dates from the union of 1841; in Nova Scotia, from 1848; in New
Brunswick, the same year; in Prince Edward Island, 1851. The agitation
for responsible government, from its very nature, cannot be limited to
an exact period. It was a gradual growth, whose roots ran back almost to
the beginning of the period of British rule in Canada. The Quebec Act of
1774, the Constitutional Act of 1791, the Ninety-Two Resolutions of
1834, the Rebellion of 1837, and Durham's Report, were mile-stones on
the road to responsible government. =Index=: =Mc= Rattray on, 5, 6; Lord
John Russell on, 19, 20; resolution refusing, passed by Imperial House,
20; Lord Glenelg opposes, 21; Erskine May's review, 21; Bond Head on,
22; Lord Durham justified in demanding, 61, 67-69; the "true remedy,"
61, 63; Durham's Report favours, 81; Mackenzie urges, 81; Mackenzie
advocates, 148, 166, 177, 244, 279; Seventh Report on Grievances, 273;
Lord Glenelg on, 279-286; Lord Russell opposes, 325; comes at last, 409;
May on value of, 490. =Md= Its principles accepted in Act of Union in
1840, 17, 22; established under Elgin, 32-33; principles of, outlined by
Lord Grey in despatch to Sir John Harvey, 47-50. =W= History of movement
for, in New Brunswick, 99-130. =Sy= Effects of its introduction
foreseen, 81; not fully understood, 82, 107; idea opposed in reports of
committees of both Houses of Upper Canada Legislature, 100-103;
Sydenham's great tact in dealing with question of, 104; limited views of
its more ardent advocates, 105, 230; open to theoretical objections,
105-107; advocated by Hincks and Howe, 107; problem not theoretically
solved, 108; responsible government favoured by French-Canadians, 117;
opposed by English element in Lower Canada, 117; favoured by Reform
party in Upper Canada, 117; agitation on subject of, 124; Sir George
Arthur opposes, 125; inhabitants of Gore district pass resolutions in
favour of, 125; Lord John Russell's despatch on the subject, 169-172;
misunderstood by Conservatives and Reformers alike, 172, 173, 219, 230;
absence of, in Canada, 175, 176; Russell's despatch on tenure of office
brings it nearer, 184; the sole issue on which Reformers were united,
185; could be introduced only gradually, 189; not clearly defined in
Durham's Report, 223; Sydenham's view of, 224; excitement on the subject
diminishing, 225; unity in the Cabinet a necessary condition of,
227-229; question of, in Nova Scotia, 257-264; French-Canadians
indifferent to, 305; appreciation of, in Upper Canada, 305; resolutions
on, adopted by Legislative Assembly, 310, 311. =B= Explained in the
_Banner_, 9; Durham's remedy for political unrest, 12; withheld by
Metcalfe, 20-25; introduced by Elgin, 33, 35; Hincks's and Morin's
services in cause of, 67; George Brown's views on, 67. =C= La Fontaine's
fight for, 97; Lord Elgin's good work for, 98. =H= Fight for, in Nova
Scotia, 18-19, 30-31; only partially conceded by Union Act of 1841, 53;
triumph of, in Nova Scotia, 111; in Canada, 111; Sir John Harvey on,
112-113; Joseph Howe's fight for. _See_ Howe. =BL= Baldwin's "one idea,"
ix; the corner-stone of the British Imperial system, ix; evolution of,
in Canada, ix; impossible in early days of British rule, 1-2; Head calls
it the "smooth-faced insidious doctrine," 38; the desire for, at the
root of both constitutional and armed movements in Canada, 52;
recommended by Durham, 56-58; advocated by Hincks in the _Examiner_, 58;
Union Bill identified with, by Reformers of Upper Canada, 61; Sydenham's
views on, 64-67; favoured by La Fontaine, 70; discussion on, in
Legislature of 1841, 90-95; the Baldwin resolutions, 108-110; history
of, 137-143. _See also_ Brown, George; Howe, Joseph; Baldwin, Robert;
Hincks, Sir Francis; La Fontaine, Sir L. H.; Elgin, Earl of; Head, Sir
F. B.; Sydenham; Metcalfe; Bagot; Durham; Stanley; Papineau, L. J.;
Cartier, Sir G. E.; Ninety-Two Resolutions; Twelve Resolutions;
Representative government; Constitutional Act, 1791; Union Act, 1840;
British North America Act, 1867; Mackenzie, W. L.; Union of 1840.
