West Company men, June 19, 1816, 180; Governor Semple shot, 181;
Alexander Ross on, 184; Joseph Tasse on, 184; Sergeant Huerter on, 183;
printed evidence, 199. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _Romantic History
of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.
=Sevigne, Marie de Rabutin-Chantel= (1627-1696). =F= Her son-in-law a
candidate for governorship of Canada, 65; describes severities exercised
on peasants in revolt in France, 150.
=Seward, William Henry= (1801-1872). Governor of New York, 1838;
appointed secretary of state by Lincoln, 1860. =Index=: =N= Suggests
Canadian agent at Washington to confer on Reciprocity Treaty, 192; tells
Galt that treaty could not be renewed, 193. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Sewell, Jonathan= (1766-1839). Born at Cambridge, Mass. Educated at
Bristol, England. In 1785 studied law in New Brunswick under Ward
Chipman; in 1789 called to the bar of Lower Canada and practised in
Quebec. Appointed solicitor-general, 1793, and attorney-general, 1795.
In 1808 chief-justice of Lower Canada, and held the position until 1838;
also president of the Executive Council from 1808 to 1829, and Speaker
of the Legislative Council from 1809 to 1838. The dispute as to
boundaries, between the Dominion government and the province of Ontario,
was afterwards settled on the basis of his decision of 1818. Introduced,
in 1809, into the procedure of the courts, certain rules of practice
which for some years met with strong opposition. In 1814 went to England
to meet the charges made against him in this regard, and his conduct
upheld. Received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Harvard. =Index=: =P=
Papineau describes him as "a vain creature," 55; fills dual positions of
president of Executive Council and chief-justice, 59. =B= Chief-justice,
his part in movement for Confederation, 129. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.
Can._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Seymour, Frederick.= Succeeded Sir James Douglas as governor of British
Columbia, and arrived in the colony, April, 1864. Had previously been
governor of British Honduras. On the union of Vancouver Island and
British Columbia in 1866 became governor of the united colonies. In the
spring of 1869 visited several Indian tribes on the coast; taken ill,
and died at Bella Bella, June 10, 1869. =Index=: =Md= Governor of
British Columbia, death of, 149. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of British
Columbia_.
=Shaw, Major-General AEneas.= =Bk= Stationed on frontier between Kingston
and Cornwall, 195. =S= Member of Legislative Council, 79, 98.
=Shaw, Helen.= =Md= Wife of Hugh Macdonald, and mother of Sir John A.
Macdonald, 1; her strong character, 2.
=Shea, Sir Ambrose= (1818-1905). Born at St. John's, Newfoundland.
Entered Newfoundland Assembly, 1850; Speaker, 1855-1861; member of
government, 1864-1869; governor of the Bahamas, 1887-1895. =Index=: =T=
Represents Newfoundland at Quebec Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can.
Men_.
=Sheaffe, Sir Roger Hale= (1763-1851). Born in Boston, Mass. Entered the
army, 1778; served in Ireland and Holland; stationed in Canada,
1802-1811, and 1812-1813. Commanded the British, forces at Queenston
Heights after the death of Brock. Administered the government of Upper
Canada, 1812-1813. Created a baronet, 1813; raised to the rank of
lieutenant-general, 1821; general, 1828. =Index=: =Bk= Present at battle
of Egmont-op-Zee, 19; his severe discipline causes mutiny, 61-63;
profits by experience, 74; appointed to staff, and sent to Upper Canada,
223; commands at battle of Queenston Heights after death of Brock,
309-312; his conduct at taking of York, 312. =S= Sent to protest against
occupation by Americans at Sodus Bay, 137. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._;
Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; Lucas, _Canadian War of
1812_.
=Shelburne.= A town on the south-west coast of the province of Nova
Scotia; founded by United Empire Loyalists in 1783; first known as Port
Roseway. For a few years after its foundation the town grew at an
astonishing pace, and at one time "had a population larger than that of
Quebec and Montreal combined," but the locality afforded none of the
elements of permanent prosperity, and the bulk of the population drifted
to other parts of the province. =Index=: =Hd= Town of, founded by
Loyalists, 263. =Bib.=: Haliburton, _History of Nova Scotia_; Sabine,
_American Loyalists_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_; Lovell,
_Gazetteer of Canada_.
=Sheppard, George.= =B= Editorial writer on _Colonist_, joins staff of
_Globe_, 135; speech against Confederation, 1859, 135-136; Brown's
reply, 137.
=Sherbrooke.= A city in the Eastern Townships, Quebec, on the St.
Francis River, named after Sir John Coape Sherbrooke. Founded by David
Moe and other pioneers, about the year 1800.
=Sherbrooke, Sir John Coape= (1760-1830). Born in Nottinghamshire,
England. Entered the army; took part in the capture of Seringapatam,
1797; and served under Wellington in the Peninsular War, 1809. Appointed
lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia in 1811; and governor of Canada,
1816-1818. =Index=: =B= Quiet rule of, 39. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._;
_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Sherwood, Henry= (1807-1855). Represented Toronto in Legislative
Assembly, 1841-1854; member of Executive Council and solicitor-general,
1842 and 1844-1846; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 1847-1848.
=Index=: =BL= Called to the Cabinet, 118; becomes solicitor-general for
Upper Canada, 121; his appointment an obstacle to La Fontaine's
acceptance of office, 125; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 247;
elected in 1844, 252; resigns, 266; becomes attorney-general for Upper
Canada, 276; elected in 1848, 279. =E= Becomes head of ministry under
Elgin, 43; defeat of his Cabinet, 50; his opposition to Rebellion Losses
Bill, 68; proposes division of Clergy Reserves, in 1844, 159. =Md=
Succeeds Draper in leadership of party, 28. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty
Years_.
=Sherwood, Captain Justus.= =Hd= Commissioner for exchange of prisoners
with Vermont, 202; confers with Ira Allen, 204; applies for lands in
Eastern Townships, 267.
=Sherwood, Levins Peters= (1777-1850). Born in St. John's, Lower Canada.
Removed to Upper Canada; studied law and called to the bar, 1803.
Elected to the Assembly for Leeds, 1821; Speaker of the Assembly, 1822;
Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1841. Appointed judge of the Court
of King's Bench, 1825. =Index=: =Sy= Retires with pension, 252. =Mc=
Quarrels with Judge Willis, 131-133. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the
Judges_.
=Shirley, William= (1693-1771). Born in Preston, England. Called to the
English bar; removed to Boston, where he practised his profession.
Governor of Massachusetts, 1741-1745; planned the successful expedition
against Louisbourg. Resided in England, 1745-1753. One of the
commissioners at Paris to settle the boundaries of Nova Scotia, 1750.
Again appointed governor of Massachusetts, 1753; commander-in-chief of
the British forces in North America. Lieutenant-general, 1759;
afterwards governor of the Bahama Islands. Returned to Massachusetts,
1770, and resided at Roxbury until his death. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._;
Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.
=Shore.= =W= Resigns from New Brunswick government, 72, 116.
=Short, Judge.= =E= Member of Seigniorial Court, 187.
=Short Administration.= =Md= Formed by George Brown, 85; lasted less
than forty-eight hours, 85.
=Short Hills Affair.= =Mc= Mackenzie's connection with, 440.
=Shortt, Adam= (1859- ). Born at Kilworth, Ontario. Educated at Queen's
University, and at Edinburgh and Glasgow. Appointed assistant professor
of philosophy at Queen's University, 1885; lecturer in political
science, 1889; professor of political science, 1892. In 1908 became a
member of the Historical Manuscript Commission; and civil service
commissioner the same year. =Index=: =BL= On Baldwin's Municipal
Corporation Act, 1849, 296. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's
Who_.
=Sicotte, Louis Victor= (1812-1889). Born in St. Famille, Boucherville,
Quebec. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1838.
Entered public life, 1852, as member for St. Hyacinthe. Elected Speaker
of the Assembly, 1854, and held the office until 1857; appointed to the
Executive Council as commissioner of crown lands, 1853; and held the
same office, 1857-1858; chief commissioner of public works, 1858;
attorney-general, 1862-1863. In the latter year appointed a judge of the
Superior Court, retiring 1887. =Index=: =E= Declines seat in
Hincks-Morin ministry, 126; proposes secularization of Clergy Reserves,
126-127; elected Speaker, 1854, 135-136. =C= A follower of Cartier, 24;
forms Macdonald-Sicotte administration, 24. =Md= Leader of moderate
Reformers, forms ministry with Sandfield Macdonald, 89. =Bib.=: Rose,
_Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Sifton, Arthur L.= (1858- ). Educated at Victoria University; called to
the bar, 1883. Removed to the North-West Territories and elected to the
Legislature, 1891; held office as treasurer and commissioner of public
works; appointed chief-justice of the North-West Territories;
chief-justice of Alberta, 1905; premier of Alberta, 1910. =Bib.=:
_Canadian Who's Who_.
=Sifton, Clifford= (1861- ). Educated at Victoria University. Removed to
Manitoba and called to the bar of that province, 1882. Elected to the
Manitoba Assembly, 1888; attorney-general and minister of education,
1891; elected to the House of Commons for Brandon, 1896; minister of the
interior in the Laurier administration, 1896; resigned, 1905; agent of
British government before Alaska Boundary Commission, 1903; chairman of
Dominion Commission on the Conservation of Natural Resources, 1909.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Sillery.= Village on the north side of the St. Lawrence, four miles
above Quebec. It was originally founded by Noel Brulart de Sillery in
1637 as a settlement for Christian Indians. =Index=: =WM= Vaudreuil
orders fifty men to be posted at, 162; post at, captured, 183. =L=
Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of
New France_; Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.
=Simcoe.= A lake situated between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay; named
after Governor Simcoe's father. It was discovered by Champlain in 1615,
and was within the field of the famous Huron Mission of the Jesuit
fathers. La Salle crossed the lake in 1680, on his way west to the
Mississippi; and the following year dated one of his letters from the
long portage between Toronto and Simcoe. =Index=: =S= Formerly Lac aux
Claies, 207; present name given by Simcoe, 207.
=Simcoe, Frank.= =S= Son of Governor Simcoe, killed in storming of
Badajoz, 179, 222.
=Simcoe, John= (1714-1759). Entered the navy and promoted captain, 1743;
served on the court martial of Admiral Byng, 1756-1757. Commanded H. M.
