will not be wasted, and it will fill in the outline of the

history that the text contains. It is strongly urged that each student

should be provided with a copy of some good outline of Roman History

(Creighton’s Primer is admirable), and follow the text in it from day

to day. In this way a knowledge of the principal facts of Roman History

may be obtained with but slight conscious effort on the part of the

student.

In the analyses of the books and the chapters the accepted dates have

been given, indicating where Eutropius is mistaken in his chronology.

In marking the quantities of the long vowels, Lewis, in his _Elementary

Latin Dictionary_, has been followed, except where later authorities

differ from him.

The editor desires to acknowledge his obligation to Rev. J. R. Wilson,

D.D., Principal of Portland Academy, for advice and assistance, and to

Professors Arrowsmith and Whicher, for permission to use material from

their _First Latin Readings_.

The Grammars cited are Harkness’ Standard Latin Grammar (H.), Mooney

(M.), Allen and Greenough (A. & G.), Gildersleeve (G.), and Bennett

(B.). References to Harkness’ new Latin Grammars (1898) will be found

on p. 242.

J. C. H.

PORTLAND, OREGON,

June, 1898.

CONTENTS

PAGE

TEXT

BOOK I 7

BOOK II 16

BOOK III 27

BOOK IV 36

BOOK V 46

BOOK VI 51

BOOK VII 62

BOOK VIII 73

BOOK IX 83

BOOK X 94

BIBLIOGRAPHY 104

NOTES

LIFE OF EUTROPIUS 105

BOOK I 105

BOOK II 114

BOOK III 121

BOOK IV 129

BOOK V 136

BOOK VI 140

BOOK VII 147

BOOK VIII 153

BOOK IX 158

BOOK X 160

VOCABULARY 164

[Illustration]

7 EUTROPĪ

BREVIĀRIĪ AB URBE CONDITĀ

LIBER PRĪMUS

FROM THE FOUNDING OF ROME TO THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY BY THE

GAULS, 753-390 B.C. THE REGAL PERIOD, 753-509 B.C.

_Rome Founded, 753 B.C. Romulus, 753-716 B.C._

=1.= Rōmānum imperium ā Rōmulō exōrdium habet, quī

Rhēae Silviae, Vestālis virginis, fīlius et, quantum putātus

est, Mārtis, cum Remō frātre ūnō partū ēditus est. Is cum

inter pāstōrēs latrōcinārētur,[1] decem et octō annōs[2] nātus

urbem exiguam in Palātīnō monte cōnstituit, XI Kal. Māiās, 5

Olympiadis sextae annō tertiō, post Trōiae excidium, annō

trecentēsimō nōnāgēsimō quārtō.

=2.= Conditā cīvitāte,[3] quam ex nōmine suō Rōmam vocāvit,

haec ferē ēgit. Multitūdinem fīnitimōrum in cīvitātem

recēpit, centum ex seniōribus[4] lēgit, quōrum cōnsiliō omnia 10

ageret,[5] quōs senātōrēs nōmināvit propter senectūtem. Tum,

cum uxōrēs ipse et populus suus nōn habērent,[6] invītāvit

ad spectāculum lūdōrum vīcīnās urbī Rōmae nātiōnēs atque

8 eārum virginēs rapuit. Commōtīs bellīs propter raptārum

iniūriam Caenīnēnsēs vīcit, Antemnātēs, Crustumīnōs, Sabīnōs,

Fīdēnātēs, Vēientēs. Haec omnia oppida urbem cingunt.

Et cum ortā subitō tempestāte nōn compāruisset,

annō rēgnī trīcēsimō septimō ad deōs trānsīsse crēditus est 5

et cōnsecrātus. Deinde Rōmae[7] per quīnōs diēs senātōrēs

imperāvērunt et hīs rēgnantibus annus ūnus complētus est.

_Numa Pompilius, 715-672 B.C._

=3.= Posteā Numa Pompilius rēx creātus est, quī bellum

quidem nūllum gessit, sed nōn minus cīvitātī[8] quam Rōmulus

prōfuit. Nam et lēgēs Rōmānīs mōrēsque cōnstituit, quī 10

cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum iam latrōnēs ac sēmibarbarī putābantur,

et annum dēscrīpsit in decem mēnsēs prius sine

aliquā supputātiōne cōnfūsum, et īnfīnīta Rōmae sacra ac

templa cōnstituit. Morbō dēcessit quadrāgēsimō et tertiō

imperiī annō. 15

_Tullus Hostilius, 672-640 B.C._

=4.= Huic successit Tullus Hostīlius. Hīc bella reparāvit,

Albānōs vīcit, quī ab urbe Rōmā duodecimō mīliārio[9] sunt,

Vēientēs et Fīdēnātēs, quōrum aliī sextō mīliāriō absunt

ab urbe Rōmā, aliī octāvō decimō, bellō superāvit, urbem

ampliāvit adiectō Caeliō monte. Cum trīgintā et duōs annōs 20

rēgnāsset,[10] fulmine ictus cum domō suā ārsit.

_Ancus Marcius, 640-616 B.C._

=5.= Post hunc Ancus Mārcius, Numae ex fīliā nepōs, suscēpit

imperium. Contrā Latīnōs dīmicāvit, Aventīnum montem

9 cīvitātī adiēcit et Iāniculum, apud ōstium Tiberis cīvitātem

suprā mare sextō decimō mīliāriō ab urbe Rōmā condidit.

Vīcēsimō et quārtō annō imperiī morbō periit.

_Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, 616-578 B.C._

=6.= Deinde rēgnum Prīscus Tarquinius accēpit. Hīc numerum

senātōrum duplicāvit, circum Rōmae aedificāvit, lūdōs 5

Rōmānōs īnstituit, quī ad nostram memoriam permanent.

Vīcit īdem etiam Sabīnōs et nōn parum agrōrum sublātum

īsdem urbis Rōmae territōriō iūnxit, prīmusque triumphāns

urbem intrāvit. Mūrōs fēcit et cloācās, Capitōlium incohāvit.

Trīcēsimō octāvō imperiī annō per Ancī fīliōs occīsus 10

est, rēgis ēius, cuī ipse successerat.

_Servius Tullius, 578-534 B.C._

=7.= Post hunc Servius Tullius suscēpit imperium, genitus

ex nōbilī fēminā, captīvā tamen et ancillā. Hīc quoque

Sabīnōs subēgit, montēs trēs, Quirīnālem, Vīminālem, Ēsquilīnum,

urbī adiūnxit, fossās circum mūrum dūxit. Prīmus 15

omnium cēnsum ōrdināvit, quī adhūc per orbem terrārum

incognitus erat. Sub eō Rōma omnibus in cēnsum dēlātīs

habuit capita LXXXIII mīlia cīvium Rōmānōrum cum hīs,

quī in agrīs erant. Occīsus est scelere generī suī Tarquinī

Superbī, fīliī ēius rēgis cuī ipse successerat, et fīliae quam 20

Tarquinius habēbat uxōrem.

_Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, 534-510 B.C._

=8.= L. Tarquinius Superbus, septimus atque ultimus rēgum,[11]

Volscōs, quae gēns ad Campāniam euntibus[12] nōn longē ab

urbe est, vīcit, Gabiōs cīvitātem et Suessam Pōmētiam

10 subēgit, cum Tuscīs pācem fēcit et templum Iovī in Capitōliō

aedificāvit. Posteā Ardeam oppūgnāns, in octāvō

decimō mīliāriō ab urbe Rōmā positam cīvitātem, imperium

perdidit. Nam cum fīlius ēius, et ipse Tarquinius iūnior,

nōbilissimam fēminam Lucrētiam eandemque pudīcissimam, 5

Collātīnī uxōrem, stuprāsset eaque dē iniūriā marītō et patrī

et amīcīs questa fuisset, in omnium cōnspectū sē occīdit.

Propter quam causam Brūtus, parēns et ipse Tarquinī,

populum concitāvit et Tarquiniō[13] adēmit imperium. Mox

exercitus quoque eum, quī cīvitātem Ardeam cum ipsō rēge 10

oppūgnābat, relīquit; veniēnsque ad urbem rēx portīs clausīs

exclūsus est, cumque imperāsset annōs quattuor et vīgintī

cum uxōre et līberīs suīs fūgit. Ita Rōmae rēgnātum est

per septem rēgēs annīs ducentīs quadrāgintā tribus, cum

adhūc Rōma, ubi plūrimum, vix ūsque ad quīntum decimum 15

mīliārium possidēret.

_Establishment of the Republic. Election of Consuls, 509 B.C._

=9.= Hinc cōnsulēs coepēre, prō ūnō rēge duo, hāc causā

creātī, ut, sī ūnus malus esse voluisset,[14] alter eum habēns

potestātem similem coërcēret.[15] Et placuit nē imperium

longius quam annuum habērent,[16] nē per diūturnitātem potestātis 20

īnsolentiōrēs redderentur, sed cīvīlēs semper essent,

quī sē post annum scīrent futūrōs esse prīvātōs. Fuērunt

igitur annō prīmō ab expulsīs rēgibus cōnsulēs L. Iūnius

Brūtus, quī māximē ēgerat ut Tarquinius pellerētur, et Tarquinius

Collātīnus, marītus Lucrētiae. Sed Tarquiniō Collātīnō 25

statim sublāta est dīgnitās. Placuerat enim nē quisquam

11 in urbe manēret quī Tarquinius vocārētur. Ergō acceptō

omnī patrimōniō suō ex urbe migrāvit et locō ipsīus factus

est L. Valerius Pūblicola cōnsul.

_War with Tarquinius._

=10.= Commōvit tamen bellum urbī Rōmae rēx Tarquinius,

quī fuerat expulsus, et, conlēctīs multīs gentibus, ut in rēgnum 5

posset restituī dīmicāvit. In prīmā pūgnā Brūtus cōnsul

et Ārūns, Tarquinī fīlius, in vicem sē occīdērunt, Rōmānī

tamen ex eā pūgnā vīctōrēs recessērunt. Brūtum mātrōnae

Rōmānae, dēfēnsōrem pudīcitiae suae, quasi commūnem

patrem per annum lūxērunt. Valerius Pūblicola Sp. Lucrētium 10

Tricipitīnum conlēgam sibi fēcit, Lucrētiae patrem, quō

morbō mortuō iterum Horātium Pulvillum conlēgam sibi

sūmpsit. Ita prīmus annus quīnque cōnsulēs habuit, cum

Tarquinius Collātīnus propter nōmen urbe[17] cessisset, Brūtus

in proeliō perīsset, Sp. Lucrētius morbō mortuus esset. 15

_War with Porsenna, 508 B.C._

=11.= Secundō quoque annō iterum Tarquinius ut reciperētur

in rēgnum bellum Rōmānīs intulit, auxilium eī ferente

Porsennā, Tusciae rēge, et Rōmam paene cēpit. Vērum

tum quoque victus est.

Tertiō annō post rēgēs exāctōs Tarquinius cum suscipī 20

nōn posset in rēgnum neque eī Porsenna, quī pācem cum

Rōmānīs fēcerat, praestāret auxilium, Tusculum[18] sē contulit,

quae cīvitās nōn longē ab urbe est, atque ibi per quattuordecim

annōs prīvātus cum uxōre cōnsenuit.

Quārtō annō post rēgēs exāctōs, cum Sabīnī Rōmānīs 25

bellum intulissent, victī sunt, et dē hīs triumphātum est.

12 Quīntō annō L. Valerius ille,[19] Brūtī conlēga et quater

cōnsul, fātāliter mortuus est, adeō pauper ut conlātīs ā populō

nummīs sūmptum habuerit[20] sepultūrae. Quem mātrōnae

sīcutī Brūtum annum lūxērunt.

_Institution of the Dictatorship, 501 B.C._

=12.= Nōnō annō post rēgēs exāctōs cum gener Tarquinī 5

ad iniūriam socerī[21] vindicandam[22] ingentem conlēgisset

exercitum, nova Rōmae dīgnitās est creāta, quae dictātūra

appellātur, māior quam cōnsulātus. Eōdem annō etiam magister

equitum factus est, quī dictātōrī obsequerētur. Neque quicquam

similius potest dīcī quam dictātūra antīqua huic 10

imperiī potestātī, quam nunc Tranquillitās Vestra habet,

māximē cum Augustus quoque Octāviānus, dē quō posteā

dīcēmus, et ante eum C. Caesar sub dictātūrae nōmine atque

honōre rēgnāverint. Dictātor autem Rōmae prīmus fuit

T. Larcius, magister equitum prīmus Sp. Cassius. 15

_Secession of the Plebeians. Establishment of the Tribunate,

494 B.C._

=13.= Sextō decimō annō post rēgēs exāctōs sēditiōnem

populus Rōmae fēcit, tamquam ā senātū atque cōnsulibus

premerētur. Tum et ipse sibi tribūnōs plēbis quasi propriōs

iūdicēs et dēfēnsōrēs creāvit, per quōs contrā senātum et

cōnsulēs tūtus esse posset. 20

13 _War with the Volsci, 493 B.C._

=14.= Sequentī annō Volscī contrā Rōmānōs bellum reparāvērunt,

et victī aciē etiam Coriolōs cīvitātem, quam habēbant

optimam, perdidērunt.

_Coriolanus, 491 B.C._

=15.= Octāvō decimō annō postquam rēgēs ēiectī erant expulsus

ex urbe Q. Mārcius, dux Rōmānus, quī Coriolōs cēperat, 5

Volscōrum cīvitātem, ad ipsōs Volscōs contendit īrātus et

auxilia contrā Rōmānōs accēpit. Rōmānōs saepe vīcit, ūsque

ad quīntum mīliārium urbis accessit, oppūgnātūrus[23] etiam

patriam suam, lēgātīs quī pācem petēbant repudiātīs, nisi

ad eum māter Veturia et uxor Volumnia ex urbe vēnissent,[24] 10

quārum flētū et dēprecātiōne superātus remōvit exercitum.

Atque hīc secundus post Tarquinium fuit quī dux contrā

patriam suam esset.

_Slaughter of the Fabii, 477 B.C._

=16.= C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō cōnsulibus trecentī nōbilēs

hominēs, quī ex Fabiā familiā erant, contrā Vēientēs bellum 15

sōlī suscēpērunt, prōmittentēs senātuī et populō per sē omne

certāmen implendum. Itaque profectī, omnēs nōbilēs et

quī singulī māgnōrum exercituum ducēs esse dēbērent, in

proeliō concidērunt. Ūnus omnīnō superfuit ex tantā familiā,

quī propter aetātem puerīlem dūcī nōn potuerat ad 20

pūgnam. Post haec cēnsus in urbe habitus est et inventa

sunt cīvium capita CXVII mīlia CCCXIX.

14 _Dictatorship of Cincinnatus, 458 B.C._

=17.= Sequentī tamen annō cum in Algidō monte ab urbe

duodecimō fermē mīliāriō Rōmānus obsiderētur exercitus, L.

Quīntius Cincinnātus dictātor est factus, quī agrum quattuor

iūgerūm[25] possidēns manibus suīs colēbat. Is cum in opere

et arāns esset inventus, sūdōre dētersō togam praetextam 5

accēpit et caesīs hostibus līberāvit exercitum.

_Decemvirs appointed, 451 B.C. Laws of XII Tables

promulgated, 450 B.C. Death of Virginia; Decemvirs deposed,

449 B.C._

=18.= Annō trecentēsimō et alterō ab urbe conditā imperium

cōnsulāre cessāvit et prō duōbus cōnsulibus decem factī

sunt, quī summam potestātem habērent, decemvirī nōminātī.

Sed cum prīmō annō bene ēgissent,[26] secundō ūnus ex hīs, 10

Ap. Claudius, Virgīnī cūiusdam, quī honestīs iam stīpendiīs

contrā Latīnōs in monte Algidō mīlitārat,[27] fīliam virginem

corrumpere voluit; quam pater occīdit, nē stuprum ā decemvirō

sustinēret, et regressus ad mīlitēs mōvit tumultum.

Sublāta est decemvirīs[28] potestās ipsīque damnātī sunt. 15

_Revolt of the Fidenates, 438 B.C._

=19.= Annō trecentēsimō et quīntō decimō ab urbe conditā

Fīdēnātēs contrā Rōmānōs rebellāvērunt. Auxilium hīs

praestābant Vēientēs et rēx Vēientium Tolumnius. Quae

ambae cīvitātēs tam vīcīnae urbī sunt ut Fīdēnae sextō,

Vēī octāvō decimō mīliāriō absint. Coniūnxērunt sē hīs 20

15 et Volscī. Sed Mam. Aemiliō dictātōre et L. Quīntiō Cincinnātō

magistrō equitum victī etiam rēgem perdidērunt.

Fīdēnae captae et excīsae.

_War with Vei, 396 B.C._

=20.= Post vīgintī deinde annōs Vēientānī rebellāvērunt.

Dictātor contrā ipsōs missus est Fūrius Camillus, quī prīmum 5

eōs vīcit aciē, mox etiam cīvitātem diū obsidēns cēpit,

antīquissimam Ītaliae atque dītissimam. Post eam cēpit

et Faliscōs, nōn minus nōbilem cīvitātem. Sed commōta

est eī invidia, quasi praedam male dīvīsisset, damnātusque

ob eam causam et expulsus cīvitāte.[29] 10

_Rome Captured by the Gauls, 390 B.C._

Statim Gallī Senonēs ad urbem vēnērunt et victōs Rōmānōs

ūndecimō mīliāriō ā Rōmā apud flūmen Alliam secūtī

etiam urbem occupāvērunt. Neque dēfendī quicquam nisi

Capitōlium potuit; quod cum diū obsēdissent et iam Rōmānī

famē labōrārent, acceptō aurō, nē Capitōlium obsidērent, 15

recessērunt. Sed ā Camillō, quī in vīcīnā cīvitāte

exsulābat, Gallīs[30] superventum est gravissimēque victī sunt.

Posteā tamen etiam secūtus eōs Camillus ita cecīdit ut et

aurum, quod hīs datum fuerat, et omnia quae cēperant

mīlitāria sīgna revocāret. Ita tertiō triumphāns urbem 20

ingressus est et appellātus secundus Rōmulus, quasi et ipse

patriae conditor.

16 LIBER SECUNDUS

FROM THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY TO THE END OF THE FIRST PUNIC

WAR, 390-241 B.C.

_Military Tribunes with Consular Power Elected, 444 B.C._

=1.= Annō trecentēsimō sexāgēsimō quīntō ab urbe conditā,

post captam autem prīmō, dīgnitātēs mūtātae sunt, et prō

duōbus cōnsulibus factī tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī potestāte.

Hinc iam coepit Rōmāna rēs crēscere. Nam Camillus eō

annō Volscōrum cīvitātem, quae per septuāgintā annōs 5

bellum gesserat, vīcit et Aequōrum urbem et Sūtrīnōrum

atque omnēs dēlētīs eārundem exercitibus occupāvit et trēs

simul triumphōs ēgit.

=2.= T. etiam Quīntius Cincinnātus Praenestīnōs, quī ūsque

ad urbis Rōmae portās cum bellō vēnerant, persecūtus ad 10

flūmen Alliam vīcit, octō cīvitātēs, quae sub ipsīs agēbant,

Rōmānīs adiūnxit, ipsum Praeneste aggressus in dēditiōnem

accēpit. Quae omnia ab eō gesta sunt vīgintī diēbus,[31]

triumphusque ipsī dēcrētus.

=3.= Vērum dīgnitās tribūnōrum mīlitārium nōn diū persevērāvit. 15

Nam post aliquantum nūllōs placuit fierī et quadriennium

in urbe ita fluxit ut potestātēs ibi māiōrēs nōn

essent. Praesūmpsērunt tamen tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī

potestāte iterum dīgnitātem et trienniō persevērāvērunt.

Rūrsus cōnsulēs factī. 20

_Death of Camillus, 365 B.C._

=4.= L. Genuciō et Q. Servīliō cōnsulibus mortuus est

Camillus. Honor eī post Rōmulum secundus dēlātus est.

17 _Invasion of the Gauls; Torquatus, 361 B.C._

=5.= T. Quīntius dictātor adversus Gallōs, quī ad Ītaliam

vēnerant, missus est. Hī ab urbe quārtō mīliāriō trāns

Aniēnem fluvium cōnsēderant. Ibi nōbilissimus dē senātōribus

iuvenis L. Mānlius prōvocantem Gallum ad singulāre

certāmen prōgressus occīdit, et sublātō torque aureō collōque 5

suō impositō in perpetuum Torquātī et sibi et posterīs

cognōmen accēpit. Gallī fugātī sunt, mox per C. Sulpicium

dictātōrem etiam victī. Nōn multō[32] post ā C. Mārciō Tuscī

victī sunt et octō mīlia captīvōrum ex hīs in triumphum

ducta. 10

_First Samnite War, 343-341 B.C._

=6.= Cēnsus iterum habitus est. Et cum Latīnī, quī a Rōmānīs[33]

subāctī erant, mīlitēs praestāre nōllent, ex Rōmānīs

tantum tīrōnēs lēctī sunt, factaeque legiōnēs decem, quī modus

sexāgintā vel amplius armātōrum mīlia efficiēbat. Parvīs

adhūc Rōmānīs rēbus tanta tamen in rē mīlitārī virtūs erat. 15

Quae cum profectae essent adversum Gallōs duce L. Fūriō,

quīdam ex Gallīs ūnum ex Rōmānīs, quī esset[34] optimus,

prōvocāvit. Tum sē M. Valerius tribūnus mīlitum obtulit,

et cum prōcessisset armātus corvus eī[35] suprā dextrum bracchium

sēdit. Mox commissā adversum Gallum pūgnā īdem 20

corvus ālīs et unguibus Gallī oculōs verberāvit, nē rēctum

posset aspicere. Ita ā tribūnō Valeriō interfectus. Corvus

nōn sōlum victōriam eī, sed etiam nōmen dedit. Nam

posteā īdem Corvīnus est dictus. Ac propter hōc meritum

annōrum trium et vīgintī cōnsul est factus. 25

18 _Latin War, 340-338 B.C._

=7.= Latīnī, quī nōluerant mīlitēs dare, hōc quoque ā Rōmānīs

exigere coepērunt, ut ūnus cōnsul ex eōrum, alter ex

Rōmānōrum populō creārētur. Quod cum esset negātum,

bellum contrā eōs susceptum est et ingentī pūgnā superātī

sunt; ac dē hīs perdomitīs triumphātum est. Statuae cōnsulibus 5

ob meritum victōriae in rōstrīs positae sunt. Eō

annō etiam Alexandrīa ab Alexandrō Macedone condita est.

_Second Samnite War, 326-304 B.C._

=8.= Iam Rōmānī potentēs esse coepērunt. Bellum enim in

centēsimō et trīcēsimō ferē mīliāriō ab urbe apud Samnītas

gerēbātur, quī mediī sunt inter Pīcēnum, Campāniam et 10

Āpūliam. L. Papīrius Cursor cum honōre dictātōris ad id

bellum profectus est. Quī cum Rōmam redīret, Q. Fabiō

Māximō, magistrō equitum, quem apud exercitum relīquit,

praecēpit nē sē absente pūgnāret.[36] Ille occāsiōne repertā

fēlīcissimē dīmicāvit et Samnītas dēlēvit. Ob quam rem ā 15

dictātōre capitis[37] damnātus, quod sē vetante pūgnāsset,[38]

ingentī favōre mīlitum et populī līberātus est, tantā Papīriō

sēditiōne commōtā ut paene ipse interficerētur.

_Romans defeated at Caudine Forks, 321 B.C._

=9.= Posteā Samnītēs Rōmānōs T. Veturiō et Sp. Postumiō

cōnsulibus ingentī dēdecōre[39] vīcērunt et sub iugum mīsērunt. 20

Pāx tamen ā senātū et populō solūta est, quae cum

ipsīs propter necessitātem facta fuerat. Posteā Samnītēs

19 victī sunt ā L. Papīriō cōnsule, septem mīlia eōrum sub

iugum missa. Papīrius prīmus dē Samnītibus triumphāvit.

Eō tempore Ap. Claudius cēnsor aquam Claudiam indūxit

et viam Appiam strāvit. Samnītēs reparātō bellō Q. Fabium

Māximum vīcērunt tribus mīlibus hominum occīsīs. Posteā, 5

cum pater eī Fabius Māximus lēgātus datus fuisset, et

Samnītas vīcit et plūrima ipsōrum oppida cēpit. Deinde

P. Cornēlius Rūfīnus M. Curius Dentātus, ambō cōnsulēs,

contrā Samnītas missī ingentibus proeliīs eōs cōnfēcēre.

Tum bellum cum Samnītibus per annōs quadrāgintā novem 10

āctum sustulērunt. Neque ūllus hostis fuit intrā Ītaliam

quī Rōmānam virtūtem magis fatīgāverit.

_War with the Gauls and Etruscans, 283 B.C._

=10.= Interiectīs aliquot annīs iterum sē Gallōrum cōpiae

contrā Rōmānōs Tuscīs Samnītibusque iūnxērunt, sed cum

Rōmam tenderent ā Cn. Cornēliō Dolābellā cōnsule dēlētae 15

sunt.

_War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus, 281-272 B.C. Battle of

Heraclea, 280 B.C._

=11.= Eōdem tempore Tarentīnīs, quī iam in ultimā Ītaliā

sunt, bellum indictum est, quia lēgātīs Rōmānōrum iniūriam

fēcissent. Hī Pyrrhum,[40] Ēpīrī rēgem, contrā Rōmānōs

auxilium poposcērunt, quī ex genere Achillis orīginem 20

trahēbat. Is mox ad Ītaliam vēnit, tumque prīmum Rōmānī

cum trānsmarīnō hoste dīmicāvērunt. Missus est

contrā eum cōnsul P. Valerius Laevīnus, quī cum explōrātōrēs

Pyrrhī cēpisset, iussit eōs per castra dūcī, ostendī

omnem exercitum tumque dīmittī, ut renūntiārent Pyrrhō 25

20 quaecumque ā Rōmānīs agerentur.[41] Commissā mox pūgnā,

cum iam Pyrrhus fugeret, elephantōrum auxiliō vīcit, quōs

incognitōs Rōmānī expāvērunt. Sed nox proeliō fīnem

dedit; Laevīnus tamen per noctem fūgit, Pyrrhus Rōmānōs

mīlle octingentōs cēpit et eōs summō honōre trāctāvit, 5

occīsōs sepelīvit. Quōs cum adversō vulnere et trucī vultū

etiam mortuōs iacēre vīdisset, tulisse ad caelum manūs

dīcitur cum hāc vōce: sē tōtīus orbis dominum esse potuisse,

sī tālēs sibi mīlitēs contigissent.

_Embassy of Cineas._

=12.= Posteā Pyrrhus coniūnctīs sibi Samnītibus, Lūcānīs, 10

Bruttiīs Rōmam perrēxit, omnia ferrō[42] īgnīque vāstāvit,

Campāniam populātus est atque ad Praeneste vēnit, mīliāriō ab

urbe octāvō decimō. Mox terrōre[43] exercitūs, quī eum cum

cōnsule sequēbātur, in Campāniam sē recēpit. Lēgātī ad

Pyrrhum dē redimendīs captīvīs[44] missī ab eō honōrificē 15

susceptī sunt. Captīvōs sine pretiō Rōmam mīsit. Ūnum

ex lēgātīs Rōmānōrum, Fābricium, sīc admīrātus, cum eum

pauperem esse cognōvisset, ut quārtā parte rēgnī prōmissā

sollicitāre voluerit ut ad sē trānsīret, contemptusque est ā

Fābriciō. Quārē cum Pyrrhus Rōmānōrum ingentī admīrātiōne 20

tenērētur, lēgātum mīsit, quī pācem aequīs condiciōnibus

peteret, praecipuum virum, Cīneam nōmine,[45] ita ut

Pyrrhus partem Ītaliae, quam iam armīs occupāverat,

obtinēret.

=13.= Pāx displicuit remandātumque Pyrrhō est ā senātū eum 25

21 cum Rōmānīs, nisi ex Ītaliā recessisset,[46] pācem habēre nōn

posse. Tum Rōmānī iussērunt captīvōs omnēs, quōs Pyrrhus

reddiderat, īnfāmēs habērī, quod armātī capī potuissent, nec

ante eōs ad veterem statum revertī, quam sī bīnōrum hostium

occīsōrum spolia retulissent. Ita lēgātus Pyrrhī reversus 5

est. Ā quō cum quaereret Pyrrhus, quālem Rōmam

comperisset, Cīneās dīxit rēgum sē patriam vīdisse; scīlicet

tālēs illīc ferē omnēs esse, quālis ūnus Pyrrhus apud Ēpīrum

et reliquam Graeciam putārētur.[47]

Missī sunt contrā Pyrrhum ducēs P. Sulpicius et Decius 10

Mūs cōnsulēs. Certāmine commissō Pyrrhus vulnerātus est,

elephantī interfectī, vīgintī mīlia caesa hostium, et ex Rōmānīs

tantum quīnque mīlia; Pyrrhus Tarentum fugātus.

_Fabricius; Battle of Beneventum, 275 B.C._

=14.= Interiectō annō contrā Pyrrhum Fābricius est missus,

quī prius inter lēgātōs sollicitārī nōn poterat quārtā rēgnī 15

parte prōmissā. Tum, cum vīcīna castra ipse et rēx habērent,

medicus Pyrrhī nocte ad eum vēnit, prōmittēns venēnō sē

Pyrrhum occīsūrum, sī sibi aliquid pollicērētur. Quem Fābricius

vinctum redūcī iussit ad dominum Pyrrhōque dīcī

quae contrā caput ēius medicus spopondisset. Tum rēx 20

admīrātus eum dīxisse fertur: ‘Ille est Fābricius, quī

difficilius ab honestāte quam sōl ā cursū suō āvertī potest.’ Tum

rēx ad Siciliam profectus est. Fābricius victīs Lūcānīs et

Samnītibus triumphāvit.

Cōnsulēs deinde M. Curius Dentātus et Cornēlius Lentulus 25

adversum Pyrrhum missī sunt. Curius contrā eum pūgnāvit,

exercitum ēius cecīdit, ipsum Tarentum fugāvit, castra

22 cēpit. Eā diē caesa hostium vīgintī tria mīlia. Curius in

cōnsulātū triumphāvit. Prīmus Rōmam elephantōs quattuor

dūxit. Pyrrhus etiam ā Tarentō[48] mox recessit et apud

Argōs, Graeciae cīvitātem, occīsus est.