=Bib.=: Bourinot, _Constitutional History of Canada_; Shortt and
Doughty, _Constitutional Documents of Canada_; Egerton and Grant,
_Canadian Constitutional Documents_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Durham,
_Report_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.
=Revenue.= =Mc= Casual and territorial, how derived and appropriated,
54-55; subject of contention, 55. =Sy= Control of, contended for by
provincial Assemblies, 84; division of, between Upper and Lower Canada,
gives rise to dispute, 93. =W= Disputes over disposition of, in New
Brunswick, 16-30, 35-39, 44-47, 92.
=Revue Canadienne.= Established in Montreal, in 1865. This important
French-Canadian magazine contains an immense amount of valuable material
bearing on the history and literature of Quebec. Its contributors have
embraced most of the ablest writers of the province during the past half
century.
=Reye, Pierre.= =Ch= Sides with the Kirkes, 194; his character bad, 204.
=Rheaume, Colonel.= =WM= Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.
=Rhodes, Cecil John= (1853-1902). Born at Bishop Stortford, England.
Educated at Oxford. Went to South Africa, 1871, and made a fortune in
the diamond mines. Entered the Assembly of Cape Colony, 1881, and became
a member of the Executive Council, 1884, as treasurer-general. Appointed
deputy-commissioner of Bechuana Land, 1884. Organized the British South
Africa Company, 1889. Premier of Cape Colony, 1890-1896. Left the
greater part of his fortune for the establishment of scholarships at
Oxford University, open to university students in each of the British
colonies, the United States, and Germany. =Index=: =Md= Letter from, to
Macdonald suggesting Imperial preferential trade, 343; makes same
suggestion to Sir Henry Parkes of Australia, 343. =Bib.=: Hensman,
_Cecil Rhodes: a Study of a Career_; Scholz, _Oxford and the Rhodes
Scholarships_.
=Riall, Sir Phineas.= Entered the army, 1794; lieutenant-colonel, 1806;
saw service in the West Indies. In 1813 attained the rank of
major-general and ordered to Canada. Took part in the contest on the
Niagara frontier; in command of the British troops at the battle of
Chippawa. Appointed governor of Grenada, 1816; lieutenant-general, 1825;
knighted, 1833; general, 1841. Died at Paris, 1851. =Bib.=: Morgan,
_Cel. Can._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Rice, Spring.= _See_ Monteagle, Lord.
=Richard, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, in charge of mission at Miscou and
afterwards at Chedabucto, 235, 237.
=Richards, Sir William Buell= (1815-1889). Born in Brockville, Ontario.
Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1837. Elected a
member of the Upper Canada Assembly, 1848; appointed to the Executive
Council, 1851; Q.C., 1850; puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas,
1853; chief-justice of that Court, 1863; chief-justice of Ontario, 1868;
arbitrator for Ontario on the commission to delimit the north-western
boundary of the province, 1874; chief-justice of the Supreme Court of
Canada, 1875; knighted, 1878; awarded the confederation medal, 1885.
=Index=: =E= Returned in 1848, 50; attorney-general of Upper Canada, in
Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; elevated to the bench, 126; first
chief-justice of Supreme Court of Canada, 128. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._
=Richardson, James= (1791-1875). Entered the provincial marine, 1809,
and served through the War of 1812. Entered the ministry of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, 1824. Became editor of the _Christian
Guardian_, 1832, and secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society,
1837. Consecrated bishop, 1858. =Index=: =B= Asked to enter religious
controversy in Upper Canada, 68; elected editor of _Christian Guardian_,
94; in the internal troubles among the Methodists, 105. =Bib.=: Webster,
_Life of Rev. James Richardson_; Dent, _Can. Por._
=Richardson, John= (1796-1852). Born near Niagara Falls, Ontario. In
1812 served during the war in the Canadian militia; at the battle of the
Thames taken prisoner; released; and afterwards entered the British
army. =Index=: =BL= Cited on Baldwin, 64; quoted on Hincks, 105; on
Bagot, 153. =Bk= His _War of 1812_ quoted, 236; describes encounter at
Maguaga, 238-242; describes attack on Detroit, 252, 254. =Bib.=: Works:
_War of 1812_, 1842; new ed., edited by Casselman, 1902; _Wacousta;
Ecarte_; _The Canadian Brothers_. For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._
_See also_ introduction to _War of 1812_, ed. by Casselman.