S. _Pembroke_ at Quebec, 1759, and killed in action. =Index=: =S= Father
of John Graves Simcoe, 15; sails with Admiral Saunders for Quebec, 16;
his death, 16; story of his previous imprisonment at Quebec not
authenticated, 16; his anticipation of the future greatness of Canada,
17; Lake Simcoe named after, 207. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Simcoe, John Graves= (1752-1806). =S= Speaks in House of Commons on
Constitutional Act, 7, 8; birth and family, 15; death of his father, 16;
educated at Eton and Oxford, 17; obtains commission as ensign, 18;
ordered to America, 18; obtains command of Queen's Rangers, 19, 22;
proposes to enlist Boston Negroes, 19; sails with Howe for Halifax, 20;
promoted to captaincy, and sails for New York, 20; wounded in action,
22; major in command of Queen's Rangers, 22; his _Military Journal_, 23;
improves organization of his corps, 24; his intense devotion to British
cause, 25; promoted to be lieutenant-colonel in America, 25; with a few
men disperses considerable body of rebel militia, 26-29; wounded, 27;
goes into winter quarters at Oyster Bay, Long Island, 30; operations
with right column of army, 30; taken prisoner, 30; released, 31; makes
plan to carry off Washington, 32; attached to expedition to Virginia
under Benedict Arnold, 33; captures enemy's stores, 34; defeats superior
force of the enemy at Spencer's Ordinary, 35; health impaired, 36; after
surrender of Cornwallis, sails for England on parole, 37; promoted to be
lieutenant-colonel, 39; recruits his health at home in Devonshire, 40;
his marriage, 40; released from parole, 41; poetical gifts, 41-43;
elected to Parliament, 44; speech on impeachment of Warren Hastings, 44;
appointed to governorship of Upper Canada, 45; correspondence with
Grenville and Dundas upon Upper Canada matters, 45, 46; desires
appointment of a bishop, 46; sails for Canada in _Triton_, 47; brings
out various commissions, 47; delay in swearing in, 48; sworn in, 49, 79;
arrives in Upper Canada and proceeds to Niagara, 50; his eagerness to
welcome Loyalist emigrants, 56; favours aristocracy, 69, 70, 197; his
proclamation on the subject of persons entitled to special distinction
as Loyalists, 71; his estimate of the Indians, 75; issues proclamation
announcing county divisions, 80; opens first session of Legislature, 82;
his speech from the throne, 83; deals with marriage question in Upper
Canada, 86-88; strongly supports bill to prevent introduction of slaves
into Upper Canada, 90; his speech on closing of fifth session, 95; his
satisfactory relations with Legislature, 97; detects "republicanism" in
some members of the Legislative Council, 97; changes his opinion, 98;
goes to England on leave of absence, 99; his advice regarding Benedict
Arnold's application for a grant of land in Upper Canada, 104; receives
grant of 5000 acres of land as colonel of Queen's Rangers, 104;
endeavours to check abuses of fur trade, 106; desires to promote trade
between Upper Canada and the United States, 107; his endeavours to
assist the farming community, 110, 198; his scheme to provide currency
for the province, 111, 112; his apprehension of war with United States,
117-132, 144; sends his secretary to confer with British minister at
Philadelphia, 117; his estimate of Brant's motives, 125, 126; his
difficulties with the Indian department, 126-128; loved and respected by
Indians, 128; moves to York, 129; his relations with Lord Dorchester
strained, 130-132; correspondence with Dundas exhibits petulance, 130,
131; anticipating war, sends Major Littlehales to consult British
minister, 134, 144; receives proposition from Spanish governor of
Louisiana, 134, 136; despatch from Lord Dorchester leads him to fortify
post at rapids of Maine, 136, 210; returns to Niagara, 136; protests
against occupation by Americans at Sodus Bay, 137; his despatch to the
Duke of Portland explaining his proceedings, 143-144; his conviction of
loyalty of Upper Canada militia, 151; his opinion of Washington, 153;
believes in a church establishment for Upper Canada, 155; his influence
in the framing of the Constitutional Act, 156; a soldier, not a
statesman, 157; desires appointment of a bishop and offers portion of
his salary to meet the expense, 158; his scorn of dissent, 160; his
opposition to repeal of Marriage Act, 161; prefers Roman Catholics as
instructors for Indians, 166; his efforts in cause of education,
166-170; desires establishment of university, 168; and of grammar
schools, 169; his admonitions to the king's printer, 174; donations to
Agricultural Society of Upper Canada, 175; his social influence, 180;
entertains Prince Edward, 183, 184; also United States commissioners
to the Indians, 184-186, 203; entertains the Duke de la
Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, 187, 214; receives visit from Alexander
Mackenzie, the explorer, 188; changes name of Niagara to Newark, 195;
appoints lieutenants for the more populous counties, 197; defends
measure against criticism of secretary of state, 198; makes official
tour through western Canada, 198-201; visits Detroit and examines the
fort, 200; impressed by site of present city of London, and proposes to
make it the capital of the province, 200; begins a military road (Dundas
Street) from Burlington Bay to the Thames, 201; surveys Toronto harbour,
202; hears of declaration of war with France, 203; changes name of
Toronto to York, 203; decides to spend winter of 1793-1794 there, 204;
brings over his "canvas house" from Niagara, 204; his plans for the
defence of province, 204, 205; these not approved by Lord Dorchester,
206; goes north to Georgian Bay and examines harbour of Penetanguishene,
207; makes road north from York, and names it Yonge Street, 207; renames
Lac aux Claies, "Lake Simcoe," 207; his anticipation that road to the
west by Lake Simcoe would supersede that by the Ottawa, 208; spends
winter of 1794-1795 at Kingston, 211; spends summer of 1795 at Niagara,
214; moves government to York (1796), 215; plans new government
buildings, 215; applies for leave of absence on account of ill health,
216; leave granted with flattering terms of approval, 216; leaves York,
July, 1796, but does not sail from Quebec till November, 217; does not
return to Canada, 217; offered governorship of Lower Canada, 218; sent
to St. Domingo to quell insurrection, 219; retires on account of ill
health, 219; placed in command at Plymouth, 220; appointed
commander-in-chief in India, 220; sent instead to Portugal on important
diplomatic and military mission, 220, 221; ill health compels his return
to England, 221; his death, 222; monument to his memory erected by
county of Devon, 222; his great desire to establish the British
constitution in Canada, 223; hardships of his life, 224; his hostility
to the United States, 224, 225; his military genius, 225; the king's
opinion of his military service, 226; his ideas for Upper Canada, 227;
founder of the Upper Canada bureaucracy, 227; did not allow for forces
at work in a new country, 228; too little control of his temper in
controversy, 228; his courtesy and high-mindedness, 229, 230; Pitt's
appreciation of his integrity, 231; his lofty aims, 232. =Dr= Raises and
leads Queen's Rangers, 202; appointed first governor of Upper Canada,
258; appointment not agreeable to Dorchester, 259; arrival of, 270; his
character and opinions, 271; builds fort on Miami River, 284; relations
with Dorchester, 293; situation in Upper Canada, 294; his service in
Revolutionary War, 295; colonel of Queen's Rangers, 295; disposed to
overlook Dorchester, 296; sustained by home government, 297; his opinion
that towns might best grow about military posts, 302. =B= Favours close
relations of church and state, 52. =E= On the system of colonial
government in Upper Canada in 1792, 18. =R= His educational policy, 35;
favours an established church, 47; plans endowment of a university and
grammar schools, 51-53; the university question, 133. =Bk= Entertains
distinguished guests at Navy Hall, 57. =BL= On the new constitution, 7;
his phrase that the constitution of Upper Canada was "the very image and
transcript of that of Great Britain," 58; his plans for higher
education, 105-106, 191. =Mc= Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, his
views on the Constitutional Act, 54. =Bib.=: _Journal of Operations of
the Queen's Rangers_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can.
Por._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Read, _Life of Simcoe_.
=Simcoe, Mrs.= Wife of preceding. =Index=: =S= Centre of society at
Niagara, 179; receives present of a horse, 181; spends winter of
1794-1795 at Quebec, 213.
=Simonds, Charles.= =W= Delegate to England to represent New Brunswick
grievances, 24; member of Rump government, 101. =T= Elected for St. John
County, 10; elected Speaker, 18; protests against defection of Wilmot
and Gray, 24; re-elected Speaker, 41. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New
Brunswick_.
=Simpson, Sir George= (1792-1860). =MS= His influence, 8; sent to
Athabaska, 1820, 215, 231-232; his character and appearance, 215; his
account of the Athabaska district, 216; his executive ability, 217-218;
an autocrat, 226; love of pomp and show, 232; his voyage from York
Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1828, 232; McDonald's narrative, 232; at
Norway House, 233-236; at Fort Chipewyan, 236; crosses the mountains by
way of Peace River, 237; in New Caledonia, 237-238; descends Fraser
River, 238; reaches Fort Vancouver, 239; his return, 239; headquarters
at Lachine, 241; influence in Canadian affairs, 241; knighted, 1839, for
his services in furthering exploration, and his strong support of the
government in 1837, 243; influence of his opposition to Papineau, on Red
River affairs, 244-245; appoints Adam Thom as recorder of Red River,
245; his visits to Fort Garry, 247; relations to the local clergy,
247-248; his journey round the world, 249; his narrative, 249; its
authorship, 249; leaves London, March 3, 1841, 250; at Montreal, and
ascends the Ottawa, crosses Georgian Bay, and Lake Superior to Fort
William, 250-251; at Fort Garry, 251; crosses the plains to Edmonton
House, 252; at Fort Vancouver, 253; voyage to Sitka and return, 253;
visits California, the Sandwich Islands, and Sitka again, 255-256;
crosses Siberia, 257-259; reaches London, 260; his letters to James
Hargrave, 261; his marriage, 262; life at Red River, 263-266; opposition
to liquor traffic among the Indians, 267; dislike for John Tod, 268-269;
method of appointment of high officers, 269; gives evidence before
parliamentary committee, 272; his views on agriculture, 273-277; defends
Hudson's Bay Company, 272-278; his death, 1860, at Lachine, 279; John
McLean's opinion of, 279-280; his management of Hudson's Bay Company's
affairs, 280, =D= Expedition on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51;
visits New Caledonia in 1828, 109; received by James Douglas at Fort St.
James, 109; at Fort Vancouver, 110. =Bib.=: _Narrative of a Journey
Round the World_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Bryce,
_Manitoba_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_; McLeod, _Peace River_.
=Simpson, John= (1807-1878). Born in Helmsley, Yorkshire, England.
Elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1858, for the town
of Niagara, and sat for the same constituency until 1864. Member of the
Executive Council and provincial secretary, 1864; assistant
auditor-general, 1864-1878. =Index=: =B= Retires from ministry with
Foley and Buchanan, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and
Macdougall, 159. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Simpson, Miss Mary.= =Hd= Nelson's admiration for, 244.
=Simpson, Thomas= (1808-1840). Born in Dingwall, Scotland. Educated at
University of Aberdeen. In 1829 appointed secretary to his cousin, Sir
George Simpson, resident governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. With
Peter Warren Dease, commanded an expedition to connect the discoveries
on the Arctic coast of Sir John Ross and Sir George Back, and in July,
1837, arrived at Foggy Island Bay, the farthest point reached by Sir
John Franklin. Surveyed the Arctic coast of North America, from the
mouth of the Mackenzie to Point Barrow, and from the Coppermine River to
the Gulf of Bothnia, and solved the problem of the existence of a
passage by water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. =Index=: =MS=
His explorations of Arctic coast, 225. =Bib.=: _Narrative of the
Discoveries on the North Coast of America, 1826-1829_. For biog., _see_
Simpson, _Life and Travels of Thomas Simpson_.
=Simultaneous Polling.= =E= Provided for by law in 1874, existed some
years previously in Nova Scotia, 133.
=Sinclair, Colonel.= =Hd= Lieutenant-governor at Michilimackinac, 158,
161, 163.
=Sioux Indians.= A western tribe, occupying the country between the west
end of Lake Superior and the head waters of the Mississippi when French
explorers and missionaries first went among them. Radisson and Chouart
wintered among them in 1661-1662; they were visited by Du Lhut about
1678; and constant references are made to the tribe in the _Jesuit
Relations_ of the seventeenth century. Fierce and implacable by nature,
they were rightly known as the Iroquois of the West. They are described
in the narratives of Hennepin and other early writers. =Index=: =Hd=
Offer to attack Ottawas, Chippewas, and Pottawattamies, 148. =Bib.=:
_Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites; Carver, _Travels through the
Interior Part of North America_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes of the
United States_; Catlin, _North American Indians_; Hodge, _Handbook of
American Indians_.
=Sitka.= Capital of Alaska. Baranof built a fort there in 1799, which he
named Archangel Gabriel. It was captured by the natives in 1802, and
recaptured by the Russians two years later. The same year, another fort
was built near by, which was called Archangel Michael. The town which
grew up about it was known as New Archangel, or Sitka. The latter name
is of native origin, and the meaning is unknown. =Bib.=: McCormick,
_Geographic Dictionary of Alaska_.
=Six Friends.= =F= Flagship of Phipps, 281.
=Six Nations.= =Dr= Their grievances, 5. =S= Lands allotted to, on Grand
River, 74. =Hd= Too few in number to be important as allies, 126; their
raid on Wyoming, 151; deputation to Quebec shown English fleet, 152;
Molly Brant's influence with, 155; deputation of, wait on MacLean at
Niagara, 171; threatened by Schuyler, 257; settle on Grand River, 258;
party of, remain at Cataraqui, 265. =Bib.=: _See_ Iroquois.
=Skelton, Rev. Thomas.= =Dr= Step-father of Carleton, 29.
=Skinner, Charles N.= =T= Candidate in St. John County. New Brunswick,
85, 109.
=Slafter, E. F.= =Ch= His estimate of Champlain, 277-279. =Bib.=: Memoir
on Champlain in _Voyages of Champlain_ (Prince Society). Edited _Voyages
of Northmen to America_ (Prince Society); _Sir William Alexander and
American Colonization_ (Prince Society).
=Slavery.= =Hd= Census of, in Lower Canada, in 1784, 231; negroes
advertised in Quebec, 246. =B= George Brown's lifelong opposition to,
xi, 1-2, 111-119; Anti-Slavery Society of Canada formed, 112, 113. =S=
Prohibition of, in Upper Canada, 89-91. _See also_ Negroes. =Bib.=:
Johnson, _First Things in Canada_; Withrow, _The Underground Railway_
(R. S. C., 1902); Jack, _Loyalists and Slavery in New Brunswick_ (R. S.
C., 1898); Smith, _Slavery in Canada_ (N. S. Hist. Soc. Coll., vol. 10);
_L'Esclavage en Canada_ (Soc. Hist, du Montreal, 1859); Garneau,
_History of Canada_.
=Small, James E.= =Mc= Defeated by Baldwin, 159; opposes Mackenzie, 214.
=Small, John E.= =S= Clerk of Executive Council, 178; his duel with John
White, attorney-general, 181. =BL= Solicitor-general for Upper Canada,
134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal, 167;
elected in 1844, 253. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Smallpox.= =Dr= Breaks out in army before Quebec, 120, 123. =Hd=
Discussion on, in Quebec _Gazette_, 228-231. _See also_ Vaccination.
=Smith, Colonel.= =S= Commands 5th Regiment, his residence at Niagara,
179.
=Smith, Adam= (1723-1790). Political economist. Filled successively the
chairs of logic and of moral philosophy at Glasgow. In 1766 published
his great work, _The Wealth of Nations_. =Index=: =Sy= His economic
views receive attention, 11. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Smith, Sir Albert James= (1824-1883). Born in Shediac, New Brunswick.
Educated at the Westmoreland County Grammar School; studied law, and
called to the bar, 1847. Represented Westmoreland in the New Brunswick
Assembly, 1851-1867. A member of the government without portfolio, 1856.
Resigned with his colleagues, and on the return of his party to power
again resumed office. Attorney-general, 1862. A strong opponent of
Confederation. On the resignation of the Tilley government, called on to
form an administration; succeeded and held the office of president of
the Council. Went to England to oppose Confederation, 1865. Held the
attorney-generalship, 1865. His administration resigned office, 1866.
Returned for Westmoreland to the House of Commons, 1867. Held office as
minister of marine and fisheries in the Mackenzie government, 1873-1878.
Chief counsel of the Canadian government before the Halifax Fisheries
Commission, 1877. In recognition of his services, created K. C. M. G.,
1878. =Index=: =T= Member of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; resigns,
1862, 90; member of Mackenzie ministry, 90; a Liberal, 91; declines
chief-justiceship, 93, 94; resigns with his government, 103-104; opposes
Quebec scheme, 116-117, 118-119. =H= Leader of Anti-Confederate
government in New Brunswick, 179. =B= His ministry resigns, owing to
action of Lieutenant-Governor Gordon and the Legislative Council on
Confederation question, 188. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Hannay, _History
of New Brunswick_.
=Smith, Goldwin= (1823-1910). Born in Reading, England. Educated at Eton
and Oxford; elected a fellow of University College, London, 1846; regius
professor of modern history at Oxford, 1858-1866; honorary professor of
English and constitutional history at Cornell, 1868-1871. Came to
Canada, 1871; and thereafter made his home in Toronto. Elected a member
of the Senate of Toronto University; and was first president of the
Council of Public Instruction. =Index=: =Mc= His opinion of Mackenzie,
3; on the Family Compact, 10; on revolution, 18; on Mackenzie, 27; view
of parliamentary government under Constitutional Act, 54, 55. =B= His
connection with Canada First movement, 235; elected president of
National Club, 237; attacked by the _Globe_, 237-238; his reply,
238-239. =Md= Supports Canada First party, 226; on Red River Rebellion,
240; his belief that "Annexation to United States was written in the
stars," 283; favours commercial union, 292, 293, 294. =Bib.=: Works:
_Three English Statesmen_; _Lectures on the Study of History_; _Canada
and the Canadian Question_; _Cowper_; _Essays on Questions of the Day_;
_A Trip to England_; _Life of Jane Austen_; _The Moral Crusader_;
_Oxford and Her Colleges_; _Shakespeare the Man_; _Guesses at the Riddle
of Existence_; _Irish History and the Irish Question_; _The United
Kingdom_; _The United States_; _Labour and Capital_. For biog., _see_
Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; Denison, _The Struggle for
Imperial Unity_; and his _Reminiscences_, edited by T. Arnold Haultain.