=15.= C. Fabiō Liciniō C. Claudiō Canīnā cōnsulibus annō 5

urbis conditae quadringentēsimō sexāgēsimō prīmō lēgātī

Alexandrīnī ā Ptolemaeō missī Rōmam vēnēre et ā Rōmānīs

amīcitiam quam petierant obtinuērunt.

=16.= Q. Ogulniō C. Fabiō Pīctōre cōnsulibus Pīcentēs bellum

commovēre et ab īnsequentibus cōnsulibus P. Semprōniō 10

Ap. Claudiō victī sunt; et dē hīs triumphātum est. Conditae

ā Rōmānīs cīvitātēs Arīminum in Galliā et Beneventum

in Samniō.

=17.= M. Atīliō Rēgulō L. Iūliō Libōne cōnsulibus Sallentīnīs

in Āpūliā bellum indictum est, captīque sunt cum cīvitāte 15

simul Brundisīnī, et dē hīs triumphātum est.

_First Punic War, 264-241 B.C.; Romans victorious in Sicily,

264 B.C._

=18.= Annō quadringentēsimō septuāgēsimō septimō, cum

iam clārum urbis Rōmae nōmen esset, arma tamen extrā

Ītaliam mōta nōn fuerant. Ut igitur cognōscerētur[49] quae

cōpiae Rōmānōrum essent, cēnsus est habitus. Tum inventa 20

sunt cīvium capita ducenta nōnāgintā duo mīlia trecenta

trīgintā quattuor, quamquam ā conditā urbe numquam bella

cessāssent.

Et contrā Āfrōs bellum susceptum est prīmum Ap. Claudiō

Q. Fulviō cōnsulibus. In Siciliā contrā eōs pūgnātum est et 25

Ap. Claudius dē Āfrīs et rēge Siciliae Hierōne triumphāvit.

23 =19.= Īnsequentī annō Valeriō Mārcō et Otāciliō Crassō cōnsulibus

in Siciliā ā Rōmānīs rēs māgnae gestae sunt. Tauromenītānī,

Catinēnsēs et praetereā quīnquāgintā cīvitātēs in

fidem acceptae. Tertiō annō in Siciliā contrā Hierōnem,

rēgem Siculōrum, bellum parātum est. Is cum omnī nōbilitāte 5

Syrācūsanōrum pācem ā Rōmānīs impetrāvit deditque

argentī[50] ducenta talenta. Āfrī in Siciliā victī sunt et dē

hīs secundō Rōmae triumphātum est.

_Battle of Mylae, 260 B.C._

=20.= Quīntō annō prīmī bellī, quod contrā Āfrōs gerēbātur,

prīmum Rōmānī C. Duiliō et Cn. Cornēliō Asinā cōnsulibus 10

in marī dīmicāvērunt parātīs nāvibus rōstrātīs, quās Liburnās

vocant. Cōnsul Cornēlius fraude dēceptus est. Duilius

commissō proeliō Karthāginiēnsium ducem vīcit, trīgintā et

ūnam nāvēs cēpit, quattuordecim mersit, septem mīlia hostium

cēpit, tria mīlia occīdit. Neque ūlla victōria Rōmānīs[51] 15

grātior fuit, quod invictī terrā[52] iam etiam marī[52] plūrimum

possent.

C. Aquīliō Flōrō L. Scīpiōne cōnsulibus Scīpiō Corsicam

et Sardiniam vāstāvit, multa mīlia inde captīvōrum abdūxit,

triumphum ēgit. 20

_Invasion of Africa by the Romans, 256 B.C._

=21.= L. Mānliō Vulsōne M. Atīliō Rēgulō cōnsulibus bellum

in Āfricam trānslātum est. Contrā Hamilcarem, Karthāginiēnsium

ducem, in marī pūgnātum, victusque est. Nam

perditīs sexāgintā quattuor nāvibus retrō sē recēpit. Rōmānī

vīgintī duās āmīsērunt. Sed cum in Āfricam trānsīssent, 25

24 prīmam Clypeam, Āfricae cīvitātem, in dēditiōnem

accēpērunt. Cōnsulēs ūsque ad Karthāginem prōcessērunt,

multīsque castellīs vāstātīs Mānlius victor Rōmam rediit et

vīgintī septem mīlia captīvōrum redūxit, Atīlius Rēgulus

in Āfricā remānsit. Is contrā Āfrōs aciem īnstrūxit. Contrā 5

trēs Karthāginiēnsium ducēs dīmicāns victor fuit, decem

et octō mīlia hostium cecīdit, quīnque mīlia cum decem et

octō elephantīs cēpit, septuāgintā quattuor cīvitātēs in fidem

accēpit. Tum victī Karthāginiēnsēs pācem ā Rōmānīs petīvērunt.

Quam cum Rēgulus nōllet nisi dūrissimīs condiciōnibus 10

dare, Āfrī auxilium ā Lacedaemoniīs petīvērunt. Et

duce Xanthippō, quī ā Lacedaemoniīs missus fuerat, Rōmānōrum

dux Rēgulus victus est ultimā perniciē. Nam duo

mīlia tantum ex omnī Rōmānō exercitū refūgērunt, quīngentī

cum imperātōre Rēgulō captī sunt, trīgintā mīlia 15

occīsa, Rēgulus ipse in catēnās coniectus.

_Romans shipwrecked near Sicily._

=22.= M. Aemiliō Paulō Ser. Fulviō Nōbiliōre cōnsulibus ambō

Rōmānī cōnsulēs ad Āfricam profectī sunt cum trecentārum

nāvium classe. Prīmum Āfrōs nāvālī certāmine superant.

Aemilius cōnsul centum et quattuor nāvēs hostium dēmersit, 20

trīgintā cum pūgnātōribus cēpit, quindecim mīlia hostium

aut occīdit aut cēpit, mīlitem suum ingentī praedā

dītāvit. Et subācta Āfrica tunc fuisset, nisi quod tanta

famēs erat ut diūtius exercitus exspectāre nōn posset.

Cōnsulēs cum victricī classe redeuntēs circā Siciliam 25

naufragium passī sunt. Et tanta tempestās fuit ut ex

quadringentīs sexāgintā quattuor nāvibus tantum octōgintā servārī

potuerint; neque ūllō tempore tanta maritima tempestās

audīta est. Rōmānī tamen statim ducentās nāvēs reparāvērunt,

neque in aliquō animus hīs īnfrāctus fuit. 30

25 =23.= Cn. Servīlius Caepiō C. Semprōnius Blaesus cōnsulēs

cum ducentīs sexāgintā nāvibus ad Āfricam profectī sunt.

Aliquot cīvitātēs cēpērunt. Praedam ingentem redūcentēs

naufragium passī sunt. Itaque cum continuae calamitātēs

Rōmānīs[53] displicērent, dēcrēvit senātus ut ā maritimīs 5

proeliīs recēderētur et tantum sexāgintā nāvēs ad praesidium

Ītaliae salvae essent.

_Battle of Panormus, 250 B.C._

=24.= L. Caeciliō Metellō C. Fūriō Placidō cōnsulibus Metellus

in Siciliā Āfrōrum ducem cum centum trīgintā elephantīs

et māgnīs cōpiīs venientem superāvit, vīgintī mīlia hostium 10

cecīdit, sex et vīgintī elephantōs cēpit, reliquōs errantēs

per Numidās, quōs in auxilium habēbat, conlēgit et Rōmam

dēdūxit ingentī pompā, cum elephantōrum numerus omnia

itinera complēret.

_Regulus sent to Rome to solicit Peace, 250 B.C._

=25.= Post haec mala Karthāginiēnsēs Rēgulum ducem, 15

quem cēperant, petīvērunt ut Rōmam proficīscerētur et pācem

ā Rōmānīs obtinēret ac permūtātiōnem captīvōrum faceret.

Ille Rōmam cum vēnisset, inductus in senātum nihil quasi

Rōmānus ēgit dīxitque sē ex illā diē,[54] quā in potestātem

Āfrōrum vēnisset, Rōmānum esse dēsīsse. Itaque et uxōrem 20

ā complexū remōvit et senātuī suāsit nē pāx cum

Poenīs fieret; illōs enim frāctōs tot cāsibus spem nūllam

habēre; sē tantī[55] nōn esse, ut tot mīlia captīvōrum propter

ūnum sē et senem et paucōs, quī ex Rōmānīs captī[56] fuerant,

26 redderentur. Itaque obtinuit. Nam Āfrōs pācem petentēs

nūllus admīsit. Ipse Karthāginem rediit, offerentibusque

Rōmānīs ut eum Rōmae tenērent, negāvit sē in eā urbe

mānsūrum in quā, postquam Āfrīs servierat, dīgnitātem

honestī cīvis habēre nōn posset. Regressus igitur ad Āfricam 5

omnibus suppliciīs exstinctus est.

_Publius Claudius defeated near Drepana, 249 B.C._

=26.= P. Claudiō Pulchrō L. Iūniō cōnsulibus Claudius

contrā auspicia pūgnāvit et ā Karthāginiēnsibus victus est.

Nam ex ducentīs et vīgintī nāvibus cum trīgintā fūgit,

nōnāgintā cum pūgnātōribus captae sunt, dēmersae cēterae. 10

Alius quoque cōnsul naufragiō classem āmīsit, exercitum

tamen salvum habuit, quia vīcīna lītora erant.

_Battle of Lilybaeum, 242 B.C. Battle of the Aegates Islands

and End of the War, 241 B.C._

=27.= C. Lutātiō Catulō A. Postumiō Albīnō cōnsulibus, annō

bellī Pūnicī vīcēsimō et tertiō Catulō bellum contrā Āfrōs

commissum est. Profectus est cum trecentīs nāvibus in 15

Siciliam; Āfrī contrā ipsum quadringentās parāvērunt.

Numquam in marī tantīs cōpiīs pūgnātum est. Lutātius

Catulus nāvem aeger ascendit; vulnerātus enim in pūgnā

superiōre fuerat. Contrā Lilybaeum, cīvitātem Siciliae,

pūgnātum est ingentī virtūte Rōmānōrum. Nam LXIII 20

Karthāginiēnsium nāvēs captae sunt, CXXV dēmersae, XXXII

mīlia hostium capta, XIII mīlia occīsa, īnfīnītum aurī, argentī,

praedae in potestātem Rōmānōrum redāctum. Ex

classe Rōmānā XII nāvēs dēmersae. Pūgnātum est VI Īdūs

Mārtiās. Statim pācem Karthāginiēnsēs petīvērunt tribūtaque 25

est hīs pāx. Captīvī Rōmānōrum quī tenēbantur ā

Karthāginiēnsibus redditī sunt. Etiam Karthāginiēnsēs

27 petīvērunt ut redimī eōs captīvōs licēret quōs ex Āfrīs

Rōmānī tenēbant. Senātus iussit sine pretiō eōs darī quī

in pūblicā cūstōdiā essent; quī autem ā prīvātīs tenērentur

ut pretiō dominīs redditō Karthāginem redīrent atque id

pretium ex fiscō magis quam ā Karthāginiēnsibus solverētur. 5

=28.= Q. Lutātius A. Mānlius cōnsulēs creātī bellum Faliscīs

intulērunt, quae cīvitās Ītaliae opulenta quondam fuit.

Quod ambō cōnsulēs intrā sex diēs, quam vēnerant, trānsēgērunt

XV mīlibus hostium caesīs, cēterīs pāce concessā,

agrō tamen ex medietāte sublātō. 10

LIBER TERTIUS

FROM THE END OF THE FIRST TO THE END OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR,

241-201 B.C.

=1.= Fīnītō igitur Pūnicō bellō, quod per XXIII annōs trāctum

est, Rōmānī iam clārissimā glōriā nōtī lēgātōs ad Ptolemaeum,

Aegyptī rēgem, mīsērunt auxilia prōmittentēs, quia

rēx Syriae Antiochus bellum eī intulerat. Ille grātiās

Rōmānīs ēgit, auxilia nōn accēpit. Iam enim fuerat pūgna 15

trānsācta. Eōdem tempore potentissimus rēx Siciliae Hierō

Rōmam vēnit ad lūdōs spectandōs[57] et ducenta mīlia modiōrum[58]

trīticī populō dōnum exhibuit.

_Sardinia taken by the Romans, 238 B.C._

=2.= L. Cornēliō Lentulō Fulviō Flaccō cōnsulibus, quibus

Hierō Rōmam vēnerat, etiam contrā Ligurēs intrā Ītaliam 20

bellum gestum est et dē hīs triumphātum. Karthāginiēnsēs

28 tamen bellum reparāre temptābant, Sardiniēnsēs, quī ex

condiciōne pācis Rōmānīs pārēre dēbēbant, ad rebellandum[59]

impellentēs. Vēnit tamen Rōmam lēgātiō Karthāginiēnsium

et pācem impetrāvit.

=3.= T. Mānliō Torquātō C. Atīliō Bulcō cōnsulibus dē 5

Sardīs triumphātum est, et pāce omnibus locīs factā Rōmānī

nūllum bellum habuērunt, quod hīs post Rōmam conditam

semel tantum Numā Pompiliō rēgnante contigerat.

_War with the Illyrians, 229 B.C._

=4.= L. Postumius Albīnus Cn. Fulvius Centumalus cōnsulēs

bellum contrā Īllyriōs gessērunt et multīs cīvitātibus captīs 10

etiam rēgēs in dēditiōnem accēpērunt. Ac tum prīmum ex

Īllyriīs triumphātum est.

_Invasion of the Gauls, 225 B.C._

=5.= L. Aemiliō cōnsule ingentēs Gallōrum cōpiae Alpēs

trānsiērunt. Sed prō Rōmānīs tōta Ītalia cōnsēnsit, trāditumque

est ā Fabiō historicō, quī eī bellō interfuit, DCCC mīlia 15

hominum parāta ad id bellum fuisse. Sed rēs per cōnsulem

tantum prōsperē gesta est. XL mīlia hostium interfecta

sunt et triumphus Aemiliō dēcrētus.

=6.= Aliquot deinde annīs post contrā Gallōs intrā Ītaliam

pūgnātum est, fīnītumque bellum M. Claudiō Mārcellō et 20

Cn. Cornēliō Scīpiōne cōnsulibus. Tum Mārcellus cum[60]

parvā manū equitum dīmicāvit et rēgem Gallōrum, Viridomarum

nōmine, manū suā occīdit. Posteā cum conlēgā

ingentēs cōpiās Gallōrum perēmit, Mediōlānum expūgnāvit,

grandem praedam Rōmam pertulit. Ac triumphāns Mārcellus 25

spolia Gallī stīpitī imposita umerīs suīs vexit.

29 _Second Punic War begun, 218 B.C._

=7.= M. Minuciō Rūfō P. Cornēliō cōnsulibus Histrīs bellum

inlātum est, quia latrōcinātī nāvibus Rōmānōrum fuerant,

quae frūmenta exhibēbant, perdomitīque sunt omnēs. Eōdem

annō bellum Pūnicum secundum Rōmānīs inlātum est per

Hannibalem, Karthāginiēnsium ducem, quī Saguntum, Hispāniae 5

cīvitātem Rōmānīs[61] amīcam, oppūgnāre aggressus

est, annum agēns vīcēsimum aetātis, cōpiīs congregātīs CL

mīlium. Huic Rōmānī per lēgātōs dēnūntiāvērunt ut bellō

abstinēret. Is lēgātōs admittere nōluit. Rōmānī etiam

Karthāginem mīsērunt, ut mandārētur Hannibalī[62] nē bellum 10

contrā sociōs populī Rōmānī gereret. Dūra respōnsa ā

Karthāginiēnsibus data sunt. Saguntīnī intereā famē victī

sunt, captīque ab Hannibale ultimīs poenīs adficiuntur.

Bellum Karthāginiēnsibus indictum est.

_Hannibal crosses the Alps._

=8.= Tum P. Cornēlius Scīpiō cum exercitū in Hispāniam 15

profectus est, Ti. Semprōnius in Siciliam. Hannibal relīctō

in Hispāniā frātre Hasdrubale Pȳrēnaeum trānsiit. Alpēs,

adhūc eā parte[63] inviās, sibi patefēcit. Trāditur ad Ītaliam

LXXX mīlia peditum, X mīlia equitum, septem et XXX elephantōs

addūxisse. Intereā multī Ligurēs et Gallī Hannibalī 20

sē coniūnxērunt. Semprōnius Gracchus cognitō ad Ītaliam

Hannibalis adventū ex Siciliā exercitum Arīminum trāiēcit.

_Battle of the Trebia, 218 B.C. Battle of Trasumenus, 217 B.C._

=9.= P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Hannibalī prīmus occurrit. Commissō

proeliō, fugātīs suīs ipse vulnerātus in castra rediit.

30 Semprōnius Gracchus et ipse cōnflīgit apud Trebiam amnem.

Is quoque vincitur. Hannibalī multī sē in Ītaliā dēdidērunt.

Inde ad Tusciam veniēns Hannibal Flāminiō cōnsulī occurrit.

Ipsum Flāminium interēmit; Rōmānōrum XXV mīlia

caesa sunt, cēterī diffūgērunt. Missus adversus Hannibalem 5

posteā ā Rōmānīs Q. Fabius Māximus. Is eum differendō[64]

pūgnam ab impetū frēgit, mox inventā occāsiōne vīcit.

_Battle of Cannae, 216 B.C._

=10.= Quīngentēsimō et quadrāgēsimō annō ā conditā urbe

L. Aemilius Paulus P. Terentius Varrō contrā Hannibalem

mittuntur Fabiōque succēdunt, quī abiēns ambō cōnsulēs 10

monuit ut Hannibalem, callidum et impatientem ducem,

nōn aliter vincerent quam proelium differendō.[64] Vērum

cum impatientiā Varrōnis cōnsulis contrādīcente alterō cōnsule

apud vīcum, quī Cannae appellātur, in Āpūliā pūgnātum

esset, ambō cōnsulēs ab Hannibale vincuntur. In eā 15

pūgnā tria mīlia Āfrōrum pereunt; māgna pars dē exercitū

Hannibalis sauciātur. Nūllō tamen proeliō Pūnicō bellō

Rōmānī gravius acceptī sunt. Periit enim in eō cōnsul

Aemilius Paulus, cōnsulārēs aut praetōriī XX, senātōrēs captī

aut occīsī XXX, nōbilēs virī CCC, mīlitum XL mīlia, equitum 20

III mīlia et quīngentī. In quibus malīs nēmō tamen Rōmānōrum

pācis mentiōnem habēre dīgnātus est. Servī, quod

numquam ante, manūmissī et mīlitēs factī sunt.

_War in Spain, 218 B.C._

=11.= Post eam pūgnam multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs, quae Rōmānīs

pāruerant, sē ad Hannibalem trānstulērunt. Hannibal 25

Rōmānīs obtulit ut captīvōs redimerent, respōnsumque est ā

31 senātū eōs cīvēs nōn esse necessāriōs quī, cum armātī essent,

capī potuissent. Ille omnēs posteā variīs suppliciīs interfēcit

et trēs modiōs ānulōrum aureōrum Karthāginem mīsit,

quōs ex manibus equitum Rōmānōrum, senātōrum et mīlitum

dētrāxerat. Intereā in Hispāniā, ubi frāter Hannibalis 5

Hasdrubal remānserat cum māgnō exercitū, ut eam tōtam

Āfrīs[65] subigeret, ā duōbus Scīpiōnibus, Rōmānīs ducibus,

vincitur. Perdit in pūgnā XXXV mīlia hominum; ex hīs

capiuntur X mīlia, occīduntur XXV mīlia. Mittuntur eī ā

Karthāginiēnsibus ad reparandās vīrēs XII mīlia peditum, 10

IV mīlia equitum, XX elephantī.

_Battle near Nola, 215 B.C._

=12.= Annō quārtō postquam ad Ītaliam Hannibal vēnit,

M. Claudius Mārcellus cōnsul apud Nōlam, cīvitātem Campāniae,

contrā Hannibalem bene pūgnāvit. Hannibal multās

cīvitātēs Rōmānōrum per Āpūliam, Calābriam, Bruttiōs occupāvit. 15

Quō tempore etiam rēx Macedoniae Philippus ad eum

lēgātōs mīsit, prōmittēns auxilia contrā Rōmānōs sub hāc

condiciōne, ut dēlētīs Rōmānīs ipse quoque contrā Graecōs

ab Hannibale auxilia acciperet. Captīs igitur lēgātīs Philippī

et rē cognitā Rōmānī in Macedoniam M. Valerium Laevīnum 20

īre iussērunt, in Sardiniam T. Mānlium Torquātum prōcōnsulem.

Nam etiam ea sollicitāta ab Hannibale Rōmānōs

dēseruerat.

=13.= Ita ūnō tempore quattuor locīs pūgnābātur: in Ītaliā

contrā Hannibalem, in Hispāniīs contrā frātrem ēius 25

Hasdrubalem, in Macedoniā contrā Philippum, in Sardinia contrā

Sardōs et alterum Hasdrubalem Karthāginiēnsem. Is ā

T. Mānliō prōcōnsule, quī ad Sardiniam missus fuerat, vīvus

32 est captus, occīsa duodecim mīlia, captī cum eō mīlle

quīngentī, et ā Rōmānīs Sardinia subācta. Mānlius victōr

captīvōs et Hasdrubalem Rōmam reportāvit. Intereā

etiam Philippus ā Laevīnō in Macedoniā vincitur et in

Hispāniā ab Scīpiōnibus Hasdrubal et Māgō, tertius frāter 5

Hannibalis.

_Campaign in Sicily, 214-210 B.C._

=14.= Decimō annō[66] postquam Hannibal in Ītaliam vēnerat,

P. Sulpiciō Cn. Fulviō cōnsulibus Hannibal ūsque ad quārtum

mīliārium urbis accessit, equitēs ēius ūsque ad portam.

Mox cōnsulum[67] cum exercitū venientium metū[68] Hannibal 10

ad Campāniam sē recēpit. In Hispāniā ā frātre ēius Hasdrubale

ambō Scīpiōnēs, quī per multōs annōs vīctōrēs

fuerant, interficiuntur, exercitus tamen integer mānsit; cāsū

enim magis erant quam virtūte dēceptī. Quō tempore etiam

ā cōnsule Mārcello Siciliae māgna pars capta est, quam 15

tenēre Āfrī coeperant, et nōbilissima urbs Syrācūsāna;

praeda ingēns Rōmam perlāta est. Laevīnus in Macedoniā

cum Philippō et multīs Graeciae populīs et rēge Asiae Attalō

amīcitiam fēcit, et ad Siciliam profectus Hannōnem quendam,

Āfrōrum ducem, apud Agrigentum cīvitātem cum ipsō 20

oppidō cēpit eumque Rōmam cum captīvīs nōbilissimīs mīsit.

XL cīvitātēs in dēditiōnem accēpit, XXVI expūgnāvit. Ita

omnis Sicilia recepta est; ingentī glōriā[69] Rōmam regressus

est. Hannibal in Ītaliā Cn. Fulvium cōnsulem subitō

aggressus cum octō mīlibus hominum interfēcit. 25

33 _War in Spain, 210-206 B.C._

=15.= Intereā ad Hispāniās, ubi occīsīs duōbus Scīpiōnibus

nūllus Rōmānus dux erat, P. Cornēlius Scīpiō mittitur,

fīlius P. Scīpiōnis, quī ibīdem bellum gesserat, annōs nātus

quattuor et vīgintī, vir Rōmānōrum omnium et suā aetāte

et posteriōre tempore ferē prīmus. Is Karthāginem Hispāniae 5

capit, in quā omne aurum, argentum et bellī apparātum

Āfrī habēbant, nōbilissimōs quoque obsidēs, quōs ab Hispānīs

accēperant. Māgōnem etiam, frātrem Hannibalis,

ibīdem capit, quem Rōmam cum aliīs mittit. Rōmae[70] ingēns

laetitia post hunc nūntium fuit. Scīpiō Hispānōrum obsidēs 10

parentibus reddidit; quārē omnēs ferē Hispānī ūnō

animō ad eum trānsiērunt. Post quae Hasdrubalem, Hannibalis

frātrem, victum[71] fugat et praedam māximam capit.

_Recapture of Tarentum, 209 B.C._

=16.= Intereā in Ītaliā cōnsul Q. Fabius Māximus Tarentum

recēpit, in quā ingentēs cōpiae Hannibalis erant. Ibi etiam 15

ducem Hannibalis Carthalōnem occīdit, XXV mīlia hominum

cāptīvōrum vēndidit, praedam mīlitibus dispertīvit, pecūniam

hominum vēnditōrum ad fiscum rettulit. Tum multae

cīvitātēs Rōmānōrum, quae ad Hannibalem trānsierant

prius, rūrsus sē Fabiō Māximō dēdidērunt. Īnsequentī 20

annō Scīpiō in Hispāniā ēgregiās rēs ēgit et per sē et per

frātrem suum L. Scīpiōnem; LXX cīvitātēs recēpērunt. In

Ītaliā tamen male pūgnātum est. Nam Claudius Mārcellus

cōnsul ab Hannibale occīsus est.

=17.= Tertiō annō postquam Scīpiō ad Hispāniās profectus 25

fuerat, rūrsus rēs inclitās gerit. Rēgem Hispāniārum māgnō

34 proeliō victum in amīcitiam accēpit et prīmus omnium ā

victō obsidēs nōn poposcit.

_Battle of Metaurus, 207 B.C._

=18.= Dēspērāns Hannibal Hispāniās contrā Scīpiōnem diūtius

posse retinērī, frātrem suum Hasdrubalem ad Ītaliam

cum omnibus cōpiīs ēvocāvit. Is, veniēns eōdem itinere[72] quō 5

etiam Hannibal vēnerat, ā cōnsulibus Ap. Claudiō Nerōne

et M. Līviō Salīnātōre apud Sēnam, Pīcēnī cīvitātem, in

īnsidiās compositās incidit. Strēnuē tamen pūgnāns occīsus

est; ingentēs ēius cōpiae captae aut interfectae sunt, māgnum

pondus aurī atque argentī Rōmam relātum est. Post 10

haec Hannibal diffīdere iam dē bellī coepit ēventū. Rōmānīs

ingēns animus accessit; itaque et ipsī ēvocāvērunt ex

Hispāniā P. Cornēlium Scīpiōnem. Is Rōmam cum ingentī

glōriā vēnit.

=19.= Q. Caeciliō L. Valeriō cōnsulibus omnēs cīvitātēs, quae 15

in Bruttiīs ab Hannibale tenēbantur, Rōmānīs sē trādidērunt.

_Scipio crosses into Africa, 204 B.C._

=20.= Annō quārtō decimō posteāquam in Ītaliam Hannibal

vēnerat, Scīpiō, quī multa bene in Hispāniā ēgerat, cōnsul

est factus et in Āfricam missus. Cuī virō[73] dīvīnum quiddam

inesse exīstimābātur, adeō ut putārētur etiam cum nūminibus 20

habēre sermōnem. Is in Āfricā contrā Hannōnem,

ducem Āfrōrum, pūgnat; exercitum ēius interficit. Secundō

proeliō castra capit cum quattuor mīlibus et quīngentīs

mīlitibus, XI mīlibus occīsīs. Syphācem, Numidiae

rēgem, quī sē Āfrīs coniūnxerat, capit et castra ēius invādit. 25

Syphāx cum nōbilissimīs Numidīs et īnfīnītīs spoliīs Rōmam

35 ā Scīpiōne mittitur. Quā rē audītā omnis ferē Ītalia

Hannibalem dēserit. Ipse ā Karthāginiēnsibus redīre in

Āfricam iubētur, quam Scīpiō vāstābat.

_Efforts for Peace._

=21.= Ita annō septimō decimō ab Hannibale Ītalia līberāta

est. Lēgātī Karthāginiēnsium pācem ā Scīpiōne petīvērunt; 5

ab eō ad senātum Rōmam missī sunt. Quadrāgintā et quīnque

diēbus hīs indūtiae datae sunt, quoūsque īre Rōmam et

regredī possent[74]; et trīgintā mīlia pondō argentī ab hīs

accepta sunt. Senātus ex arbitriō Scīpiōnis pācem iussit

cum Karthāginiēnsibus fierī. Scīpiō hīs condiciōnibus 10

dedit: nē amplius quam trīgintā nāvēs habērent,[75] ut

quīngenta mīlia pondō argentī darent,[75] captīvōs et perfugās

redderent.[75]

=22.= Interim Hannibale veniente ad Āfricam pāx turbāta

est, multa hostīlia ab Āfrīs facta sunt. Lēgātī tamen eōrum 15

ex urbe venientēs ā Rōmānīs captī sunt, sed iubente Scīpiōne

dīmissī. Hannibal quoque frequentibus proeliīs victus ā

Scīpiōne petīt etiam ipse pācem. Cum ventum esset ad

conloquium, īsdem condiciōnibus data est quibus prius,

additīs quīngentīs mīlibus pondō argentī centum mīlibus 20

lībrārum propter novam perfidiam. Karthāginiēnsibus condiciōnēs

displicuērunt iussēruntque Hannibalem pūgnāre.

Īnfertur ā Scīpiōne et Masinissā, aliō rēge Numidārum, quī

amīcitiam cum Scīpiōne fēcerat, Karthāginī bellum. Hannibal

trēs explōrātōrēs ad Scīpiōnis castra mīsit, quōs captōs 25

Scīpiō circumdūcī per castra iussit ostendīque hīs tōtum

exercitum, mox etiam prandium darī dīmittīque, ut renūntiārent

Hannibalī quae apud Rōmānōs vīdissent.

36 _Battle of Zama, 202 B.C. End of the Second Punic War,

201 B.C._

=23.= Intereā proelium ab utrōque duce īnstrūctum est, quāle

vix ūllā memoriā fuit, cum perītissimī virī cōpiās suās ad

bellum ēdūcerent. Scīpiō victor recēdit paene ipsō Hannibale

captō, quī prīmum cum multīs equitibus, deinde cum

vīgintī, postrēmō cum quattuor ēvāsit. Inventa in castrīs 5

Hannibalis argentī pondō vīgintī mīlia, aurī octōgintā, cētera

supellectilis cōpiōsa. Post id certāmen pāx cum

Karthāginiēnsibus facta est. Scīpiō Rōmam rediit, ingentī glōriā

triumphāvit atque Āfricānus ex eō appellārī coeptus est.

Fīnem accēpit secundum Pūnicum bellum post annum 10

nōnum decimum quam coeperat.

LIBER QUĀRTUS

FROM THE END OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR TO THE END OF THE WAR

WITH JUGURTHA, 201-106 B.C.