=Richardson, Sir John= (1787-1865). Born in Dumfries, Scotland. Educated
at Edinburgh University. In 1807 entered the navy as assistant surgeon,
and took part in the attack on Copenhagen. In 1816 obtained the degree
of M.D. from Edinburgh; and in 1819 appointed surgeon and naturalist in
Franklin's Arctic expedition, spending the winter of that year in the
Saskatchewan district. In 1821 the party reached Fort Providence, and in
October, 1822, returned to England. In 1825 accompanied Franklin on his
second expedition to the north. In 1838 appointed physician to the Royal
Hospital at Haslar; in 1840 inspector of hospitals; and in 1846
knighted. Placed in command of an expedition sent to search for Franklin
in 1848, but returned to England without finding any trace of the
explorer. =Bib.=: Works: _Arctic Searching Expedition_; _Fauna Boreali
Americana_. For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Duc de= (1585-1642). Born in France.
In 1607 bishop of Lucon; entered politics, and in 1616 secretary of
state for war and foreign affairs. In 1622 created cardinal; in 1624
councillor of state, and from that time till his death practically
dictator of France. The founder of the French Academy. =Index=: =E=
Introduces modified form of feudal system into Canada, 175. =L= Provides
for maintenance of missionaries, 4; strong measures of, to strengthen
royal power, 18. =F= Creates Company of New France, 19. =Ch= Founder of
the Company of New France, 168; heads list of members, 170. =Bib.=:
_Correspondence and State Papers_, 1853-1877. _See_ lives or political
biographies by Hanotaux, Dussieux, Fagniez, Lodge.
=Richelieu District.= In the Province of Quebec. =Index=: =Dr= Parishes
in, show marked sympathy with Americans, 89.
=Richelieu Islands.= Near mouth of Richelieu River. =Index=: =Ch= A
trading place, 120, 245.
=Richelieu River.= Rises in Bennington county, Vermont, and flows into
the St. Lawrence, after a course of 210 miles. Discovered by Champlain
in 1609, who in that year ascended the river to Lake Champlain. It was
at first known as the Riviere des Iroquois, and has at different times
borne the names of Chambly, St. Louis, and Sorel. =Index=: =F= Highway
to Iroquois country, 9; fort erected at mouth of, 51. =C= Scenes of
patriarchal life along, 118-121. =P= In Rebellion of 1837, 128-134.
=Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; White, _Atlas of Canada_.
=Richer, Jean.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144.
=Richibucto.= =Ch= Jesuit mission at, 234.
=Richmond, Charles Lennox, third Duke of= (1735-1806). Graduated at
Leyden, 1753; entered the army, and distinguished himself at Minden,
1759; ambassador at Paris, 1765; secretary of state, 1766-1767; member
of Pitt's Cabinet, 1783. =Index=: =Dr= Carleton appointed as preceptor
to, 30. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Richmond, Charles Lennox, fourth Duke of= (1764-1819). Entered
Parliament, 1790; privy councillor, 1807; lord lieutenant of Ireland,
1807-1813; governor-general of British North America, 1818-1819. Died
near Richmond, Upper Canada. =Index=: =E= An unsuccessful governor, 2;
his death at Richmond, 2. =P= Quiet rule of, 39. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Kingsford, _History of
Canada_.
=Rickson, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =WM= Wolfe's letter to, 72.
=Riddell, Robert.= =BL= Defeats Hincks in Oxford, 1844, 253; Hincks's
petition against his election refused, 253.
=Rideau Canal.= Built in 1826-1832, by Colonel John By, with several
companies of Royal Engineers. The first boat went through the canal in
May, 1832, from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston. The project arose out of
the War of 1812, and was mainly a military work, designed to afford a
secure route for gunboats and military supplies between Montreal and the
Great Lakes. This, with the other canals then built, remained under the
control of the Imperial government until 1853. It was then handed over
to the government of Upper Canada. In 1867 it came under the control of
the Dominion government. =Index=: =E= Its origin as a military work, and
importance to Upper Canada, 98. =BL= Its importance from a military
point of view, 74. =Bib.=: Billings, _The Rideau Canal_ (Women's Can.
Hist. Soc. of Ottawa _Trans._, vol. 2).
=Ridout, George.= =Mc= Dismissed by Head, 306.
=Ridout, Thomas.= A United Empire Loyalist. Came to Canada in 1780;
became registrar of York; and subsequently surveyor-general of Upper
Canada. =Index=: =R= Surveyor-general, and member of Board of Education,
58. =Bk= On administrative energy of Brock, 168. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.
Can._; Edgar, _Ten Years of Upper Canada_.