=Smith, Sir Henry= (1812-1868). Born in London, England. Came to Canada
with his parents; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada,
1836. Entered Parliament, 1841, as member for Frontenac; appointed
solicitor-general, 1854, in MacNab-Morin ministry, and held same office
in succeeding governments till 1858. Elected Speaker, 1858. Knighted,
1860, on the occasion of the visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada.
=Index=: =E= Solicitor-general for Upper Canada in MacNab-Morin
ministry, 141; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.
Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Smith, H. W.= =Index=: =H= Delegate of Anti-Confederate party,--goes to
England with Howe to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204;
receives thanks of Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. =Bib.=: Campbell,
_History of Nova Scotia_.
=Smith, James= (1808-1868). Born in Montreal. Studied law, and called to
the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Elected to the Legislature for
Missisquoi, 1844. Appointed attorney-general the same year and held
office until 1847, when he was appointed to the Court of Queen's Bench,
Lower Canada; puisne judge of the Superior Court, 1849-1868. =Index=:
=BL= Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1844, 246. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.
Can._
=Smith, Sydney= (1771-1845). =Sy= On Conservative reaction in England,
11; on Lord John Russell, 55. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Smith, William= (1728-1793). Born in New York City. Graduated at Yale,
1745; called to the New York bar, and practised in that city. In 1763
appointed chief-justice of the colony; and sat in the Council,
1767-1782. In 1786 appointed chief-justice of Canada, holding the office
until his death. =Index=: =Hd= His influence over Lord Dorchester, 314;
his ultra-English sentiments, 315. =Dr= Chief-justice of Canada, 224;
his position on the civil law question, 225; favours union of all
British North American provinces, 261; made Speaker of new Legislative
Council, 269. =S= His plan for a union of all British possessions in
North America, 5. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Smith, William O.= =T= Mayor of St. John, New Brunswick, 7.
=Smuggling.= =S= Prevalence of, between Upper Canada and the state of
New York, 106, 107. =Bk= Promoted between United States and Canada by
United States Embargo Act, 109. =Dr= From New England into Canada, 57.
=Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.= =S= Assists the church of
England in Upper Canada, 158, 159.
=Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, Comte de= (1565-1612). At the urgent
solicitation of Champlain, who was in desperate need of a powerful
protector to shield the infant colony of New France from rival
intrigues, the Comte de Soissons was appointed by the king
lieutenant-general of the colony, with viceregal powers. Made Champlain
his lieutenant, with full control of the fur trade as well as of the
exploration and settlement of the colony. Unfortunately for Champlain,
his protector died shortly after the commission was issued. Succeeded as
viceroy by Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Conde. =Index=: =Ch= Assumes
direction of colony, and makes Champlain his lieutenant, 73. =Bib.=:
Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.
=Soleil d'Afrique.= =L= French vessel, 219. =F= French frigate, brings
supplies, 319
=Somerset, Edward Adolphus Seymour, twelfth Duke of= (1804-1885). Sat in
House of Commons, 1830-1855; first commissioner of works, 1851-1852;
first lord of Admiralty, 1859-1866. =Index=: =B= On committee on
Confederation of Canada and defence scheme, 186. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=Somerville, Alexander= (1811-1885). Born in Scotland. Served in the
regular army. Came to Canada, 1858. Took up newspaper work; for a time
editor of the _Canadian Illustrated News_. Present as a volunteer at the
battle of Ridgeway. =Bib.=: Works: _Diligent Life_; _Narrative of the
Fenian Invasion of Canada_. For biog., _see_ Rattray, _The Scot in
British North America_.
=Sorel.= A city of Quebec, at the mouth of the Richelieu River. Named
after Pierre de Sorel. A fort was built here by Montmagny in 1642, of
which Senneterre was commandant in 1645. It was abandoned in 1647, and a
new fort built by Sorel in 1665. Haldimand fortified the place in 1778,
in view of another possible American invasion. =Index=: =WM= Two French
frigates load stores at, 243. =Dr= Name of, changed to William Henry,
240. =L= Fort erected at, 53. =Hd= Situation of, 125; Haldimand at, 132,
259, 298; made depot for stores, 134, 183; inhabitants of, praised for
their courage and loyalty, 135; Haldimand's proposition for purchase of
seigniory of, 135, 183; lands allotted to Loyalists in district of, 255;
Protestant mission at, 256; hospital at, closed, 269; dispute over
wood-cutting at, 274; Riedesel stationed at, 296. =Bib.=: Lovell,
_Gazetteer of Canada_.
=Souart, De.= =F= Physician of the Seminary at Montreal, 91; presents
bell to Bonsecours Chapel, 177.
=Souel, Father.= =L= Dies a martyr, 62.
=Sovereign Council.= =F= Created, 1647, at Quebec, 37, 49; reorganized,
105-106; resembles a Parliament in French sense, 131; Frontenac claims
to be styled president of, 133-140; fixes prices of goods, 153. =L=
Creation of, 41; expresses preference for settlers from north of France,
78; makes decrees respecting sale of liquor, 113; members of, 158, 166;
deals with case of Perrot, 160; reconstituted and enlarged, 165;
question as to title of president, 166. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and
_Old Regime_.
=Spain.= =Dr= Her action in the Nootka matter, 250. =Hd= Her rule in
Louisiana, 64-81; war imminent with, 81; recovers Florida, 81;
Hamilton's opinion of, 167; Rodney's victory over, 189. =D= Lacked
genius for colonization, 4.
=Special Council of Lower Canada.= =Sy= Summoned to consider question of
union, 192; legislation by, 255, 256; summoned for last time, 272;
passes ordinance for establishment of municipal institutions, 273, 276;
passes bill for registry of titles, 278; established board of works,
with H. H. Killaly as president, 333. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of
Lower Canada_.
=Speedy.= =Bk= Government vessel, foundering of, in Lake Ontario, 69.
=Spence, R.= =E= Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin government, 140.
=Spencer, John Charles, third Earl= (1782-1845). Entered Parliament,
1804, and sat almost continuously to 1834; chancellor of the exchequer
and leader of the House of Commons, 1830-1834. =Index=: =Sy= Chancellor
of the exchequer, 25; on his father's death becomes Earl Spencer, 45;
declines governorship of Canada, 58. =W= His death, 37. =Bib.=: _Dict.
Nat. Biog._
=Spragge, John Godfrey= (1806-1884). Born in New Cross, Surrey, England.
Came to York with his father, 1820. Educated at the Central School,
York, under his father, who was headmaster, and at the Home District
School under John Strachan. Called to the bar, 1828; elected a bencher
of the Law Society of Upper Canada, 1835, and treasurer of that body,
1850. Appointed judge of the Surrogate Court of the Home District, 1836;
master in Chancery, 1837; registrar of the Court of Chancery, 1844;
vice-chancellor of Upper Canada, 1851; chancellor, 1869, and
chief-justice of Ontario, 1881. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_;
Dent, _Can. Por._
=Springer, Judge.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 143.
=Stadacone.= An Indian town, which stood near the mouth of the St.
Charles River, in what is now the city of Quebec. It was occupied by a
tribe of the Huron-Iroquois race, of which Donnacona was chief in 1535,
when Jacques Cartier brought his little fleet to anchor in the St.
Charles.
=Stairs, W. J.= =H= President of Anti-Confederation League, Nova Scotia,
192; correspondence with Joseph Howe, 192-197.
=Stamford, Katherine.= =S= Maiden name of Simcoe's mother, 15.
=Stamp Act.= =Dr= Effect of, in Canada, 33, 57.
=Stanley, Lord.= _See_ Derby.
=Stanmore, Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon, Baron= (1829- ). =Md=
Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, at first opposes Confederation,
but later exerts all his influence in its favour, 121-122. =B= Son of
Earl of Aberdeen, opposed to Confederation, 187; reverses his attitude
on instructions from colonial office, 187-188. =W= Organizes first
military camp in New Brunswick, 136. =T= Hostile to Confederation, 97;
son of Lord Aberdeen, 97; strong advocate of maritime union, 97; under
pressure from England, favours Confederation, 98; relations with A. J.
Smith, 103-104. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_, 1910.
=Star.= Newspaper published at Cobourg; established 1828. =Index=: =B=
Estimate of George Brown, 72-73.
=Star.= Newspaper published at Toronto; established 1892. =Index=: =Mc=
Opinion of Mackenzie, 4; on rebellion, 13; on Mackenzie as a reformer,
522.
=State Church.= =Sy= Provision made for, by Clergy Reserves, 77. _See
also_ Clergy Reserves.
=Steadman, James.= =T= Postmaster-general, 51.
=Steamship Service.= The first steam vessel in Canadian waters was the
_Accommodation_, which made her first trip between Montreal and Quebec
in 1809. She was followed by the _Swift Sure_ in 1811. The _General
Smyth_ made her first journey on the St. John River in 1816; and the
_Frontenac_ was the pioneer steamer on Lake Ontario, 1817. The first
vessel to cross the Atlantic under steam was the _Royal William_, built
at Quebec, 1830-1831, and crossed the Atlantic, 1833. The _Unicorn_,
built by Samuel Cunard, sailed from Liverpool to Halifax in 1840. The
_Britannia_ followed the same year. The Allan Line began its career in
1852, the Dominion Line in 1870, the Canadian Pacific Steamship Line in
1859, and the Canadian Northern in 1910. =Index=: =H= Ocean service
advocated by Joseph Howe, 232-234; established by Samuel Cunard, 234.
_See also_ Allan; Cunard; Molson; _Accommodation_; _Royal William_.
=Bib.=: Johnson, _First Things in Canada_.
=Steeves, William Henry= (1814-1873). Born at Hillsborough, New
Brunswick. Represented Albert County in the Assembly, 1846-1851; member
of Legislative Council, 1851-1867; surveyor-general, 1854-1855;
commissioner of public works, 1855-1856, and 1857-1863; member of
Intercolonial Railway Council, 1862; delegate to Charlottetown
Conference, 1864; and Quebec Conference, 1864; called to the Senate,
1867. =Index=: =T= Member of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; delegate
to England, 56; New Brunswick delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73.
=Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Steinhauer, Henry Bird= (1804-1885). A full-blooded Chippewa Indian.
Born in the Ramah Indian settlement, Lake Simcoe, Ontario. Adopted in
early life by a Pennsylvania family whose name he took and by whom he
was educated. About 1840 went to the North-West with the Rev. James
Evans. Established himself at Norway House, where he remained for
fifteen years. Assisted Evans in his invention of the Cree syllabic
characters. Translated almost the whole of the Old Testament, and the
greater part of the New Testament, into Cree. About 1858 removed to
Whitefish Lake and established the Methodist mission there.
=Steuben, Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand, Baron von=
(1730-1794). Served through Seven Years' War. In 1777 offered his
services to the Continental Congress, and attached to main army under
Washington, who made him inspector-general. Promoted major-general at
Yorktown. =Index=: =S= Stores guarded by, captured by Queen's Rangers,
34. =Hd= Sent as envoy to demand surrender of western forts, 259.
=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Stevens.= =WM= Hostage, escapes from Quebec, 125.
=Stevenson, Captain.= =S= Accompanies Simcoe to Canada, 47.
=Stewart, Alexander= (1794-1868). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Engaged
in West India trade. Afterwards studied law and called to the bar of
Nova Scotia, 1822. Elected to the Assembly, 1826; member of the
Legislative Council, 1837; and of the Executive Council, 1840. In 1846
appointed Master of the Rolls and judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court.
=Index=: =H= His independent attitude in Nova Scotia Assembly, 18, 35;
standing in public life of the province, 35; deserts popular party, 41;
delegate of Legislative Council to England to oppose representative
government, 52, 56. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_;
Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.
=Stewart, Sir William= (1774-1827). British general. =Index=: =Bk= In
command of marines in expedition to Baltic, 24, 29; organizes Rifle
Brigade, 25. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Stikine River.= Rises in northern British Columbia and flows into the
Pacific, through Alaskan territory, after a course of 335 miles. The
name is a corruption of the Thlinkit word _sta-hane_, meaning "the
river." The mouth of the river was visited by Captain Cleveland in 1799.
The Russians built Fort Dionysius there, in 1834, on the site of the
present town of Wrangell. Three years later, the post was acquired by
the Hudson's Bay Company, and renamed Fort Stikine. The upper waters of
the river were visited by J. McLeod, of the Hudson's Bay Company, in
1834. The river was explored in 1863 by Lieutenant Pereleshin, of the
Russian navy; and in 1866-1867 by the surveyors of the Western Union
Telegraph Company. =Index=: =D= Attempt to establish Hudson's Bay
Company fort there in 1834 frustrated by Russians, 119-120; Russians
hand over their fort at mouth of river to Hudson's Bay Company, 121.
=Bib.=: Blake, _Geographical Notes upon Russian America and the Stickeen
River_; Dawson, _Report on Yukon District_ (Geol. Survey Report,
1887-1888).
=Stills=. =S= Taxes imposed upon, by Legislature of Upper Canada, 92.