_Second Macedonian War, 200-196 B.C._

=1.= Trānsāctō Pūnicō bellō secūtum est Macedonicum contrā

Philippum rēgem quīngentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō et prīmō

annō ab urbe conditā.

=2.= T. Quīntius Flāminīnus adversum

Philippum rēgem missus rem prōsperē gessit. Pāx eī data 15

est hīs lēgibus: nē Graeciae cīvitātibus, quās Rōmānī contrā

eum dēfenderant,[76] bellum īnferret, ut captīvōs et trānsfugās

redderet, quīnquāgintā sōlās nāvēs habēret, reliquās Rōmānīs

dederet, per annōs[77] decem quaterna mīlia pondō

argentī praestāret et obsidem daret fīlium suum Dēmētrium. 20

37 T. Quīntius etiam Lacedaemoniīs intulit bellum. Ducem

eōrum Nabidem vīcit et quibus voluit condiciōnibus in

fidem accēpit. Ingentī glōriā triumphāvit; dūxit ante currum

nōbilissimōs obsidēs, Dēmētrium, Philippī fīlium, et

Armenēn Nabidis. 5

_Syro-Aetolian War, 192-189 B.C._

=3.= Trānsāctō bellō Macedonicō secūtum est Syriacum contrā

Antiochum rēgem P. Cornēliō Scīpiōne M. Aciliō Glabriōne

cōnsulibus. Huic Antiochō Hannibal sē iūnxerat, Karthāginem,

patriam suam, metū nē Rōmānīs trāderētur,[78] relinquēns.

M. Acilius Glabriō in Achaeā bene pūgnāvit. Castra 10

rēgis Antiochī nocturnā pūgnā capta sunt, ipse fugātus.

Philippō, quia contrā Antiochum Rōmānīs[79] fuisset auxiliō,[79]

fīlius Dēmētrius redditus est.

=4.= L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne et C. Laeliō cōnsulibus[80] Scīpiō

Āfricānus frātrī suō L. Cornēliō Scīpiōnī cōnsulī lēgātus 15

datus contrā Antiochum profectus est. Hannibal, quī cum

Antiochō erat, nāvālī proeliō[81] victus est. Ipse posteā

Antiochus circā Sipylum apud Māgnēsiam, Asiae cīvitātem,

ā cōnsule Cornēliō Scīpiōne ingentī proeliō[81] fūsus est.

Auxiliō fuit Rōmānīs in eā pūgnā Eumenēs, Attalī rēgis 20

frāter, quī Eumeniam in Phrygiā condidit. Quīnquāgintā

mīlia peditum, tria equitum eō certāmine ex parte rēgis

occīsa sunt. Tum rēx pācem petīt. Īsdem condiciōnibus

data est ā senātū, quamquam victō, quibus ante offerēbātur:

ut ex Eurōpā et Asiā recēderet atque intrā Taurum sē continēret, 25

decem mīlia talentōrum et vīgintī obsidēs praebēret,

38 Hannibalem, concitātōrem bellī, dēderet. Eumenī

rēgī dōnātae sunt ā senātū omnēs Asiae cīvitātēs, quās

Antiochus bellō perdiderat, et Rhodiīs, quī auxilium Rōmānīs

contrā rēgem Antiochum tulerant, multae urbēs

concessae sunt. Scīpiō Rōmam rediit, ingentī glōriā triumphāvit. 5

Nōmen et ipse ad imitātiōnem frātris Asiāgenis

accēpit, quia Asiam vīcerat, sīcutī frāter ipsīus propter

Āfricam domitam[82] Āfricānus appellābātur.

=5.= Sp. Postumiō Albīnō Q. Mārciō Philippō cōnsulibus

M. Fulvius dē Aetōlīs triumphāvit. Hannibal, quī, victō 10

Antiochō, nē Rōmānīs trāderētur ad Prūsiam, Bīthȳniae

rēgem, fūgerat, repetītus etiam ab eō est per T. Quīntium

Flāminīnum. Et cum trādendus[83] Rōmānīs esset, venēnum

bibit et apud Libyssam in fīnibus Nīcomēdēnsium sepultus

est. 15

_Third Macedonian War, 176-168 B.C._

=6.= Philippō, rēge Macedoniae, mortuō, quī et adversum

Rōmānōs bellum gesserat et posteā Rōmānīs contrā Antiochum

auxilium tulerat, fīlius ēius Perseus in Macedoniā

rebellāvit ingentibus cōpiīs ad bellum parātīs. Nam adiūtōrēs

habēbat Cotyn, Thraciae rēgem, et rēgem Īllyricī, Gentium 20

nōmine.[84] Rōmānīs autem auxiliō erant Eumenēs,

Asiae rēx, Ariarātus Cappadociae, Antiochus Syriae, Ptolemaeus

Aegyptī, Masinissa Numidiae. Prūsiās autem Bīthȳniae,

quamquam sorōrem Perseī uxōrem habēret, utrīsque

sē aequum praebuit. Dux Rōmānōrum P. Licinius cōnsul 25

contrā Perseum missus est et ā rēge gravī proeliō victus.

Neque tamen Rōmānī, quamquam superātī, rēgī petentī

pācem praestāre voluērunt, nisi hīs condiciōnibus: ut sē

39 et suōs senātuī et populō Rōmānō dēderet.[85] Mox missus

contrā eum L. Aemilius Paulus cōnsul et in Īllyricum C.

Anicius praetor contrā Gentium. Sed Gentius facile ūnō

proeliō victus mox sē dēdidit. Māter ēius et uxor et duo

fīliī, frāter quoque simul in potestātem Rōmānōrum vēnērunt. 5

Ita bellō intrā XXX diēs perfectō ante cognitum est

Gentium victum quam coeptum bellum nūntiārētur.

_Battle of Pydna, 168 B.C._

=7.= Cum Perseō autem Aemilius Paulus cōnsul III Nōnās

Septembrēs dīmicāvit vīcitque eum vīgintī mīlibus peditum

ēius occīsīs. Equitātus cum rēge integer fūgit. Rōmānōrum 10

centum mīlitēs āmissī sunt. Urbēs Macedoniae omnēs,

quās rēx tenuerat, Rōmānīs sē dēdidērunt; ipse rēx, cum

dēsererētur ab amīcīs, vēnit in Paulī potestātem. Sed

honōrem eī cōnsul nōn quasi victō habuit. Nam et volentem

ad pedēs sibi[86] cadere nōn permīsit et iūxtā sē in sellā 15

conlocāvit. Macedonibus et Īllyriīs hae lēgēs ā Rōmānīs datae:

ut līberī essent[85] et dīmidium eōrum tribūtōrum praestārent,[85]

quae rēgibus praestitissent, ut appārēret populum Rōmānum

prō aequitāte magis quam avāritiā dīmicāre. Itaque in conventū

īnfīnītōrum populōrum Paulus hōc prōnūntiāvit et 20

lēgātiōnēs multārum gentium, quae ad eum vēnerant,

māgnificentissimē convīviō pāvit, dīcēns ēiusdem hominis[87] esse

dēbēre et bellō vincere et convīviī apparātū ēlegantem esse.

_Revolt in Epirus._

=8.= Mox septuāgintā cīvitātēs Ēpīrī, quae rebellārant, cēpit,

praedam mīlitibus distribuit. Rōmam ingentī pompā rediit 25

40 in nāvī Perseī, quae inūsitātae māgnitūdinis[88] fuisse trāditur,

adeō ut sedecim ordinēs dīcātur habuisse rēmōrum. Triumphāvit

autem māgnificentissimē in currū aureō cum duōbus

fīliīs utrōque latere astantibus. Ductī sunt ante currum

duo rēgis fīliī et ipse Perseus, XLV annōs nātus. Post eum 5

etiam Anicius dē Īllyriīs triumphāvit. Gentius cum frātre

et fīliīs ante currum ductus est. Ad hōc spectāculum rēgēs

multārum gentium Rōmam vēnērunt, inter aliōs etiam

Attalus atque Eumenēs, Asiae rēgēs, et Prūsiās Bīthȳniae.

Māgnō honōre exceptī sunt et permittente senātū dōna 10

quae attulerant in Capitōliō posuērunt. Prūsiās etiam

fīlium suum Nīcomēdēn senātuī commendāvit.

=9.= Īnsequentī annō L. Memmius in Lūsitāniā bene pūgnāvit.

Mārcellus posteā cōnsul rēs ibīdem prōsperās gessit.

_Third Punic War, 149-146 B.C._

=10.= Tertium deinde bellum contrā Karthāginem suscipitur, 15

sexcentēsimō et alterō ab urbe conditā annō, L. Mānliō

Cēnsōrīnō et M. Mānīliō cōnsulibus, annō quīnquagēsimō

prīmō postquam secundum Pūnicum trānsāctum erat. Hī

profectī Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt. Contrā eōs Hasdrubal,

dux Karthāginiēnsium, dīmicābat. Famea, dux alius, 20

equitātuī Karthāginiēnsium praeerat. Scīpiō tunc, Scīpiōnis

Āfricānī nepōs, tribūnus ibi mīlitābat. Hūius[89] apud omnēs

ingēns metus et reverentia erat. Nam et parātissimus ad

dīmicandum[90] et cōnsultissimus habēbātur. Itaque per eum

multa ā cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt, neque quicquam 25

magis vel Hasdrubal vel Famea vītābant quam contrā eam

Rōmānōrum partem committere ubi Scīpiō dīmicāret.

41 =11.= Per idem tempus Masinissa, rēx Numidārum, per annōs

sexāgintā ferē amīcus populī Rōmānī, annō vītae nōnāgēsimō

septimō mortuus quadrāgintā quattuor fīliīs relīctīs

Scīpiōnem dīvīsōrem rēgnī inter fīliōs suōs esse iussit.

=12.= Cum igitur clārum Scīpiōnis nōmen esset, iuvenis adhūc 5

cōnsul est factus et contrā Karthāginem missus. Is eam

cēpit ac dīruit. Spolia ibi inventa, quae variārum cīvitātum

excidiīs[91] Karthāgō conlēgerat, et ōrnāmenta urbium cīvitātibus

Siciliae, Ītaliae, Āfricae reddidit, quae sua recognōscēbant.

Ita Karthāgō septingentēsimō annō, quam condita 10

erat, dēlēta est. Scīpiō nōmen quod avus ēius accēperat

meruit, scīlicet ut propter virtūtem etiam ipse Āfricānus

iūnior vocārētur.

=13.= Interim in Macedoniā quīdam Pseudophilippus arma

mōvit et Rōmānum praetōrem P. Iuventium contrā sē missum 15

ad interneciōnem vīcit. Post eum Q. Caecilius Metellus

dux ā Rōmānīs contrā Pseudophilippum missus est et

XXV mīlibus ēius occīsīs Macedoniam recēpit, ipsum etiam

Pseudophilippum in potestātem suam redēgit.

_Destruction of Corinth, 146 B.C._

=14.= Corinthiīs quoque bellum indictum est, nōbilissimae 20

Graeciae cīvitātī, propter iniūriam lēgātōrum Rōmānōrum.

Hanc Mummius cōnsul cēpit et dīruit. Trēs igitur Rōmae

simul cēleberrimī triumphī fuērunt: Āfricānī ex Āfricā,

ante cūius currum ductus est Hasdrubal, Metellī ex Macedoniā,

cūius currum praecessit Andriscus, īdem quī et Pseudophilippus, 25

Mummī ex Corinthō, ante quem sīgna aēnea et

pīctae tabulae et alia urbis clārissimae ōrnāmenta praelāta

sunt.

42 =15.= Iterum in Macedoniā Pseudopersēs, quī sē Perseī fīlium

esse dīcēbat, conlēctīs servitiīs rebellāvit et, cum

sēdecim mīlia armātōrum habēret, ā Tremelliō quaestōre

superātus est.

_Celtiberian War, 154 B.C._

=16.= Eōdem tempore Metellus in Celtiberiā apud Hispānōs 5

rēs ēgregiās gessit. Successit eī Q. Pompēius. Nec multō[92]

post Q. quoque Caepiō ad idem bellum missus est, quod

quīdam Viriāthus contrā Rōmānōs in Lūsitāniā gerēbat.

Quō metū Viriāthus ā suīs interfectus est, cum quattuordecim

annīs Hispāniās adversus Rōmānōs mōvisset. Pāstor 10

prīmō fuit, mox latrōnum dux, postrēmō tantōs ad bellum

populōs concitāvit ut adsertor contrā Rōmānōs Hispāniae

putārētur. Et cum interfectōrēs ēius praemium ā Caepiōne

cōnsule peterent, respōnsum est numquam Rōmānīs placuisse

imperātōrēs ā suīs mīlitibus interficī. 15

_Capture of Numantia, 133 B.C._

=17.= Q. Pompēius deinde cōnsul ā Numantīnīs, quae Hispāniae

cīvitās fuit opulentissima, superātus[93] pācem ignōbilem

fēcit. Post eum C. Hostīlius Mancīnus cōnsul iterum cum

Numantīnīs pācem fēcit īnfāmem, quam populus et senātus

iussit īnfringī atque ipsum Mancīnum hostibus trādī, ut in 20

illō, quem auctōrem foederis habēbant, iniūriam solūtī

foederis[94] vindicārent. Post tantam igitur ignōminiam, quā

ā Numantīnīs bis Rōmānī exercitūs fuerant subiugātī, P.

Scīpiō Āfricānus secundō cōnsul factus et ad Numantiam

missus est. Is prīmum mīlitem vitiōsum et ignāvum exercendō 25

43 magis quam pūniendō sine aliquā ācerbitāte corrēxit,

tum multās Hispāniae cīvitātēs partim cēpit, partim in

dēditiōnem accēpit, postrēmō ipsam Numantiam diū obsessam

famē confēcit et ā solō ēvertit, reliquam prōvinciam in

fidem accēpit. 5

=18.= Eōdem tempore Attalus, rēx Asiae, frāter Eumenis,

mortuus est hērēdemque populum Rōmānum relīquit. Ita

imperiō Rōmānō per testāmentum Asia accessit.

=19.= Mox etiam D. Iūnius Brūtus dē Callaecīs et Lūsitānīs

māgnā glōriā triumphāvit et P. Scīpiō Āfricānus dē Numantīnīs 10

secundum triumphum ēgit quartō decimō annō

postquam priōrem dē Āfricā ēgerat.

_War with Aristonicus, 131 B.C._

=20.= Mōtum interim in Asiā bellum est ab Aristonīcō, Eumenis

fīliō, quī ex concubīnā susceptus fuerat. Hīc Eumenēs

frāter Attalī fuerat. Adversus eum missus P. Licinius 15

Crassus īnfīnīta rēgum habuit auxilia. Nam et Bīthȳniae

rēx Nīcomēdēs Rōmānōs iūvit et Mithradātēs Ponticus, cum

quō bellum posteā gravissimum fuit, et Ariarātus Cappadox

et Pylaemēnēs Paphlagōn. Victus est tamen Crassus

et in proeliō interfectus est. Caput ipsīus Aristonīcō 20

oblātum est, corpus Smyrnae sepultum. Posteā Perperna,

cōnsul Rōmānus, quī successor Crassō veniēbat, audītā bellī

fortūnā ad Asiam celerāvit et aciē victum Aristonīcum apud

Stratonīcēn cīvitātem, quō cōnfūgerat, famē ad dēditiōnem

compulit. Aristonīcus iussū[95] senātūs Rōmae in carcere 25

strangulātus est. Triumphārī enim dē eō nōn poterat, quia

Perperna apud Pergamum Rōmam rediēns diem obierat.

=21.= L. Caeciliō Metellō et T. Quīntiō Flāminīnō cōnsulibus

Karthāgō in Āfricā iussū[95] senātūs reparāta est, quae nunc

44 manet, annīs duōbus et vīgintī postquam ā Scīpiōne fuerat

ēversa. Dēductī sunt eō cīvēs Rōmānī.

_War with Transalpine Gauls, 125-121 B.C._

=22.= Annō sexcentēsimō vīcēsimō septimō ab urbe conditā

C. Cassius Longīnus et Sex. Domitius Calvīnus cōnsulēs

Gallīs trānsalpīnīs bellum intulērunt et Arvernōrum tunc 5

nōbilissimae cīvitātī atque eōrum ducī Bituītō, īnfīnītamque

multitūdinem iūxtā Rhodanum fluvium interfēcērunt.

Praeda ex torquibus Gallōrum ingēns Rōmam perlāta est.

Bituītus sē Domitiō dedit atque ab eō Rōmam dēductus est,

māgnāque glōriā cōnsulēs ambō triumphāvērunt. 10

=23.= M. Porciō Catōne et Q. Mārciō Rēge cōnsulibus sexcentēsimō

trīcēsimō et tertiō annō ab urbe conditā Narbōne

in Galliā colōnia dēducta est annōque post ā L. Caeciliō

Metellō et Q. Mūciō Scaevolā cōnsulibus dē Dalmatiā triumphātum

est. 15

=24.= Ab urbe conditā annō sexcentēsimō trīcēsimō quīntō

C. Catō cōnsul Scordiscīs intulit bellum ignōminiōsēque

pūgnāvit.

=25.= C. Caeciliō Metellō et Cn. Carbōne cōnsulibus duo

Metellī frātrēs eōdem diē, alterum ex Sardiniā, alterum ex 20

Thrāciā, triumphum ēgērunt, nūntiātumque Rōmae est

Cimbrōs ē Galliā in Ītaliam trānsisse.

_War with Jugurtha, 111-104 B.C._

=26.= P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā et L. Calpurniō Bēstiā cōnsulibus

Iugurthae, Numidārum rēgī, bellum inlātum est, quod Adherbalem

et Hiempsalem, Micipsae fīliōs, frātrēs suōs, rēgēs 25

et populī Rōmānī amīcōs, interēmisset.[96] Missus adversum

45 eum cōnsul Calpurnius Bēstia, corruptus rēgis pecūniā,

pācem cum eō flāgitiōsissimam fēcit, quae ā senātū improbāta

est. Posteā contrā eundem īnsequentī annō Sp. Postumius

Albīnus profectus est. Is quoque per frātrem ignōminiōsē

contrā Numidās pūgnāvit. 5

=27.= Tertiō missus est Q. Caecilius Metellus cōnsul. Is

exercitum ā priōribus ducibus corruptum ingentī sevēritāte

et moderātiōne cum nihil in quemquam cruentum faceret,[97]

ad disciplīnam Rōmānam redūxit. Iugurtham variīs proeliīs

vīcit, elephantōs ēius occīdit vel cēpit, multās cīvitātēs ipsīus 10

in dēditiōnem accēpit. Et cum iam fīnem bellō[98] positūrus

esset, successum est[99] eī ā C. Mariō. Is Iugurtham et Bocchum,

Mauretāniae rēgem, quī auxilium Iugurthae ferre

coeperat, pariter superāvit. Aliquanta et ipse oppida Numidiae

cēpit bellōque terminum posuit captō Iugurthā per 15

quaestōrem suum Cornēlium Sullam, ingentem virum, trādente

Bocchō Iugurtham. Ā M. Iūniō Sīlānō, conlēga

Q. Metellī, Cimbrī in Galliā victī sunt et ā Minuciō Rūfō in

Macedoniā Scordiscī et Triballī, et ā Serviliō Caepiōne in

Hispāniā Lūsitānī subāctī. Āctī sunt et duo triumphī dē 20

Iugurthā, prīmus per Metellum, secundus per Marium.

Ante currum tamen Marī Iugurtha cum duōbus fīliīs ductus

est catēnātus et mox iussū cōnsulis in carcere strangulātus

est.

46 LIBER QUINTUS

FROM THE END OF THE WAR WITH JUGURTHA TO THE END OF THE FIRST

CIVIL WAR, 106-81 B.C.

_War with the Cimbri and Teutones, 105-101 B.C. Battle

of Aquae Sextiae, 102 B.C._

=1.= Dum bellum in Numidiā contrā Iugurtham geritur,[100]

Rōmānī cōnsulēs M. Mānlius et Q. Caepiō ā Cimbrīs et

Teutonibus et Tugurīnīs et Ambrōnibus, quae erant Germānōrum

et Gallōrum gentēs, victī sunt iūxtā flūmen Rhodanum

ingentī interneciōne; etiam castra sua et māgnam 5

partem exercitūs perdidērunt. Timor Rōmae grandis fuit,

quantus vix Hannibalis tempore nē iterum Gallī Rōmam

venīrent.[101] Ergō Marius post victōriam Iugurthīnam secundō

cōnsul est factus, bellumque eī contrā Cimbrōs et

Teutonas dēcrētum est. Tertiō quoque eī et quārtō dēlātus 10

est cōnsulātus, quia bellum Cimbricum prōtrahēbātur. Sed

in quārtō cōnsulātū conlēgam habuit Q. Lutātium Catulum.

Cum Cimbrīs itaque cōnflīxit et duōbus proeliīs CC mīlia

hostium cecīdit, LXXX mīlia cēpit et ducem eōrum Teutobodum,

propter quod meritum absēns quīntō cōnsul est factus. 15

_Battle of Vercellae, 101 B.C._

=2.= Intereā Cimbrī et Teutonēs, quōrum cōpia adhūc īnfīnīta

erat, ad Ītaliam trānsiērunt. Iterum ā C. Mariō et Q. Catulō

contrā eōs dīmicātum est, sed ā Catulī parte fēlicius. Nam

proeliō, quod simul ambō gessērunt, CXL mīlia aut in pūgnā

aut in fugā caesa sunt, LX mīlia capta. Rōmānī mīlitēs ex 20

47 utrōque exercitū trecentī periērunt. Tria et trīgintā

Cimbrīs[102] sīgna sublāta sunt; ex hīs exercitus Marī duo

reportāvit, Catulī exercitus XXXI. Is bellī fīnis fuit; triumphus

utrīque dēcrētus est.

_Social War, 90-88 B.C._

=3.= Sex. Iūliō Caesare et L. Mārciō Philippō cōnsulibus 5

sexcentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō nōnō annō ab urbe conditā, cum

prope alia omnia bella cessārent, in Ītaliā gravissimum

bellum Pīcentēs, Marsī Paelīgnīque mōvērunt, quī, cum annīs

numerōsīs iam populō Rōmānō oboedīrent, tum lībertātem

sibi[103] aequam adserēre coepērunt. Perniciōsum admodum 10

hōc bellum fuit. P. Rutilius cōnsul in eō occīsus est, Caepiō,

nōbilis iuvenis, Porcius Catō, alius cōnsul. Ducēs

autem adversus Rōmānōs Pīcentibus[104] et Marsīs fuērunt

T. Vettius, Hierius Asinius, T. Hērennius, A. Cluentius.

Ā Rōmānīs bene contrā eōs pūgnātum est ā C. Mariō, quī 15

sexiēs cōnsul fuerat, et ā Cn. Pompēiō, māximē tamen ā

L. Cornēliō Sullā, quī inter alia ēgregia ita Cluentium, hostium

ducem, cum māgnīs cōpiīs fūdit ut ex suīs[105] ūnum

āmitteret.[106] Quadrienniō cum gravī tamen calamitāte hōc

bellum trāctum est. Quīntō demum annō fīnem accēpit per 20

L. Cornēlium Sullam cōnsulem, cum anteā in eōdem bellō

ipse multa strēnuē, sed praetor, ēgisset.

_First Mithradatic War, 88-84 B.C._

=4.= Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō sexāgēsimō secundō

prīmum Rōmae bellum cīvīle commōtum est, eōdem annō

48 etiam Mithradāticum. Causam bellō cīvīlī C. Marius sexiēs

cōnsul dedit. Nam cum Sulla cōnsul contrā Mithradātēn

gestūrus[107] bellum, quī Asiam et Achaeam occupāverat,

mitterētur, isque exercitum in Campāniā paulisper tenēret,

ut bellī sociālis, dē quō dīximus, quod intrā Ītaliam gestum 5

fuerat, reliquiae tollerentur, Marius adfectāvit ut ipse ad

bellum Mithradāticum mittēretur.[108] Quā rē[109] Sulla commōtus

cum exercitū ad urbem vēnit. Illīc contrā Marium

et Sulpicium dīmicāvit. Prīmus urbem Rōmam armātus

ingressus est, Sulpicium interfēcit, Marium fugāvit, atque 10

ita ōrdinātīs cōnsulibus in futūrum annum Cn. Octāviō et

L. Cornēliō Cinnā ad Asiam profectus est.

_Mithradates invades Asia._

=5.= Mithradātēs enim, quī Pontī rēx erat atque Armeniam

Minōrem et tōtum Ponticum mare in circuitū cum Bosporō

tenēbat, prīmum Nīcomēdēn, amīcum populī Rōmānī, Bīthȳniā[110] 15

voluit expellere senātuīque mandāvit bellum sē eī propter

iniūriās quās passus fuerat inlātūrum. Ā senātū respōnsum

Mithradātī est, sī id faceret, quod bellum ā Rōmānīs et ipse

patērētur. Quārē īrātus Cappadociam statim occupāvit et

ex eā Ariobarzānēn, rēgem et amīcum populī Rōmānī, fugāvit. 20

Mox etiam Bīthȳniam invāsit et Paphlagoniam pulsīs

rēgibus, amīcīs populī Rōmānī, Pylaemēne et Nīcomēde.

Inde Ephesum contendit et per omnem Asiam litterās mīsit

ut ubicumque inventī essent[111] cīvēs Rōmānī, ūnō diē

occiderentur. 25

49 _Sulla takes Athens, 87 B.C. Battle of Chaeronea, 86 B.C._

=6.= Intereā etiam Athēnae, cīvitās Achaeae, ab Aristōne

Athēniēnsī Mithradātī trādita est. Mīserat enim iam ad

Achaeam Mithradātēs Archelāum, ducem suum, cum centum

et vīgintī mīlibus equitum[112] ac peditum, per quem etiam

reliqua Graecia occupāta est. Sulla Archelāum apud Pīraeum, 5

nōn longē ab Athēnīs, obsēdit, ipsās Athēnās cēpit.

Posteā commissō proeliō contrā Archelāum ita eum vīcit ut

ex CXX mīlibus vix decem Archelāō superessent, ex Sullae

exercitū XIII tantum hominēs interficerentur. Hāc pūgnā

Mithradātēs cognitā septuāgintā mīlia lēctissima ex Asiā 10

Archelāō mīsit, contrā quem iterum Sulla commīsit. Prīmō

proeliō quīndecim mīlia hostium interfecta sunt et fīlius

Archelāī Diogenēs; secundō omnēs Mithradātis cōpiae exstinctae

sunt, Archelāus ipse trīduō nūdus in palūdibus

latuit. Hāc rē audītā Mithradātēs iussit cum Sullā dē pāce 15

agī.

_Terms of Peace, 84 B.C. Sulla’s Return to Italy, 83 B.C._

=7.= Interim eō tempore Sulla etiam Dardanōs, Scordiscōs,

Dalmatās et Maedōs partim vīcit, aliōs in fidem accēpit.

Sed cum lēgātī ā rēge Mithradāte, quī pācem petēbant,

vēnissent, nōn aliter sē datūrum Sulla esse respōndit, nisi 20

rēx relīctīs hīs, quae occupāverat, ad rēgnum suum redisset.

Posteā tamen ad conloquium ambō vēnērunt. Pāx inter eōs

ōrdināta est, ut Sulla ad bellum cīvīle festīnāns ā tergō

perīculum nōn habēret. Nam dum Sulla in Achaeā atque

Asiā Mithradātēn vincit,[113] Marius, quī fugātus erat, et 25

Cornēlius Cinna, ūnus ex cōnsulibus, bellum in Ītaliā

50 reparāvērunt et ingressī urbem Rōmam nōbilissimōs ē senātū et

cōnsulārēs virōs interfēcērunt, multōs prōscrīpsērunt, ipsīus

Sullae domō ēversā fīliōs et uxōrem ad fugam compulērunt.

Ūniversus reliquus senātus ex urbe fugiēns ad Sullam in

Graeciam vēnit, orāns ut patriae subvenīret. Ille in 5

Ītaliam trāiēcit, bellum cīvīle gestūrus adversus Norbānum

et Scīpiōnem cōnsulēs. Et prīmō proeliō contrā Norbānum

dīmicāvit nōn longē ā Capuā.[114] Tunc sex mīlia ēius cecīdit,

sex mīlia cēpit, CXXIV suōs āmīsit. Inde etiam ad Scīpiōnem

sē convertit et ante proelium tōtum ēius exercitum sine 10

sanguine in dēditiōnem accēpit.

_Battle of Colline Gate, 82 B.C._

=8.= Sed cum Rōmae mūtātī cōnsulēs essent, Marius, Marī

fīlius, ac Papīrius Carbō cōnsulātum accēpissent, Sulla

contrā Marium iūniōrem dīmicāvit et XV mīlibus ēius occīsīs

CCCC dē suīs perdidit. Mox etiam urbem ingressus est. 15

Marium, Marī fīlium, Praeneste[115] persecūtus obsēdit et ad

mortem compulit. Rūrsus pūgnam gravissimam habuit

contrā Lamponium et Carīnātem, ducēs partis Mariānae, ad

portam Collīnam. LXX mīlia hostium in eō proeliō contrā

Sullam fuisse dīcuntur. XII mīlia sē Sullae dēdidērunt, 20

cēterī in aciē, in castris, in fugā īnsatiābilī īrā victōrum

cōnsūmptī sunt. Cn. quoque Carbō, cōnsul alter, ab Arīminō

ad Siciliam fūgit et ibi per Cn. Pompēium interfectus

est, quem adulēscentem Sulla atque annōs ūnum et vīgintī

nātum cognitā ēius industriā exercitibus praefēcerat, ut 25

secundus ā Sullā habērētur.

=9.= Occīsō ergō Carbōne Siciliam Pompēius recēpit. Trānsgressus

51 inde ad Āfricam Domitium, Mariānae partis ducem,

et Hiardam, rēgem Mauretāniae, quī Domitiō auxilium ferēbat,

occīdit. Post haec Sulla dē Mithradāte ingentī glōriā

triumphāvit. Cn. etiam Pompēius, quod nūllī Rōmānōrum

tribūtum erat, quārtum et vīcēsimum annum agēns dē 5

Āfricā triumphāvit. Hunc fīnem habuērunt duo bella

fūnestissima, Ītalicum, quod et sociāle dictum est, et cīvīle,

quae ambō trācta sunt per annōs decem. Cōnsūmpsērunt

ultrā CL mīlia hominum, virōs cōnsulārēs XXIV, praetōriōs

VII, aedīlīciōs LX, senātōrēs ferē CC. 10

LIBER SEXTUS

FROM THE END OF THE FIRST CIVIL WAR TO THE ASSASSINATION OF

CAESAR, 81-44 B.C.