=Ridout, Thomas G.= (1792-1861). Born near Sorel. Removed with his
family to Niagara, and later to York. At the age of nineteen appointed
deputy assistant commissary-general. Resigning this office, became
cashier of the Bank of Upper Canada, which position he held until his
death. =Index=: =Bk= Letter from, describing condition of affairs in
England in 1811, 167; on the political situation in England in 1812,
192-193. =Bib.=: Edgar, _Ten Years of Upper Canada_.
=Riedesel, Frederica Charlotte Louisa= (1746-1808). Wife of Baron
Friedrich Adolph Riedesel; born in Bradenburg, Germany. Educated in
Berlin. In 1777 accompanied her husband to Canada and was with him
through the Burgoyne campaign, acting as nurse during the war. =Index=:
=Dr= Her journal, 145, 159. =Hd= Her Canadian diary, 219-220, 239, 240,
299-304, 345.
=Riedesel, Friedrich Adolph, Baron= (1738-1800). German officer. Born in
Rhine-Hesse. Educated at Marburg. Served on the staff of Prince
Ferdinand of Brunswick in the Seven Years' War, and took part in the
battle of Minden. In 1776 attached to the British forces in North
America, and while in Quebec organized his troops to meet colonial
methods of fighting. Took part in the capture of Ticonderoga, and in the
defeat of the Americans at Hubbardton. In 1777 taken prisoner at
Saratoga, and exchanged in 1779. Returned to Germany, 1783, and promoted
lieutenant-general, 1787. Commandant of the city of Brunswick, 1794.
=Index=: =Dr= Commands German troops, 145; joins Burgoyne at St. Johns,
147; his regret at Carleton's being superseded in military command, 174.
=Hd= Commands German troops, 114; his description of Canada and
Canadians, 114-116, 239-240; personal friend of Haldimand, 296, 297,
299, 302; on Washington's methods, 298. =Bib.=: Bradley, _The Making of
Canada_; _History of Canada_. _See also_ Haldimand.
=Riel, Louis= (1844-1885). Born in St. Boniface, Manitoba. Educated at
the Jesuit College, Montreal. Leader of the Rebellion of 1869-1870;
organized a provisional government at Fort Garry, but fled to the United
States on the arrival of the punitive force under Wolseley. Returned to
Canada in 1884, took command of the rebel forces in Saskatchewan,
captured at Batoche, tried, convicted of treason, and hanged. =Index=:
=C= Leads revolt in North-West, 69; establishes provisional government,
69. =Md= Sets up provisional government at Fort Garry, 158; puts Thomas
Scott to death, 160; his good faith doubted by Macdonald, 160; Cartier's
plan of a full amnesty and a new provincial government, 162; decamps on
arrival of Wolseley, 162; long the storm centre of Canadian politics,
162; elected to Parliament, 1874, but expelled and outlawed, 162;
invited by half-breeds to return to Canada, 241; leads Rebellion of
1885, 242; captured and hanged, 242; excitement in Quebec, 243-244; his
execution debated in Parliament, 280. =Bib.=: _The Queen_ vs. _Louis
Riel_; _Louis Riel, Martyr du Nord-Ouest_; Begg, _History of the
North-West_; Morice, _Dict._ _See also_ Riel Rebellion.
=Riel Rebellion=, 1869-1870. The territorial rights of the Hudson's Bay
Company having been transferred to Canada, a surveying party under
Colonel Dennis was sent out to Red River in 1869, and the same year
William Macdougall was appointed lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land,
and instructed to proceed to Fort Garry and assume control. The French
half-breeds, alarmed at these proceedings, which they thought menaced
the rights to their lands, turned back the surveying parties, and
prevented Macdougall from crossing the boundary. They formed themselves
into a provisional government, of which Louis Riel was secretary, and
later was elected president. Riel published a "Bill of Rights," and
seized Fort Garry. An ill-judged attempt on the part of some of the
loyal settlers to compel the release of certain prisoners failed, and
the leader, Major Boulton, with Thomas Scott and others, was captured.
Boulton was released, but Riel caused Scott to be shot. Intense
indignation throughout Canada was aroused by this act, and the
government at once organized an expeditionary force, under Colonel
Wolseley. The force proceeded by way of the lakes, and the Dawson route
from Fort William to Lake Winnipeg. Wolseley reached Fort Garry on Aug.
24, 1870, to find that Riel, with his lieutenants Lepine and O'Donoghue,
had fled across the border. Riel was subsequently outlawed. =Index=: =C=
Its causes, 69. =H= Joseph Howe's official connection with, 227-228.