=Stirling, Sir William Alexander, Earl of= (1567?-1640). King James gave
him a patent, September, 1621, to the territory now embracing the
provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and the Gaspe peninsula. To
further the colonization of his huge domain, Alexander instituted the
baronetcy of New Scotland, or Nova Scotia. In 1628 the first colonists
were landed at Port Royal. =Index=: =Ch= Equips vessel to operate
against French colonies, 176; grant to, of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
etc., 223. _See_ Baronets of Nova Scotia. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading
Companies of New France_; Rogers, _The Earl of Stirling's Register of
Royal Letters Relative to the Affairs of Scotland and Nova Scotia_;
Alexander, _An Encouragement to Colonies_ in Laing, _Royal Letters
Relating to Colonization of New Scotland_; Patterson, _Sir William
Alexander_ (R. S. C., 1892); Kirke, _The First English Conquest of
Canada_.
=Stisted, Sir Henry William=. Educated at Sandhurst and entered the army
as ensign, 1835. Served through the Persian War and the Indian Mutiny.
Made major-general, 1864, and divisional commander of the troops in
Upper Canada, 1866. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of Ontario,
1867; held office until July 14, 1868. Returned to England; knighted,
1871. Died in England, 1875. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of
Upper Canada_.
=Stobo, Robert=. =WM= Former hostage with French, acts as guide to
Carleton above Quebec, 124; said to have pointed out Le Foulon to Wolfe,
168.
=Stoney Creek, Battle of=. Took place on June 5, 1813, when the American
troops, under Generals Chandler and Minder, were defeated by the British
forces under Colonel (afterwards General) Harvey. The defeat was
decisive, the two American generals being captured. It was a
turning-point in the Niagara campaign. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of
1812_; Richardson, _War of 1812_; Brymner, _Battle of Stoney Creek_.
_See also_ War of 1812.
=Stopford, Major=. =Dr= Commands force at Chambly, 93.
=Strachan, John= (1778-1867). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Graduated at
King's College, Aberdeen, 1796. Came to Canada, 1799, and opened a
school at Kingston. Ordained deacon, 1803, and priest, 1804. Became
rector of York, 1812; archdeacon, 1827; and bishop of Toronto, 1839.
Appointed to the Executive Council, 1815; and to the Legislative
Council, 1818; remained a member of the former until 1836, and of the
Legislative Council until 1841. =Index=: =R= Comes to Canada, 1799, to
inaugurate educational policy, 36; his character, 37; takes orders in
Church of England, and appointed rector of York, 37; called to Executive
Council, 37, 46; his ambitious plans, 38; becomes archdeacon of York,
1827, 46; his commanding influence, 46; asserts pretensions of Church of
England, 49; proposes sale of Clergy Reserves, 50; his sermon, 1826,
50-51, 63; his educational policy, 52; chairman of Board of Education,
58; asks legislative aid for theological students, 59; development of
his policy, and of opposition to it, 61-63; outlines his views in sermon
on death of bishop of Quebec, 67; visits England, 72; has bill
introduced in Imperial Parliament for sale of portion of Reserves, 72;
secures charter of King's College, 72-73; becomes first president, 73;
his letter to Horton on church establishment in Upper Canada, 72; his
ecclesiastical chart, 74; counter chart prepared by Dr. Lee, 75;
evidence laid before parliamentary committee, 75; his speech before
Legislative Council, 1828, 75-76; Ryerson's reply, 76-79; his fight for
denominational schools, 243. =S= His arrival in Canada, 170; becomes
bishop, 171. =Sy= Bishop of Toronto, his opposition to Sydenham's Clergy
Reserves Bill, 247. =B= Denounces bill for secularization of King's
College, 8; his environment, 260. =BL= Head of Home District Grammar
School, 25, 106; Robert Baldwin one of his pupils, 25; and King's
College, 192-193; leads opposition to Baldwin's University Bill, 195,
196; referred to by George Brown, 224; leads agitation against Baldwin's
University Bill, 295; raises funds for an Anglican ministry, 295-296.
=E= Secures charter for King's College, 93; deeply incensed at
secularization of King's College, 94; his mistaken policy, 94-95;
establishes Trinity College, 95; his uncompromising attitude in
settlement of Clergy Reserves, 150; induces Sir John Colborne to create
and endow forty-four rectories, 154; his report on this question, 156;
dominant influence in Legislative Council, 157; opposes division of the
Reserves, 159, 160; his final discomfiture, 169. =Mc= Proposes
provincial university, 95. =Md= First bishop of Toronto, opposes
secularization of King's College, 29-30; also opposes secularization of
Clergy Reserves, 59. =W= His charter for King's College, Upper Canada,
51. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can.
Por._; Bethune, _Memoir of Bishop Strachan_; Mockridge, _The Bishops of
the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.
=Strathcona and Mount Royal, Donald Alexander Smith, Baron= (1820- ).
Born in Archieston, Morayshire, Scotland. Entered the service of the
Hudson's Bay Company, 1838, and spent thirteen years at various
trading-posts on the Labrador coast. Moved to the North-West, becoming
chief factor, 1862; and afterwards resident governor and chief
commissioner. Appointed by the Dominion government, in 1869, special
commissioner to investigate the Riel Rebellion. Member of first
Executive Council of the North-West Territories, 1870; represented
Winnipeg in Manitoba Legislature, 1871-1874; elected for Selkirk to
Dominion House, 1871, 1872, 1874, 1878; and represented West Montreal,
1887-1896. Appointed high commissioner for Canada in London, 1896.
Knighted, 1886, and in 1897 raised to the peerage. =Index=: =D= Dugald
McTavish succeeds, at Montreal, 1870, 265; drives last spike of Canadian
Pacific Railway, Nov. 7, 1885, 326. =MS= Serves under Sir George Simpson
in Hudson's Bay Company, 228; chief factor (1861), 228; serves in
Labrador, 228. =Md= Takes part in debate on Pacific Scandal, 210; feels
that the future of the West depends on Macdonald's return to power, 236;
public spirit shown by, in building of the Canadian Pacific Railway,
237. =Bib.=: Willson, _Lord Strathcona_; Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Who's
Who_. _See also_ Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.
=Street, George F.= =W= Solicitor-general of Brunswick, 34.
=Street, John Ambrose.= =W= Supports the governor of New Brunswick, 46.
=T= Attorney-general and leader of government, 19; introduces railway
resolutions, 26, 53. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Strickland, Samuel= (1804-1867). Born at Reydon Hall, Suffolk; brother
of Agnes Strickland, Mrs. Traill, and Mrs. Moodie. Entered the army, and
reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Emigrated to Canada, 1826.
=Bib.=: _Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West_. For biog., _see_ Morgan,
_Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Strong, Sir Samuel Henry= (1825-1909). Born in Dorsetshire, England.
Came to Canada studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849.
Member of the commission for consolidating the statutes, 1856. Appointed
vice-chancellor of Ontario, 1869; transferred to the Court of Error and
Appeal, 1874; puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1875; and
chief-justice, 1892-1902. Knighted, 1893. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._;
Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Stuart, Andrew.= =Sy= Member of Constitutional Association, 112. =P=
Declares the French Canadians to be "a race of gentlemen," 49; one of
Papineau's followers, 197.
=Stuart, Archdeacon.= =Sy= Conducts funeral service of Lord Sydenham,
344.
=Stuart, George Okill= (1807-1884). Born in York, Upper Canada. Grandson
of the Rev. John Stuart, _q.v._ Educated at Kingston and Quebec, and
called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Mayor of Quebec, 1846-1850;
elected to represent Quebec in the Assembly, 1852; defeated at the
general election, but again returned, 1857. Appointed by the Imperial
government judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court of Quebec, 1873.
=Stuart, James.= =Ch= Erects fort in Cape Breton, 200.
=Stuart, Sir James= (1780-1853). Born at Fort Hunter, New York. Educated
at King's College, Windsor, Nova Scotia. Appointed assistant secretary
to the government of Lower Canada in 1800; and solicitor-general, 1801.
Entered the House of Assembly, for Montreal, 1808; attorney-general for
Lower Canada, 1825; and in 1831 suspended from office by Lord Aylmer,
and suspension confirmed by colonial secretary; a few months later the
injustice of the decision admitted, and offered the chief-justiceship of
Newfoundland, but declined the position. Appointed chief-justice of
Lower Canada by Durham in 1838. Created a baronet, 1841. =Index=: =Sy=
Praised by _Colonial Gazette_, 140; consulted by Sydenham, 191;
accompanies him to Upper Canada, 195. =E= Chief-justice of the Court of
Appeal of Lower Canada, and succeeded in 1853, by Sir L. H. La Fontaine,
105. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Christie, _History
of Lower Canada_.
=Stuart, John.= =MS= Chief factor of Hudson's Bay Company in New
Caledonia, 221; accompanies Simon Fraser down the Fraser, 222; his
intellectual tastes and correspondence, 222. =D= Accompanies Simon
Fraser on voyage down the Fraser, 60; succeeds Simon Fraser in New
Caledonia, 98; still in command in 1821 when Companies amalgamated, 98;
goes to Mackenzie River, 1824, 99. =Bib.=: Fraser, _Journal_ in Masson,
_Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_.
=Stuart, Rev. John.= =S= First Church of England clergyman to arrive in
Upper Canada, conducts school at Montreal, and then moves to Cataraqui
(Kingston), 158; opens first school in the province, 166. =Hd=
School-teacher at Montreal, 235; becomes rector at Cataraqui (Kingston),
236; supervises education of Indians, 265.
=Sturgeon Lake.= On the Saskatchewan. A notable place in the annals of
the Western fur trade. Here the traders from Montreal built a post about
1772; and in 1774 Samuel Hearne built a rival post for the Hudson's Bay
Company. The latter, Cumberland House, remained an important centre of
the fur trade for many years, and is still in operation. By way of this
lake, the fur traders' route lay north to Frog Portage and the Churchill
River. =Index=: =MS= Frobishers build trading-post there in 1772, 4; its
strategic importance, 4.
=Subercase, Lieutenant.= =F= In command at Lachine, on occasion of
massacre, 225; sent to island of Orleans to watch Phipps, 303. =L=
Anxious to attack Indians at Lachine, 226. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old
Regime_.
=Suete.= =WM= A swamp, near Ste. Foy, 252.
=Sullivan, John= (1740-1795). Commanded northern army during
Revolutionary War in 1776; served in Canada; and took part in the
battles of Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown. =Index=: =Hd= Lays waste
Iroquois settlements, 151. =Dr= In command of American army at Sorel,
145. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Sullivan, Robert Baldwin= (1802-1853). Born in Bandon, Ireland. Came to
Canada with his father, 1819, and settled at York. Studied law and
called to the bar, 1828. Practised for a time at Vittoria, in the county
of Norfolk. Elected mayor of Toronto, 1835. Appointed to the Executive
Council by Sir Francis Bond Head, 1836. Served in the militia during the
Rebellion of 1837. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1839; member of
the first Executive Council after the union of Upper and Lower Canada;
continued in office under the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration.
Resigned office with his colleagues, 1843; defended the course of the
ministry against Sir Charles Metcalfe in a series of letters in the
_Examiner_, under the _nom de plume_ of "Legion." Again took office as
provincial secretary in the second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration.
Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1848; judge of the Court
of Common Pleas, 1850. =Index=: =BL= Enters into law partnership with
Baldwin, 32; his character, 32, 77; president of the Council, 1841, 76;
Baldwin's attitude to, 80; member of Legislative Council, 83; defends
the government, 130-131; remains in office under La Fontaine-Baldwin
government, 133, 134; defends La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, in Metcalfe
crisis, 214; speaks before Reform Association, Toronto, 223; in
political controversy, 238, 243-244; provincial secretary, 284. =B=
Writes series of letters, over signature of "Legion," on responsible
government, 211; provincial secretary in Baldwin-La Fontaine government,
211; his address on resources of North-West Territories, 211; urges
importance of British settlement of North-West, 211; and responsible
government, 261. =Sy= Introduces union resolutions in Legislative
Council, 209, 228; president of Council under union, 283; duties and
salary, 334. =R= His connection with university scheme, 153. =E=
Provincial secretary in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53. =Bib.=:
Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_ and _Last Forty
Years_; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Sullivan, William Wilfrid= (1843- ). Born at New London, Prince Edward
Island. Educated at Central Academy and St. Dunstan's College,
Charlottetown. Engaged for a time in journalism; studied law and called
to the bar, 1867. Elected to the Assembly; held office as
attorney-general; premier, 1879-1889; chief-justice of Prince Edward
Island, 1889. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Duc de= (1560-1641). Trusted counsellor
of Henry IV of France. =Index=: =Ch= False report of his death, 64.
=Bib.=: _Memoires, 1634-1662_.
=Sulpicians.= A Canadian order, founded by Jean Jacques Olier, in 1640,
as part of the threefold religious settlement of Ville Marie. Named
after Olier's parish of St. Sulpice, in Paris. After Maisonneuve had
laid the foundations of Montreal, the Sulpicians built their Seminary,
and became proprietors of the island, much of which still remains in
their possession. They encouraged settlement on their seigniory, and in
1666, when Queylus was superior, granted a large tract of land at
Lachine to La Salle. Among the notable members of the order in its early
days were the Abbe Fenelon and Dollier de Casson, the latter the
historian of the order. =Index=: =F= Religious order, come to Montreal
with Maisonneuve, 42; work of colonization done by, 56; Frontenac
friendly to, 74; seigniors of the island of Montreal, 97; their
missions, 166, 168. =L= Four priests of the order come to Canada, 25;
peculiarly devoted to the Virgin Mary, 85; build new chapter house, 90;
acquire island of Montreal and seigniory of St. Sulpice, 108, 135; large
contributions of, to work of evangelization, 136; parish of Montreal
attached to, 175; send petition to the king, 183; union with Foreign
Missions of Paris, 221. =Sy= Incorporation of Seminary of, 255. =C=
Their quarrel with Bishop Bourget, 80. =Bib.=: Dollier de Casson,
_Histoire de Montreal_; Faillon, _Colonie Francaise en Canada_; Parkman,
_La Salle_.
=Sulte, Benjamin= (1841- ). Born at Three Rivers. Served as a volunteer
in the Fenian Raids, 1865-1866; employed in the Department of Militia
and Defence, 1870-1903; president of Royal Society of Canada, 1904.