_War with Sertorius, 78-72 B.C._

=1.= M. Aemiliō Lepidō Q. Catulō cōnsulibus, cum Sulla

rem publicam composuisset, bella nova exārsērunt, ūnum in

Hispāniā, aliud in Pamphȳliā et Ciliciā, tertium in Macedoniā,

quārtum in Dalmatiā. Nam Sertōrius, quī partium

Mariānārum fuerat, timēns fortūnam cēterōrum, quī interēmptī 15

erant, ad bellum commōvit Hispāniās. Missī sunt

contrā eum ducēs Q. Caecilius Metellus, fīlius ēius quī

Iugurtham rēgem vīcit, et L. Domitius praetor. Ā Sertōrī

duce Hirtulēiō Domitius occīsus est. Metellus variō successū

contrā Sertōrium dīmicāvit. Posteā cum impār pūgnae[116] 20

sōlus Metellus putārētur, Cn. Pompēius ad Hispāniās

missus est. Ita duōbus ducibus adversīs Sertōrius fortūnā

variā saepe pūgnāvit. Octāvō demum annō per suōs occīsus

52 est, et fīnis eī bellō datus per Cn. Pompēium adulēscentem

et Q. Metellum Pium atque omnēs prope Hispāniae in

diciōnem populī Rōmānī redāctae.

=2.= Ad Macedoniam missus est Ap. Claudius post cōnsulātum.

Levia proelia habuit contrā variās gentēs, quae Rhodopam 5

prōvinciam incolēbant, atque ibi morbō mortuus est.

Missus eī successor C. Scrībōnius Cūriō post cōnsulātum.

Is Dardanōs vīcit et ūsque ad Dānuvium penetrāvit triumphumque

meruit et intrā triennium bellō fīnem dedit.

_War with the Isaurians, 78 B.C._

=3.= Ad Ciliciam et Pamphȳliam missus est P. Servīlius ex 10

cōnsule, vir strēnuus. Is Ciliciam subēgit, Lyciae urbēs

clārissimās oppūgnāvit et cēpit, in hīs Phasēlida, Olympum,

Cōrycum. Isaurōs quoque aggressus in diciōnem redēgit

atque intrā triennium bellō fīnem dedit. Prīmus omnium

Rōmānōrum[117] in Taurō iter fēcit. Revertēns triumphum 15

accēpit et nōmen Isauricī meruit.

=4.= Ad Īllyricum missus est C. Coscōnius prō cōnsule. Multam

partem Dalmatiae subēgit, Salōnās cēpit et compositō

bellō Rōmam post biennium rediit.

=5.= Īsdem temporibus cōnsul M. Aemilius Lepidus, Catulī 20

conlēga, bellum cīvīle voluit commovēre, intrā ūnam tamen

aestātem mōtus ēius oppressus est. Ita ūnō tempore multī

simul triumphī fuērunt, Metellī ex Hispāniā, Pompēī secundus

ex Hispāniā, Cūriōnis ex Macedoniā, Servīlī ex Isauriā.

_The Third Mithradatic War, 74-63 B.C._

=6.= Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō septuāgēsimō sextō 25

L. Liciniō Lūcullō et M. Aurēliō Cottā cōnsulibus mortuus

53 est Nīcomēdēs, rēx Bīthȳniae, et per testāmentum populum

Rōmānum fēcit hērēdem. Mithradātēs pāce ruptā Bīthȳniam

et Asiam rūrsus voluit invādere. Adversus eum

ambō cōnsulēs missī variam habuēre fortūnam. Cotta apud

Chalcēdōna victus ab eō aciē, etiam intrā oppidum coāctus 5

est et obsessus. Sed cum sē inde Mithradātēs Cȳzicum

trānstulisset, ut Cȳzicō captā tōtam Asiam invāderet, Lūcullus

eī, alter cōnsul, occurrit. Ac dum Mithradātēs in obsidiōne

Cȳzicī commorātur, ipse eum ā tergō obsēdit famēque

cōnsūmpsit et multīs proeliīs vīcit, postrēmō Bȳzantium, 10

quae nunc Cōnstantīnopolis est, fugāvit. Nāvālī quoque

proeliō ducēs ēius Lūcullus oppressit. Ita ūnā hieme et

aestāte ā Lūcullō centum ferē mīlia rēgis exstīncta sunt.

_War with the Gladiators, 73-71 B.C._

=7.= Annō urbis Rōmae sexcentēsimō septuāgēsimō octāvō

Macedoniam prōvinciam M. Licinius Lūcullus accēpit, 15

cōnsōbrīnus Lūcullī, quī contrā Mithradātēn bellum gerēbat.

Et in Ītaliā novum bellum subitō commōtum est. Septuāgintā

enim et quattuor gladiātōrēs ducibus Spartacō, Crixō

et Oenomaō effrāctō Capuae ludō fūgērunt et per Ītaliam

vagantēs paene nōn levius bellum in eā, quam Hannibal 20

mōverat, parāvērunt. Nam multīs ducibus et duōbus simul

Rōmānōrum cōnsulibus victīs sexāgintā ferē mīlium armātōrum

exercitum congregāvērunt, victīque sunt in Āpūliā ā

M. Liciniō Crassō prō cōnsule, et post multās calamitātēs

Ītaliae tertiō annō bellō huic est fīnis impositus. 25

=8.= Sexcentēsimō octōgēsimō prīmō annō urbis conditae, P.

Cornēliō Lentulō et Cn. Aufidiō Oreste cōnsulibus, duo tantum

gravia bella in imperiō Rōmānō erant, Mithradāticum

et Macedonicum. Haec duo Lūcullī agēbant, L. Lūcullus

et M. Lūcullus. L. ergō Lūcullus post pūgnam Cȳzicēnam, 30

54 quā vīcerat Mithradātēn, et nāvālem, quā ducēs ēius oppresserat,

persecūtus est eum et receptā Paphlagoniā atque

Bīthȳniā etiam rēgnum ēius invāsit, Sinōpēn et Amīson,

cīvitātēs Pontī nōbilissimās, cēpit. Secundō proeliō apud

Cabīra cīvitātem, quō ingentēs cōpiās ex omnī rēgnō addūxerat 5

Mithradātēs, cum XXX mīlia lēctissima rēgis ā quīnque

mīlibus Rōmānōrum vāstāta essent, Mithradātēs fugātus

est, castra ēius dīrepta. Armenia quoque Minor, quam

tenuerat, eīdem sublāta est. Susceptus tamen est Mithradātēs

post fugam ā Tigrāne, Armeniae rēge, quī tum ingentī 10

glōriā imperābat, Persās saepe vīcerat, Mesopotamiam occupāverat

et Syriam et Phoenīcēs partem.

_Battle of Tigranocerta, 69 B.C._

=9.= Ergō Lūcullus repetēns hostem fugātum etiam rēgnum

Tigrānis ingressus est. Tigrānocertam, cīvitātem Arzanēnae,

nōbilissimam rēgnī Armeniacī, cēpit, ipsum rēgem 15

cum septem mīlibus quīngentīs clībanāriīs et centum mīlibus

sagittāriōrum et armātōrum venientem decem et octō

mīlia mīlitum habēns ita vīcit ut māgnam partem Armeniōrum

dēlēverit. Inde Nisibīn profectus eam quoque

cīvitātem cum rēgis frātre cēpit. Sed hī quōs in Pontō 20

Lūcullus relīquerat cum exercitūs parte, ut regīōnēs victās

et iam Rōmānōrum tuērentur, neglegenter sē et avārē

agentēs occāsiōnem iterum Mithradātī in Pontum inrumpendī[118]

dedērunt, atque ita bellum renovātum est. Lūcullō

parantī captā Nisibī contrā Persās expeditiōnem successor 25

est missus.

=10.= Alter autem Lūcullus, quī Macedoniam administrābat,

Bessīs prīmus Rōmānōrum intulit bellum atque eōs ingentī

55 proeliō in Haemō monte superāvit. Oppidum Uscudamam,

quod Bessī habitābant, eōdem diē quō aggressus est vīcit,

Cabylēn cēpit, ūsque ad Dānuvium penetrāvit. Inde multās

suprā Pontum positās cīvitātēs aggressus est. Illīc Apolloniam

ēvertit, Callatim, Parthenopolim, Tomos, Histrum, 5

Burziaonem cēpit bellōque cōnfectō Rōmam rediit. Ambō

triumphāvērunt, tamen Lūcullus, quī contrā Mithradātēn

pūgnāverat, māiōre glōriā, cum tantōrum rēgnōrum[119] victor

redisset.

=11.= Confectō bellō Macedonicō, manente Mithradāticō, 10

quod recedente Lūcullō rēx conlēctīs auxiliīs reparāverat,

bellum Crēticum ortum est. Ad id missus Q. Caecilius Metellus

ingentibus proeliīs intrā triennium omnem prōvinciam

cēpit, appellātusque est Crēticus atque ex īnsulā triumphāvit.

Quō tempore Libya quoque Rōmānō imperiō per 15

testāmentum Appiōnis, quī rēx ēius fuerat, accessit, in quā

inclutae urbēs erant Berenīcē, Ptolemāïs, Cȳrēnē.

_Cn. Pompey takes command, 66 B.C._

=12.= Dum haec geruntur, pīrātae omnia maria īnfestābant

ita ut Rōmānīs tōtō orbe victōribus sōla nāvigātiō tūta nōn

esset. Quārē id bellum Cn. Pompēiō dēcrētum est. Quod 20

intrā paucōs mēnsēs ingentī et fēlicitāte et celeritāte

cōnfēcit. Mox eī dēlātum etiam bellum contrā Mithradātēn et

Tigrānēn. Quō susceptō Mithradātēn in Armeniā Minōre

nocturnō proeliō vīcit, castra dīripuit, quadrāgintā mīlia

ēius occīdit, vīgintī tantum dē exercitū[120] suō perdidit et 25

duōs centuriōnēs. Mithradātēs cum uxōre fūgit et duōbus

comitibus. Neque multō post, cum in suōs saevīret, Pharnacis,

56 fīliī suī, apud mīlitēs sēditiōne ad mortem coāctus

venēnum hausit. Hunc fīnem habuit Mithradātēs. Periit

autem apud Bosporum, vir ingentis industriae[121] cōnsiliīque.

Rēgnāvit annīs sexāgintā, vīxit septuāgintā duōbus, contrā

Rōmānōs bellum habuit annīs quadrāgintā. 5

=13.= Tigrānī deinde Pompēius bellum intulit. Ille sē eī

dēdidit et in castra Pompēī sextō decimō mīliāriō ab Artaxatā

vēnit ac diadēma suum, cum prōcubuisset ad genua

Pompēī, in manibus ipsīus conlocāvit. Quod eī Pompēius

reposuit honōrificēque eum habitum rēgnī tamen parte 10

multāvit et grandī pecūniā. Adēmpta est eī[122] Syria, Phoenīcē,

Sophanēnē; sex mīlia praetereā talentōrum argentī

indicta, quae populō Rōmānō daret, quia bellum sine causā

Rōmānīs commōvisset.[123]

_Pompey subdues Syria and Palestine, 64 B.C._

=14.= Pompēius mox etiam Albānīs bellum intulit et eōrum 15

rēgem Orōdēn ter vīcit, postrēmō per epistulās ac mūnera

rogātus veniam eī ac pācem dedit. Hibēriae quoque rēgem

Artacēn vīcit aciē et in dēditiōnem accēpit. Armeniam

Minōrem Dēiotarō, Galatiae rēgī, dōnāvit, quia socius bellī

Mithradāticī fuerat. Attalō et Pylaemēnī Paphlagoniam 20

reddidit. Aristarchum Colchīs rēgem imposuit. Mox Itūraeōs

et Arabās vīcit. Et cum vēnisset in Syriam, Seleucīam,

vīcīnam Antiochīae[124] cīvitātem, lībertāte[125] dōnāvit,

quod rēgem Tigrānēn nōn recēpisset.[123] Antiochēnsibus

obsidēs reddidit. Aliquantum agrōrum Daphnēnsibus dedit, 25

57 quō lūcus ibi spatiōsior fieret,[126] dēlectātus locī

amoenitāte et aquārum abundantiā. Inde ad Iūdaeam trānsgressus

est, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, tertiō mēnse cēpit XII mīlibus

Iūdaeōrum occīsīs, cēterīs in fidem accēptīs. Hīs gestīs

in Asiam sē recēpit et fīnem antīquissimō bellō dedit. 5

_Cicero Consul. Conspiracy of Catiline, 63 B.C._

=15.= M. Tulliō Cicerōne ōrātōre et C. Antōniō cōnsulibus,

annō ab urbe conditā sexcentēsimō octōgēsimō nōnō, L.

Sergius Catilīna, nōbilissimī generis vir, sed ingeniī

prāvissimī, ad dēlendam patriam[127] coniūrāvit cum quibusdam

clārīs quidem sed audācibus virīs. Ā Cicerōne urbe expulsus 10

est. Sociī ēius dēprehēnsī in carcere strangulātī

sunt. Ab Antōniō, alterō cōnsule, Catilīna ipse victus

proeliō est interfectus.

_Triumphs of Metellus and Pompey, 62 B.C._

=16.= Sexcentēsimō nōnāgēsimō annō urbis conditae D. Iūniō

Sīlānō et L. Mūrēnā cōnsulibus Metellus dē Crētā triumphāvit, 15

Pompēius dē bellō pīrāticō et Mithradāticō. Nūlla

umquam pompa triumphī similis fuit. Ductī sunt ante

ēius currum fīliī Mithradātis, fīlius Tigrānis et Aristobūlus,

rēx Iūdaeōrum; praelāta est ingēns pecūnia et aurī atque

argentī īnfīnītum. Hōc tempore nūllum per orbem terrārum 20

grave bellum erat.

_Caesar Consul, 59 B.C. Governor of Gaul, 58-49 B.C._

=17.= Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō nōnāgēsimō tertiō

C. Iūlius Caesar, quī posteā imperāvit, cum L. Bibulō

58 cōnsul est factus. Dēcrēta est eī Gallia et Īllyricum cum

legiōnibus decem. Is prīmus vīcit Helvētiōs, quī nunc

Sēquanī appellantur, deinde vincendō[128] per bella gravissima

ūsque ad Ōceanum Britannicum prōcessit. Domuit autem

annīs nōvem ferē omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpēs, flūmen 5

Rhodanum, Rhēnum et Ōceanum est et circuitū patet ad

bis et trīciēs centēna mīlia[129] passuum. Britannīs mox bellum

intulit, quibus ante eum nē nōmen quidem Rōmānōrum cognitum

erat, eōsque victōs obsidibus acceptīs stīpendiāriōs

fēcit. Galliae[130] autem tribūtī nōmine annuum imperāvit 10

stīpendium quadringentiēs, Germānōsque trāns Rhēnum

aggressus immanissimīs proeliīs vīcit. Inter tot successūs

ter male pūgnāvit, apud Arvērnōs semel praesēns et absēns

in Germāniā bis. Nam lēgātī ēius duo, Titūrius et Aurunculēius,

per īnsidiās caesī sunt. 15

_Battle of Carrae; M. Licinius Crassus slain, 53 B.C._

=18.= Circā eadem tempora, annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō

nōnāgēsimō septimō, M. Licinius Crassus, conlēga Cn. Pompēī

Māgnī in cōnsulātū secundō, contrā Parthōs missus est

et cum circā Carrās contrā ōmen et auspicia dīmicāsset, ā

Surēnā Orōdis rēgis duce victus ad postrēmum interfectus

est cum fīliō, clārissimō et praestantissimō iuvene. 20

Reliquiae exercitus per C. Cassium quaestōrem servātae sunt,

quī singulārī animō[131] perditās rēs tantā virtūte restituit ut

Persās rediēns trāns Euphrātēn crēbrīs proeliīs vinceret.[132]

59 _The Civil War between Caesar and Pompey, 49-45 B.C.

Caesar invades Italy, Pompey flees to Greece, 49 B.C._

=19.= Hinc iam bellum cīvīle successit exsecrandum[133] et

lacrimābile, quō praeter calamitātēs, quae in proeliīs accidērunt,

etiam populī Rōmānī fortūna mūtāta est. Caesar enim

rediēns ex Galliā victor coepit poscere alterum cōnsulātum

atque ita, ut sine dubietāte aliquā eī dēferrētur. Contrādictum 5

est ā Mārcellō cōnsule, ā Bibulō, ā Pompēiō, ā Catōne,

iussusque dīmissīs exercitibus ad urbem redīre. Propter

quam iniūriam ab Arīminō, ubi mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat,

adversum patriam cum exercitū vēnit. Cōnsulēs cum Pompēiō

senātusque omnis atque ūniversa nōbilitās ex urbe 10

fūgit[134] et in Graeciam trānsiit. Apud Ēpīrum, Macedoniam,

Achaeam Pompēiō duce senātus contrā Caesarem bellum

parāvit.

_Caesar crosses to Spain._

=20.= Caesar vacuam urbem ingressus dictātōrem sē fēcit.

Inde Hispāniās petiit. Ibi Pompēī exercitūs validissimōs et 15

fortissimōs cum tribus ducibus, L. Āfraniō, M. Petrēiō, M.

Varrōne, superāvit. Inde regressus in Graeciam trānsiit,

adversum Pompēium dīmicāvit. Prīmō proeliō victus est

et fugātus, ēvāsit tamen, quia nocte interveniente Pompēius

sequī nōluit, dīxitque Caesar nec Pompēium scīre vincere 20

et illō tantum diē sē potuisse superārī. Deinde in Thessaliā

apud Palaeopharsālum prōductīs utrimque ingentibus

cōpiīs dīmicāvērunt. Pompēī aciēs habuit XL mīlia peditum,

equitēs in sinistrō cornū sexcentōs, in dextrō quīngentōs,

praetereā tōtīus Orientis auxilia, tōtam nōbilitātem, 25

60 innumerōs senātōrēs, praetōriōs, cōnsulārēs et quī māgnōrum

iam bellōrum victōrēs fuissent.[135] Caesar in aciē suā habuit

peditum nōn integra XXX mīlia, equitēs mīlle.

_Battle of Pharsalus. Pompey is defeated, flees to Egypt,

and is slain, 48 B.C._

=21.= Numquam adhūc Rōmānae cōpiae in ūnum neque

māiōrēs neque meliōribus ducibus convēnerant, tōtum terrārum 5

orbem facile subāctūrae,[136] sī contrā barbarōs dūcerentur.[137]

Pūgnātum tum est ingentī contentiōne, victusque ad postrēmum

Pompēius et castra ēius dīrepta sunt. Ipse fugātus

Alexandrīam petiit, ut ā rēge Aegyptī, cuī tūtor ā senātū

datus fuerat propter iuvenīlem ēius aetātem, acciperet auxilia. 10

Quī fortūnam magis quam amīcitiam secūtus occīdit

Pompēium, caput ēius et ānulum Caesarī mīsit. Quō cōnspectō

Caesar etiam lacrimās fūdisse dīcitur, tantī virī intuēns

caput et generī quondam suī.

_Caesar defeats Ptolemy._

=22.= Mox Caesar Alexandrīam vēnit. Ipsī quoque Ptolemaeus 15

parāre voluit īnsidiās, quā causā bellum rēgī inlātum

est. Victus in Nīlō periit inventumque est ēius corpus cum

lōrīcā aureā. Caesar Alexandrīā[138] potītus rēgnum Cleopatrae

dedit, Ptolemaeī sorōrī. Rediēns inde Caesar Pharnacēn,

Mithradātis Māgnī fīlium, quī Pompēiō in auxilium apud 20

Thessaliam fuerat, rebellantem in Pontō et multās populī

Rōmānī prōvinciās occupantem vīcit aciē, posteā ad mortem

coēgit.

61 _Battle of Thapsus, 46 B.C._

=23.= Inde Rōmam regressus tertiō sē cōnsulem fēcit cum

M. Aemiliō Lepidō, quī eī magister equitum dictātōrī ante

annum[139] fuerat. Inde in Āfricam profectus est, ubi īnfīnīta

nōbilitās cum Iubā, Mauretāniae rēge, bellum reparāverat.

Ducēs autem Rōmānī erant P. Cornēlius Scīpiō ex genere 5

antīquissimō Scīpiōnis Āfricānī (hīc etiam socer Pompēī

Māgnī fuerat), M. Petrēius, Q. Vārus, M. Porcius Catō,

L. Cornēlius Faustus, Sullae dictātōris fīlius. Contrā hōs

commissō proeliō post multās dīmicātiōnēs victor fuit Caesar.

Catō, Scīpiō, Petrēius, Iuba ipsī sē occīdērunt. Faustus, 10

Sullae quondam dictātōris fīlius, Pompēī gener, ā

Caesare interfectus est.

_Battle of Munda, 45 B.C._

=24.= Post annum[139] Caesar Rōmam regressus quārtō sē cōnsulem

fēcit et statim ad Hispāniās est profectus, ubi Pompēī

fīliī, Cn. Pompēius et Sex. Pompēius, ingēns bellum 15

praeparāverant. Multa proelia fuērunt, ultimum apud[140] Mundam

cīvitātem, in quō adeō Caesar paene victus est ut fugientibus

suīs sē voluerit occīdere, nē post tantam reī mīlitāris

glōriam in potestātem adulēscentium nātus annōs sex et

quīnquāgintā vēnīret. Dēnique revocātīs suīs vīcit. Ex 20

Pompēī fīliīs māior occīsus est, minor fūgit.

_Caesar Monarch, 45 B.C. Caesar Assassinated, 44 B.C._

=25.= Inde Caesar bellīs cīvīlibus tōtō orbe compositīs Rōmam

rediit. Agere īnsolentius[141] coepit et contrā cōnsuētūdinem

62 Rōmānae lībertātis. Cum ergō et honōrēs ex suā

voluntāte praestāret, quī ā populō anteā dēferēbantur, nec

senātuī ad sē venientī adsurgeret aliaque rēgia ac paene

tyrannica faceret, coniūrātum est[142] in eum ā sexāgintā vel

amplius senātōribus equitibusque Rōmānīs. Praecipuī fuērunt 5

inter coniūrātōs duo Brūtī ex eō genere Brūtī, quī prīmus

Rōmae cōnsul fuerat et rēgēs expulerat, et C. Cassius et

Servīlius Casca. Ergō Caesar, cum senātūs diē inter cēterōs

vēnisset ad cūriam, tribus et vīgintī vulneribus cōnfossus est.

LIBER SEPTIMUS

FROM THE ASSASSINATION OF CAESAR TO THE DEATH OF THE EMPEROR

DOMITIAN, 44 B.C.-96 A.D.

_Civil War with Hirtius and Pansa, 44-43 B.C._

=1.= Annō urbis septingentēsimō ferē ac nōnō interfectō 10

Caesare cīvīlia bella reparāta sunt. Percussōribus[143] enim

Caesaris senātus favēbat. Antōnius cōnsul partium Caesaris

cīvīlibus bellīs opprimere eōs cōnābātur. Ergō turbātā rē

pūblicā multa Antōnius scelera committēns ā senātū hostis

iūdicātus est. Missī ad eum persequendum duo cōnsulēs, 15

Pānsa et Hīrtius, et Octāviānus adulēscēns annōs X et VIII

nātus, Caesaris nepōs, quem ille testāmentō hērēdem relīquerat

et nōmen suum ferre iusserat. Hīc est, quī posteā

Augustus est dictus et rērum[144] potītus. Quī profectī contrā

Antōnium trēs ducēs vīcērunt eum. Ēvēnit tamen ut victōrēs 20

63 cōnsulēs ambō morerentur. Quārē trēs exercitūs ūnī

Caesarī Augustō pāruērunt.

_The Second Triumvirate, 43 B.C._

=2.= Fugātus Antōnius āmissō exercitū cōnfūgit ad Lepidum,

quī Caesarī[145] magister equitum fuerat et tum mīlitum cōpiās

grandēs habēbat, ā quō susceptus est. Mox Lepidō operam 5

dante Caesar pācem cum Antōniō fēcit et quasi vindicātūrus

patris suī mortem, ā quō per testāmentum fuerat adoptātus,

Rōmam cum exercitū profectus extorsit ut sibi vīcēsimō

annō cōnsulātus darētur. Senātum prōscrīpsit, cum Antōniō

ac Lepidō rem pūblicam armīs tenēre coepit. Per hōs[146] 10

etiam Cicero ōrātor occīsus est multīque aliī nōbilēs.

_The Battle of Philippi, 42 B.C._

=3.= Intereā Brūtus et Cassius, interfectōrēs Caesaris, ingēns

bellum mōvērunt. Erant enim per Macedoniam et

Orientem multī exercitūs, quōs occupāverant. Profectī sunt

igitur contrā eōs Caesar Octāviānus Augustus et M. Antōnius; 15

remānserat enim ad dēfendendam Ītaliam Lepidus.

Apud Philippōs, Macedoniae urbem, contrā eōs pūgnāvērunt.

Prīmō proeliō victī sunt Antōnius et Caesar, periit

tamen dux nōbilitātis Cassius, secundō Brūtum et īnfīnītam

nōbilitātem, quae cum illīs bellum gesserat, victam 20

interfēcērunt. Ac sīc inter eōs dīvīsa est rēs pūblica, ut

Augustus Hispāniās, Galliās et Ītaliam tenēret, Antōnius Asiam,

Pontum, Orientem. Sed in Ītaliā L. Antōnius cōnsul bellum

cīvīle commōvit, frāter ēius, quī cum Caesare contrā

Brūtum et Cassium dīmicāverat. Is apud Perusiam, Tusciae 25

cīvitātem, victus et captus est, neque occīsus.

64 _War with Sextus Pompey._

=4.= Interim ā Sex. Pompēiō, Cn. Pompēī Māgnī fīliō, ingēns

bellum in Siciliā commōtum est, hīs quī superfuerant

ex partibus Brūtī Cassiīque ad eum cōnfluentibus. Bellātum

per Caesarem Augustum Octāviānum et M. Antōnium adversus

Sex. Pompēium est. Pāx postrēmō convēnit. 5

=5.= Eō tempore M. Agrippa in Aquītāniā rem prōsperē

gessit et L. Ventidius Bassus inrumpentēs in Syriam Persās

tribus proeliīs vīcit. Pacorum, rēgis Orōdis fīlium, interfēcit

eō ipsō diē quō ōlim Orōdēs, Persārum rēx, per ducem

Surēnam Crassum occīderat. Hīc prīmus dē Parthīs iūstissimum 10

triumphum Rōmae ēgit.

=6.= Interim Pompēius pācem rūpit et nāvālī proeliō victus

fugiēns ad Asiam interfectus est. Antōnius, quī Asiam et

Orientem tenēbat, repudiātā sorōre Caesaris Augustī Octāviānī

Cleopatram, rēgīnam Aegyptī, dūxit uxōrem. Contrā 15

Persās etiam ipse pūgnāvit. Prīmīs eōs proeliīs vīcit,

regrediēns tamen famē et pestilentiā labōrāvit et, cum īnstārent

Parthī fugientī, ipse prō victō recessit.

_Civil War between Augustus and Antonius. The Battle of

Actium, 31 B.C._

=7.= Hīc quoque ingēns bellum cīvīle commōvit cōgente

uxōre Cleopatrā, rēgīnā Aegyptī, dum cupiditāte muliebrī 20

optat etiam in urbe rēgnāre. Victus est ab Augustō nāvālī

pūgnā clārā et inlūstrī apud Actium, quī locus in Ēpīrō est,

ex quā fūgit in Aegyptum et dēspērātīs rēbus, cum omnēs[147]

ad Augustum trānsīrent, ipse sē interēmit. Cleopatra sibi[148]

aspidem admīsit et venēnō ēius exstincta est. Aegyptus per 25

65 Octāviānum Augustum imperiō Rōmānō adiecta est praepositusque

eī C. Cornēlius Gallus. Hunc prīmum Aegyptus

Rōmānum iūdicem habuit.

_Imperial Government Established, 31 B.C._

=8.= Ita bellīs tōtō orbe cōnfectīs Octāviānus Augustus Rōmam

rediit, duodecimō annō[149] quam cōnsul fuerat. Ex eō 5

rem pūblicam per quadrāgintā et quattuor annōs sōlus obtinuit.

Ante enim duodecim annīs cum Antōniō et Lepidō

tenuerat. Ita ab initiō prīncipātūs ēius ūsque ad fīnem

quīnquāgintā et sex annī fuērunt. Obiit autem septuāgēsimō

sextō annō morte commūnī in oppidō Campāniae 10

Ātellā. Rōmae in campō Mārtiō sepultus est, vir, quī nōn

immeritō ex māximā parte deō[150] similis est putātus. Neque

enim facile ūllus eō[151] aut in bellīs fēlīcior fuit aut in pāce

moderātior. Quadrāgintā et quattuor annīs, quibus sōlus

gessit imperium, cīvīlissimē vīxit, in cūnctōs līberālissimus, 15

in amīcōs fīdissimus, quōs tantīs ēvēxit honōribus ut paene

aequāret fastīgiō suō.

_Extension of the Empire._

=9.= Nūllō tempore ante eum magis rēs Rōmāna floruit.

Nam exceptīs cīvīlibus bellīs, in quibus invictus fuit, Rōmānō

adiēcit imperiō Aegyptum, Cantabriam, Dalmatiam saepe 20

ante vīctam, sed penitus tunc subāctam, Pannoniam, Aquītāniam,

Īllyricum, Raetiam, Vindelicōs et Salassōs in Alpibus,

omnēs Pontī maritimās cīvitātēs, in hīs nōbilissimās

Bosporum et Panticapaeum. Vīcit autem multīs proeliīs

Dācōs. Germānōrum ingentēs cōpiās cecīdit, ipsōs quoque 25

66 trāns Albim fluvium summōvit, quī in Barbaricō longē ultrā

Rhēnum est. Hōc tamen bellum per Drūsum, prīvīgnum

suum, administrāvit, sīcut per Tiberium, prīvīgnum alterum,

Pannonicum, … quō bellō XL captīvōrum mīlia ex Germāniā

trānstulit et suprā ripam Rhēnī in Galliā conlocāvit. 5

Armeniam ā Parthīs recēpit. Obsidēs, quod nūllī anteā,

Persae eī dedērunt. Reddidērunt etiam sīgna Rōmāna,

quae Crassō victō adēmerant.