_See also_ Riel. =Bib.=: Huyshe, _Red River Expedition_; Boulton,
_Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions_; Bryce, _Manitoba_;
McArthur, _Causes of the Rising in Red River Settlement_ (Man. Hist. and
Sc. Soc., 1882); Denison, _Reminiscences of the Rebellion of 1869_ and
_Soldiering in Canada_.
=Riel Rebellion=, 1885. The land question, which had given rise to the
Red River Rebellion of 1869-1870, was also responsible for the
Saskatchewan Rebellion of 1885. The government had neglected to issue
patents to the half-breeds on the Saskatchewan, and they became
convinced that their lands would be taken from them. Riel was sent for,
and an agitation worked up, at first along peaceful lines, but rapidly
moving towards violence. Riel finally threw discretion to the winds, and
deliberately inflamed not only the half-breeds, but also the western
tribes. A small detachment of Mounted Police and volunteers was attacked
at Duck Lake, and the government at Ottawa, hitherto indifferent, awoke
to the seriousness of the situation. A force was organized, and sent
west under General Middleton. Middleton divided his force into three
columns; one under General Strange, to operate against Big Bear in the
neighbourhood of Edmonton; the second under Colonel Otter, to relieve
Battleford, which was threatened by Poundmaker; and the third, of which
he himself took command, to relieve Prince Albert. Middleton met the
rebels at Fish Creek, and experienced a stubborn resistance, but drove
them back to Batoche. Here Riel and his men held the troops at bay for
three days, but were finally routed and scattered. Meanwhile Otter had
encountered Poundmaker at Cut Knife Creek, and after a desperate fight
had been forced to retreat. In the far west, Strange had a similar
experience with Big Bear, but finally drove him to the north. Big Bear
gave himself up; Poundmaker and Riel were captured, and the latter paid
the penalty of his crimes on the scaffold. =Index=: _See also_ Riel.
=Bib.=: Boulton, _Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions_; _Report
upon the Suppression of the Rebellion in the North-West_; Denison,
_Soldiering in Canada_.
=Ripon, Frederick John Robinson, Earl of= (1782-1859). Born in London.
Educated at Harrow and Cambridge. In 1806 entered Parliament; in 1809
appointed under-secretary for the colonies; in 1810 lord of the
Admiralty; in 1812 a member of the Privy Council; and paymaster-general
of the forces, 1813-1817. Appointed chancellor of the exchequer, 1823,
and introduced various fiscal reforms. In 1827 created Viscount
Goderich; and became leader of the House of Lords and prime minister on
the death of Canning. Subsequently filled the portfolios of war, the
privy seal, the Board of Trade, and Indian affairs. In 1836 created Earl
of Ripon. =Index=: =Mc= Colonial secretary, 1832, 221; inquires into
Upper Canada Reformers' grievances, 223, 224; offers Mackenzie the
post-office department, 225; deprecates civil war, 226; replies to
Mackenzie, 227; relieves religious bodies as to taking oath, 227; stops
free gifts of public lands, 227; decides that British subjects not to be
disqualified from voting, 228; promotes extension of education, 228;
orders account of public moneys, 228; suggests retirement of
ecclesiastics as legislative councillors, 229; reduces cost of
elections, 229; favours independent judiciary, 229; differs from
Mackenzie, 230; Family Compact incensed at, 230; dismisses Hagerman and
Boulton, 231, 232; resigns, 235; disallows Bank Acts, 237. =Sy= Resigns,
16. =BL= His despatch to the colony of Upper Canada, 15; petition and
correspondence as to affairs in Upper Canada, 30. =P= Offers Papineau
and his friends control of revenue in exchange for a civil list, 76-79.
=W= Views on crown lands, New Brunswick, 23. =Sy= Liberal statesman, 15;
becomes prime minister as Lord Goderich, 16; resigns, 16. =Bib.=: _Dict.
Nat. Biog._
=Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, first Marquess= (1827- ).
Succeeded his father as Earl of Ripon, 1859, and his uncle as Earl de
Grey the same year. Created marquis, 1871. Has been secretary of state
for war, India, the colonies, lord president of the Council, and first
lord of the Admiralty. Viceroy of India, 1880-1884. =Index=: =B=
Explains proposed scheme of defence for Canada, 184; on committee as to
Confederation and defence, 186. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_.