=Index=: =Hd= On Haldimand, 291-292. =Bib.=: Works: _Les Laurentiennes_;
_Chants Nouveaux_; _Melanges d'Histoire_; _Histoire des
Canadiens-Francais_; _Pages d'Histoire du Canada_; _Histoire de la
Milice Canadienne_; _Bataille de Chateauguay_. For biog., _see_ Morgan,
_Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Sumner, Charles= (1811-1874). American statesman, and leader in the
anti-slavery movement. Elected to Senate, 1851; chairman of committee on
foreign affairs, 1861. =Index=: =B= Very favourable to Reciprocity
Treaty, 226. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Sunday.= =S= Little observed in Simcoe's time, so far as transaction of
public business was concerned, 198.
=Superior, Lake.= Area 31,800 square miles. Discovered by Etienne Brule,
in 1622. In the next quarter century the devoted Jesuit Fathers
penetrated to the shores of the lake. Jogues and Raymbault preached the
Faith at the outlet of the lake in 1641; Menard attempted a mission on
the south shore in 1661; and a few years later Allouez explored most of
the same side. Radisson and Chouart penetrated to the western end of the
lake and beyond in 1661; and Du Lhut covered much the same ground in
1678-1681. From that time, the shores of the lake became familiar ground
to missionaries, explorers, and fur traders. =Bib.=: Kohl, _Wanderings
round Lake Superior_; Agassiz, _Lake Superior_; Butterfield, _History of
Brule's Discoveries_.
=Supreme Court of Canada.= Created by Act of Parliament in 1875.
Consists of a chief-justice and five puisne judges, who, also
constituted the Exchequer Court until 1887, when the latter was
separated. The first chief-justice was Sir William Buell Richards,
1875-1879; succeeded by Sir William Johnston Ritchie, 1879-1892; Sir
Samuel Henry Strong, 1892-1902; Sir Henri Elzear Taschereau, 1902-1906;
and Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, since 1906. =Index=: =Md= Bill for
establishment of, shaped, 1868-1870, but not passed until 1875, 151.
=Surprise.= =Dr= British frigate, arrival of, 137.
=Sutherland.= =WM= British frigate, with five other vessels, passes up
the river, 123; Wolfe on board of, opposite Cap Rouge, 166; his last
proclamation from, 172; Wolfe's conversation with Jervis on board of,
175; signal given from, for movement of the army, 179.
=Sutherland, Thomas J.= =Mc= Plans occupation of Navy Island, 412; his
lack of discretion, 412; starts for Michigan, 418; reaches Detroit, 427;
meets Handy, 427; lands on Bois Blanc Island, 428; taken by Loyalists,
431; found guilty, but released, 431. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian
Rebellion_.
=Sutton, H. T. Manners.= _See_ Canterbury.
=Suze, Treaty of.= Signed April 24, 1629. Under its terms peace was
declared between France and England; the former French possessions in
America to revert to France. The conditions were not fulfilled until
three years later. =Index=: =Ch= Signed by England and France, April 24,
1629, 183; ancient possessions of England in America given to France by,
213. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=Sweatman, Arthur= (1834-1909). Born in London, England. Educated at
Christ College, Cambridge. Headmaster of Hellmuth College, London,
Ontario, 1865-1872; rector of Grace Church, Brantford, 1872-1876;
archdeacon of Brant, 1876-1879. Succeeded Dr. Bethune as bishop of
Toronto, 1879; and in 1907 elected archbishop and metropolitan, and
primate of all Canada. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._;
Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland_.
=Swiss=. =Hd= Their bravery, 7, 8; take up lands in English colonies, 9;
scheme to form them into a regiment, 9.
=Switzerland=. =Hd= Dangerous situation of, 4.
=Sydenham, Charles Edward Poulett Thomson, first Baron= (1799-1841).
=Sy= Represented (as Charles Edward Poulett Thomson) city of Manchester
in House of Commons, 2; his liberal views, 3; birth, 4; enters office of
his father's firm at St. Petersburg, 5; introduced to best society
there, 5; returns to England, 6; foreign travel, 6; linguistic
acquirements, 6; returns to St. Petersburg, 7; visits central, southern,
and eastern Russia, 7; spends part of winter at Vienna, 8; his journals,
8; death of his mother, 8; yields to prevalent mania for speculation,
10, 14; adopts new economic views, 12; becomes associated with
philosophic Liberals, 13; candidate for representation of Dover in
Commons, 13; incurs heavy expenses, 14; elected, 15; votes for reduction
in duty on corn, 15; his view of politics, 16; his speech on the
Navigation Acts, 17; advocates ballot and repeal of usury laws, 18;
supports repeal of Test and Corporation Acts, 18; a believer in free
trade, 18; moderate in his views, 19; suffers from gout, 20; spends
winter in Paris and meets many able men, 20; speaks on parliamentary
reform, 21; on the national system of taxation, 22, 23; recommends
income tax, 24; made vice-president of Board of Trade, and treasurer of
navy, 25; tariff reform and vested interests, 27, 29; takes little part
in framing Reform Bill, 28; but devotes much attention to the public
accounts, 28; negotiates commercial treaty with France, 29; his
excessive labours, 30; elected both for Manchester and for Dover, 31;
elects to sit for Manchester, 31; an advocate of commercial freedom,
33-38; great dinner given to, at Manchester, 37; his views on banking,
38; on the corn duties, 39; on free trade, 41; president of Board of
Trade in reconstructed government, 43; Greville's description of, 43,
44; returns to office with Melbourne (1835), 46; re-elected (over
Gladstone) for Manchester, 48; a departmental worker rather than an
active politician, 49; description of, by Thomas Raikes, 49; makes
commercial treaty with Austria, 50; founds school of design and promotes
international copyright, 51; provides for regulation of railway
charters, 53; collects statistics, 54; Lord Melbourne's estimate of his
abilities, 56; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, in preference to
chancellorship of the exchecquer, 57-59; instructor for Canada in
principles of responsible government, 83; his tact in dealing with that
question, 104; makes important changes in draft bill for reunion of
provinces, 124; news of his appointment received in Canada, 129;
appointment not acceptable to all parties, 129-132; Reformers of Upper
Canada disposed to favour him, 133; article in _Colonial Gazette_ on his
mission, 136-141; his views on question of French nationality, 137; on
parties in Upper Canada, 138; on responsible government, 139; his
instructions, 141; Lord John Russell's letter accompanying instructions
to, 141-144; large discretion intrusted to him, 144; sails in frigate
_Pique_ from Portsmouth, 147; arrival at Quebec, 147; his reflections on
shipboard, 147, 148; sworn in, 149; his proclamation, 149, 150; address
of the Quebec Committee of Trade, 152; meets Sir George Arthur at
Montreal, 153; his task, to place Cabinet government in Canada on stable
basis, 179, 187; forced to exercise an unusual measure of political
control, 188; opposed by ultra-Tories and ultra-Radicals, 189; consults
with Chief-Justice Stuart of Lower Canada, 191; summons Special Council
of Lower Canada to consider question of union, 192; proceeds to Upper
Canada, 195; describes navigation of the St. Lawrence, 196; arrives at
Toronto and takes over government of province, 197; his significant
reply to address of Toronto corporation, 198; calls for a return of
revenue and expenditure of province, 198; describes condition of things
in Upper Canada, 200-203; speech on opening of Upper Canada Legislature,
203, 204; thought too sympathetic with French-Canadians, 205, 233;
carries union resolutions in Upper Canada Legislature, 203-210; his
personal influence very marked, 210, 211; acknowledges support given to
him by Reformers and moderate Conservatives, 213, 214; reports to the
colonial secretary on the state of Upper Canada, 215-226; unpopular with
French-Canadians, 233; decides to attempt settlement of Clergy Reserves
question, 238; his message on the subject to the Legislative Assembly,
245, 246; secures passing of bill, 248; is non-committal on subject of
responsible government, 249; his report on session to colonial
secretary, 250, 251; goes to Montreal to meet Special Council, 253;
describes situation in Lower Canada, 253-255; proceeds to Nova Scotia,
257; reports on situation there, 259-263; fails to anticipate full
action of responsible government in the colonies, 263, 264; visits New
Brunswick at request of Sir John Harvey, 264; returning to Canada,
visits Eastern Townships, 265; tour through Upper Canada, 265-268; well
received everywhere, 267; proposes to fix capital of united provinces at
Kingston, 268; not so popular in Lower Canada, 269; notified that royal
assent had been given to Union Act, 271; raised to peerage as Baron
Sydenham and Toronto, 272; his strong desire that Union Act should
provide a municipal system for Canada, 273-275; favours Kingston as seat
of government, 281; authorized to proclaim Union, 282; appoints 10th of
February, 1841, as date, 282; becomes from that date governor-in-chief
of united province, 282; issues proclamation to people, 282; issues writ
for general election, 282; his sympathy with French-Canadians, 284;
changes electoral limits of Montreal and Quebec by attaching suburbs to
adjoining counties, 285, 286; unable to give French-Canadians
representation in his Cabinet owing to their rooted opposition to union,
288; supported by moderate Reformers, 291; his difficulty with Baldwin,
294-296; much aggrieved by Baldwin's action, 299; his analysis of the
Legislature of 1841, 303, 304; his belief in theory of responsible
government, 312, 313; his efforts to improve financial conditions, 315,
320; promises in speech from throne Imperial loan in aid of public
works, 320; his views on emigration, 321; his satisfaction over passing
of Local Government Bill, 325; interest in public works, 326; his plan
for a bank of issue, 327; plan not suited to Canadian conditions at the
time, 329; partial adoption of, many years later, 330; reorganizes
public departments and Executive Council, 331-335; takes part in
extradition and boundary negotiations with the United States, 336;
serious illness, 337; sends resignation to take effect on close of
session, 338; his confidence in the solidity of his work, 338; his
absorption in his work, 339; receives Grand Cross of Bath, 340; meets
with fatal accident, 341; his fortitude in suffering, 342; his last
words to the Legislature, 342; his high opinion of Lord John Russell,
343; his death, 343; buried at Kingston, 344; eulogy of, by Dr. Ryerson,
346, 347; by Joseph Howe, 348, 349; general support given to his ideas
by home government, 350; his special qualifications for his work in
Canada, 352-355; gradually gains favour with French-Canadians, 355; his
administration marks transition from the old system to the new, 356. =B=
French-Canadians complain they are outraged by, 15-16. =E= His
character, 2, 14; appointed governor-general to complete the union and
establish responsible government, 26-29; his qualities, 29; his death,
30; his canal policy, 96-97; his proposed settlement of Clergy
Reserves, 156-157. =C= Sent to Canada to carry out some of Durham's
recommendations, 12; his character, 12; attitude towards Canadians, 12;
secures approval of union scheme, 12-13; persuades Upper Canada to
modify conditions of union, 14; wins the elections, 15; his
constitutional battle with La Fontaine as to meaning of ministerial
responsibility, 97; asked to disfranchise French of Lower Canada, 99.
=R= Comes to Canada, supported by Ryerson, 122; his policy, 122; draws
up resolutions on responsible government, 123-126; his influence on
political life, 131; interview with Ryerson, 163; his death, 163. =H=
Visits Nova Scotia, and discusses political situation with Joseph Howe
and other leaders, 68. =P= His views as to political situation in Nova
Scotia, 24; requests La Fontaine to enter Draper ministry, 72; referred
to by Papineau, 171; his aim in bringing about union of the Canadas to
crush the French-Canadians, according to La Fontaine, 174-175. =BL= In
period of reconstruction, 50; sent to Canada as governor-general, 59;
his previous career, 59; becomes Baron Sydenham and Toronto, 59; takes
over government, and lays his plans before the Special Council, 59-60;
his special project the union of the Canadas, 60-61; visits Upper
Canada, 61; appoints Baldwin solicitor-general of Upper Canada, 63; his
attitude towards responsible government, 64-67; union project, 67-71;
describes a journey in Canada in 1839, 74-75; summons Legislature, 1841,
75; appoints Legislative and Executive Councils, 75, 83; correspondence
with Baldwin as to personnel of Cabinet, 79-80, 81; succeeds in carrying
on the government, 85; on the luxurious surroundings of colonial
legislators, 86; absent from meeting of the Houses, 86; his speech from
the throne, 89; his public policy, 90; his views as to his
constitutional position, 97-98, 137; legislation as to municipal
government, 100-105; the resolutions on constitutional government,
109-111; his death, Sept. 19, 1841, 111; Turcotte and McMullen on,
111-112; his character, 111-112; referred to in La Fontaine's speech,
128; changes boundaries of constituencies of Montreal and Quebec for
political purposes, 146; this and other legislation of his repealed in
1842, 146-147; on responsible government, 161, 162, 163; dissatisfaction
with his selection of Kingston as capital, 180; his instructions, 230;
and Ryerson, 241; his application of the constitutional system, 274;
municipal legislation under, 299. =Mc= On state of province, 406; would
not have fought against rebels, 407; praises Reformers, 407; opposition
from Family Compact, 407; gives responsible government, 409; surprised
people had not rebelled sooner, 477. =Md= Advocate of responsible
government, 17; his death, 17; secures passage, by Assembly, of Act
secularizing Clergy Reserves, 1840, but on being sent to England, it is
disallowed on technical grounds, 59-60. =W= His despatch to Lord John
Russell on the Executive Council, 113. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._;
Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Scrope, _Memoir of Life of
Sydenham_.
=Sydney.= An important seaport of Nova Scotia; formerly the capital of
the colony of Cape Breton. Founded in 1784, and the seat of the local
government until 1820, when the island was united to Nova Scotia.
Incorporated as a town in 1886, and received a city charter in 1904.
=Bib.=: _Nelson's Ency._
=Sydney, Thomas Townshend, first Viscount= (1733-1800). Entered
Parliament, 1754; lord of the treasury, 1765; war secretary, 1872; and
home secretary, 1783. The office of home secretary then included the
colonies. =Index=: =Dr= Secretary of state, discusses with Carleton
future of Canada, 224; his correspondence with Carleton, 242; succeeded
in colonial office by Grenville, 248. =Hd= Du Calvet's petition to,
284-288; Haldimand's intercourse with, 310, 315, 322, 326, 337; speech
to, 327. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Syndics.= =F= Local representatives without votes, provided for in
first council, 37.