_Death of Augustus, 14 A.D._

=10.= Scythae et Indī, quibus anteā Rōmānōrum nōmen incognitum

fuerat, mūnera et lēgātōs ad eum mīsērunt. Galatia 10

quoque sub hōc prōvincia facta est, cum anteā rēgnum fuisset,

prīmusque eam M. Lollius prō praetōre administrāvit.

Tantō autem amōre[152] etiam apud barbarōs fuit ut rēgēs

populī Rōmānī amīcī in honōrem ēius conderent cīvitātēs,

quās Caesarēās nōminārent. Multī autem rēgēs ex rēgnīs 15

suīs vēnērunt, ut eī obsequerentur, et habitū Rōmānō, togātī

scīlicet, ad vehiculum vel equum ipsīus cucurrērunt. Moriēns

Dīvus appellātus. Rem pūblicam beātissimam Tiberiō

successōrī relīquit, quī prīvīgnus eī, mox gener, postrēmō

adoptiōne fīlius fuerat. 20

_Tiberius Emperor, 14-37 A.D._

=11.= Sed Tiberius ingentī sōcordiā imperium gessit, gravī

crūdēlitāte, scelestā avāritiā, turpī libīdine. Nam nūsquam

ipse pūgnāvit, bella per lēgātōs gessit suōs. Quōsdam rēgēs

ad sē per blanditiās ēvocātōs numquam remīsit, in quibus

Archelāum Cappadocem, cūius etiam rēgnum in prōvinciae 25

fōrmam redēgit et māximam cīvitātem appellārī nōmine

67 suō iussit, quae nunc Caesarēa dīcitur, cum Māzaca anteā

vocārētur. Hīc tertiō et vīcēsimō imperiī annō, aetātis

septuāgēsimō octāvō, ingentī omnium gaudiō mortuus est in

Campāniā.

_Caligula Emperor, 37-41 A.D._

=12.= Successit eī C. Caesar, cognōmentō Caligula, Drūsī, 5

prīvīgnī Augustī, et ipsīus Tiberī nepōs, scelerātissimus ac

fūnestissimus et quī etiam Tiberī dēdecōra pūrgāverit.[153]

Bellum contrā Germānōs suscēpit et ingressus Suēviam

nihil strēnuē fēcit. Cum adversum cūnctōs ingentī avāritiā,

libīdine, crūdēlitāte saevīret, interfectus in Palātiō est annō 10

aetātis vīcēsimō nōnō, imperiī tertiō, mēnse decimō diēque

octāvō.

_Claudius Emperor, 41-54 A.D._

=13.= Post hunc Claudius fuit, patruus Caligulae, Drūsī,

quī apud Mogontiacum monumentum habet, fīlius, cūius et

Caligula nepōs erat. Hīc mediē imperāvit, multa gerēns 15

tranquillē atque moderātē, quaedam crūdēliter et īnsulsē.

Britannīs intulit bellum, quam nūllus Rōmānōrum post

C. Caesarem attigerat, eāque dēvictā per Cn. Sentium et

A. Plautium, inlūstrēs ac nōbilēs virōs, triumphum celebrem

ēgit. Quāsdam īnsulās etiam ultrā Britanniās in 20

Ōceanō positās imperiō Rōmānō addidit, quae appellantur

Orchadēs, fīliō autem suō Britannicī nōmen imposuit.

Tam cīvīlis autem circā quōsdam amīcōs exstitit, ut etiam

Plautium, nōbilem virum, quī expeditiōne Britannicā multa

ēgregiē fēcerat, triumphantem ipse prōsequerētur et 25

cōnscendentī Capitōlium laevus incēderet. Is vīxit annōs IV

et LX, imperāvit XIV. Post mortem cōnsecrātus est Dīvusque

appellātus.

68 _Nero Emperor, 54-68 A.D._

=14.= Successit huic Nerō, Caligulae, avunculō suō, simillimus,

quī Rōmānum imperium et dēfōrmāvit et minuit, inūsitātae

lūxuriae[154] sūmptuumque, et quī exemplō C. Caligulae in

calidīs et frīgidīs lavāret unguentīs, rētibus aureīs piscārētur,

quae blattinīs fūnibus extrahēbat. Īnfīnītam senātus 5

partem interfēcit, bonīs[155] omnibus hostis fuit. Ad postrēmum

sē tantō dēdecōre prōstituit ut et saltāret et cantāret

in scaenā citharoedicō habitū vel tragicō. Parricīdia multa

commīsit frātre, uxōre, sorōre, mātre interfectīs. Urbem

Rōmam incendit, ut spectāculī ēius imāginem cerneret, quālī 10

ōlim Trōia capta ārserat. In rē mīlitārī nihil omnīnō ausus

Britanniam paene āmīsit. Nam duo sub eō nōbilissima

oppida capta illīc atque ēversa sunt. Armeniam Parthī

sustulērunt legiōnēsque Rōmānās sub iugum mīsērunt.

Duae tamen sub eō prōvinciae factae sunt, Pontus Polemōniacus 15

concedente rēge Polemōne et Alpēs Cottiae Cottiō

rēge dēfūnctō.

=15.= Per haec Rōmānō orbī exsecrābilis ab omnibus simul

dēstitūtus est et ā senātū hostis iūdicātus; cum quaererētur

ad poenam, quae poena erat tālis, ut nūdus per pūblicum 20

ductus furcā capitī ēius īnsertā virgīs ūsque ad mortem

caederētur atque ita praecipitārētur ā saxō, ē Palātiō fūgit

et in suburbānō sē lībertī suī, quod inter Salariam et

Nōmentānam viam ad quārtum urbis mīliārium est, interfēcit.

Is aedificāvit Rōmae thermās, quae ante Nerōniānae dictae 25

nunc Alexandriānae appellantur. Obiit trīcēsimō et alterō

aetātis annō, imperiī quārtō decimō, atque in eō omnis

Augustī familia cōnsūmpta est.

69 _Galba Emperor, 68-69 A.D._

=16.= Huic Serv. Galba successit, antīquissimae nōbilitātis

senātor, cum septuāgēsimum et tertium annum ageret aetātis,

ab Hispānīs et Gallīs imperātōr ēlēctus, mox ab ūniversō

exercitū lībenter acceptus. Nam privāta ēius vīta

īnsīgnis fuerat mīlitāribus et cīvīlibus rēbus. Saepe cōnsul, 5

saepe prō cōnsule, frequenter dux in gravissimīs bellīs.

Hūius breve imperium fuit et quod bona habēret exōrdia,

nisi ad sevēritātem prōpēnsior vidērētur.[156] Īnsidiīs tamen

Othōnis occīsus est imperiī mēnse septimō. Iugulātus in

forō Rōmae sepultusque in hortīs suīs, quī sunt Aurēliā viā 10

nōn longē ab urbe Rōmā.

_Otho Emperor, 69 A.D._

=17.= Otho occīsō Galbā invāsit imperium, māternō genere[157]

nōbilior quam paternō, neutrō tamen obscūrō. In privātā

vītā mollis et Nerōnī familiāris, in imperiō documentum

suī nōn potuit ostendere. Nam cum īsdem temporibus, 15

quibus Otho Galbam occīderat, etiam Vitellius factus esset

ā Germāniciānīs exercitibus imperātōr, bellō contrā eum

susceptō cum apud Bēdriacum in Ītaliā levī proeliō victus

esset, ingentēs tamen cōpiās ad bellum habēret, sponte sēmet[158]

occīdit. Petentibus mīlitibus nē tam cito dē bellī dēspērāret 20

ēventū, cum tantī[159] sē nōn esse dīxisset ut propter

eum bellum cīvīle movērētur, voluntāriā morte obiit trīcēsimō

et octāvō aetātis annō, nōnāgēsimō et quīntō imperiī

diē.

70 _Vitellius Emperor, 69 A.D._

=18.= Dein Vitellius imperiō[160] potītus est, familiā honōrātā

magis quam nōbilī. Nam pater ēius nōn admodum clārē

nātus trēs tamen ōrdināriōs gesserat cōnsulātūs. Hīc cum

multō dēdecōre imperāvit et gravī saevitiā nōtābilis, praecipuē

ingluviē et vorācitāte, quippe cum dē diē saepe quārtō 5

vel quīntō ferātur[161] epulātus. Nōtissima certē cēna memoriae

mandāta est, quam eī Vitellius frāter exhibuit, in quā

super cēterōs sūmptūs duo mīlia piscium, septem avium

apposita trāduntur. Hīc cum Nerōnī similis esse vellet

atque id adeō prae sē ferret, ut etiam exsequiās Nerōnis, 10

quae humiliter sepultae fuerant, honōrāret, ā Vespasiānī

ducibus occīsus est interfectō prius in urbe Sabīnō, Vespasiānī

imperātōris frātre, quem cum Capitōliō incendit.

Interfectus autem est māgnō dēdecōre: trāctus per urbem

Rōmam pūblicē, nūdus, ērēctō comā capite et subiectō ad 15

mentum gladiō, stercore in vultum et pectus ab omnibus

obviīs appetītus, postrēmō iugulātus et in Tiberim dēiectus

etiam commūnī caruit sepultūrā. Periit autem aetātis annō

septimō et quīnquāgēsimō, imperiī mēnse octāvō et diē ūnō.

_Vespasian Emperor, 69-79 A.D._

=19.= Vespasiānus huic successit, factus apud Palaestīnam 20

imperātōr, prīnceps obscūrē quidem nātus, sed optimīs

comparandus, privātā vītā inlūstris, ut quī ā Claudiō in

Germāniam et deinde in Britanniam missus trīciēs et bis cum

hoste cōnflīxerit, duās validissimās gentēs, vīgintī oppida,

īnsulam Vectam, Britanniae prōximam, imperiō Rōmānō 25

adiēcerit. Rōmae sē in imperiō moderātissimē gessit. Pecūniae

71 tantum avidior fuit, ita tamen, ut eam nūllī[162] iniūstē

auferret. Quam cum omnī dīligentiae prōvīsiōne conligeret,

tamen studiōsissimē largiēbātur, praecipuē indigentibus.

Nec facile ante eum cūiusquam prīncipis vel māior est

līberālitas comperta, vel iūstior. Placidissimae lēnitātis, 5

ut quī māiestātis quoque contrā sē reōs nōn facile pūnīret

ultrā exsiliī poenam. Sub hōc Iūdaea Rōmānō accessit

imperiō et Hierosolyma, quae fuit urbs nōbilissima Palaestīnae.

Achaeam, Lyciam, Rhodum, Bȳzantium, Samum,

quae līberae ante id tempus fuerant, item Thrāciam, Ciliciam, 10

Commāgēnēn, quae sub rēgibus amīcīs ēgerant, in

prōvinciārum fōrmam redēgit.

=20.= Offēnsārum[163] et inimīcitiārum immemor fuit, convīcia

ā causidicīs et philosophīs in sē dicta lēniter tulit, dīligēns

tamen coërcitor disciplīnae mīlitāris. Hīc cum fīliō Titō 15

dē Hierosolymīs triumphāvit. Per haec cum senātuī, populō,

postrēmō cūnctīs amābilis ac iūcundus esset, prōfluviō

ventris exstinctus est in vīllā propriā circā Sabīnōs, annum

agēns aetātis sexāgēsimum nōnum, imperiī nōnum et diem

septimum, atque inter Dīvōs relātus est. Genitūram fīliōrum 20

ita cognitam habuit, ut, cum multae contrā eum coniūrātiōnēs

fierent, quās patefactās ingentī dissimulātiōne

contempsit, in senātū dīxerit aut fīliōs sibi successūrōs, aut

nēminem.

_Titus Emperor, 79-81 A.D._

=21.= Huic Titus fīlius successit, quī et ipse Vespasiānus est 25

dictus, vir omnium virtūtum genere mirābilis adeō ut amor

et dēliciae humānī generis dīcerētur, facundissimus,

bellicōsissimus, moderātissimus. Causās Latīnē ēgit, poēmata

72 et tragoediās Graecē composuit. In oppūgnātiōne Hierosolymōrum

sub patre mīlitāns duodecim prōpūgnātōrēs duodecim

sagittārum cōnfīxit ictibus. Rōmae tantae cīvīlitātis

in imperiō fuit ut nūllum omnīnō pūnīerit, convīctōs adversum

sē coniūrātiōnis dīmīserit vel in eādem familiāritāte 5

quā anteā habuerit. Facilitātis et līberālitātis tantae fuit

ut, cum nūllī quicquam negāret et ab amīcīs reprehenderētur,

responderit nūllum trīstem dēbēre ab imperātōre discēdere,

praetereā cum quādam diē in cēnā recordātus fuisset

nihil sē illō diē cuīquam praestitisse, dīxerit: ‘Amīcī, hodiē 10

diem perdidī.’ Hīc Rōmae amphitheātrum aedificāvit et

quīnque mīlia ferārum in dēdicātiōne ēius occīdit.

=22.= Per haec inūsitātō favōre dīlēctus morbō periit in eā,

quā pater, vīllā post biennium et mēnsēs octō, diēs vīgintī,

quam imperātōr erat factus, aetātis annō alterō et 15

quadrāgēsimō. Tantus lūctus eō mortuō pūblicus fuit ut omnēs

tamquam in propriā doluerint orbitāte. Senātus obitū ipsīus

circā vesperam nūntiātō nocte inrūpit in cūriam et tantās eī

mortuō laudēs gratiāsque congessit, quantās nec vīvō umquam

ēgerat nec praesentī. Inter Dīvōs relātus est. 20

_Domitian Emperor, 81-96 A.D._

=23.= Domitiānus mox accēpit imperium, frāter ipsīus

iūnior, Nerōnī aut Caligulae aut Tiberiō similior quam patrī

vel frātrī suō. Prīmīs tamen annīs moderātus in imperiō fuit,

mox ad ingentia vitia prōgressus libīdinis, īrācundiae,

crūdēlitātis, avāritiae, tantum in sē odiī[164] concitāvit ut 25

merita et patris et frātris abolēret. Interfēcit nōbilissimōs ē

senātū. Dominum sē et deum prīmus appellārī iussit.

Nūllam sibi nisi auream et argenteam statuam in Capitōliō

73 passus est ponī. Cōnsōbrīnōs suōs interfēcit. Superbia

quoque in eō exsecrābilis fuit. Expeditiōnēs quattuor habuit,

ūnam adversum Sarmatās, alteram adversum Cattōs,

duās adversum Dācōs. Dē Dācīs Cattīsque duplicem triumphum

ēgit, dē Sarmatīs sōlam lauream ūsūrpāvit. Multās 5

tamen calamitātēs īsdem bellīs passus est; nam in Sarmatiā

legiō ēius cum duce interfecta est et ā Dācīs Oppius Sabīnus

cōnsulāris et Cornēlius Fuscus, praefectus praetōriō,

cum māgnīs exercitibus occīsī sunt. Rōmae quoque multa

opera fēcit, in hīs Capitōlium et Forum Trānsitōrium, Dīvōrum 10

Porticus, Īsīum ac Serāpīum et Stadium. Vērum cum

ob scelera ūniversīs exōsus esse coepisset, interfectus est

suōrum coniūrātiōne in Palātiō, annō aetātis quadrāgēsimō

quīntō, imperiī quīntō decimō. Fūnus ēius cum ingentī

dēdecōre per vespillōnēs exportātum et ignōbiliter est 15

sepultum.

LIBER OCTĀVUS

FROM THE ACCESSION OF NERVA TO THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER

SEVERUS, 96-235 A.D.

_Nerva Emperor, 96-98 A.D._

=1.= Annō octingentēsimō et quīnquāgēsimō ab urbe conditā

Vetere et Valente cōnsulibus rēs pūblica ad prōsperrimum

statum rediit bonīs prīncipibus ingentī fēlicitāte commissa.

Domitiānō enim, exitiābilī tyrannō, Nerva successit, vir in 20

prīvātā vītā moderātus et strēnuus, nōbilitātis mediae. Quī

senex admodum operam dante Petrōniō Secundō, praefectō

praetōriō, item Partheniō, interfectōre Domitiānī, imperātōr

est factus; aequissimum sē et cīvilissimum praebuit. Reī[165]

74 pūblicae dīvīnā prōvīsiōne cōnsuluit Trāiānum adoptandō.[166]

Mortuus est Rōmae post annum et quattuor mēnsēs imperiī

suī ac diēs octō, aetātis septuāgēsimō et alterō annō, atque

inter Dīvōs relātus est.

_Trajan Emperor, 98-117 A.D._

=2.= Successit eī Ulpius Crīnītus Trāiānus, nātus Ītalicae in 5

Hispāniā, familiā[167] antīquā magis quam clārā. Nam pater

ēius prīmum cōnsul fuit. Imperātōr autem apud Agrippīnam

in Galliīs factus est. Rem pūblicam ita administrāvit

ut omnibus prīncipibus meritō praeferātur, inūsitātae

cīvīlitātis et fortitūdinis. Rōmānī imperiī, quod post Augustum 10

dēfēnsum magis fuerat quam nōbiliter ampliātum,

fīnēs longē lātēque diffūdit. Urbēs trāns Rhēnum in Germāniā

reparāvit. Dāciam Decibalō victō subēgit prōvinciā

trāns Dānubium factā in hīs agrīs quōs nunc Taifalī, Victoalī

et Tervingī habent. Ea prōvincia deciēs centēna mīlia 15

passuum in circuitū tenuit.

=3.= Armeniam, quam occupāverant Parthī, recēpit Parthomasīrī

occisō, quī eam tenēbat. Albānīs rēgem dedit.

Hibērōrum rēgem et Sauromatārum et Bosporānōrum et

Arabum et Osdroēnōrum et Colchōrum in fidem accēpit. 20

Carduenōs, Marcomedōs occupāvit et Anthemūsiam, māgnam

Persidis regiōnem, Seleuciam, Ctēsiphōntem, Babylōnem;

Messēniōs vīcit ac tenuit. Ūsque ad Indiae fīnēs

et mare Rubrum accessit atque ibi trēs prōvinciās fēcit,

Armeniam, Assyriam, Mesopotamiam, cum hīs gentibus 25

quae Madenam attingunt. Arabiam posteā in prōvinciae

fōrmam redēgit. In marī Rubrō classem īnstituit, ut per

eam Indiae fīnēs vāstāret.

75 =4.= Glōriam tamen mīlitārem cīvīlitāte et moderātiōne superāvit,

Rōmae et per prōvinciās aequālem sē omnibus exhibēns,

amīcōs salūtandī[168] causā frequentāns vel aegrōtantēs

vel cum fēstōs diēs habuissent, convīvia cum īsdem indiscrēta

vicissim habēns, saepe in vehiculīs eōrum sedēns, nūllum 5

senātōrum laedēns, nihil iniūstum ad augendum fiscum

agēns, līberālis in cūnctōs, pūblicē prīvātimque dītāns omnēs

et honōribus augēns, quōs vel mediōcrī familiāritāte cognōvisset,

per orbem terrārum aedificāns multa, immūnitātēs

cīvitātibus tribuēns, nihil nōn tranquillum et placidum 10

agēns, adeō ut omnī ēius aetāte ūnus senātor damnātus sit

atque is tamen per senātum ignōrante Trāiānō. Ob haec

per orbem terrārum deō proximus nihil nōn venerātiōnis

meruit et vīvus et mortuus.

=5.= Inter alia dicta hoc ipsīus fertur ēgregium. Amīcīs 15

enim culpantibus, quod nimium circā omnēs commūnis esset,[169]

respondit tālem sē imperātōrem esse prīvātīs, quālēs esse

sibi imperātōrēs prīvātus optāsset. Post ingentem igitur

glōriam bellī domīque quaesitam ē Perside rediēns apud

Seleuciam Isauriae prōfluviō ventris exstinctus est. Obiit 20

autem aetātis annō sexāgēsimō tertiō, mēnse nōnō, diē

quārtō, imperiī nōnō decimō, mēnse sextō, diē quīntō decimō.

Inter Dīvōs relātus est sōlusque omnium intrā urbem

sepultus est. Ossa conlāta in urnam auream in forō, quod

aedificāvit, sub columnā posita sunt, cūius altitūdō CXLIV 25

pedēs habet. Hūius tantum memoriae dēlātum est ut

ūsque ad nostram aetātem nōn aliter in senātū prīncipibus

acclāmētur, nisi ‘Fēlīciōr Augustō,[170] meliōr Trāiānō.’ Adeō

in eō glōria bonitātis obtinuit, ut vel adsentantibus vel

76 vērē laudantibus occāsiōnem māgnificentissimī praestet

exemplī.

_Hadrian Emperor, 117-138 A.D._

=6.= Dēfūnctō Trāiānō Aelius Hadriānus creātus est prīnceps,

sine aliquā quidem voluntāte Trāiānī, sed operam dante

Plōtīnā, Trāiānī uxōre; nam eum Trāiānus, quamquam 5

cōnsōbrīnae suae fīlium, vīvus nōluerat adoptāre. Nātus

et ipse Ītalicae in Hispāniā. Quī Trāiānī glōriae invidēns

statim prōvinciās trēs relīquit, quās Trāiānus addiderat, et

dē Assyriā, Mesopotamiā, Armeniā revocāvit exercitūs ac

fīnem imperiī esse voluit Euphrātēn. Idem dē Dāciā facere 10

conātum amīcī dēterruērunt, nē multī cīvēs Rōmānī barbarīs

trāderentur, proptereā quia Trāiānus victā Dāciā ex tōtō

orbe Rōmānō īnfīnītās eō cōpiās hominum trānstulerat ad

agrōs et urbēs colendās. Dācia enim diūturnō bellō Decibalī

virīs fuerat exhausta. 15

=7.= Pācem tamen omnī imperiī suī tempore habuit, semel

tantum per praesidem dīmicāvit. Orbem Rōmānum circumiit;

multa aedificāvit. Fācundissimus Latīnō sermōne,

Graecō ērudītissimus fuit. Nōn māgnam clēmentiae glōriam

habuit, dīligentissimus tamen circā aerārium et mīlitum 20

disciplīnam. Obiit in Campāniā māior sexāgenāriō, imperiī

annō vīcēsimō prīmō, mēnse decimō, diē vīcēsimō nōnō.

Senātus eī tribuere nōluit dīvīnōs honōrēs, tamen cum successor

ipsīus T. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Fulvius hōc vehementer

exigeret, etsī ūniversī senātōrēs palam resisterent, tandem 25

obtinuit.

_Antoninus Pius Emperor, 138-161 A.D._

=8.= Ergō Hadriānō successit T. Antōnīnus Fulvius Bōiōnius,

īdem etiam Pius nōminātus, genere clārō, sed nōn admodum

77 vetere, vir īnsīgnis et quī meritō Numae Pompiliō cōnferātur,[171]

ita ut Rōmulō Trāiānus aequētur. Vīxit ingentī honestāte

prīvātus, māiōre in imperiō, nūllī acerbus, cūnctīs

benīgnus, in rē mīlitārī moderātā glōriā, dēfendere magis

prōvinciās quam amplificāre studēns, virōs aequissimōs ad 5

administrandam rem pūblicam quaerēns, bonīs honōrem

habēns, improbōs sine aliquā acerbitāte dētestāns, rēgibus

amīcīs venerābilis nōn minus quam terribilis, adeō ut barbarōrum

plūrimae nātiōnēs dēpositīs armīs ad eum contrōversiās

suās lītēsque dēferrent sententiaeque pārērent. Hīc 10

ante imperium dītissimus opēs quidem omnēs suās stīpendiīs

mīlitum et circā amīcōs līberālītātibus minuit, vērum

aerārium opulentum relīquit. Pius propter clēmentiam

dictus est. Obiit apud Lorium, vīllam suam, mīliāriō ab

urbe duodecimō, vītae annō septuāgēsimō tertiō, imperiī 15

vīcēsimō tertiō, atque inter Dīvōs relātus est et meritō

cōnsecrātus.

_Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Emperors, 161-169 A.D._

=9.= Post hunc imperāvit M. Antōnīnus Vērus, haud dubiē

nōbilissimus, quippe cum ēius orīgō paterna ā Numā Pompiliō,

māterna ā Sallentīnō rēge penderet, et cum eō L. Annius 20

Antōnīnus Vērus. Tumque prīmum Rōmāna rēs pūblica

duōbus aequō iūre imperium administrantibus pāruit, cum

ūsque ad eōs singulōs semper habuisset Augustōs. Hī et

genere inter sē coniūnctī fuērunt et adfīnitāte. Nam Vērus

Annius Antōnīnus M. Antōnīnī fīliam in mātrimōnium habuit, 25

M. autem Antōnīnus gener Antōnīnī Piī fuit per uxōrem

Galēriam Faustīnam iūniōrem, cōnsōbrīnam suam.

=10.= Hī bellum contrā Parthōs gessērunt, quī post victōriam

78 Trāiānī tum prīmum rebellāverant. Vērus Antōnīnus ad id

profectus est. Quī Antiochīae et circā Armeniam agēns multa

per ducēs suōs et ingentiā patrāvit. Seleucīam, Assyriae

urbem nōbilissimam, cum quadringentīs mīlibus hominum

cēpit; Parthicum triumphum revexit. Cum frātre eōdemque[172] 5

socerō triumphāvit. Obiit tamen in Venetiā, cum ā

Concordiā cīvitāte Altīnum proficīscerētur et cum frātre

in vehiculō sēderet, subitō sanguine ictus, cāsū morbī quem

Graecī apoplēxin vocant. Vir ingeniī parum cīvīlis, reverentiā

tamen frātris nihil umquam atrōx ausus. Cum obisset 10

ūndecimō imperiī annō, inter deōs relātus est.

_Marcus Aurelius reigns alone, 169-180 A.D._

=11.= Post eum M. Antōnīnus sōlus rem pūblicam tenuit, vir

quem mīrārī facilius quis quam laudāre possit. Ā prīncipiō

vītae tranquillissimus, adeō ut ex īnfantīa quoque vultum

nec ex gaudiō nec ex maerōre mutāverit. Philosophiae dēditus 15

Stoicae, ipse etiam nōn sōlum vītae moribus, sed etiam

ērudītiōne philosophus. Tantae admirātiōnis adhūc iuvenis

ut eum successōrem parāverit Hadriānus relinquere,

adoptātō tamen Antōnīnō Piō generum eī idcircō esse voluerit,

ut hōc ōrdine ad imperium pervenīret. 20

=12.= Īnstitūtus est ad philosophiam per Apollōnium[173]

Chalcēdōnium, ad scientiam litterārum Graecārum per Sextum

Chaerōnēnsem, Plūtarchī nepōtem, Latīnās autem eum litterās

Frontō, ōrātor nōbilissimus, docuit. Hīc cum omnibus

Rōmae aequō iūre ēgit, ad nūllam īnsolentiam ēlātus est 25

imperiī fastīgiō; līberālitātis prōmptissimae. Prōvinciās

ingentī benīgnitāte et moderātiōne trāctāvit. Contrā Germānōs

79 eō prīncipe rēs fēlīciter gestae sunt. Bellum ipse ūnum

gessit Marcomannicum, sed quantum nūllā memoriā fuit,

adeō ut Pūnicīs cōnferātur. Nam eō[174] gravius est factum,

quod ūniversī exercitūs Rōmānī perierant. Sub hōc enim

tantus cāsus pestilentiae fuit ut post victōriam Persicam 5

Rōmae ac per Ītaliam prōvinciāsque māxima hominum pars,

mīlitum omnēs ferē cōpiae languōre dēfēcerint.

=13.= Ingentī ergō labōre et moderātiōne, cum apud Carnuntum

iūgī trienniō perseverāsset, bellum Marcomannicum cōnfēcit,

quod cum hīs Quādī, Vandalī, Sarmatae, Suēvī atque 10

omnis barbaria commoverat, multa hominum mīlia interfēcit,

ac Pannoniīs servitiō līberātīs Rōmae rūrsus cum

Commodō Antōnīnō, fīliō suō, quem iam Caesarem fēcerat,

triumphāvit. Ad hūius bellī sūmptum cum aerāriō exhaustō

largītiōnēs nūllās habēret neque indīcere prōvinciālibus 15

aut senātuī aliquid vellet, īnstrumentum rēgiī cultūs

factā in forō Dīvī Trāiānī sectiōne distrāxit, vāsa aurea,

pōcula crystallina et murrina, uxōriam ac suam sēricam et

auream vestem, multa ōrnamenta gemmārum. Ac per duōs

continuōs mēnsēs ea vēnditiō habita est multumque aurī 20

redāctum. Post victōriam tamen ēmptōribus pretia restituit,

quī reddere comparāta voluērunt; molestus nūllī fuit

quī māluit semel ēmpta retinēre.

=14.= Hīc permīsit virīs clāriōribus ut convīvia eōdem cultū

quō ipse et ministrīs similibus exhibērent. In ēditiōne 25

mūnerum post victōriam adeō māgnificus fuit ut centum

simul leōnēs exhibuisse trādātur. Cum igitur fortūnātam

rem pūblicam et virtūte et mānsuetūdine reddidisset, obiit

XVIII imperiī annō, vītae LXI, et omnibus certātim adnitentibus

inter Dīvōs relātus est. 30

80 _Commodus Emperor, 180-193 A.D._

=15.= Hūius successōr L. Antōnīnus Commodus nihil paternum

habuit, nisi quod contrā Germānōs fēlīciter et ipse

pūgnāvit. Septembrem mēnsem ad nōmen suum trānsferre

conātus est, ut Commodus dīcerētur. Sed lūxuriā et obscēnitāte

dēprāvātus gladiātōriīs armīs saepissimē in lūdō, 5

deincēps etiam in amphitheātrō cum hūiusmodī hominibus

dīmicāvit. Obiit morte subitā atque adeō ut strangulātus

vel venēnō interfectus putārētur, cum annīs XII post patrem

et VIII mēnsibus imperāsset, tantā exsecrātiōne omnium ut

hostis humānī generis etiam mortuus iūdicārētur. 10

_Pertinax Emperor, 193 A.D._

=16.= Huic successit Pertināx, grandaevus iam et quī

septuāgenāriam attigisset aetātem, praefectūram urbī tum agēns,

ex senātūs cōnsultō imperāre iussus. Octōgēsimō diē imperiī

praetōriānōrum mīlitum sēditiōne et Iūliānī scelere

occīsus est. 15

=17.= Post eum Salvius Iūliānus rem pūblicam invāsit, vir

nōbilis et iūre perītissimus, nepōs Salvī Iūliānī, quī sub

Dīvō Hadriānō perpetuum composuit ēdictum. Victus est

ā Sevērō apud Mulvium pontem, interfectus in Palātiō.