=Ritchie, Sir William Johnstone= (1813-1892). Born in Annapolis, Nova
Scotia. Educated at Pictou Academy, Nova Scotia. In 1838 called to the
bar of New Brunswick; in 1846-1851 member for St. John in the
Legislative Assembly, and in 1854-1855 appointed to the Executive
Council. In 1855 became puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New
Brunswick; in 1865 chief-justice of New Brunswick; and in 1875 puisne
judge of the Supreme Court of Canada. Appointed chief-justice of Canada,
1879; knighted, 1881. =Index=: =T= Elected for St. John County, 10,
12-13; afterwards chief-justice of Canada, 13; moves amendment to
address, 18; condemns the government, 22; resigns his seat, 24; returned
for St. John County, 30; and surveyor-general question, 33; made
chief-justice, New Brunswick, 94. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._
=Riviere aux Raisins.= =S= Boundary of territory dependent on Detroit
during British occupation, 145.
=Riviere Ouelle.= South shore of St. Lawrence, below Quebec. =Index=:
=F= Alleged repulse of party of New Englanders at, 291.
=Roads.= =BL= Government makes provision for, in 1841, 98-99; winter
roads at Quebec, 146-147. _See also_ Yonge Street; Dundas Street;
Baldoon Road.
=Roberts, Captain.= =Bk= Commands on Island of St. Joseph, 202, 210;
instructed by Brock to capture Michilimackinac, 205; contrary order from
Prevost, 210; acts on Brock's order and captures fort, 210, 211, 227.
=Robertson.= =T= Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, 109.
=Robertson, Colin.= =MS= Brings Selkirk settlers back to Red River, 165,
177; captures Fort Gibraltar, 178; takes Duncan Cameron to York Factory,
178; tried at Montreal, 198; his character, 220. _See also_ Red River
Colony. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the
Great North-West_.
=Robertson, James= (1839-1902). Born in Scotland. Removed to Canada and
educated at the University of Toronto, Union Theological Seminary, New
York, and Princeton University. Ordained to the ministry of the
Presbyterian Church, 1869; settled at Winnipeg as pastor of Knox Church,
1874. Appointed superintendent of western missions of the Presbyterian
Church, 1881. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Gordon, _Life of James
Robertson_.
=Robertson, Thomas Jaffray.= =R= First principal of Toronto Normal
School, 173; his methods and influence, 173-174; inspector of schools,
253.
=Robertson, William.= =S= Appointed member of Legislative Council, but
did not come to Canada, 79.
=Roberval, Jean Francois de la Roque, Sieur de.= A gentleman of Picardy,
born about the year 1500. By a commission dated Jan. 15, 1541, Francis I
gave him the command of the expedition planned by Jacques Cartier, and
made him his viceroy and lieutenant-general in the new lands discovered
by Cartier. The commission granted to the latter in 1540 was revoked,
and Cartier sailed as Roberval's lieutenant. Cartier left St. Malo in
May, 1541, and Roberval did not follow until April, 1542. His ships
entered the harbour of St. John's, Newfoundland, June 8, and there he
met Cartier on his way home. Sailing on into the gulf, and up the St.
Lawrence, he reached Charlesbourg Royal, where Cartier had wintered, and
set his men to work erecting forts and other buildings. Here he
wintered; explored the river in the spring; and sailed back to France
with his colonists in the autumn of 1543. Despite the failure of his
colonizing venture, commissioned by the king in 1544 to rebuild the
fortifications of Senlis; and in 1548 made controller of all mines in
France. Lost sight of about the year 1560. One story has it that he was
murdered in the streets of Paris; and another that he died at sea; but
both lack confirmation. There is reason to believe that he died in 1560,
or early in 1561. =Index=: =Ch= Ravages of scurvy in his expedition, 23.
=Bib.=: Hakluyt, _Principall Navigations_; Harrisse, _Notes sur la
Nouvelle France_; Dawson, _The St. Lawrence Basin_; Dionne,
_Jean-Francois de la Roche, Seigneur de Roberval_ (R. S. C., 1899).
=Robie, Simon Bradstreet.= =H= Member of Executive Council, Nova Scotia,
1838, 56-57.
=Robineau de Becancour, Rene.= =E= His seigniory of Portneuf made a
barony, 181.
=Robineau de Portneuf, Pierre.= Son of Rene Robineau, Baron de
Becancour, a lieutenant in the regiment of Robineau de Menneval, 1690.
Served in Acadia, 1691. =Index=: =Ch= Director of Company of New France,
170.
=Robinson, Major.= =T= Makes survey for Intercolonial, 53.
=Robinson, Colonel Beverley= (1723-1792). Born in Thornbury, England.