=Tache, Alexandre Antoninus= (1823-1894). Born in Riviere du Loup,
Quebec, and educated at Quebec and Montreal. In 1845 volunteered as a
missionary to the Indians on the Great Lakes, and in the same year
ordained to the priesthood. Founded several missions, schools, colleges,
and convents in the North-West. In 1853 became bishop of St. Boniface,
and in 1871 made archbishop. =Index=: =C= His missions, 69; warns
government of trouble with half-breeds, 70; his visit to Rome, 70;
recalled to placate half-breeds, 70. =Md= Warns Sir Georges Cartier of
trouble in North-West, 157-158; on causes of rebellion, 240. =Bib.=:
Works: _Sketch of the North-West of America_; _Vingt Annees de Missions
dans la Nord-Ouest_. For biog., _see_ David, _Vie de Tache_; Benoit,
_Vie de Mgr. Tache, Archeveque de St. Boniface_; Dent, _Can. Por._
=Tache, Sir Etienne Pascal= (1795-1865). Born in St. Thomas, Quebec.
Served during the War of 1812-1815. Studied medicine, practising until
1841. Entered Parliament, and in 1848 became commissioner of public
works. Held the position of receiver-general from 1849 to 1856.
Appointed to Legislative Council, 1856; subsequently elected Speaker;
shortly after became premier, with John A. Macdonald as attorney-general
and leader of the lower House. In 1858 visited England; knighted by
Queen Victoria; appointed to the honorary rank of colonel in the British
army, and made an aide-de-camp to the queen. For a few months in 1864
became premier in conjunction with Macdonald, but on the defeat of the
government retired from public life. =Index=: =C= Replaces Morin in
Liberal-Conservative administration, 33; with Cartier, induces Grand
Trunk to extend line from Quebec to Riviere du Loup, 49; intrusted by
Lord Monck with duty of forming a Cabinet, 68; alliance with Upper
Canadian Conservatives, 99. =BL= Chief commissioner of public works, in
second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 284; in Assembly for six years
(1841-1846), held office of deputy adjutant-general, given seat in
Legislative Council, 284-285. =E= Chief commissioner of public works in
La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; his historic saying as to British
supremacy in America, 56; a Liberal leader in Lower Canada, 109;
receiver-general in Hincks-Morin government, 113; retains same office in
reconstructed ministry in 1853, 126. =B= Challenges Brown to publish
Cardinal Wiseman's pastoral in the _Globe_, 44; said to have advised
Roman Catholics to oppose secularization of Clergy Reserves, 48; forms
ministry, 1864, 149; leads coalition government, 159; presents case for
Confederation in Upper Chamber, 169; his death, July 30, 1865, 189; his
character, 189; his prejudice against the Rouges, 200. =R= Introduces
Separate School Bill, 230. =Md= Takes Morin's place in the Cabinet, 74;
forms administration with Macdonald, 1856, 80; failing health forces him
to resign, 83; induced to leave his retirement, and form another
administration with Macdonald, which lasts only a few weeks, 90-91;
chairman of Confederation Conference held at Quebec, 104; his death,
122. =T= His government weak, and defeated in 1864, 69; delegate to
Quebec Conference, 76; president of Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Morgan,
_Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit.
Am._
=Tadoussac.= A town in Saguenay County, Quebec, situated at the
confluence of the Saguenay River with the St. Lawrence. Founded in 1599
by Chauvin, and visited by Champlain in 1603 and 1609. In the days of
the early French colonists, a centre of the seal fisheries and the fur
trade. =Index=: =Ch= Champlain arrives at, May 24, 1603, 10; derivation
of name, 10; early date at which fishing vessels resorted thither, 59;
seat of the fur trade, 119; Recollet mission at, 167.
=Tait, Sir Melbourne McTaggart= (1834- ). Born at Melbourne, Quebec.
Educated at St. Francis College, Richmond. Studied law in Montreal, and
graduated B. C. L. at McGill University, 1862; called to the bar, 1863;
practised at Melbourne and afterwards at Montreal. In 1882 created Q.
C.; in 1886 became a fellow-in-law in McGill University; in 1887
appointed judge of the Superior Court of Quebec; in 1894 acting
chief-justice; and in 1906 chief-justice. On the completion of the
sixtieth year of Queen Victoria's reign in 1897, knighted. =Bib.=:
Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Talbot, Thomas= (1771-1853). Rose to the rank of colonel in the British
army, and for a time attached to the staff of Governor Simcoe. Resigning
his commission, obtained in 1801 a grant of 5000 acres on the north
shore of Lake Erie for the purposes of a settlement, and devoted himself
to its development. Brought out a band of colonists from England, and
others followed. Port Talbot became the centre of an ever-widening
region of cultivated land, until before his death twenty-eight townships
had been settled as the result of his efforts. =Index=: =S= Aide-de-camp
to Simcoe, 177; returns to Ireland, later returns to Canada, and forms a
settlement in western Ontario, 178. =Bib.=: _Six Years in the Canadas_.
For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit.
Am._ _See also_ Coyne, _The Talbot Papers_ (R. S. C., 1907).
=Talbot Settlement.= _See_ Talbot, Thomas.
=Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice, Prince de= (1754-1838). French
statesman. =Index=: =Bk= Foreign secretary under Napoleon, 81. =Bib.=:
For biog., _see_ works of Taine, Mignet, Bastive, Lamartine, and Guizot.
=Tallon, Major.= =Bk= In command of 3d Brigade, 247.
=Talon, Jean-Baptiste= (1625-1691). Born in Picardy, France. Held
offices in the intendancies of Bordeaux and Lyons, and intendant of
Hainant from 1661 to 1663. In 1663 intendant of New France. During his
administration in Canada, was the first to build ships in the colony;
opened up trade between Canada and the West Indies; established the
first brewery in North America; and developed cod fisheries along the
St. Lawrence. In 1668 left for France, but returned to Canada in 1670,
and resumed the intendancy. In 1672 returned to France, and for several
years held high positions in the king's household. =Index=: =F=
Intendant, 51; character, 54; attitude to the clerical power, 55;
labours for the prosperity of the country, 55; recalled at his own
request, 60; instructed to guard against ecclesiastical encroachments,
69; secures permission for Recollets to return to Canada, 72. =L=
Appointed intendant, 51; arrival of, 79; his zeal for settlement of the
country, 79, 80; his high character, 81; takes steps to develop St.
Maurice mines, 82; sends Perrot to visit western and northern tribes,
82; promotes explorations of Jolliet and Marquette, 82; recommends de
Queylus to Colbert, 107, 135; to counterbalance influence of Jesuits,
brings out Recollet Fathers, 109; obtains decree permitting sale of
liquor to the Indians, 113; styled the "Canadian Colbert," 113; his
exertions for the good of the colony, 114-116; returns to France, 143;
his reports prejudice mind of Colbert against clergy, 170. =E= His
seigniory of Des Islets made a barony in 1671, 181. =WM= Montcalm
marries his grand-niece, 5. =Bib.=: _Memoire sur l'Etat Present du
Canada, attribute a M. Talon_ (Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc., _Hist. Doc._,
1st ser., 1840); Parkman, _Frontenac_; Garneau, _Histoire du Canada_;
Faillon, _Histoire de la Colonie Francaise_; Bibaud, _Histoire du Canada
sous la Domination Francaise_; Ferland, _Cours d'Histoire du Canada_;
Miles, _Canada under French Regime_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_;
Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Regime_; Roy, _Intendants de la
Nouvelle France_ (R. S. C., 1903); Chapais, _Jean Talon_.
=Tanguay, Cyprien= (1819-1902). Born in the city of Quebec. Graduated at
Quebec Seminary in 1839, and ordained priest 1843. In 1860 removed to
St. Germain, and instrumental in building the cathedral for the diocese
of Rimouski, as also the college and convent in that diocese. Entered
the service of the Canadian government in 1865, and for some years
connected with the statistics branch of the Department of Agriculture.
In 1867 went to Paris to report on the French archives bearing on
Canadian history. In 1883 received the honorary degree of Litt.D. from
Laval University, and in 1886, being one of the original fellows of the
Royal Society of Canada, received the Confederation medal from the
Dominion government. In 1887 visited Europe and reported on the
historical archives. Subsequently created a _Prelat Romain_ by the pope.
=Bib.=: _Dictionnaire Genealogique des Familles Canadiennes_. For biog.,
_see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Tanswell, J.= =Hd= Schoolmaster at Quebec, 234.
=Tarieu de Lanaudiere, Charles.= Member of an old French family,
originally of Guienne; settled in Canada about 1665. Commanded a part of
the Canadian militia at Carillon, in 1758; remained in Canada after the
conquest, and became aide-de-camp to Dorchester; served against the
Americans in 1775, and accompanied the governor to England. Afterwards
appointed a legislative councillor, and deputy postmaster-general for
Canada. =Index=: =Dr= In command of militia, 187; offered to settle his
seigniory with freeholders, 255. =WM= Canadian officer, sent to prevent
landing at St. Paul's Bay, 89.
=Tariff.= =BL= Increased in 1841, 99; and 1842, 147; on agricultural
products, and live stock, 189; Act of 1849, 292, 302.
=Tarleton, Sir Bonastre= (1754-1833). Born in Liverpool. Educated at
Oxford University; and joined the army in 1775. In 1776 came to America
as a volunteer with Cornwallis, and became major in Colonel Harcourt's
Regiment of Dragoons. Given command of the "British Legion" or
"Tarleton's Green Horse," and with this force was in constant action
against the enemy. In 1780 met and severely defeated Colonel Burford's
detachment at Waxhaw Creek; arrived at Camden in time to complete the
rout of General Gates's left wing; and overwhelmed the army of General
Sumter at Fishing Creek. Badly beaten by the American force under
General Daniel Morgan at Cowpens, 1781. In 1782 returned to England, and
promoted to colonel; from 1790 to 1812 a member of Parliament; in 1817
made lieutenant-general; and created a baronet in 1818. =Index=: =Dr=
Commands British Legion, 202. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Taschereau.= =Bk= Arrested, 127; discharged, 128. =C= Claims liberty of
the press, 95; sent to jail, 95. =P= Name struck off militia list by Sir
James Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29; released, 29.
=Taschereau, Elzear Alexandre= (1820-1898). Born at Ste. Marie de la
Beauce, Quebec. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec; subsequently
travelled throughout Europe; and in 1837 entered the Grand Seminary at
Quebec. In 1842 ordained to the priesthood in his native parish. In
1847, while attending the sick and dying immigrants at Grosse Island,
stricken with fever. In 1854 went to Rome, and in 1856 received the
degree of D.D. In 1860 elected superior of the Quebec Seminary, the
appointment including the rectorship of Laval University. In 1871
consecrated archbishop of Quebec, in succession to Archbishop
Baillargeon. In 1872 founded the Hotel Dieu du Sacre-Coeur at Quebec,
and also instrumental in restoring the church at St. Anne de Beaupre. In
1886 created cardinal. Towards the end of 1894 retired from the
administration of his diocese. =Index=: =C= Disapproves of appeal of _Le
Parti Catholique_, 82-83. =L= Attributes establishment of first
brotherhood of Holy Family to Father Pijard, 86. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can.
Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; Tetu, _Le Cardinal Taschereau_; Hamel,
_Taschereau_.
=Taschereau, Sir Henri Elzear= (1836- ). Born at Ste. Marie de la
Beauce, Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary; called to the bar, 1857,
and practised in Quebec. From 1861 to 1867 represented Beauce in the
Canadian Assembly. In 1867 appointed a Q. C.; and in 1868 clerk of the
peace for the district of Quebec. In 1871 judge of the Quebec Superior
Court; in 1878 judge of the Supreme Court of Canada; and in 1902
chief-justice; retired, 1906. In 1904 a member of the Imperial Privy
Council. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._
=Tasse, Joseph= (1848-1895). Born in Montreal. Educated at Bourget
College. Chose journalism as his profession; in 1867 became editor of
_Le Canada_; from 1869 to 1872 associate editor of _La Minerve_; and a
director of _La Revue Canadienne_. About the same period appointed
assistant French translator of the House of Commons. In 1878 elected to
the House of Commons for Ottawa, and re-elected 1882; member of the
Senate from the province of Quebec, 1891-1895. =Index=: =MS= On Seven
Oaks affair, 184. =Bib.=: _Canadiens de L'Ouest_.
=Taylor, Brigadier-General.= =Hd= In command at Pensacola, 65; his
dispute with Governor Johnstone, 69; at St. Augustine, 75.
=Taylor, Sir Henry= (1800-1886). Born in England. In 1824 appointed to
the permanent staff of the colonial office, with which he was connected
until 1872. In 1835 declined the offer of the governorship of Upper
Canada. =Index=: =W= His characterization of Lord Glenelg, 42. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Taylor, John Fennings= (1817-1882). Born in London, England. Educated
at Radley, England, and came to Canada, 1836. Held various clerical
offices under the Assembly and Council of Canada, and after
Confederation was appointed deputy clerk of the Senate. Died in Old
Point Comfort, Va. =Index=: =E= On John Sandfield Macdonald's reproof to
Lord Elgin, 129-130. =Bib.=: Works: _Portraits of British Americans_;
_The Last Three Bishops Appointed by the Crown for British North
America_; _Life and Death of the Hon. Thomas D'Arcy McGee_; _Are
Legislatures Parliaments?--A Study and Review_.
=Tecumseh= (1768-1813). Born near the site of Springfield, Ohio. First
appeared as a brave in a battle with Kentucky soldiers about 1788. In
the campaign of 1794-1795 between American troops and Indians, came into
prominence as a daring warrior. In 1805 he and his brother Ellskwatawa,
the Prophet, formed the project of uniting all the western tribes of
Indians in a war against the Americans. With this object visited the
different tribes and induced many to join his ranks. In the campaigns of
1812-1813 joined the British against the Americans, and wounded at the
battle of Maguaga. In 1812 given the rank of brigadier-general. In 1813
killed at the battle of Moravian town, on the Thames, while leading his
Indian troops on the British side. =Index=: =Bk= Shawnee warrior,
desirous of uniting all the Indian tribes for their common defence, 150;
proposes alliance with United States, 150; his overtures being
rejected, decides on war, 151, 176; repulses Americans at Canard River,
237; disperses force of the enemy on their own territory, 237; in fight
at Maguaga, 241; his opinion of Brock, 246; appearance, dress, and
character, 246, 247; leads Indians in attack on Detroit, 254; his
commendation of Brock, 257. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can.