Vīxit mēnsibus septem postquam coeperat imperāre. 20

_Septimius Severus Emperor, 193-211 A.D._

=18.= Hinc imperiī Rōmānī administrātiōnem Septimius

Sevērus accēpit, oriundus ex Āfricā prōvinciā Tripolitānā,

oppidō Leptī. Sōlus omnī memoriā[175] et ante et posteā ex

Āfricā imperātōr fuit. Hīc prīmum fiscī advocātus, mox

mīlitāris tribūnus, per multa deinde et varia officia atque 25

81 honōrēs ūsque ad administrātiōnem tōtīus reī pūblicae vēnit.

Pertinācem sē appellārī voluit in honōrem ēius Pertinācis,

quī ā Iūliānō fuerat occīsus. Parcus admodum fuit, natūrā

saevus. Bella multa et fēlīciter gessit. Pescennium Nigrum,

quī in Aegyptō et Syriā rebellāverat, apud Cȳzicum 5

interfēcit. Parthōs vīcit et Arabās interiōrēs et Adiabēnōs.

Arabās eō ūsque superāvit ut etiam prōvinciam ibi faceret.

Idcircō Parthicus, Arabicus, Adiabēnicus dictus est. Multa

tōtō orbe Rōmānō reparāvit. Sub eō etiam Clōdius Albīnus,

quī in occidendō Pertināce socius fuerat Iūliānō,[176] Caesarem 10

sē in Galliā fēcit, victusque apud Lugdūnum est interfectus.

=19.= Sevērus tamen praeter bellicam glōriam etiam cīvīlibus

studiīs clārus fuit et litterīs doctus, philosophiae scientiam

ad plēnum adeptus. Novissimum bellum in Britanniā

habuit, utque receptās prōvinciās omnī sēcūritāte mūnīret, 15

vāllum per CXXXII passuum mīlia ā marī ad mare dēdūxit.

Dēcessit Eborācī admodum senex, imperiī annō sextō

decimō, mēnse tertiō. Dīvus appellātus est. Nam fīliōs

duōs successōrēs relīquit, Bassiānum et Getam, sed Bassiānō

Antōnīnī nōmen ā senātū voluit impōnī. Itaque dictus 20

est M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus patrīque successit.

Nam Geta hostis pūblicus iūdicātus cōnfestim periit.

_Caracalla Emperor, 211-217 A.D._

=20.= M. igitur Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus, īdemque Caracalla,

mōrum ferē paternōrum fuit, paulō asperior et mināx.

Opus Rōmae ēgregium fēcit lavācrī, quae thermae Antōnīniānae 25

appellantur, nihil praetereā memorābile. Impatientis

libīdinis, quī novercam suam Iūliam uxōrem dūxerit. Dēfūnctus

est in Osdroēna apud Edessam moliēns adversum

82 Parthōs expedītiōnem annō imperiī sextō, mēnse secundō,

vix ēgressus quadrāgēsimum tertium annum. Fūnere pūblicō

ēlātus est.

_Macrinus Emperor, 218 A.D._

=21.= Deinde Opilius Macrīnus, quī praefectus praetōriō

erat, cum fīliō Diadūmenō factī imperātōrēs nihil memorābile 5

ex temporis brevitāte gessērunt. Nam imperium

eōrum duum mēnsuum et ūnīus annī fuit. Sēditiōne mīlitārī

ambō pariter occīsī sunt.

_Heliogabalus Emperor, 218-221 A.D._

=22.= Creātus est post hōs M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus. Hīc

Antonīnī Caracallae fīlius putābātur, sacerdōs autem 10

Heliogabalī templī erat. Is cum Rōmam ingentī et mīlitum et

senātūs exspectātiōne vēnisset, probrīs sē omnibus contāmināvit.

Impudicissimē et obscēnissimē vīxit, bienniōque post

et octō mēnsibus tumultū interfectus est mīlitārī et cum eō

māter Symiasera. 15

_Alexander Severus Emperor, 221-235 A.D._

=23.= Successit huic Aurēlius Alexander, ab exercitū Caesar,

ā senātū Augustus nōminātus, iuvenis admodum, susceptōque

adversus Persās bellō Xerxēn, eōrum rēgem, glōriōsissimē

vīcit. Mīlitārem disciplīnam sevērissimē rēxit.

Quāsdam tumultuantēs legiōnēs integrās exauctorāvit. 20

Adsessōrem habuit vel scriniī magistrum Ulpiānum, iūris

conditōrem. Rōmae quoque favōrābilis fuit. Periit in Galliā

mīlitārī tumultū tertiō decimō imperiī annō et diē nōnō.

In Mamaeam, mātrem suam, ūnicē pius.

83 LIBER NŌNUS

FROM THE ACCESSION OF MAXIMUS TO THE ABDICATION OF

DIOCLETIAN, 235-305 A.D.

_Maximinus Emperor, 235-237 A.D._

=1.= Post hunc Māximīnus ex corpore mīlitārī prīmus ad

imperium accessit sōlā mīlitum voluntāte, cum nūlla senātūs

intercessisset auctōritās neque ipse senātor esset. Is bellō

adversus Germānōs fēlīciter gestō cum ā mīlitibus imperātōr

esset appellātus, ā Pupiēnō Aquilēiae occīsus est 5

dēserentibus eum mīlitibus suīs cum fīliō adhūc puerō, cum quō

imperāverat trienniō et paucīs diēbus.

_Antonius Gordianus Emperor, 237-238 A.D. Gordianus III

Emperor, 238-244 A.D._

=2.= Posteā trēs simul Augustī fuērunt, Pupiēnus, Balbīnus,

Gordiānus, duo superiōrēs obscūrissimō genere, Gordiānus

nōbilis, quippe cūius pater, senior Gordiānus, cōnsensū 10

mīlitum, cum prōcōnsulātum Āfricae gereret, Māximīnō

imperante prīnceps fuisset ēlēctus. Itaque cum Rōmam

vēnissent, Balbīnus et Pupiēnus in Palātiō interfectī sunt,

sōlī[177] Gordiānō imperium reservātum. Gordiānus admodum

puer cum Tranquillīnam Rōmae dūxisset uxōrem, Iānum 15

Geminum aperuit et ad Orientem profectus Parthīs bellum

intulit, quī iam mōliēbantur ērumpere. Quod quidem fēlīciter

gessit proeliīsque ingentibus Persās adflīxit. Rediēns

haud longē ā Rōmānīs fīnibus interfectus est fraude Philippī,

quī post eum imperāvit. Mīles eī tumulum vīcēsimō 20

mīliāriō ā Circēsiō, quod castrum nunc Rōmānōrum est

Euphrātae inminēns, aedificāvit, exsequiās Rōmam revexit,

ipsum Dīvum appellāvit.

_Philip Emperor, 244-249 A.D._

84 =3.= Philippī duo, fīlius ac pater, Gordiānō occīsō imperium

invāsērunt atque exercitū incolumī reductō ad Ītaliam ex

Syriā profectī sunt. Hīs imperantibus mīllēsimus annus

Rōmae urbis ingentī lūdōrum apparātū spectāculōrumque

celebrātus est. Ambō deinde ab exercitū interfectī sunt, 5

senior Philippus Vērōnae, Rōmae iūnior. Annīs quīnque

imperāvērunt; inter Dīvōs tamen relātī sunt.

_Metius Decius Emperor, 249-251 A.D._

=4.= Post hōs Decius ē Pannoniā īnferiōre Budaliae nātus

imperium sūmpsit. Bellum cīvīle, quod in Galliā motum

fuerat, oppressit. Fīlium suum Caesarem fēcit. Rōmae 10

lavācrum aedificāvit. Cum imperāssent bienniō ipse et

fīlius, uterque in Barbaricō interfectī sunt. Senior meruit

inter Dīvōs referrī.

_Gallus Hostilianus and Volusianus Emperors, 251-253 A.D._

=5.= Mox imperātōrēs creātī sunt Gallus Hostīliānus et Gallī

fīlius Volusiānus. Sub hīs Aemiliānus in Moesiā rēs novās 15

mōlītus est; ad quem opprimendum cum ambō profectī

essent, Interamnae interfectī sunt nōn complētō bienniō.

Nihil omnīnō clārum gessērunt. Sōlā pestilentiā[178] et morbīs

atque aegritūdinibus nōtus eōrum prīncipātus fuit.

_Aemilianus Emperor, 253 A.D._

=6.= Aemiliānus obscūrissimē nātus obscūrius imperāvit ac 20

tertiō mēnse exstinctus est.

_Valerianus Emperor, 253-260 A.D._

=7.= Hinc Licinius Valeriānus in Raetiā et Nōricō agēns ab

exercitū imperātōr et mox Augustus est factus. Galliēnus

85 quoque Rōmae ā senātū Caesar est appellātus. Hōrum imperium

Rōmānō nōminī perniciōsum et paene exitiābile fuit

vel īnfēlīcitāte prīncipum vel ignāviā. Germānī Ravennam

ūsque vēnērunt. Valeriānus in Mesopotamiā bellum gerēns

ā Sapōre, Persārum rēge, superātus est, mox etiam captus 5

apud Parthōs ignōbilī servitūte cōnsenuit.

_Gallienus Emperor, 260-268 A.D._

=8.= Galliēnus cum adulēscēns factus esset Augustus, imperium

prīmum fēlīciter, mox commodē, ad ultimum perniciōsē

gessit. Nam iuvenis in Galliā et Īllyricō multa strēnuē

fēcit occīsō apud Mursam Ingenuō, quī purpuram sūmpserat, 10

et Trebelliānō. Diū placidus et quiētus, mox in omnem

lascīviam dissolūtus, tenendae reī pūblicae habēnās probrōsā

ignāviā et dēspērātiōne laxāvit. Alamannī vāstātīs

Galliīs in Ītaliam penetrāvērunt. Dācia, quae ā Trāiānō

ultrā Dānuvium fuerat adiectā, tum āmissa, Graecia, Macedonia, 15

Pontus, Asia vāstāta est per Gothōs, Pannonia ā

Sarmatīs Quadīsque populāta est, Germānī ūsque ad Hispāniās

penetrāvērunt et cīvitātem nōbilem Tarracōnem expūgnāvērunt,

Parthī Mesopotamiā occupātā Syriam sibi

coeperant vindicāre. 20

=9.= Iam dēspērātīs rēbus et dēlētō paene imperiō Rōmānō

Postumus in Galliā, obscūrissimē nātus, purpuram sūmpsit

et per annōs decem ita imperāvit ut cōnsūmptās paene prōvinciās

ingentī virtūte et moderātiōne reparāverit. Quī

sēditiōne mīlitum interfectus est, quod Mogontiacum cīvitātem, 25

quae adversus eum rebellāverat Laeliānō rēs novās

mōliente, dīripiendam[179] mīlitibus trādere nōluisset. Post

eum Marius, vīlissimus opifex, purpuram accēpit et secundō

86 diē interfectus est. Victorīnus posteā Galliārum accēpit

imperium, vir strēnuissimus, sed cum nimiae libīdinis[180] esset

et mātrimōnia aliēna corrumperet, Agrippīnae occīsus est

āctuāriō quōdam dolum māchinante, imperiī suī annō

secundō. 5

=10.= Huic successit Tetricus senātor, quī Aquitāniam honōre

praesidīs administrāns absēns ā mīlitibus imperātōr ēlēctus

est et apud Burdigalam purpuram sūmpsit. Sēditiōnēs

multās mīlitum pertulit. Sed dum haec in Galliā geruntur,

in Oriente per Odenāthum Persae victī sunt. Dēfēnsā 10

Syriā, receptā Mesopotamiā ūsque ad Ctēsiphōntem Odenāthus

penetrāvit.

_Claudius Emperor, 268-270 A.D._

=11.= Ita Galliēnō rem pūblicam dēserente Rōmānum imperium

in Occidente per Postumum, per Odenāthum in Oriente

servātum est. Galliēnus intereā Mediōlānī cum Valeriānō 15

frātre occīsus est imperiī annō nōnō, Claudiusque eī successit

ā mīlitibus ēlēctus, ā senātū appellatus Augustus. Hīc

Gothōs Īllyricum Macedoniamque vāstantēs ingentī proeliō

vīcit. Parcus vir ac modestus et iūstī[181] tenāx ac reī pūblicae

gerendae idōneus, quī tamen intrā imperiī biennium morbō 20

interiit. Dīvus appellātus est. Senātus eum ingentī honōre

decorāvit, scīlicet ut in cūriā clipeus ipsī aureus, item in

Capitōliō statua aurea pōnerētur.

_Quintillus Emperor, 270 A.D._

=12.= Quintillus post eum, Claudī frāter, cōnsēnsū mīlitum

imperātōr ēlēctus est, ūnicae moderātionīs[180] vir et 25

87 cīvīlitātis, aequandus frātrī vel praeponendus. Cōnsēnsū senātūs

appellātus Augustus septimō decimō diē imperiī occīsus est.

_Aurelian Emperor, 270-275 A.D._

=13.= Post eum Aurēliānus suscēpit imperium, Dāciā Rīpēnsī

oriundus, vir in bellō potēns, animī tamen immodicī et ad

crūdēlitātem prōpēnsiōris. Is quoque Gothōs strēnuissimē 5

vīcit. Rōmānam diciōnem ad fīnēs prīstinōs variā bellōrum

fēlīcitāte revocāvit. Superāvit in Galliā Tetricum apud

Catalaunōs ipsō Tetricō prōdente exercitum suum, cūius

adsiduās sēditiōnēs ferre nōn poterat. Quīn etiam per litterās

occultās Aurēliānum ita fuerat dēprecātus ut inter 10

alia versū[182] Vergiliānō uterētur: ‘Ēripe mē hīs, invicte,

malīs.’ Zēnobiam quoque, quae occīsō Odenāthō marītō

Orientem tenēbat, haud longē ab Antiochīā sine gravī

proeliō cēpit, ingressusque Rōmam nōbilem triumphum

quasi receptor Orientis Occidentisque ēgit praecēdentibus 15

currum Tetricō et Zēnobiā. Quī quidem Tetricus corrēctor

Lūcāniae posteā fuit ac prīvātus diūtissimē vīxit; Zēnobia

autem posterōs, quī adhūc manent, Rōmae relīquit.

=14.= Hōc imperante etiam in urbe monētāriī rebellāvērunt

vitiātīs pecūniīs et Fēlīcissimō rationālī interfectō. Quōs 20

Aurēliānus victōs ultimā crūdēlitāte compescuit. Plūrimōs

nōbilēs capite[183] damnāvit. Saevus et sanguinārius ac

necessārius magis in quibusdam quam in ūllō amābilis imperātōr.

Trux omnī tempore, etiam fīliī sorōris interfector, disciplīnae

tamen mīlitāris et morum dissolūtōrum māgnā ex parte corrēctor. 25

=15.= Urbem Rōmam mūrīs fīrmiōribus cīnxit. Templum

88 Sōlī aedificāvit, in quō īnfīnītum aurī gemmārumque cōnstituit.

Prōvinciam Dāciam, quam Trāiānus ultrā Dānuvium

fēcerat, intermīsit, vāstātō omnī Īllyricō et Moesiā dēspērāns

eam posse retinērī, abductōsque Rōmānōs ex urbibus et

agrīs Dāciae in mediā Moesiā conlocāvit appellāvitque eam 5

Dāciam, quae nunc duās Moesiās dīvīdit et est in dextrā

Dānuviō in mare fluentī, cum anteā fuerit in laevā. Occīditur

servī suī fraude, quī ad quōsdam mīlitārēs virōs, amīcōs

ipsīus, nōmina pertulit adnotāta falsō manum ēius imitātus,

tamquam Aurēliānus ipsōs pārāret occīdere; itaque ut 10

praevenīrētur, ab īsdem interfectus est in itineris mediō, quod

inter Cōnstantīnopolim et Hēraclēam est strātae veteris;

locus Caenophrūrium appellātur. Mors tamen ēius inulta

nōn fuit. Meruit quoque inter Dīvōs referrī.

_Tacitus Emperor, 275-276 A.D._

=16.= Tacitus post hunc suscēpit imperium, vir ēgregiē morātus 15

et reī pūblicae gerendae idōneus. Nihil tamen clārum

potuit ostendere intrā sextum mēnsem imperiī morte praeventus.

Flōriānus, quī Tacitō successerat, duōbus mēnsibus

et diēbus XX in imperiō fuit neque quicquam dīgnum memoriā

ēgit. 20

_Probus Emperor, 276-282 A.D._

=17.= Post hunc Probus, vir inlūstris glōriā mīlitārī, ad

administrātiōnem reī pūblicae accessit. Galliās ā barbarīs

occupātās ingentī proeliōrum fēlīcitāte restituit. Quōsdam

imperium ūsūrpāre cōnātōs, scīlicet Sāturnīnum in Oriente,

Proculum et Bonōsum Agrippīnae, certāminibus oppressit. 25

Vineās Gallōs et Pannoniōs habēre permīsit, opere mīlitārī

Almam montem apud Sirmium et Aureum apud Moesiam

superiōrem vīneīs cōnseruit et prōvinciālibus colendōs dedit.

89 Hīc cum bella innumera gessisset, pāce pārātā dīxit brevī

mīlitēs necessāriōs nōn futūrōs. Vir ācer, strēnuus, iūstus

et quī Aurēliānum aequāret glōriā mīlitārī, morum autem

cīvīlitāte superāret. Interfectus tamen est Sirmī tumultū

mīlitārī in turrī ferrātā. 5

_Carus Emperor, 282-283 A.D. Carus and Numerianus Emperors,

283-284 A.D._

=18.= Post hunc Cārus est factus Augustus, Narbōne nātus

in Galliā. Is cōnfestim Carīnum et Numeriānum fīliōs Caesarēs

fēcit. Sed dum bellum adversus Sarmatās gerit, nūntiātō

Persārum tumultū ad Orientem profectus rēs contrā

Persās nōbilēs gessit. Ipsōs proeliō fūdit, Cōchēn et 10

Ctēsiphōntem, urbēs nōbilissimās, cēpit. Et cum castra suprā

Tigridem habēret, vī dīvīnī fulminis periit. Numeriānus

quoque, fīlius ēius, quem sēcum Caesarem ad Persās dūxerat,

adulēscēns ēgregiae indolis, cum oculōrum dolōre correptus

in lectīculā veherētur, impulsōre Aprō, quī socer ēius 15

erat, per īnsidiās occīsus est. Et cum dolō occultārētur

ipsīus mors, quoūsque Aper invādere posset imperium, fētōre

cadāveris prōdita est. Mīlitēs enim, quī eum sequebantur,

putōre commōtī dēductīs lectīculae palliīs post aliquot diēs

mortem ēius nōtam habēre potuērunt. 20

_Diocletian Emperor, 284-305 A.D._

=19.= Intereā Carīnus, quem Caesarem ad Parthōs proficīscēns

Cārus in Īllyricō, Galliā, Italiā relīquerat, omnibus sē sceleribus

inquināvit. Plūrimōs innoxiōs fīctīs crīminibus occīdit,

mātrimōnia nōbilia corrūpit, condiscipulīs[184] quoque, quī

eum in auditōriō vel levī fatīgātiōne taxāverant, perniciōsus 25

90 fuit. Ob quae omnibus hominibus invīsus nōn multō post

poenās dedit. Nam dē Perside victor exercitus rediēns,

cum Cārum Augustum fulmine, Numeriānum Caesarem īnsidiīs

perdidisset, Dioclētiānum imperātōrem creāvit, Dalmatiā

oriundum, virum obscūrissimē nātum, adeō ut ā 5

plerīsque scrībae fīlius, ā nōnnūllīs Ānullīnī senātōris

lībertīnus fuisse crēdātur.

=20.= Is prīma mīlitum cōntiōne iūrāvit Numeriānum nūllō

suō dolō interfectum, et cum iūxtā eum Aper, quī Numeriānō

īnsidiās fēcerat, cōnstitisset, in cōnspectū exercitūs manū 10

Dioclētiānī percussus est. Posteā Carīnum omnium odiō et

dētestātiōne vīventem apud Margum ingentī proeliō vīcit,

prōditum ab exercitū suō, quem fortiōrem habēbat, aut certē

dēsertum, inter Viminācium atque Aureum montem. Ita

rērum[185] Rōmānārum potītus cum tumultum rūsticānī in 15

Galliā concitāssent et factiōnī suae Bacaudārum nōmen

impōnerent, ducēs autem habērent Amandum et Aeliānum,

ad subigendōs eōs Māximiānum Herculium Caesarem mīsit,

quī levibus proeliīs agrestēs domuit et pācem Galliae

refōrmāvit. 20

=21.= Per haec tempora etiam Carausius quī vīlissimē nātus

strēnuae mīlitiae ōrdine fāmam ēgregiam fuerat cōnsecūtus,

cum apud Bonōniam per trāctum Belgicae et Armoricī

pacandum mare accēpisset, quod Francī et Saxonēs īnfestābant.

Multīs barbarīs saepe captīs nec praedā integrā aut 25

prōvincialibus redditā aut imperātōribus missā cum suspiciō

esse coepisset cōnsultō ab eō admittī barbarōs, ut trānseuntēs

cum praedā exciperet atque hāc sē occasiōne dītāret,

ā Māximiānō iussus occīdī purpuram sūmpsit et Britanniās

occupāvit. 30

91 _Diocletian makes Maximianus Herculius Augustus, Constantius

and Maximianus Caesars._

=22.= Ita cum per omnem orbem terrārum rēs turbātae essent,

Carausius in Britanniīs rebellāret, Achilleus in Aegyptō,

Āfricam Quīnquegentiānī īnfestārent, Narseus Orientī

bellum īnferret, Dioclētiānus Māximiānum Herculium ex

Caesare fēcit Augustum, Cōnstantium et Māximiānum 5

Caesarēs, quōrum Cōnstantius per fīliam nepōs Claudī trāditur,

Māximiānus Gālerius in Dāciā haud longē ā Serdicā

nātus. Atque ut eōs etiam adfīnitāte coniungeret, Cōnstantius

prīvīgnam Herculī Theodōram accēpit, ex quā

posteā sex līberōs, Cōnstantīnī frātrēs, habuit, Gālerius 10

fīliam Dioclētiānī Valeriam, ambō uxōrēs quās habuerant

repudiāre compulsī. Cum Carausiō tamen, cum bella frūstrā

temptāta essent contrā virum reī[186] mīlitāris perītissimum,

ad postrēmum pāx convēnit. Eum post septennium

Allectus, socius ēius, occīdit, atque ipse post eum Britanniās 15

trienniō tenuit. Quī ductū Asclēpiodotī, praefectī praetōriō,

oppressus est. Ita Britanniae decimō annō receptae.

=23.= Per idem tempus ā Cōnstantiō Caesare in Galliā bene

pūgnātum est. Circā Lingonas diē ūnā adversam et secundam

fortūnam expertus est. Nam cum repentē barbarīs ingruentibus 20

intrā cīvitātem esset coāctus tam praecipitī necessitāte

ut clausīs portīs in mūrum fūnibus tollerētur, vix

quīnque hōrīs mediīs adventante exercitū sexāgintā ferē

mīlia Alamannōrum cecīdit. Māximiānus quoque Augustus

bellum in Āfricā prōflīgāvit domitīs Quīnquegentiānīs et 25

ad pācem redāctīs. Dioclētiānus obsessum Alexandrīae

Achilleum octāvō ferē mēnse superāvit eumque interfēcit.

Victōriā acerbē usus est; tōtam Aegyptum gravibus

92 prōscrīptiōnibus caedibusque foedāvit. Eā tamen occāsiōne

ōrdināvit prōvide multa et disposuit, quae ad nostram aetātem

manent.

=24.= Gālerius Māximiānus prīmum adversus Narseum proelium

īnsecundum habuit inter Callinīcum Carrāsque congressus, 5

cum incōnsultē magis quam ignavē dīmicāsset;

admodum enim parvā manū cum cōpiōsissimō hoste commīsit.

=25.= Pulsus igitur et ad Dioclētiānum profectus cum eī

in itinere occurrisset, tantā īnsolentiā ā Dioclētiānō fertur 10

exceptus ut per aliquot passuum mīlia purpurātus trādātur

ad vehiculum cucurrisse; mox tamen per Īllyricum Moesiamque

contrāctīs cōpiīs rūrsus cum Narseō, Hormisdae et

Sapōris avō, in Armeniā Māiōre pūgnāvit successū ingentī

nec minōre cōnsiliō, simul fortitūdine, quippe quī etiam 15

speculātōris mūnus cum alterō aut tertiō equite suscēperit.[187]

Pulsō Narseō castra ēius dīripuit; uxōrēs, sorōrēs, līberōs

cēpit, īnfīnītam extrīnsecus Persārum nōbilitātem, gazam

Persicam cōpiōsissimam. Ipsum in ultimās rēgnī solitūdinēs

ēgit. Quārē ā Dioclētiānō in Mesopotamiā cum praesidiīs 20

tum morante ovāns regressus ingentī honōre susceptus est.

Varia deinceps et simul et virītim bella gessērunt Carpīs et

Basternīs subāctīs, Sarmatīs victīs, quārum nātiōnum ingentēs

captīvōrum cōpiās in Rōmānīs fīnibus locāvērunt.

_Diocletian abdicates, 305 A.D._

=26.= Dioclētiānus morātus callidē fuit, sagāx praetereā et 25

admodum subtīlis ingeniī, et quī sevēritātem suam aliēnā

invidiā vellet explēre. Dīligentissimus tamen et sollertissimus

prīnceps et quī imperiō Rōmānō prīmus rēgiae

93 cōnsuētūdinis fōrmam magis quam Rōmānae lībertātis invexerit[188]

adorārīque sē iusserit,[188] cum ante eum cūnctī salūtārentur.

Ōrnamenta gemmārum vestibus calciāmentīsque

indidit. Nam prius imperiī īnsīgnē in chlamyde purpureā

tantum erat, reliqua commūnia. 5

=27.= Herculius autem prōpalam ferus et incīvīlis ingeniī,

asperitātem suam etiam vultūs horrōre sīgnificāns. Hīc

natūrae suae indulgēns Dioclētiānō in omnibus est sevēriōribus

cōnsiliīs obsecutus. Cum tamen ingravēscente aevō

parum sē idōneum Dioclētiānus moderandō imperiō esse 10

sentīret, auctor Herculiō fuit ut in vītam prīvātam concēderent

et statiōnem tuendae reī pūblicae viridiōribus

iūniōribusque mandārent. Cuī aegrē conlēga obtemperāvit.

Tamen uterque ūnō diē prīvātō habitū imperiī īnsīgnē

mūtāvit, Nicomediae Dioclētiānus, Herculius Mediōlānī, 15

post triumphum inclutum, quem Rōmae ex numerōsīs

gentibus ēgerant, pompā ferculōrum inlūstrī, quā Narseī

coniugēs sorōrēsque et līberī antē currum ductī sunt.

Concessērunt tamen Salōnās ūnus, alter in Lūcāniam.

=28.= Dioclētiānus prīvātus in vīllā, quae haud procul ā 20

Salōnīs est, praeclārō ōtiō cōnsenuit, inūsitātā virtūte ūsus,

ut sōlus omnium post conditum Rōmānum imperium ex

tantō fastīgiō sponte ad prīvātae vītae statum cīvīlitātemque

remeāret. Contigit igitur eī, quod nūllī post nātōs hominēs,

ut cum prīvātus obīsset,[189] inter Dīvōs tamen referrētur. 25

94 LIBER DECIMUS

FROM THE ABDICATION OF DIOCLETIAN TO THE DEATH OF JOVIAN,

305-364 A.D.

_Constantius I and Galerius Emperors, 305-306 A.D._

=1.= Hīs igitur abeuntibus administrātiōne reī pūblicae

Cōnstantius et Gālerius Augustī creātī sunt dīvīsusque inter

eōs ita Rōmānus orbis, ut Galliam, Ītaliam, Āfricam

Cōnstantius, Īllyricum, Asiam, Orientem Gālerius obtinēret,

sūmptīs duōbus Caesaribus. Cōnstantius tamen contentus 5

dīgnitāte[190] Augustī Ītaliae atque Āfricae administrandae

sollicitūdinem recusāvit, vir ēgregius et praestantissimae

cīvīlitātis, dīvitiīs prōvinciālium ac prīvātōrum studēns,

fiscī commoda nōn admodum adfectāns, dīcēnsque melius

pūblicās opēs ā prīvātīs habērī quam intrā ūnum claustrum 10

reservārī, adeō autem cultūs modicī ut festīs diēbus, sī

amīcīs numerōsiōribus esset epulandum, prīvātōrum eī

argentō ōstiātim petītō trīclīnia sternerentur. Hīc nōn

modo amābilis, sed etiam venerābilis Gallīs fuit, praecipuē

quod Dioclētiānī suspectam prūdentiam et Māximiānī 15

sanguināriam temeritātem imperiō ēius ēvāserant. Obiit in

Britanniā Eborācī prīncipātūs annō tertiō decimō atque

inter Dīvōs relātus est.

_Constantine Emperor, 306-307 A.D._

=2.= Gālerius, vir et probē morātus et ēgregius rē mīlitārī,

cum Ītaliam quoque sinente Cōnstantiō administrātiōnī 20

suae accessisse sentīret, Caesarēs duōs creāvit, Māximīnum,

quem Orientī praefēcit, et Sevērum, cuī Ītaliam dedit. Ipse

95 in Īllyricō morātus est. Verum Cōnstantiō mortuō Cōnstantīnus,

ex obscūriōre mātrimōniō ēius fīlius, in Britanniā

creātus est imperātōr et in locum patris exoptātissimus

moderātor accessit. Rōmae intereā praetōriānī excītō tumultū

Māxentium, Herculī fīlium, quī haud procul ab urbe 5

in vīllā pūblicā morābātur, Augustum nūncupāvērunt. Quō

nūntiō Māximiānus Herculius ad spem adrectus resūmendī

fastīgiī quod invītus āmīserat, Rōmam advolāvit ē Lūcāniā,

quam sedem prīvātus ēlēgerat in agrīs amoenissimīs

cōnsenēscēns, Dioclētiānumque etiam per litterās adhortātus 10

est ut dēpositam resūmeret potestātem, quās ille inrīsās

habuit. Sed adversum motum praetōriānōrum atque Māxentī

Sevērus Caesar Rōmam missus ā Gāleriō cum exercitū

vēnit obsidēnsque urbem mīlitum suōrum scelere dēsertus

est. Auctae Māxentī opēs cōnfirmātumque imperium. Sevērus 15

fugiēns Ravennae interfectus est.