Entered the army; took part as a major, under Wolfe, in the attack on
Quebec, 1759. Opposed the measures that led to the separation of the
American colonies from the motherland, but joined the Loyalists when
independence was declared; raised the Loyal American Regiment, of which
he was colonel, and on several occasions conducted matters on behalf of
the Loyalists. At the end of the war came to New Brunswick, and was a
member of the first Council of that colony. =Index=: =Hd= Of Royal
Regiment of New York, his negotiations with Ethan Allen of Vermont,
201-203. =Dr= Commanded Loyal Americans, 202. =W= Commands Loyal
American Regiment, 3. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Robinson, Frederick John.= _See_ Ripon.
=Robinson, F. P.= =W= Auditor of king's casual revenue, 34; resigns, 72.
=Robinson, John.= =WM= His impression of Wolfe's conversation on night
before battle, 179.
=Robinson, Sir John Beverley= (1791-1863). Educated at Dr. Strachan's
school, Kingston; studied law and became acting attorney-general in
1812, before he had been called to the bar. Played a distinguished part
as a volunteer during the War of 1812. One of the leading members of the
so-called Family Compact; represented York in the Assembly, 1821, and
for several years thereafter; appointed chief-justice of Upper Canada,
1829, and the following year nominated Speaker of the Executive Council;
upon the union of the provinces in 1841, retired from political life,
but retained his office as chief-justice; in 1850 created a baronet of
the United Kingdom. =Index=: =Sy= Opposes union of the provinces, 211;
goes to England in hope of defeating measure, 230. =BL= His character,
12; pupil of Dr. Baldwin, 24; becomes chief-justice, 31; opposes union
of the Canadas, 61; his pamphlet, 62. =B= His part in movement towards
Confederation, 129. =E= Receives baronetcy, 105. =R= Member of Board of
Education, 58; his connection with university scheme, 153. =Bk= As
acting attorney-general gives opinion on Michigan question, 260; letter
of, describing battle of Queenston Heights, 298, 299, 302, 305, 306.
=Mc= Prosecutes Gourlay, 92; reports on union of provinces, 105; denies
existence of ministry, 274. =Bib.=: _Canada and the Canada Bill_. For
biog., _see_ Robinson, _Life of Sir John Beverley Robinson, Bart._;
Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_;
Edgar, _Ten Years of Upper Canada_.
=Robinson, John Beverley= (1820-1896). Second son of Sir John Beverley
Robinson; born in Toronto. Educated at Upper Canada College; appointed
aide-de-camp to Sir Francis Bond Head; saw active service during the
Rebellion of 1837. Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada,
1844. Served as alderman in Toronto for six years; elected mayor, 1857.
Elected to the Assembly for one of the divisions of Toronto, 1858;
president of the Council in the Macdonald-Cartier administration, 1862.
Elected to the House of Commons for Algoma, 1872, and for Toronto West,
1878. Lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1880-1887. =Bib.=: Read, _The
Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; Dent, _Can. Por._; Rose, _Cyc.
Can. Biog._
=Robinson, W. B.= =BL= Brother of Sir J. B. Robinson, appointed
inspector-general, 1844, 247; elected in elections of 1844, 252.
=Roblin, Rodmond Palen= (1853- ). Born in Sophiasburg, Ontario. Educated
at Albert College, Belleville. Removed to Manitoba and settled at
Carman, 1880. Elected to the Manitoba Assembly for Dufferin, 1888;
premier, 1900; also holds offices of minister of agriculture and railway
commissioner. =Bib.=: _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Rochemonteix, Camille.= A member of the Society of Jesus. =Index=: =F=
On the _Jesuit Relations_, 30. =Bib.=; _Les Jesuites et le Nouvelle
France au XVII^e Siecle_.
=Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Marquis of= (1730-1782). Born in
Yorkshire, England. Educated at Westminster School and St. John's
College, Cambridge. In 1746 served as a volunteer against the Jacobites.
In 1765 premier of a coalition ministry opposed to royal grants and
general warrants; from 1768 to 1781 leader of the opposition in the
House of Lords, during which time supported the proposals to grant
independence to the American colonies. In 1782 again became prime
minister. Throughout his political career upheld the contentions of the
American colonists, and opposed to royal encroachments. =Index=: =Dr=
Forms Cabinet, 192. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Rocky Mountain Fur Company.= Founded at St. Louis, in 1822, by William
H. Ashley. The field of its operations was the Upper Missouri country.
After an adventurous career of twelve years, in which Ashley, Andrew
Henry, M. G. Sublette, and other well-known western American traders
took a leading part, the company was disbanded at the annual rendezvous
in Green River Valley, in the summer of 1834. =Index=: =D= Made famous
by the enterprise of the trader Ashley, 134; re-establishes commercial
communication between United States and Oregon, 134. =Bib.=: Chittenden,
_History of the American Fur Trade_.