Por._; Drake, _Life of Tecumseh_; Eggleston, _Tecumseh and the Shawnee
Prophet_; Tupper, _Life and Correspondence of Brock_; Tupper, _Family
Records_; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Teganissorens (Decanisora).= =F= Onondaga orator, 338.
=Telegraph Companies.= =BL= Incorporated in 1847, 277-278.
=Temple, Richard Temple Grenville, Earl= (1711-1779). Represented
Buckingham and Buckinghamshire in Parliament, 1734-1752; first lord of
the Admiralty, 1756-1757; lord privy seal, 1757-1761. =Index=: =WM=
Witnesses singular behaviour of Wolfe at house of Pitt, 65, 66. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Temple, Sir Thomas= (1614-1674). Born in England. Given a grant of land
in Nova Scotia, in 1656; induced Cromwell to confirm it, and in 1657
appointed governor of Acadia. Sailed for America, and occupied the forts
of St. John and Pentagoet. On the restoration of Charles II, his claims
were again in jeopardy, but were eventually confirmed. In 1662 created
by Charles II a baronet of Nova Scotia, and again appointed governor. In
1667 Nova Scotia was ceded to France, and in 1670 forced to resign his
claims to the territory. Afterwards settled in Boston, finally returning
to England. =Index=: =F= English governor of Acadia, 1656, 268. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Tessoueat.= =Ch= Algonquian chief, 10, 75, 77.
=Tetes de Boule.= =Hd= Indian tribe trading at Three Rivers, 54.
=Tetu.= =Hd= On Haldimand. 291.
=Theatre.= =F= At Quebec, 336. =Hd= Allan Maclean's effort for, 306-307;
attempt to produce Moliere's _Les Fourberies de Scapin_, 307.
=Themines, Pons de Lauziere, Marquis de= (1552-1627). Marshal of France.
=Index=: =Ch= Temporary viceroy of New France, 123.
=Thierry-Desdames.= =Ch= Company's clerk at Quebec, 121, 138; sent to
St. Barnabe Island, 173.
=Thom, Adam.= Born in Scotland. Educated at King's College, Aberdeen.
Came to Canada, and practised law in Montreal. Appointed recorder of
Rupert's Land, 1838, and arrived in the Red River Settlement the
following year. Also legal adviser to the governor of Assiniboia. His
arbitrary conduct made him extremely unpopular, especially among the
French half-breeds, and he was compelled to retire from the bench in
1849. The following year reinstated, to try a complicated case of
defamatory conspiracy, but the verdict proved so unsatisfactory that
Governor Caldwell procured his permanent removal, and had him appointed
clerk of the court. Resigned this office in 1854, and returned to
Scotland. =Index=: =MS= Governor Simpson makes him recorder of Red
River, 1839, 245; opposes Papineau in Lower Canada, 245; his newspaper
letters signed "Camillus," 245; on Durham's staff, 245; returns with him
to England, 245; his influence in Red River affairs, 246; the "stormy
petrel," of the Settlement, 247; returns to England, 1854, 247; his
connection with Simpson's narrative of his journey round the world, 249.
=Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_; Ross, _Red River
Settlement_; Begg, _History of the North-West_. _See also_ Red River
Colony.
=Thomas, John= (1725-1776). Born in Marshfield, Mass. Surgeon in a
regiment sent to Annapolis Royal, 1746; and in 1747 surgeon, and
afterwards lieutenant, in Shirley's Regiment. In 1759 promoted colonel
of Provincials, and in 1760 commanded a regiment at the capture of
Montreal. On the outbreak of the Revolution joined the colonials; raised
a regiment of volunteers; and in 1775 became brigadier-general. In 1776
commanded a brigade at the siege of Boston, capturing Dorchester
Heights, and promoted major-general. Succeeded to the command of the
American army in Canada on the death of General James Montgomery,
arriving before Quebec on May 1, 1776. Died near Chambly, on the retreat
from Quebec. =Index=: =Dr= Replaces Wooster, recalled, 136; stampede of
his forces when attacked by Carleton, 138. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ _See
also_ Siege of Quebec, 1775-1776.
=Thompson.= =T= Elected in York, New Brunswick, 108.
=Thompson, David= (1770-1857). Born in the parish of St. John's,
Westminster, England. Educated at the Gray Coat School; and entered the
service of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1784. The first of his voluminous
journals opens at Fort Churchill in that year. The last is dated 1850.
The journals fill forty-five volumes of manuscript, and cover a period
of sixty-six years. Remained in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company
until 1797, and in that period carried on explorations and surveys of
the Nelson, Churchill, and Saskatchewan Rivers, and the intervening
territory. In 1797 joined the North West Company, and in the years that
followed, explored the upper waters of the Assiniboine; made a journey
overland to the Mandan villages on the Missouri; and another to the head
waters of the Mississippi; and surveyed portions of the upper waters of
the Saskatchewan, Athabaska, and Peace Rivers. From 1807 to 1811,
explored the entire system of the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers, from
source to mouth. Left the North-West in 1812, and from 1816 to 1826
engaged in surveying and defining the international boundary. Afterwards
carried out several minor surveys, in what is now eastern Canada. Died
at Longueuil, near Montreal. =Index=: =MS= Referred to in Mackenzie's
letters, 58; his explorations, 103; leaves Hudson's Bay Company, and
joins North West Company, 103; visits the Mandan Indians, 104; further
explorations, 105; sent to explore the Columbia, 106; crosses the Rocky
Mountains, 1806, and builds post on Columbia, 106; descends the Columbia
to its mouth, 106-107; builds other posts west of the mountains, 107;
leaves service of the North West Company, 107; prepares his great map,
107; Thompson River named after, 109. =D= Completes his western work,
1811, 58; returns to eastern Canada, 58; ends his days in poverty, 59;
astronomer of North West Company, 57; previously in service of Hudson's
Bay Company, 57-58; extent of his travels, 58; visits Mandan country,
58; enters Bow River Pass, 1805, 58; discovers Howse Pass, 58; builds
Fort Kootenay, 58; first to explore Kootenay district, 58; discoverer of
Athabaska Pass, 58; proclaims British sovereignty, at junction of
Spokane and Columbia, 58. =Bib.=: Tyrrell, _Journeys of David Thompson_;
_Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. by Coues; Laut, _Conquest of the Great
North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay
Company_.
=Thompson, David= (1796-1868). Born in Scotland. Served in the British
army and in the Canadian militia. Taught school in Niagara and acted as
a surveyor. In 1832 published _History of the late War between Great
Britain and the United States of America_.
=Thompson, Edward.= =Mc= Defeats Mackenzie, 308.
=Thompson, James.= =Dr= Engineer, his work on the fortifications of
Quebec, 117.
=Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David= (1844-1894). Born in Halifax, Nova
Scotia. Educated at Free Church Academy, Halifax. In 1859 a reporter in
the House of Assembly. In 1865 called to the bar and practised in
Halifax. In 1877 member for Antigonish, in the Assembly; and in 1878
attorney-general in the Holmes-Thompson government. On the retirement of
Holmes in 1882, became premier, but being defeated in the House,
resigned two months later. In 1882 appointed a judge of the Supreme
Court. In 1885 minister of justice and attorney-general of Canada, in
Sir John A. Macdonald's government, being elected for Antigonish to the
House of Commons. Appointed legal adviser to the British
plenipotentiaries who arranged the Fishery Treaty with the United States
in 1888, and knighted for his services. In 1892 premier, on the
retirement of Sir John Abbott. In 1893 went to Paris as one of the
arbitrators upon the Bering Sea fisheries dispute. In 1894, while on a
visit to England, and soon after being sworn in as a member of the
Imperial Privy Council, died suddenly at Windsor Castle. =Index=: =Md=
Minister of justice, 254; his address when unveiling statue of John A.
Macdonald at Hamilton, 332. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Dict. Nat.
Biog._; Hopkins, _Life of Sir John Thompson_.
=Thompson, Samuel.= =B= His pen picture of George Brown, 4-5.
=Thompson, S. R.= =T= Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, New
Brunswick, 108, 109.
=Thompson, William= (1725-1781). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to
Pennsylvania, and commanded a troop of mounted militia in the French and
Indian campaigns. In 1776 appointed a brigadier-general by Congress, and
sent to Canada with reinforcements for General John Thomas. On June 6,
ordered by General Sullivan, who had succeeded Thomas, to attack the
enemy at Three Rivers, but badly defeated and taken prisoner; exchanged
two years later. =Index=: =Dr= Sent to attack Fraser at Three Rivers,
145; repulsed with loss, 146. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Thomson, Andrew.= =Sy= Elder brother and business partner of Sydenham,
9; annoyed at losses and expenses incurred by his brother, 14.
=Thomson, Edward William= (1849- ). Canadian author and journalist.
=Index=: =B= His sketch of Gordon Brown, 245. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can.
Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Thomson, John.= =Sy= Merchant, father of Sydenham, 4; adds "Poulett" to
his name, 4.
=Thomson, Poulett.= _See_ Sydenham.
=Thornton, Sir Edward.= Born in London, England, 1817; son of Sir Edward
Thornton, minister to Portugal. Graduated at Cambridge in 1840. Entered
the diplomatic service, and in 1842 stationed at Turin. In 1845 attache
in Mexico, and in 1851 secretary of legation. Appointed minister to the
Argentine Confederation in 1859; and in 1865 minister to Brazil; in 1867
minister to Washington; in 1871 a member of the Joint High Commission on
the _Alabama_ claims; and in 1873 one of the arbitrators of the American
and Mexican Claims Commission. In 1878 served on the Ontario Boundary
Commission. In 1881 appointed ambassador to St. Petersburg; and to
Turkey in 1884; retired from the diplomatic service, 1887; made a G. C.
B., 1883. =Index=: =B= British minister at Washington, joint
plenipotentiary with George Brown for negotiation of a reciprocity
treaty, 1874, 226. =Md= Serves on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255.
=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Thorpe, Robert.= A member of the Irish bar. Judge of the Supreme Court
of Prince Edward Island, 1802; judge of the Court of King's Bench of
Upper Canada, 1805. Took part in the political quarrels of the time;
elected a member of the Upper Canadian Assembly, 1807; dismissed from
his judgeship by order of the secretary of state, on the representations
of the governor, Sir Francis Gore; sued Sir Francis Gore in England for
libel and recovered damages. Appointed chief-justice of Sierra Leone;
returned to England after two years on account of ill-health; brought
with him for delivery a petition to the home government from the people
of Sierra Leone, and on this account dismissed from office. Died in
England. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Three Rivers.= City of Quebec, at the mouth of St. Maurice River. First
colonists settled there in 1633; the Jesuits arrived the following year;
and the same year a fort was built by Laviolette, who is regarded as the
founder of the town. Throughout the seventeenth century, it was the
scene of almost constant conflict with the Iroquois. In 1670 the Jesuits
were replaced by the Recollets; and in 1697 the Ursulines established a
convent. =Index=: =L= Recollet mission at, 111. =WM= French provision
ships retire to, 87. =Dr= Governorship of, abolished, 21; used as
military depot by Americans in invasion of Canada, 141; Carleton's
troops rendezvous at, 144. =F= Fort erected at, 24; population in 1666,
268. =Ch= Centre of fur trade for some years, 120; conference with
Indian tribes at, 162; Jesuit mission founded at, 228. =Hd= Haldimand
military governor of, 1; Ralph Burton governor of, 41-42; Haldimand
appointed to district on Burton's departure, 42-51, 64, 65, 290, 293;
early history of the settlement, 42; fires in, 44; difficulty in
obtaining recruits at, 56; government divided between Quebec and
Montreal, 60; Haldimand relieved of command at, in 1765, 61-62; Indians
protected at, 147; Haldimand befriends Ursuline nuns at, 179; census
taken, 190, 231; question of inoculation for smallpox at, 229; schools
of, 233, 235; banns of marriage published at, 237; Loyalists sheltered
near, 254; Du Calvet arrested at, 280. =Bib.=: Sulte, _Histoire des
Trois-Rivieres, 1534-1537_ and _Album d'Histoire des Trois-Rivieres,
1634-1721_.
=Three Rivers.= =Ch= Name given by Champlain to river St. Maurice, 52.
=Thurlow, Edward, Baron= (1731-1806). Born in Norfolk, England. Entered
Parliament for Tamworth, 1768. In 1770 appointed solicitor-general, and
in 1771 attorney-general. In 1774 supported on constitutional grounds
the ministerial scheme for the government of Quebec province. In 1778
lord chancellor and raised to the peerage. Presided at the trial of
Warren Hastings, 1788. Supported Pitt's foreign policy throughout, but
on other questions was not a loyal adherent of the prime minister. In
1792 Pitt and Grenville, with whom he then bitterly disagreed, induced
the king to part with the chancellor, who then resigned the great seal.
Throughout his career an ardent supporter of the king, and added all his
influence in favour of the policy which led to the revolt of the
American colonies. =Index=: =Dr= Attorney-general, on French-Canadian
claims in matters of law, 62, 66. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Thury, Abbe.= =F= Missionary to Abenaquis, 250.
=Ticonderoga.= Known to the French as Carillon. Built by Lotbiniere in
1755-1756, on a promontory at the southern end of Lake Champlain, where
it formed the advanced post of the French, and guarded the frontier from
British attack. Abercromby brought an army against it in 1758, and was
badly beaten by Montcalm. The following year Amherst captured the fort,
Bourlamaque retreating down the lake with his force. In 1775 it was
taken by the Americans, under Ethan Allen; and recaptured in 1777 by
Burgoyne, remaining in the possession of the British until the close of
the war. When the boundary was settled, it became the property of the
United States. =Index=: =Ch= Scene of fight with Iroquois, 54. =Hd=
Disastrous attack on, 18-21. _See_ Carillon; Abercromby; Allen; Amherst.
=Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Smith, _Our Struggle for the
Fourteenth Colony_.
=Tilley, James.= =T= Grandfather of Sir Leonard Tilley, grantee of
Parrtown, 3; died in Sunbury County in 1851, 3.
=Tilley, John.= =T= Came over in the _Mayflower_ in 1620, 2.
=Tilley, Sir Leonard= (1818-1896). =W= Grandson of William Peters, 3;
succeeds Wilmot as lieutenant-governor, 133. =T= Elected to New
Brunswick Assembly, 1850, 1; born in Gagetown, New Brunswick, May 8,
1818, his descent, 1-2; his father, 3-4; early home, 4-5; education, 5;
begins commercial life, 7; espouses cause of total abstinence, 8; his
business career, 8-9; enters political life, 10; returned for St. John
city, 10; his colleagues, 11-15; supports Ritchie's amendment, 18;
resigns his seat, 24; out of Parliament, 25; his tariff views, 29-30;
becomes provincial secretary, 32; introduces prohibitory liquor bill,
34; defeated in St. John, 41; elected in St. John, 43; provincial
secretary, 43; his nomination speech, 52; delegate to England in railway
matter, 54-55; attends Quebec Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56;
again in England on same matter, 57; supports Confederation, 59;
proposes uniform tariff for Maritime Provinces, 70-71; attends
Charlottetown Conference, 73; and Quebec Conference, 77, 79; candidate
in St. John, 84; resigns, 90; his influence, 104; again provincial
secretary, 105; elected for St. John, 109; the Confederation movement,
112; his personal magnetism, 113; his work for Confederation, 114; his
defence of the union, 116-118; delegate to England, 120; presented to
the queen, 124; in first Dominion ministry, 128-129; becomes minister of
finance, 130; represents St. John in Dominion Parliament, 131; receives
honour of C. B., 132; his parliamentary career, 133-134; appointed
lieutenant-governor, 134; his governorship, 135-136; returns to
political life as minister of finance, 137; again lieutenant-governor,
138-139; his popularity, 140; his religious life, 140-141; given a K. C.
M. G., 141; visits the queen at Osborne, 142; his marriage, 1843, 142;
his second wife, 142; his family, 142-143; last illness and death, 1896,
144-145; funeral service, 146; his character, 147-148. =H= His
government defeated in New Brunswick on Confederation issue, 179;
returned to office, 187; welcomes Tupper on his return from England,
207; urges Sir John Macdonald to visit Nova Scotia and confer with
leaders of Anti-Confederate party, 209. =B= Tours Canada with other
delegates after Quebec Conference, 166; defeated in New Brunswick on
Confederation issue, 182-183; in Peter Mitchell's Pro-Confederation
ministry, 188; relations with Macdonald, 202-203. =Md= Delegate to
Quebec Conference, 110; letters to, from Macdonald, on Confederation,
117-118, 125-126; minister of customs, 134; supports Intercolonial route
running directly across New Brunswick, 153; supports Macdonald and the
national policy, 220; introduces a bill to give effect to the national
policy, 228-229; his co-operation with Macdonald, 270-271. =Bib.=: Dent,
_Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Hannay, _Life
and Times of Sir Leonard Tilley_ and _History of New Brunswick_.
=Tilley, Samuel.= =T= Sir Leonard Tilley's great-grandfather, 1; a
Loyalist farmer on Long Island, 2; arrives at Parrtown (St. John), 1783,
3; dies there, 1815, 3; his wife dies, 1835, 3.
=Tilley, Thomas Morgan= (1790-1870). =T= Father of Sir Leonard Tilley,
born, 1790, 3; in lumber business, 4; dies, 1870, 4.
=Tilsit, Treaty of.= =Bk= Between Russia and Napoleon, 1807, 105;
failure of, 106.
=Timber Trade.= =Sy= Between Britain and colonies. Sydenham's views on,
130, 136. _See also_ Trade.
=Times.= Newspaper published at London, England; established, 1785.
=Index=: =BL= On Rebellion Losses Bill, 320-321. =B= On Canadian
independence, 143; attitude towards United States during war with the
South, 144; on Canadian defence, 147. =C= Advocates independence of
Canada and other great colonies, 89-93; Cartier replies to, 92. =Md=
Account in, of memorial service held in Westminster Abbey in honour of
Macdonald, 322-324.
=Tippecanoe.= =Bk= General Harrison's encounter with Indians at,
174-176.
=Tipping, Captain.= =D= Voyage to the North-West Coast for sea-otter
skins, 22.
=Tithes.= =Dr= Attempts to create discontent on the subject of, 79. =L=
Collection of, by Quebec Seminary, sanctioned by the French king, 10;
fixed by Sovereign Council at one twenty-sixth, 10; Laval obtains
authority to collect one-thirteenth as, 50; rate reduced to one
twenty-sixth, 54; objected to by some of the colonists, 54; decree of
1679 respecting, 55; limitation of, 181.
=Tobin, Michael.= =H= Member of Uniacke government, Nova Scotia, 110;
resigns seat in government, as protest against Howe's attack on Irish
Roman Catholics, 164. =H= Member of Uniacke administration, 1848, 110;
resigns seat in government, 164. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova
Scotia_.
=Tod, John.= Born in Water Leven, Dumbartonshire, Scotland. Joined the
Hudson's Bay Company, 1813, and employed for a time at York Factory as
superintendent of the fur shed. Sent by Governor Simpson to New
Caledonia, 1823; took an active part in the development of the Company's
operations west of the mountains. A man of strong personality, and a
notable correspondent; many of his letters to Hargrave, Ermatinger, and
other contemporaries among the fur traders have been preserved.
Stationed at Fort McLeod in 1824, and still there when Sir George
Simpson visited the post on his overland journey in 1828. Chief trader
in charge of Fort Kamloops, 1846. Bancroft describes some dramatic
incidents of his reign at Kamloops. Retired from Company's service,
1851; appointed same year a member of the council of government;
subsequently a member of the Legislative Council of Vancouver Island.
Died at Oak Bay, near Victoria. =Index=: =MS= Governor Simpson's
prejudice against, 268. =D= At McLeod Lake, 99; character, 100; account
of Fort George massacre, 105-106. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British
Columbia_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Begg, _History of British
Columbia_.
=Todd, Alpheus= (1821-1884). Born in London, England. Removed to Canada
in 1833. In 1836 appointed assistant librarian of the House of Assembly
of Upper Canada, and upon the union of the two provinces of Canada,
assistant librarian to the Legislative Assembly. In 1854 appointed
principal librarian, and constitutional adviser to both Houses of the
Legislature. In 1856, a library grant of L10,000 having been made, sent
to Europe to expend it. Upon the Confederation of the provinces in 1867,
appointed librarian to the Dominion Parliament. In 1881 received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from Queen's University, Kingston. =Bib.=:
Works: _Parliamentary Government in England_; _Parliamentary Government
in the British Colonies_. For biog., _see_ Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Tolmie, William Fraser= (1812-1886). Born at Inverness, Scotland.
Studied medicine; joined the Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, arriving at
Fort Vancouver the following year. Filled the dual positions of medical
officer and trader in the Company's service for many years. Stationed at
Fort McLoughlin, 1833-1836; visited Scotland, 1841-1843; chief factor,
1856, and removed to Victoria, where appointed to the board of
management of the Company, 1859. Retired in 1860, and for five years sat
in the Legislative Assembly. Died in Victoria. Tolmie Channel was named
after him. =Index=: =D= Succeeds Anderson at Fort McLoughlin, 1834, 117;
establishes first circulating library on Pacific slope, 117-118. =Bib.=:
Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Walbran, _British Columbia
Coast Names_.
=Tonnancour, De.= =Dr= Entertains Carleton at Three Rivers, 89; in
command of militia, 187. =Hd= Commander at Three Rivers, his application
to Haldimand, 243.
=Tonquin.= An American vessel, which brought out the Astorians from New
York to the Columbia in 1810. She was commanded by a domineering
officer, Captain Thorn. The following year, accompanied by Alexander
McKay, one of the partners of Astor's company, Thorn sailed north on a
trading expedition. At Nootka, while trading with the natives, he struck
one of the principal chiefs and turned him out of the ship. A few days
later a large party of Indians came on board, ostensibly to trade, but
carrying concealed weapons. At a preconcerted signal, they fell on the
officers and crew, killing all but five seamen, who escaped into the
hold. Four of these escaped the following day in a boat, but perished at
sea. The natives, believing the ship deserted, come on board in a crowd
to pillage her. Suddenly, while four or five hundred were huddled
together on the deck, the ship blew up with a frightful noise. The
sailor who had remained behind, probably wounded, is supposed to have
taken this terrible revenge. An Indian of Gray's Harbour, who had been
among the crew, managed to escape during the massacre, and brought the
news to Astoria. =Index=: =D= Attacked by natives at Clayoquot Sound,
June, 1811, and entire crew massacred, 37; sent to the Columbia by
Astor, 71; murder of crew, 71. =Bib.=: Franchere, _Voyage to the
North-West Coast of America_; Irving, _Astoria_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay
Company_.
=Tonti, Chevalier Henri de= (1650-1704). Born in Gaeta, Italy; son of a
well-known financier, and inventor of the Tontine form of life
insurance. Served in the Silician wars, where lost one of his hands.
Introduced to La Salle in Paris, and agreed to join him in his ambitious
schemes of western exploration. They crossed the Atlantic together in
1678, and the same year set forth for the west. At Cayuga Creek, above
Niagara Falls, Tonti built the _Griffon_, while La Salle went back to
Fort Frontenac for supplies. In the spring of 1679, they sailed together
to Michilimackinac; descended the Illinois, and built Fort Crevecoeur.
In 1682 accompanied La Salle down the Mississippi to the Gulf. Engaged
in the fur trade at Fort St. Louis, after the death of La Salle.
=Index=: =L= Left in charge of Fort Crevecoeur, 149; driven out by
Iroquois, 194; La Salle makes him his representative in Canada, 151. =F=
La Salle's lieutenant at Fort Crevecoeur, 144, 160; joins expedition
against Iroquois, 209; arrives from Illinois country with _coureurs de
bois_, 325. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_; Margry, _Relations et Memoires
Inedits_. _See also_ La Salle.
=Toronto.= Capital of the province of Ontario. The name is of Huron
origin and means "place of meeting." Fort Rouille was built on the site
of the city by the French in 1749; also known as Fort Toronto. In 1793,
Governor Simcoe moved the seat of government from Newark (Niagara), to
Toronto Bay, and named the new settlement York. In 1813 it was captured
and sacked by the Americans. In 1834 the city was incorporated, and
renamed Toronto. =Index=: =E= Becomes joint seat of government with
Quebec, 78. =B= Represented by George Brown in Parliament, 99; Board of
Trade of advocates incorporation of North-West Territories with Canada,
216. =BL= Attack on, planned in 1837, 43; banquet to Baldwin and others,
220-221; aspires to honour of capital, 181; Orange mob burn Baldwin and
Hincks in effigy, 187; under Baldwin's Municipal Act, 300; becomes seat
of government, 338. =S= Name of, officially changed to York, 203;
building regulations in, 203. =C= City council asks Poulett Thomson to
disfranchise French of Lower Canada, 99. _See also_ York. =Bib.=:
Robinson, _History of Toronto_; Robertson, _Landmarks of Toronto_; Adam,
_Toronto Old and New_; Scadding, _Toronto of Old_; Mulvany, _Toronto
Past and Present_; Taylor, _Toronto Called Back_.
=Toronto Alliance Society.= =Mc= Sympathizes with Lower Canada, 327.
=Toronto University.= Projected in 1797, and chartered, 1827, as King's
College, mainly through the efforts of Bishop Strachan. The charter was
amended in 1837, as the result of an agitation against its theological
bias. In 1850 the university was completely secularized; and in 1853 the
institution received its present name. In 1887 the charter was again
amended. Victoria, Knox, St. Michaels, and Wycliffe colleges were
affiliated with the university in that year; and Trinity in 1903.
Further changes were made in the government of the university in 1906.
=Index=: =BL= Baldwin's Bill and the university question, 190-197; its
definite foundation, 281; Act amending the charter, 292; history of
legislation affecting, 293; Bourinot and Loudon on Baldwin Bill, 293;
terms of the bill, 294-295. =E= Its history, 93-95. =Md= Formerly King's
College, 30; an institution for secular learning alone, 30, 44, 69.
=Bib.=: Loudon, _History of the University of Toronto_ in _Canada: An
Ency._, vol. 4; Burwash, _Founding and Development of University of
Toronto_ (R. S. C., 1905); _The University of Toronto and its Colleges,
1827-1906_.
=Tourmente, Cap.= =Ch= Champlain's establishment at, for raising cattle,
171; his establishment destroyed by fire, 177.
=Townshend, Lord Charles.= _See_ Bayning.
=Townshend, George, Marquis= (1724-1807). Born in Norfolk, England.
Entered the army, and engaged in the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, and
Culloden. In 1759 ordered to Canada; brigadier-general, and commanded
one of the divisions under Wolfe. On Wolfe's death succeeded to the
command, and received the capitulation of Quebec. Returning to England,
served in continental campaigns. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland from 1767 to
1772. In 1784 created Earl of Leicester, and in 1787 Marquis Townshend.
=Index=: =WM= Brigadier under Wolfe, 74; commands British right in
battle of Montmorency, 134, 140, 141, 142; moves up river with his
command to join fleet, 161; commands British right in battle of the
Plains, 189; takes command on death of Wolfe, 219; Montcalm's letter to,
219; fortifies British position, 222; places guard on General Hospital,
223; accepts capitulation of Quebec, 235; receives keys of the Chateau
St. Louis, 235; returns to England, 235. =Hd= His lack of interest in
Canada, 184; Haldimand's letter to, 188. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._;
Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Townshend,
_Life of Marquess Townshend_.