=3.= Herculius tamen Māximiānus post haec in cōntiōne

exercitūs fīlium Māxentium nūdāre conātus sēditiōnem et

convīcia mīlitum tulit. Inde ad Galliās profectus est dolō

compositō, tamquam ā fīliō esset expulsus,[191] ut Cōnstantīnō 20

generō iungerētur, mōliēns tamen Cōnstantīnum repertā

occāsiōne interficere, quī in Galliīs et mīlitum et

prōvinciālium ingentī iam favōre rēgnābat caesīs Francīs atque

Alamannīs captīsque eōrum rēgibus, quōs etiam bestiīs,

cum māgnificum spectāculum mūneris parāsset, obiēcit. 25

Dētēctīs igitur īnsidiīs per Faustam fīliam, quae dolum

virō nūntiāverat, profūgit Herculius Massiliaeque oppressus

(ex eā etiam nāvigāre ad fīlium praeparābat) poenās dedit

iūstissimō exitū, vir ad omnem ācerbitātem saevitiamque

prōclīvis, īnfīdus, incommodus, cīvīlitātis penitus expers. 30

96 _Licinius Emperor, 307-324 A.D._

=4.= Per hōc tempus ā Gāleriō Licinius imperātōr est factus,

Dāciā oriundus, nōtus eī antīquā cōnsuētūdine et in bellō,

quod adversus Narseum gesserat, strēnuis labōribus et

officiīs acceptus. Mors Gālerī cōnfestim secūta. Ita rēs

pūblica tum ā novīs quattuor imperātōribus tenēbātur, 5

Cōnstantīnō et Māxentiō, fīliīs Augustōrum, Liciniō et

Māximīnō, novīs hominibus. Quīntō tamen Cōnstantīnus imperiī

suī annō bellum adversum Māxentium cīvīle commōvit,

cōpiās ēius multīs proeliīs fūdit, ipsum postrēmō Rōmae

adversum nōbilēs omnibus exitiīs saevientem apud pontem 10

Mulvium vīcit Ītaliāque est potītus. Nōn multō[192] deinceps

in Oriente quoque adversum Licinium Māximīnus rēs novās

mōlītus vīcīnum exitium fortuītā apud Tarsum morte praevēnit.

_Constantine the Great sole Ruler, 324-337 A.D._

=5.= Cōnstantīnus tamen, vir ingēns et omnia efficere nītēns 15

quae animō praeparāsset,[193] simul prīncipātum tōtīus orbis

adfectāns, Liciniō bellum intulit, quamquam necessitūdō

et adfīnitās cum eō esset; nam soror Cōnstantia nūpta

Liciniō erat. Ac prīmō eum in Pannoniā Secundā ingentī

apparātū bellum apud Cibalās īnstruentem repentīnus oppressit 20

omnīque Dardaniā, Moesiā, Macedoniā potītus numerōsās

prōvinciās occupāvit.

=6.= Varia deinceps inter eōs bella gesta, et pāx reconciliāta

ruptaque est. Postremō Licinius nāvālī et terrestrī proeliō

victus apud Nicomediam sē dēdidit et contrā religiōnem 25

sacrāmentī Thessalonīcae prīvātus occisus est. Eō tempore

rēs Rōmāna sub ūnō Augustō et tribus Caesaribus, quod

97 numquam aliās, fuit, cum līberī Cōnstantīnī Galliae, Orientī

Ītaliaeque praeessent. Verum īnsolentiā rērum secundārum

aliquantum Cōnstantīnus ex illā favōrābilī animī docilitāte

mūtāvit. Prīmum necessitūdinēs persecūtus ēgregium

virum fīlium et sorōris fīlium, commodae indolis iuvenem, 5

interfēcit, mox uxōrem, post numerōsōs amīcōs.

=7.= Vir prīmō imperiī tempore optimīs prīncipibus, ultimō

mediīs comparandus. Innumerae in eō animī corporisque

virtūtēs clāruērunt. Mīlitāris glōriae appetentissimus, fortūnā

in bellīs prōsperā fuit, vērum ita ut nōn superāret 10

industriam. Nam etiam Gothōs post cīvīle bellum variē

prōflīgāvit pāce hīs ad postremum datā, ingentemque apud

barbarās gentēs memoriae grātiam conlocāvit. Cīvīlibus

artibus et studiīs līberālibus dēditus, adfectātor iūstī amōris,

quem ab omnibus sibi et līberālitāte et docilitāte quaesīvit, 15

sīcut in nōnnūllōs amīcōs dubius, ita in reliquōs ēgregius,

nihil occāsiōnum praetermittēns, quō opulentiōrēs eōs

clāriōrēsque praestāret.

=8.= Multās lēgēs rogāvit, quāsdam ex bonō et aequō, plērāsque

superfluās, nōnnūllās sevērās, prīmusque urbem nōminis 20

suī ad tantum fastīgium ēvehere mōlītus est, ut Rōmae

aemulam faceret. Bellum adversus Parthōs mōliēns, quī

iam Mesopotamiam fatīgābant, ūnō et trīcēsimō annō imperiī,

aetātis sextō et sexāgēsimō, Nicomediae in vīllā

pūblicā obiit. Dēnūntiāta mors ēius est etiam per crīnītam 25

stellam, quae inūsitātae māgnitūdinis aliquamdiū fūlsit;

eam Graecī comētēn vocant. Atque inter Dīvōs meruit

referrī.

_The Sons of Constantine rule, 337-360 A.D._

=9.= Is successōrēs fīliōs trēs relīquit atque ūnum frātris

fīlium. Vērum Dalmatius Caesar prōsperrimā indole neque 30

98 patruō absimilis haud multō post oppressus est factiōne

mīlitārī et Cōnstantiō, patruēlī suō, sinente potius quam

iubente. Cōnstantīnum porrō bellum frātrī īnferentem et

apud Aquilēiam incōnsultius proelium aggressum Cōnstantis

ducēs interēmērunt. Ita rēs pūblica ad duōs Augustōs 5

redācta. Cōnstantis imperium strēnuum aliquamdiū et

iūstum fuit. Mox cum et valetūdine imprōsperā et amīcīs

prāviōribus uterētur, ad gravia vitia conversus, cum

intolerābilis prōvinciālibus, mīlitī iniūcundus esset, factiōne

Māgnenti occīsus est. Obiit haud longē ab Hispāniīs in castrō, 10

cuī Helenae[194] nōmen est, annō imperiī septimō decimō, aetātis

trīcēsimō, rēbus tamen plurimīs strēnuē in mīlitiā gestīs

exercituīque per omne vītae tempus sine gravī crūdēlitāte

terribilis.

=10.= Dīversa Cōnstantī fortūna fuit. Ā Persīs enim multa 15

et gravia perpessus saepe captīs oppidīs, obsessīs urbibus,

caesīs exercitibus, nūllumque eī contrā Sapōrem prōsperum

proelium fuit, nisi quod apud Singara haud dubiam victōriam

ferōciā mīlitum āmīsit, quī pūgnam sēditiōsē et stolidē

contrā ratiōnem bellī diē iam praecipitī poposcērunt. Post 20

Cōnstantis necem Māgnentiō Ītaliam, Āfricam, Galliās obtinente

etiam Īllyricum rēs novās habuit, Vetraniōne ad imperium

cōnsēnsū mīlitum ēlēctō. Quem grandaevum iam

et cūnctīs amābilem diūturnitāte et fēlīcitāte mīlitiae ad

tuendum Īllyricum prīncipem creāvērunt, virum probum et 25

mōrum veterum ac iūcundae cīvīlitātis, sed omnium līberālium

artium expertem adeō ut nē elementa quidem prīma

litterārum nisi grandaevus et iam imperātōr accēperit.

=11.= Sed ā Cōnstantiō, quī ad ultiōnem frāternae necis bellum

cīvīle commōverat, abrogātum est Vetraniōnī imperium; 30

99 novō inūsitātōque mōre cōnsēnsū mīlitum dēponere īnsīgnē

compulsus. Rōmae quoque tumultus fuit Nepotiānō, Cōnstantīnī

sorōris fīliō, per gladiātōriam manum imperium

vīndicante, quī saevīs exōrdiīs[195] dīgnum exitum nactus est.

Vīcēsimō enim atque octāvō diē a Māgnentiānīs ducibus 5

oppressus poenās dedit. Caput ēius pīlō per urbem circumlātum

est, gravissimaeque prōscrīptiōnēs et nōbilium caedēs

fuērunt.

=12.= Nōn multō post Māgnentius apud Mursam prōflīgātus

aciē est ac paene captus. Ingentēs Rōmānī imperiī vīrēs eā 10

dīmicātiōne cōnsūmptae sunt, ad quaelibet bella externa

idōneae, quae multum triumphōrum possent[196] sēcūritātisque

cōnferre. Orientī mox ā Cōnstantiō Caesar est datus patruī

fīlius Gallus, Māgnentiusque dīversīs proeliīs victus vim

vītae suae apud Lugdūnum attulit imperiī annō tertiō, 15

mēnse septimō, frāter quoque ēius Decentius Senonibus,

quem ad tuendās Galliās Caesarem mīserat.

=13.= Per haec tempora etiam ā Cōnstantiō multīs incīvīlibus

gestīs Gallus Caesar occīsus est, vir natūrā ferus et ad

tyrannidem prōnior, sī suō iūre imperāre licuisset.[197] 20

Silvānus quoque in Galliā rēs novās mōlītus ante diem

trīcēsimum exstīnctus est, sōlusque imperiō Rōmānō eō tempore

Cōnstantius prīnceps et Augustus fuit.

=14.= Mox Iūliānum Caesarem ad Galliās mīsit, patruēlem

suum, Gallī frātrem, trāditā eī in mātrimōnium sorōre, 25

cum multa oppida barbarī expūgnāssent, alia obsidērent,

ubique foeda vāstitās esset Rōmānumque imperium nōn

dubiā iam calamitāte nūtāret. Ā quō modicīs cōpiīs apud

Argentorātum, Galliae urbem, ingentēs Alamannōrum cōpiae

100 exstīnctae sunt, rēx nōbilissimus captus, Galliae restitūtae.

Multa posteā per eundem Iūliānum ēgregiē adversum barbarōs

gesta sunt summōtīque ultrā Rhēnum Germānī et

fīnibus suīs Rōmānum imperium restitūtum.

_Julian Emperor, 360-363 A.D._

=15.= Neque multō post, cum Germāniciānī exercitūs ā Galliārum 5

praesidiō tollerentur, cōnsēnsū mīlitum Iūliānus factus

Augustus est, interiectōque annō ad Īllyricum obtinendum

profectus Cōnstantiō Parthicīs proeliīs occupātō. Quī rēbus

cognitīs ad bellum cīvīle conversus in itinere obiit inter

Ciliciam Cappadociamque annō imperiī octāvō et trīcēsimō, 10

aetātis quīntō et quadrāgēsimō, meruitque inter Dīvōs referrī,

vir ēgregiae tranquillitātis, placidus, nimium amīcīs[198]

et familiāribus crēdēns, mox etiam uxōribus dēditior, quī

tamen prīmīs imperiī annīs ingentī sē modestiā ēgerit,

familiārium etiam locuplētātor neque inhonōrēs sinēns, quōrum 15

labōriōsa expertus fuisset officia, ad sevēritātem tamen

prōpēnsior, sī suspīciō imperiī movērētur, mītis aliās, et cūius

in cīvīlibus magis quam in externīs bellīs sit laudanda

fortūna.

_Eutropius takes part in the Parthian Expedition, 363 A.D._

=16.= Hinc Iūliānus rērum potītus est ingentīque apparātū 20

Parthīs intulit bellum, cuī expedītiōnī ego quoque interfuī.

Aliquot oppida et castella Persārum in dēditiōnem accēpit

vel vī expūgnāvit Assyriamque populātus castra apud

Ctēsiphōntem statīva aliquamdiū habuit. Remeānsque

victor, dum sē incōnsultius proeliīs īnserit, hostīlī manū 25

interfectus est VI Kal. Iul., imperiī annō septimō, aetātis

101 alterō et trīcēsimō atque inter Dīvōs relātus est, vir ēgregius

et rem publicam īnsīgniter moderātūrus, sī per fāta licuisset.

Līberālibus disciplīnīs apprīmē ērudītus, Graecīs doctior

atque adeō ut Latīna ērudītiō nēquāquam cum Graecā

scientiā convenīret, fācundiā ingentī et prōmptā, memoriae 5

tenācissimae, in quibusdam philosophō proprior. In amīcōs

līberālis, sed minus dīligēns quam tantum prīncipem decuit.

Fuērunt enim nōnnūllī quī vulnera glōriae ēius īnferrent.

In prōvinciālēs iūstissimus et tribūtōrum, quātenus fierī

posset, repressor. Cīvīlis in cūnctōs, mediōcrem habēns 10

aerāriī cūram, glōriae avidus ac per eam animī plērumque

immodicī, religiōnis Christiānae nimius īnsectātor, perinde

tamen ut cruōre abstinēret, M. Antōnīnō nōn absimilis,

quem etiam aemulārī studēbat.

_Jovian Emperor, 363-364 A.D._

=17.= Post hunc Ioviānus, quī tunc domesticus mīlitābat, 15

ad obtinendum imperium cōnsēnsū exercitūs lēctus est,

commendātiōne patris mīlitibus quam suā nōtior. Quī iam

turbātīs rēbus exercitū quoque inopiā labōrante ūnō ā Persīs

atque alterō proeliō victus pācem cum Sapōre, necessāriam

quidem, sed ignōbilem, fēcit multātus fīnibus[199] ac nōnnūllā 20

imperiī Rōmānī parte trāditā. Quod ante eum annīs mīlle

centum et duōbus dē vīgintī ferē, ex quō Rōmānum imperium

conditum erat, numquam accīdit. Quīn etiam legiōnēs

nostrae ita et apud Caudium per Pontium Telesīnum et in

Hispāniā apud Numantiam et in Numidiā sub iūgum missae 25

sunt, ut nihil tamen fīnium trāderētur. Ea pācis condiciō

nōn penitus reprehendenda foret, sī foederis necessitātem

tum cum integrum fuit mutāre voluisset, sīcut a Rōmānīs

102 omnibus hīs bellīs, quae commemorāvī, factum est. Nam

et Samnītibus et Numantīnīs et Numidīs cōnfestim bella

inlāta sunt neque pāx rata fuit. Sed dum aemulum imperiī

verētur, intra Orientem residēns glōriae parum cōnsuluit.

Itaque iter ingressus atque Īllyricum petēns in Galatiae 5

fīnibus repentīnā morte obiit, vir aliās neque iners neque

imprūdēns.

=18.= Multī exanimātum opīnantur nimiā crūditāte (inter

cēnandum enim epulīs indulserat), aliī odōre cubiculī, quod

ex recentī tēctōriō calcis grave quiēscentibus erat, quidam 10

nimietāte prūnārum, quās gravī frīgore adolērī multās

iusserat. Dēcessit imperiī mēnse septimō, tertiō decimō

Kal. Mārt., aetātis tertiō et trīcēsimō annō, ac benīgnitāte

prīncipum quī eī successērunt inter Dīvōs relātus est.

Nam et cīvīlitātī propior et natūrā admodum līberālis fuit. 15

Is status erat Rōmānae reī Ioviānō eōdem et Varroniānō

cōnsulibus annō urbis conditae mīllēsimō centēsimō et

octāvō decimō. Quia autem ad inclutōs prīncipēs venerandōsque

perventum est, interim operī modum dabimus. Nam

reliqua stilō māiōre dīcenda sunt. Quae nunc nōn tam 20

praetermittimus, quam ad māiōrem scrībendī dīligentiam

reservāmus.

FOOTNOTES

[1] H. 521, II, 2; M. 347; A. & G. 325; G. 585; B. 288.

[2] H. 379; M. 197; A. & G. 256; G. 336; B. 181, 1.

[3] H. 431; M. 255, 1; A. & G. 255, _d_, 1; G. 409; B. 227, 2, _a_.

[4] H. 397, 3, N. 3; M. 225, N. 2; A. & G. 216, _c_; G. 372, R. 2; B.

201, 1, _a_.

[5] H. 497, I; M. 382, 3; A. & G. 317, 2; G. 630; B. 282, 2.

[6] H. 517; M. 355; A. & G. 326; G. 586; B. 286, 2.

[7] H. 425, II; M. 242, 1; A. & G. 258, _c_, 2; G. 411; B. 232, 1.

[8] H. 386; M. 202; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.

[9] H. 425, II, 2, N. 2; M. 241, 2; A. & G. 258, _f_, 2; G. 385, N. 1;

B. 228, 1, _b_.

[10] H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, _a_, 1; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1.

[11] H. 397, 3; M. 225, 3; A. & G. 216, _a_, 3; G. 372; B. 201, 1.

[12] H. 384, 4, N. 3; M. 210; A. & G. 235, _b_; G. 353; B. 188, 2, _a_.

[13] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, R. 1; B. 188, 2, _d_.

[14] H. 509, N. 3; M. 403; A. & G. 337, _a_, 3; G. 596, 2; B. 320.

[15] H. 497, II; M. 328; A. & G. 317, 1; G. 545, 1; B. 282, 1.

[16] H. 498, I; M. 333, 1; A. & G. 331, _d_; G. 546; B. 295, 4.

[17] H. 412, 2; M. 233, 2; A. & G. 258, _a_, N. 2; G. 390, 2; B. 229, 1.

[18] H. 380, II; M. 199, 1; A. & G. 258, _b_; G. 337; B. 182, 1, _a_.

[19] H. 450, 4; M. 443, 1; A. & G. 102, _b_; G. 307, 2; B. 246, 3.

[20] H. 500, II: 495, VI; M. 337: 316, 2; A. & G. 319, 1: 287, _c_, R.;

G. 552, 1: 513; B. 284, 1: 268, 6.

[21] H. 396, III; M. 216; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.

[22] H. 542, III, N. 2: 544, 1; M. 291: 297; A. & G. 300: 318, _b_; G.

432, R.; B. 338, 3: 339, 2.

[23] H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, _b_, 3; G. 640, 4, (2); B. 304, 3,

_b_.

[24] H. 510; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304.

[25] H. 396, V; M. 223; A. & G. 215, _b_; G. 365; B. 203, 2.

[26] H. 515, III; M. 378, 1; A. & G. 326; G. 587; B. 309, 3.

[27] H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, _a_; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1.

[28] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, R. 1; B. 188, 2, _d_.

[29] H. 414, I; M. 236; A. & G. 243; G. 390, 2; B. 214, 1.

[30] H. 384, II, 5; M. 205, N.; A. & G. 230; G. 217; B. 187, II, _b_.

[31] H. 429; M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 231.

[32] H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223.

[33] H. 415, I; M. 247, 2; A. & G. 246; G. 401; B. 216.

[34] H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 1; B. 283, 2.

[35] H. 384, 4, N. 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235, _a_; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.

[36] H. 498, I; M. 333, 2; A. & G. 331; G. 546, 2; B. 295, 1.

[37] H. 409, II; M. 228; A. & G. 220, _a_; G. 378, 3; B. 208, 2, _a_.

[38] H. 235: 516, II; M. 100, 1: 357; A. & G. 128, _a_, 1: 321, G. 131,

1: 541; B. 116, 1: 286, 1.

[39] H. 419, III; M. 245; A. & G. 248; G. 399; B. 220, 1.

[40] H. 374; M. 192, 2; A. & G. 239, _c_; G. 339, _a_; B. 178, 1, _a_.

[41] H. 529, I; M. 388; A. & G. 334; G. 467; B. 300, 1, _a_.

[42] H. 420; M. 247, 1; A. & G. 248, _c_, 1; G. 401; B. 218.

[43] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219.

[44] H. 542, IV: 544, 1; M. 292: 297; A. & G. 301; G. 433; B. 338, 4,

_b_: 339, 1.

[45] H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226.

[46] H. 508: 527, I; M. 363: 402; A. & G. 307, _c_: 337, 3; G. 595, R.

1; B. 319, B, 3rd ex. _a_.

[47] H. 524; M. 392; A. & G. 336, 2; G. 650; B. 314, 1.

[48] H. 412, 3, N.; M. 233, 3; A. & G. 258, _a_, N. 1; G. 391, R. 1; B.

229, 2.

[49] H. 497, II; M. 328; A. & G. 317, 1; G. 545, 1; B. 282, 1.

[50] H. 396, V; M. 221; A. & G. 214, _e_; G. 368; B. 197.

[51] H. 391, I, footnote; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1.

[52] H. 425, II, 2; M. 241, 3; A. & G. 258, _d_; G. 385, N. 1; B. 228,

1, _c_.

[53] H. 385, I; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, _a_.

[54] H. 123; M. 55, 1; A. & G. 73; G. 64; B. 53.

[55] H. 404; M. 224; A. & G. 252, _a_; G. 380; B. 203, 3.

[56] H. 524, 2, 2; M. 392, N. 3; A. & G. 336, _d_; G. 628, R. _a_; B,

314, 3.

[57] H. 542, III: 544, 1; M. 291: 297; A. & G. 300; G. 432; B. 338, 3:

339.

[58] H. 396, V; M. 223; A. & G. 215, _b_; G. 365; B. 203, 2.

[59] H. 542, III; M. 291; A. & G. 300; G. 432; B. 338, 3.

[60] H. 419, I; M. 244; A. & G. 248, _a_; G. 392; B. 222.

[61] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1.

[62] H. 384, 5; M. 205, N.; A. & G. 230; G. 217; B. 187, II, _b_.

[63] H. 425, II, 2; M. 241, 3; A. & G. 258, _f_, 2; G. 385, N. 1; B.

228, 1, _b_.

[64] H. 542, IV, (1); M. 292; A. & G. 301, 1; G. 431; B. 338, 4, _a_.

[65] H. 384, II, 1, 2); M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 2; B. 188, 1.

[66] H. 429; M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256, 1; G. 393; B. 230.

[67] H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.

[68] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219.

[69] H. 419, III; M. 245; A. & G. 248; G. 399; B. 220.

[70] H. 425, II; M. 242, 1; A. & G. 258, _c_, 2; G. 411; B. 232, 1.

[71] H. 549, 5; M. 281, 4; A. & G. 292, R.; G. 664, R. 1, 2; B. 337, 2.

[72] H. 420, 1, 3); M. 247, 1; A. & G. 258, _g_; G. 401; B. 218, 9.

[73] H. 386; M. 212, N. 1; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.

[74] H. 519, II, 2; M. 354; A. & G. 328; G. 572; B. 293, III, 2.

[75] H. 523, III, and footnote 4; M. 393; A. & G. 339; G. 652; B. 316.

[76] H. 524, 2, 2; M. 392, N. 3; A. & G. 336, _d_; G. 628, R. _a_; B.

314, 3.

[77] H. 379, 1; M. 197; A. & G. 256, _a_; G. 336; B. 181, 2.

[78] H. 498, III; M. 336; A. & G. 331, _f_; G. 550, 2; B. 296, 2.

[79] H. 390, I; M. 206; A. & G. 233, _a_; G. 356; B. 191, 2, _a_.

[80] H. 431, 4; M. 255, 1; A. & G. 255, _d_, 1; G. 409; B. 227, 2, _a_.

[81] H. 425, II, 1, 1); M. 240, 2; A. & G. 259, _a_; G. 389; B. 218, 7.

[82] H. 549, 5, N. 2; M. 286; A. & G. 292, _a_; G. 325, R. 3; B. 337, 5.

[83] H. 466, N.; M. 295, 1; A. & G. 294, _b_; G. 251; B. 337, 7, _b_, 1.

[84] H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226.

[85] H. 499, 3; M. 333, 3; A. & G. 331, N.; G. 546, 1; B. 295, 1.

[86] H. 384, 4, N. 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235, _a_; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.

[87] H. 396, I; M. 217, 2; A. & G. 214, _c_; G. 366; B. 198, 3.

[88] H. 396, V; M. 222, 224, N.; A. & G. 215; G. 366; B. 203, 5.

[89] H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.

[90] H. 542, III; M. 291; A. & G. 300; G. 430; B. 338, 3.

[91] H. 415; M. 234; A. & G. 244; G. 395; B. 215.

[92] H. 417, 2; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223.

[93] H. 549, 5; M. 281, 4; A. & G. 292, R.; G. 664, R. 1; B. 337, 2.

[94] H. 396, III; M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.

[95] H. 416; M. 238; A. & G. 253, N.; G. 408, N. 1; B. 219, 2.

[96] H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1.

[97] H. 515, III; M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, _d_; G. 587; B. 309, 3.

[98] H. 521, II, 2: 466, N.; M. 348: 98, 1; A. & G. 325: 293, _a_; G.

585: 247; B. 288: 115.

[99] H. 301, 1; M. 145, 3; A. & G. 230; G. 208, 2; B. 187, II, _b_.

[100] H. 467, III, 4; M. 352; A. & G. 276, 3; G. 570; B. 293, I.

[101] H. 498, III; M. 336; A. & G. 331, _f_; G. 550; B. 296, 2.

[102] H. 414; M. 236; A. & G. 243; G. 390, 2; B. 214, 1, _b_.

[103] H. 384, II, 2); M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.

[104] H. 387; M. 212; A. & G. 231; G. 349; B. 190.

[105] H. 397, 3, N. 3; M. 225, N. 2; A. & G. 216, _c_; G. 372, R. 2; B.

201, 1, _a_.

[106] H. 500, II; M. 382, 4; A. & G. 319, 1; G. 552, 1; B. 284, 1.

[107] H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, _b_, 2; G. 670, 3; B. 337, 4.

[108] H. 501, II, 1; M. 341, 1; A. & G. 332; G. 553; B. 297, 1.

[109] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219.

[110] H. 412, II; M. 236, 2; A. & G. 258, _a_; G. 391; B. 229, 1, _a_.

[111] H. 529, I; M. 388; A. & G. 334; G. 467; B. 300, 1.

[112] H. 397, 2; M. 225, 1; A. & G. 216, _a_, 2; G. 370; B. 201, 1.

[113] H. 467, 4; M. 352; A. & G. 276, 3; G. 570; B. 293, I.

[114] H. 412, II, 3, N.; M. 233, 3; A. & G. 258, _a_, N. 1; G. 391, R.

1; B. 292, 2.

[115] H. 380, II; M. 199, 1; A. & G. 258, _b_; G. 337; B. 182, 1, _a_.

[116] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1.

[117] H. 397, 3; M. 225, 3; A. & G. 216, _a_, 2; G. 372; B. 201, 1.

[118] H. 542, I; M. 289, 1; A. & G. 298; G. 428; B. 338, 1, _a_.

[119] H. 396, III; M. 216, I; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.

[120] H. 397, 3, N. 3; M. 225, N. 2; A. & G. 216, _c_; G. 372, R. 2; B.

201, 1, _a_.

[121] H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1.

[122] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 345, R. 1; B. 188, 2, _d_.

[123] H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1.

[124] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1.

[125] H. 384, II, 2; M. 203; A. & G. 225, 3, _d_; G. 348; B. 187, 1,

_a_.

[126] H. 497, II; M. 382, 3; A. & G. 317, 2; G. 545, 2; B. 282, 2.

[127] H. 544, 1; M. 296; A. & G. 300; G. 432, R.; B. 339, 2.

[128] H. 542, IV; M. 292; A. & G. 301, footnote; G. 431, 3; B. 338, 4,

_a_.

[129] H. 379; M. 196; A. & G. 257; G. 335; B. 181, 1.

[130] H. 384, II; M. 205; A. & G. 227, _f_; G. 346; B. 187, II, _a_.

[131] H. 419, II; M. 246; A. & G. 251; G. 400; B. 224.

[132] H. 500, II; M. 338; A. & G. 319, 1; G. 552, 1; B. 284, 1.

[133] H. 543; M. 295, 1; A. & G. 294, _a_; G. 438, N.; B. 337, 7, _a_.

[134] H. 463, I; M. 175, 2; A. & G. 205, _d_; G. 285, 1; B. 255, 3.

[135] H. 503, I; M. 383, 2; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 1.

[136] H. 549, 3; M. 283; A. & G. 293, _b_, 3; G. 670, 4, (1); B. 337, 4.

[137] H. 509, N. 3; M. 366; A. & G. 307, _f_; G. 596, 2; B. 302, 3, _a_.

[138] H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1.

[139] H. 430; M. 258, 1; A. & G. 259, _d_; G. 403, N. 4, (_a_); B. 357,

1.

[140] H. 433, 1; M. 258, 1; A. & G. 258, _c_, N. 1; G. 416, 4; B. 141.

[141] H. 444, 1; M. 426; A. & G. 93, _a_; G. 297, 2; B. 240, 1.

[142] H. 301; M. 145, 3; A. & G. 146, _d_; G. 208, 2; B. 187, II, _b_.

[143] H. 385, I; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, III, _a_.

[144] H. 410, V, 3; M. 231; A. & G. 223, _a_; G. 407, 2, (_d_); B. 212,

2.

[145] H. 384, II, 4, N. 2; M. 208; A. & G. 235; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.

[146] H. 415, I, 1, N. 1; M. 247, 3; A. & G. 246, _b_; G. 401, end; B.

141.

[147] H. 517; M. 355; A. & G. 326; G. 586; B. 286, 2.

[148] H. 386; M. 202, 1; A. & G. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.

[149] H. 430 (last example); M. 249; A. & G. 262, N. 2; G. 563, 2; B.

230.

[150] H. 391; M. 214; A. & G. 234; G. 359; B. 192, 1.

[151] H. 417; M. 239, 1; A. & G. 247; G. 398; B. 217, 1.

[152] H. 419, II; M. 246; A. & G. 251; G. 400; B. 224, 1.

[153] H. 503, I; M. 383, 2; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 1.

[154] H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1.

[155] H. 391; M. 214; A. & G. 234; G. 359; B. 192, 1.

[156] H. 510, II; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304, 1.

[157] H. 424; M. 238, 1; A. & G. 253; G. 397; B. 226.

[158] H. 184, 3; M. 77, 2; A. & G. 99, _f_; G. 102, N. 2; B. 6, 3.

[159] H. 404; M. 224; A. & G. 252, _a_; G. 379; B. 203, 3.

[160] H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1.

[161] H. 517, 3, 1); M. 382, 2, N.; A. & G. 326, N. 1; G. 498, N. 8; B.

286, 2.

[162] H. 385, II, 2; M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 347, 5; B. 188, 2, _d_.

[163] H. 399; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218; G. 374; B. 204, 1.

[164] H. 397, 3; M. 225, 2; A. & G. 216, _a_, 3; G. 369; B. 201, 2.

[165] H. 385, 1; M. 204; A. & G. 227, _c_; G. 346, R. 2, N. 2; B. 187,

III.

[166] H. 542, IV; M. 292; A. & G. 301; G. 431; B. 338, 4, _a_.

[167] H. 415; M. 234; A. & G. 244; G. 395; B. 215.

[168] H. 542, I; M. 289; A. & G. 298; G. 428; B. 338, 1, _c_.

[169] H. 516, II; M. 357; A. & G. 321; G. 541; B. 286, 1.

[170] H. 417; M. 239, 1; A. & G. 247; G. 398; B. 217, 1.

[171] H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 1; B. 283, 1.

[172] H. 451, 3; M. 446; A. &. G. 195, _e_; G. 310; B. 248, 1.

[173] H. 415, I, N. 1; M. 247, 3; A. & G. 246, _b_; G. 401; B. 141.

[174] H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223.

[175] H. 429; M. 243, 2; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 231.

[176] H. 387; M. 212; A. & G. 231; G. 349; B. 190.

[177] H. 384, 4; M. 208; A. & G. 235, _a_; G. 350, 1; B. 188, 1.

[178] H. 416; M. 254; A. & G. 245; G. 408; B. 219.

[179] H. 544, 2, N. 2; M. 295, 2; A. & G. 294, _d_; G. 430; B. 337, 7,

_b_, 2).

[180] H. 396, V; M. 222; A. & G. 215; G. 365; B. 203, 1.

[181] H. 399, II; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218, _b_; G. 375; B. 204, 1.

[182] H. 421, I; M. 253; A. & G. 249; G. 407; B. 218, 1.

[183] H. 410, III; M. 251; A. & G. 220, _b_, 1; G. 404; B. 208, 2, _b_.

[184] H. 391, I; M. 214; A. & G. 234, _a_; G. 359; B. 192, 1.

[185] H. 410, V. 3; M. 231; A. & G. 223, _a_; G. 407, N. 2, (_d_); B.

212, 2.

[186] H. 399, 2; M. 226, 1; A. & G. 218, _a_; G. 374; B. 204, 1.

[187] H. 517, 3, 1); M. 382, 2 N.; A. & G. 320, _c_; G. 633; B. 283, 3.

[188] H. 503, I; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 2.

[189] H. 515, III; M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, _d_; G. 587; B. 309, 3.

[190] H. 421, III; M. 247, N. 1; A. & G. 254, _b_, 2; G. 401, N. 6; B.

219, 1.

[191] H. 513, II; M. 375; A. & G. 312; G. 602; B. 307, 1.

[192] H. 423; M. 248; A. & G. 250; G. 403; B. 223.

[193] H. 235; M. 100, 1; A. & G. 128, _a_, 1; G. 131, 1; B. 116, 1.

[194] H. 387, N. 1; M. 212, N. 2; A. & G. 231, _b_; G. 349, R. 5; B.

190, 1.

[195] H. 421, III; M. 238, 2; A. & G. 245, _a_, 1; G. 397, N. 2; B.

226, 2.

[196] H. 503, II, 2; M. 383, 1; A. & G. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 282, 3.

[197] H. 510; M. 366; A. & G. 308; G. 597; B. 304, 1.

[198] H. 385, II; M. 205; A. & G. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, _a_.

[199] H. 410, III; M. 251; A. & G. 220, _b_, 1; G. 404; B. 225.

[Illustration]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following books have been referred to in the Notes. While the

references are intended principally for the teacher, every student

should be provided with a copy of Creighton’s Primer of Roman History.

If Eutropius is studied in connection with this book, the student

cannot fail to obtain a fair knowledge of the main facts of Roman

History.

Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. Rodolfo

Lanciani.

Early Rome (Epochs of History). W. Ihne.

Mommsen’s History of Rome, Abridged for Schools and Colleges.

C. Bryans and F. J. R. Hendy.

Rome and Carthage (Epochs of History). R. Bosworth Smith.

The History of Rome (History Primer Series). M. Creighton.

The Early Empire (Epochs of History). W. W. Capes.

The Roman Triumvirates (Epochs of History). Charles Merivale.

The Age of the Antonines (Epochs of History). W. W. Capes.

Myths of Greece and Rome. H. A. Guerber.

The Story of the Romans. H. A. Guerber.

The Development of the Roman Constitution (History Primer

Series). Ambrose Tighe.

NOTE

In the Notes the references to Harkness’ Grammar occur in two forms,

the first referring to the New Latin Grammar (1898), the second, in

brackets, to the Standard Latin Grammar.

NOTES

LIFE OF EUTROPIUS

Of the life of Eutropius we know very little. Only once in his work

does he mention himself, Bk. X, Ch. 16. He was proconsul in Asia in 371

A.D., and praetorian praefect 380-387 A.D. He is said to have been the

secretary of the Emperor Constantine the Great.

The only one of his works that is extant is the _Breviārium_, a brief

history of Rome from the founding of the city to the death of the

Emperor Jovian, 364 A.D. He dedicated the work to the Emperor Valens,

364-378 A.D., composing it probably at the emperor’s request.

Through the republican period he follows Livy, whom he knows at first

hand. Afterwards he takes Suetonius and the Augustan History for his

guides. His style is simple and terse, and the diction is very good for

the age in which the book was written. As a historian his judgment is

cool and impartial. He makes some blunders, but mostly in the matter

of dates. A Greek translation made by a certain Capito, a Lycian, is

mentioned, but it has been lost. A later Greek version by Paeanius is

extant.

BOOK I

PAGE 7.

CH. 1.

Line 1. =Rōmānum=: note emphatic position.

=Rōmulō=: see the legend of Romulus and Remus in Ihne, p. 32; Livy, Bk.

I, IV; Guerber, p. 140.

2. =Vestālis virginis=: the Vestals were a kind of nuns, six in number,

who were priestesses of Vesta. It was their duty to keep the fire on

the altar in her temple in the Forum burning constantly. “Her altar,

with its ever-burning fire, was the family hearth of the state, from

which the household fires were kindled at certain dates.” Lanciani,

_Anc. Rome_, Ch. VI.

=fīlius=: in apposition with _quī_, subject of _putātus est_.

=quantum putātus est=: ‘as he was thought’ ＝ ‘as it was thought’; note

that the Latin prefers the personal construction where we prefer the

impersonal.

3. =is=: emphatic position.

=cum … latrōcinārētur=: the student should note the different uses

of _cum_, viz.: Temporal, with Indicative or Subjunctive; Causal and

Concessive, with Subjunctive alone; cf. _cum … compāruisset_, Ch. 2;

_cum … habērent_, Ch. 2; _cum … ēgissent_, Ch. 18.

4. =decem et octō annōs nātus= (_nāscor_): ‘having been born eighteen

years’ ＝ ‘eighteen years old.’ The more common expression for the

numeral is _duodēvīgintī_. Cf. _annōrum trium et vīgintī_, Bk. II, Ch.

6; _annum agēns vīcēsimum aetātis_, Bk. III, Ch. 7.

5. =urbem exiguam=: remains of this city are still found on the

Palatine Hill.

=Palātīnō monte=: the Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome.

The others were the Capitoline, Quirinal, Aventine, Esquiline, Viminal,

and Caelian.

=XI Kal. Māiās=: the full expression would be _ante diem ūndecimum

Kalendās Māiās_, April 21. “In the Roman calendar it coincided with the

Palilia, or feast of Pales, the guardian divinity of shepherds.”

6. =Olympiadis=: the Greeks reckoned time by periods of four years,

called Olympiads from the Olympian Games, which were celebrated at that

interval. The starting point was 776 B.C. Hence the third year of the

sixth Olympiad would be 753 B.C. Some prefer to recognize 754 as the

date of the founding of the city.

CH. 2.

8. =conditā cīvitāte=: ‘the city having been founded’ ＝ ‘when the

city had been founded.’ The student should ascertain by analysis of

the thought what the Ablative Absolute is intended to represent, and

should translate it accordingly. The literal translation should seldom

be used. _Civitate_ ＝ _urbe_, a late usage, frequent in Eutropius. The

usual expression is _urbe conditā_, but Eutropius places the participle

first for emphasis.

=Rōmam vocāvit=: according to Lanciani, Roma is derived from _Rumon_,

‘river.’ Roma then would mean ‘the town by the river,’ and Romulus,

‘the man from the town by the river’ (_Anc. Rome_, p. 37). Mommsen

claims that Ramnes, the early name by which the Romans were called,

means ‘bushmen.’ Hence Roma would be ‘the town of the bushmen’

(Mommsen, _History of Rome_, Vol. I, p. 71).

9. =ferē=: ‘about,’ indicating that the statement is a loose one.

10. =centum ex seniōribus=: ‘a hundred of the elders’; _ex_ or _dē_

with cardinal numerals is regularly used instead of a Partitive

Genitive. Tarquinius Priscus doubled the number of the senators, Ch.

6. Before the end of the regal period the number was increased to

300. Sulla added 300 equites. Julius Caesar raised the number to 900.

Augustus reduced it to 600. For the duties of the senate see Ihne, Ch.

XI; Tighe, pp. 49, 115; Mommsen, pp. 18, 19, 45, 46.

12. =uxōrēs=: object of _habērent_. Emphatic on account of its position

before the subject of the verb.

PAGE 8.

1. =eārum=: the antecedent is _nātiōnēs_.

=commōtīs bellīs=: lit. ‘wars having been aroused’ ＝ ‘when war had been

aroused’; cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Ch. 2.

=propter raptārum iniūriam=: lit. ‘on account of the wrong of the

stolen (maidens)’ ＝ ‘on account of the wrong done by stealing the

maidens.’ With _raptārum_ sc. _virginum_.

4. =nōn compāruisset=: lit. ‘he had not appeared’ ＝ ‘he had

disappeared.’

5. =ad deōs trānsīsse=: lit. ‘to have gone across to the gods’ ＝ ‘to

have been translated.’

6. =per quīnōs diēs=: ‘through five days each.’

CH. 3.

8. =rēx=: predicate Nominative.

=bellum=: emphatic by position as well as by the use of _quidem_.

“The statement that during the forty-three years of Numa’s reign Rome

enjoyed uninterrupted peace cannot be looked upon as anything but a

fiction or a dream.”

11. =cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum=: ‘because of their habit of (waging) war.’

=iam … putābantur=: ‘were beginning to be thought’; note the force of

the Imperfect.

12. =in decem=: Livy I, XIX, says _in duodecim mēnsēs_.

13. =aliquā= ＝ _ūllā_.

=cōnfūsum=: ‘confused’; modifies _annum_ and is modified by _prius_.

14. =morbō=: _i.e._ a natural death as contrasted with a death by

violence.

CH. 4.

16. =huic successit=: lit. ‘to this one succeeded’ ＝ ‘his successor

was’; note the emphasis.

=hīc bella reparāvit=: in allusion to the former activity of Romulus in

that direction.

17. =Albānōs=: Alba Longa, the most ancient town in Latium, is said

to have been built by Ascanius, and to have colonized Rome. After its

destruction by Tullus Hostilius it was never rebuilt. Its inhabitants

were removed to Rome. At a later time the surrounding country was

studded with the splendid villas of the Roman aristocracy. Livy, Bk. I,

XXII-XXV, gives an account of the conquest of the Albans.

=mīliāriō=: the Roman milestones were set up at intervals of 1000

paces, 5000 Roman feet, on the military roads. They gave the distance

from the place from which the measurement was made, its name, the name

of the person who erected the stone, and the name of the reigning

emperor. The phrase means ‘twelve miles from Rome.’

18. =aliī … aliī=: ‘the one … the other.’ Eutropius uses _alius_ with

the meaning of _alter_.

20. =adiectō Caeliō monte=: lit. ‘the Caelian Hill having been annexed’

＝ ‘by annexing the Caelian Hill’; cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Ch. 2.

21. =fulmine ictus=: lit. ‘having been struck by lightning.’

=ārsit=: _ārdeō_.

CH. 5.

22. =ex fīliā=: ‘on his daughter’s side.’ Note peculiarity of _fīlia_,

H. 80, 2 (49, 4); M. 33, N. 2; A. & G. 36, _e_; G. 29, 4; B. 21, 2, _e_.

PAGE 9.

1. =Iāniculum=: Mons Ianiculus, on the opposite side of the Tiber, was

united to the city by the Pons Sublicius.

=cīvitātem=: this city, afterwards called Ostia, was situated on the

left bank of the river, about sixteen miles from Rome. It was used as a

port for Rome until the time of the Empire.

3. =morbō periit=: cf. _morbō dēcessit_, Ch. 3.

CH. 6.

4. =Prīscus Tarquinius= ＝ _Tarquinius Prīscus_. When only the _nomen_

and the _cognomen_ are written, they are often reversed, especially

in late Latin. The legend of the Tarquins is as follows: Demaratus,

their ancestor, fled from Corinth, his native place, and settled at

Tarquinii in Etruria. He married an Etruscan wife, by whom he had

two sons, Lucumo and Aruns. At his death Lucumo inherited all his

father’s property. Although he had married Tanaquil, a woman of the

highest rank, he was excluded from all power and influence in the

state. Discontented with this he removed to Rome with a large band of

followers. He and his companions were received with welcome, and were

admitted to the rights of Roman citizens. He took the name of Lucius

Tarquinius, to which Livy adds Priscus, to distinguish him from L.

Tarquinius, the seventh king of Rome. At the death of Ancus Marcius,

the senate and people unanimously elected Tarquinius to the vacant

throne. His reign was distinguished by great exploits in war and by

great works in peace.

5. =circum=: the Circus Maximus. It was in a valley between the

Palatine and Aventine Hills. Here the Roman games were held. At first

the spectators sat on the hill side and watched the games being

celebrated in the valley beneath them. Tarquinius is said to have been

the first to introduce seats. In the time of Caesar the circus was 1800

feet long and 300 feet wide, and capable of seating 180,000 people. It

was enlarged many times, until in the fourth century it was capable of

seating 385,000 people.

=lūdōs Rōmānōs=: the _Lūdī Rōmānī_, consisting of horse and chariot

races, were the oldest games, and were celebrated originally in honor

of Jupiter by victorious generals as a part of a triumph. At first they

lasted only one day, but the time was gradually increased until in the

age of Cicero they lasted fifteen days, September 4-19.

6. =ad nostram memoriam=: ‘to our time.’

7. =vīcit=: emphatic position.

=nōn parum= ＝ _māgnum_: ‘a large part’; cf. _nōn compāruisset_, Ch. 2.

8. =prīmus … intrāvit=: ‘and he was the first to enter the city

celebrating a triumph.’ A triumph was a solemn procession in which

a victorious general entered the city in a chariot drawn by four

horses. He was preceded by the captives and spoils taken in war, and

was followed by his troops; and, after passing in state along the Via

Sacra, ascended the Capitol to offer sacrifice in the Temple of Jupiter

Capitolinus. The following conditions had to be complied with: (_a_)

The general must have been dictator, consul, or praetor. (_b_) He must

have actually commanded in the battle and commenced it, himself taking

the auspices. (_c_) The battle must have been decisive and ended the

campaign. (_d_) The foes must have been foreigners, and at least 5000

of them must have been slain.

9. =mūrōs fēcit=: he began to surround the city with a stone wall, a

work his successor, Servius Tullius, completed.

=cloācās=: the Cloaca Maxima is a semicircular tunnel, 14 feet wide,

beneath the city. A part of this sewer, about 1020 feet, is still

in existence, and after a lapse of 2500 years goes on fulfilling

its original purpose. Its opening into the Tiber near the Temple of

Hercules in the Forum Boarium is still in a good state of preservation.

=Capitōlium=: the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. Its

foundations were laid by Tarquinius Priscus. Its walls were raised

by his successor Servius Tullius, and Tarquinius Superbus completed

it, although it was not consecrated until the third year after the

expulsion of the kings. It consisted of three parts, a nave sacred

to Jupiter, and two wings, the right sacred to Minerva and the left

to Juno. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost

incredible. It was burned in the time of Sulla, who rebuilt it. After

being destroyed several times it was raised for the last time by

Domitian, who made it more grand and magnificent than had any of his

predecessors.

10. =per … fīliōs=: Eutropius occasionally substitutes _per_ with the

Accusative for the Ablative or Dative of agent; cf. _per eum multa ā

cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt_, Bk. IV, 10.

11. =rēgis ēius=: apposition with _Ancī_.

=cuī=: cf. _huic successit_, Ch. 4.

CH. 7.

12. =Servius Tullius=: the legend of Servius Tullius is as follows:

Ocrisia, his mother, was one of the captives taken at Corniculum, and

became a slave of Tanaquil, the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. Servius was

born and reared at the palace of the king. As Tanaquil by her power

of divination had foreseen the greatness of the child, she persuaded

Tarquinius to give his daughter to Servius in marriage. At the death

of Tarquinius, by the aid of Tanaquil, Servius became firmly fixed in

the royal power. The great deeds of Servius were deeds of peace, and he

was regarded by posterity as the author of all their civil rights and

institutions. Three important events are assigned to him. He reformed

the constitution of the state. He extended the boundary of the city

and surrounded it with a wall. He established an important alliance by

which Rome and the Latin cities became members of one great league.

=genitus=: lit. ‘born’ ＝ ‘the son.’

13. =quoque=: as well as Tarquinius Priscus. _Quoque_ must not be

confounded with _quōque_, the Ablative of the pronoun _quisque_.

15. =fossās circum mūrum=: portions of the Servian wall still exist.

16. =cēnsum=: the number of Roman citizens was ascertained every five

years, though not always with perfect regularity, for the assessment

of taxes and the arrangement of military service. Originally the kings

took the census. After the establishment of the republic the duty was

performed by the consuls. After 444 B.C., special officers, called

censors, had charge of it. The census was concluded with the solemn

ceremony of reviewing the newly constituted army, called a _lustrum_.

=orbem terrārum=: lit. ‘the circle of lands’ ＝ ‘the world.’

18. =capita=: ‘souls’; cf. our expression ‘head of cattle.’

19. =in agrīs=: others than inhabitants of Rome possessed Roman

citizenship.

21. =uxōrem=: ‘as his wife.’

CH. 8.

22. =L. Tarquinius Superbus=: L. Tarquinius, called Superbus, ‘the

Overbearing,’ from his haughty manner and conduct, commenced his

reign without any of the forms of election. One of his first acts was

to abolish the rights that Servius Tullius had conferred upon the

plebeians. All the senators whom he mistrusted and all whose wealth

he coveted he put to death or banished. He surrounded himself with a

bodyguard, by means of which he was enabled to do what he liked. After

several successful campaigns his tyranny caused the people to depose

him and drive him from the city.

23. =euntibus=; lit. ‘for those going’ ＝ ‘as you go.’

24. =Gabiōs=: ‘the city Gabii’; the name of the town, though plural, is

in apposition with _cīvitātem_.

PAGE 10.

1. =Capitōliō=: here the Capitoline Hill.

2. =oppūgnāns=: ‘while besieging the city’; a clause with _cum_ or

_dum_ would have been more usual.

4. =ēius=: antecedent is _L. Tarquinius_.

=et ipse Tarquinius iūnior=: ‘also a Tarquin (but) younger’ ＝ ‘who was

also called Tarquinius’; his praenomen was Sextus.

5. =Lucrētiam=: for the interesting story of Lucretia, see _The Story

of the Romans_, p. 62.

=eandemque=: ‘who was also’; H. 508, 3 (451, 3); M. 446, 1; A. & G.

195, _e_; G. 310; B. 248.

6. =stuprāsset=: ‘had offered violence to.’ _Stuprāsset_ for

_stuprāvisset_, cf. _rēgnāsset_, Ch. 4.

7. =questa fuisset=: for _questa esset_. Eutropius generally uses

_essem_, etc., in the Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive. For other

exceptions see Bk. II, 9, 22. He ordinarily uses _fueram_, etc., for

_eram_ in the Pluperfect Passive Indicative.

8. =parēns et ipse=: ‘a relative likewise,’ _i.e._ as well as

Collatinus. He was the son of Marcus Iunius and Tarquinia, the second

daughter of Tarquinius Superbus. He was called ‘Brutus,’ _i.e._ ‘the

Stupid,’ on account of the mental imbecility he feigned to deceive

Tarquinius. _Parēns_, ‘relative,’ a late meaning.

10. =eum=: refers to the king.

=quī=: antecedent is _exercitus_.

13. =rēgnātum est=: lit. ‘it was ruled’ ＝ ‘the dynasty lasted.’

14. =annīs=: Eutropius and some other post-classical writers use the

Ablative of Time within which for the Accusative of Duration of Time.

The Ablative makes prominent the limits that mark the time.

15. =ubi plūrimum=: lit. ‘where most’ ＝ ‘at the most,’ at the place of

the widest extent.

CH. 9.

17. =hinc=: ‘from this time.’

=cōnsulēs=: at first they were called _praetōrēs_, ‘leaders.’ The

consuls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, the new assembly

organized by Servius Tullius.

=coepēre= ＝ _coepērunt_.

18. =alter eum=: note the fondness of the Latin for antitheses. It

tends to place contrasted words near each other. Often the observance

of this is of assistance in determining the meaning of a passage.

20. =annuum=: ‘lasting one year.’

=habērent=: the clause _nē_ … _habērent_ is the Subject of _placuit_.

21. =redderentur=: cf. _coërceret_, above.

=cīvīlēs=: lit. ‘like citizens’ ＝ ‘good citizens.’

23. =ab expulsīs rēgibus=: ‘after the expulsion of the kings;’ cf.

_post rēgēs exactōs_, Ch. 11.

24. =māximē … pellerētur=: ‘had done the most to drive out

Tarquinius.’

25. =Tarquiniō=: cf. _īsdem_, Ch. 6. Note the emphasis.

PAGE 11.

1. =manēret=: cf. _habērent_, above.

3. =L. Valerius Pūblicola=: Livy, Bk. II, 2, calls him Publius

Valerius. Owing to his efforts to secure the rights of the plebeians

and for his popular measures he was called _Pūblicola_, ‘the Partisan

of the People.’ He secured the passage of the Valerian law giving to

every citizen condemned on a capital charge the right of appeal to the

people.

CH. 10.

7. =in vicem sē=: ‘each other in turn.’ As the Latin has no reciprocal

pronoun it is compelled to resort to various circumlocutions; cf.

Caesar, Bk. I, 1, _inter se_, Bk. II, 10, _alius alium circumspectant_.

8. =tamen=: although both the leaders were slain.

10. =per annum=: cf. _annum lūxērunt_, Ch. 11.

11. =quō morbō mortuō=: ‘and when he had died.’ The Latin relative is

very often best translated by ‘and’ with a personal pronoun. For the

case of _morbō_, cf. _morbō_, Ch. 3.

12. =iterum=: construe with _sūmpsit_.

CH. 11.

18. =Porsennā=: Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium in Etruria. He aided the

Tarquins as they had come from Etruria. See Macaulay’s _Lays of Ancient

Rome_, _Horatius_.

=Rōmam paene cēpit=: Ihne (p. 89) thinks that by this is meant that the

Etruscans conquered the city.

22. =Tusculum=: said to have been founded by Telegonus, the son of

Ulysses. It was always one of the most important of the Latin towns,

and was a favorite resort of the Roman aristocracy. Cicero had a villa

there.

24. =cōnsenuit=: lit. ‘he grew old’ ＝ ‘lived to be an old man.’

26. =dē hīs=: ‘over them’; the regular expression used for a triumph

celebrated for a victory over an enemy.

PAGE 12.

2. =fātāliter=: lit. ‘by fate’ ＝ ‘a natural death’; cf. _morbō

dēcessit_, Ch. 3.

3. =nummīs=: ‘money’; particularly small coins.

=sūmptum habuerit sepultūrae=: ‘had the cost of a burial,’ _i.e._ was

buried at public expense.

=quem=: note its position.

CH. 12.

5. =gener Tarquinī=: Manilius Octavius of Tusculum.

7. =dictātūra=: at times of great danger, when it was necessary for one

man to hold the supreme power, a dictator was appointed by one of the

consuls on the nomination of the senate. The office was for six months;

but in case the specific object for which the dictator was appointed

was accomplished before that time, he resigned. Ihne, p. 118; Tighe, p.

65.

8. =magister equitum=: he was aid-de-camp to the dictator and

was appointed by him. In the absence of the latter he became the

representative of the dictator.

9. =neque … potestātī=: ‘neither can anything be said to be more

similar than the ancient dictatorship to the imperial power which,’

etc. _Imperium_ was the regular term for the power possessed by the

magistrates. Here it refers to the power of the emperor.

Eutropius explains for the benefit of his readers the ancient

dictatorship, which had long since fallen into disuse, by comparing it

to the power possessed by the emperor.

11. =Tranquillitās Vestra=: ‘Your Serene Highness’; Valens, Emperor

of the East, 364-378 A.D. “Other titles used of the emperors were

_Aeternitās Tua_, _Clēmentia Tua_, _Serēnitās Tua_, _Māgnitūdō Tua_,

_Māiestās Tua_.”

=Vestra=: in Latin of the classical period _tua_ would have been used,

as only one person is referred to. In late Latin the pronouns of the

second person plural take the place of the singular, just as ‘you’ has

taken the place of ‘thou.’

13. =sub dictātūrae nōmine=: in 45 B.C. Caesar was made perpetual

dictator.

CH. 13.

17. =populus= ＝ _plebs_ here. _Populus_ is a collective noun, and so

takes a singular verb.

=tamquam=: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning.

18. =tribūnōs plēbis=: these magistrates, elected by the plebeians in

an assembly of their own (Comitia Tributa), were invested with the

right of ‘intercession,’ by which they could stop all legislation that

they judged to be harmful to the plebeians. To make their intercession

effective they were declared to be _sacrosancti_, _i.e._ ‘inviolable,’

and the curse of outlawry was pronounced against any one who harmed

them. The First Secession of the Plebeians, as this was called, was

the beginning of a long struggle between the orders, and terminated

in the complete political equality of the plebeians. Ihne, Ch. XIII;

Creighton, p. 12; Tighe, p. 91.

19. =per quōs= ＝ _ut per eōs_.

PAGE 13.

CH. 14.

2. =quam habēbant optimam= ＝ _optimam quam habēbant_.

CH. 15.

5. =Q. Mārcius=: called _Coriolānus_ from the city Corioli, which he

had conquered. Ihne, p. 155; Creighton, p. 21.

8. =oppūgnātūrus=: the Participle ＝ _oppūgnāvisset_.

9. =patriam suam=: ‘his native city.’

12. =secundus=: really the first after Tarquinius, but the second in

order. In an enumeration of a series the Latin generally includes the

starting point.

CH. 16.

14. =C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō cōnsulibus=: lit. ‘C. Fabius and L.

Virginius being consuls’ ＝ ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. One of the

regular ways of dating events in Latin is to give the names of the

consuls for that year. Another is to reckon the time from the founding

of the city; cf. _ab urbe conditā_, Ch. 18.

15. =quī … erant=: ‘who belonged to the Fabian household’; cf. _centum

ex seniōribus_, Ch. 2.

16. =prōmittentēs … implendum=: sc. _esse_; ‘promising the senate and

the people that the whole contest would be completed by themselves.’

_Prōmittō_ regularly takes the Future Infinitive.

18. =quī singulī=: ‘each one of whom.’

=dēbērent=: cf. _esset_, Ch. 15.

19. =ūnus omnīnō superfuit=: see Ihne, p. 163.

PAGE 14.

CH. 17.

1. =sequentī tamen annō=: in the year after the consuls mentioned in

the last chapter.

3. =Quīntius=: generally written _Quīnctius_. He held the dictatorial

power for fourteen days only, and having completed his work returned

to his farm. Later he was again appointed dictator, and again proved

himself to be the deliverer of his country.

4. =in opere et arāns=: the post-classical writers seem to strive

almost as much to avoid uniformity in expression as the classical

writers strive for it.

5. =togam praetextam=: by metonomy the badge of office is put for the

office itself. The toga praetexta had a red border woven in it. It was

the badge of office of the higher magistrates and priests. It was worn

by boys also until they reached the age of manhood and by girls until

they married.

CH. 18.

7. =alterō= ＝ _secundō_.

=ab urbe conditā=: ‘from the founding of the city.’

9. =decemvirī=: the laws, which the decemvirs codified, known as the

Twelve Tables, remained the foundation of Roman law for a thousand

years. They were engraved on twelve bronze tables and were set up in

the Forum that all might read them. Every school-boy was required

to commit them to memory. For an account of the decemvirs and their

legislation, see Ihne, p. 167; Creighton, p. 16; Tighe, p. 95.

10. =ex hīs=: cf. _ex seniōribus_, Ch. 2.

11. =Virgīnī … fīliam=: see Macaulay’s _Lays of Ancient Rome_,

_Virginia_; Ihne, p. 173; Creighton, p. 16.

13. =quam= ＝ _sed eam_.

CH. 19.

17. =Fīdēnātēs=: the town of Fidenae is said to have been colonized by

Romulus. It frequently revolted and was as frequently retaken by the

Romans. After its destruction in 437 B.C. it was rebuilt.

20. =coniūnxērunt sē=: ‘united.’

PAGE 15.

2. =victī … perdidērunt=: ‘they were conquered and also lost their

king.’

CH. 20.

4. =Vēientānī=: they were engaged in almost unceasing hostilities with

the Romans for more than three centuries and a half.

5. =ipsōs= ＝ _eos_. Eutropius often uses _ipse_ for _is_.

6. =aciē=: note the difference of meaning between _exercitus_, _āgmen_,

_aciēs_, and _cōpiae_.

=diū obsidēns=: the siege is said to have lasted ten years.

8. =et Faliscōs=: in classical prose _etiam_ would have been used.

9. =quasi=: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning.

=dīvīsisset=: cf. _premerētur_, Ch. 13.

11. =Gallī Senonēs=: see Ihne, Ch. XXI; Creighton, p. 25; _The Story of

the Romans_, p. 104.

12. =apud flūmen Alliam=: the fight occurred on July 16, which was

henceforth considered as an unlucky day.

=secūtī … occupāvērunt=: cf. _victī … perdidērunt_, Ch. 19.

15. =obsidērent=: cf. _sustinēret_, Ch. 18.

21. =et ipse=: ‘he too,’ as well as Romulus.