=Rocky Mountain Portage.= Leads across an elbow of the Peace River, in
the mountains, about long. 122 deg., to avoid a series of dangerous rapids.
First used by Alexander Mackenzie in 1793, on his expedition to the
Pacific. The North West Company had a trading post here for many years;
and one was afterwards maintained by the Hudson's Bay Company, but has
long since been abandoned. =Index=: =D= Simon Fraser's first post built
in 1805, 97. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.
=Rocky Mountains.= Commence in New Mexico, and extend north to the
Arctic coast, west of the Mackenzie River. The highest known peaks in
the Canadian Rockies are Mount Brown (16,000 feet) and Mount Hooker
(15,690 feet). The general altitude of the range varies from 10,000 to
14,000 feet. The following are the principal passes in Canada: Boundary,
6030 feet above the sea; Kootenay, 5960 feet; Crow's Nest, 4845 feet;
Kananaski, 5985 feet; Vermillion, 4947 feet; Kicking Horse, 5420 feet;
Howse, 6347 feet; Athabaska, 7300 feet; Yellowhead, 3760 feet; Peace,
2000 feet. =Index=: =WM= Discovered by La Verendrye, 19. =D= Crossed by
Mackenzie, 54; by David Thompson, 58; by Simon Fraser, 59; by Lewis and
Clarke, 67. =Bib.=: White, _Atlas of Canada_; Lovell, _Gazetteer of
Canada_.
=Rodier, Edouard.= =C= As an orator, 7; influence on Cartier, 7.
=Rodney, George Brydges, Baron= (1718-1792). Born in Walton-upon-Thames,
England. Educated at Harrow School. Entered the navy; promoted
lieutenant, 1739, and captain, 1742. In 1748 appointed governor and
commander-in-chief of the station of Newfoundland; in 1759 rear-admiral;
in 1761 commander-in-chief of Barbados and the Windward Islands, and
captured St. Pierre, Grenada, and St. Lucia; vice-admiral, 1762; made a
baronet, 1764; master of Greenwich Hospital, 1765; admiral, 1779. On
Jan. 16, 1780, won the battle of St. Vincent. =Index=: =Hd= His victory
over French and Spanish fleets, 189. =Dr= His great victory in West
Indies, 195. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Roebuck, John Arthur= (1801-1879). Born in Madras, India. Brought to
Canada at an early age, and educated here. Went to England in 1824 to
study law, and called to the bar in 1831. In 1832-1837 member of
Parliament for the city of Bath, and in 1835 agent in England for the
House of Assembly of Lower Canada. Again member for Bath, 1841-1847,
and in 1849-1868 member for Sheffield. In 1855 moved in the House of
Commons for a committee of inquiry into the conduct of the Crimean War,
and on the resignation of Lord Aberdeen's government, elected chairman
of the Sebastopol Committee appointed by Palmerston. In 1856 appointed
chairman of the Administrative Reform Association. In 1874 re-elected
member for Sheffield, which he represented until his death. =Index=:
=BL= Correspondence with Papineau and Mackenzie, 229; speech on affairs
in Canada, 231, 233; defends Rebellion Losses Bill, 325, 327. =B=
Attacks Metcalfe's policy, 23. =W= On responsible government, 110.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Rogers, Sir F.= _See_ Blachford.
=Rogers, Robert= (1727-1800). Born at Dunbarton, New Hampshire. In the
War of 1755-1760 with the French, commanded Rogers's Rangers and
distinguished himself in several engagements. Sent by Amherst in 1759 to
destroy the Indian village of St. Francis near the St. Lawrence River.
In 1760 took possession of Detroit and other western posts ceded by the
French after the fall of Quebec. In 1765 George III appointed him
governor of Mackinaw, Mich.; subsequently accused of intriguing with the
Spaniards and tried by court-martial in Montreal, but released. Became
colonel in the British army in North America, and commanded the Queen's
Rangers. In 1777 went to England. Proscribed by the provincial Congress
of New Hampshire, 1778. =Bib.=: Works: _Concise Account of North
America_, 1765; _Journals during the Late War_, 1765. For biog., _see_
_Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Rohault, de.= =F= Establishes college for boys at Quebec, 28.
=Rolette, Lieutenant.= =Bk= Captures schooner _Cayahoga_ with stores and
baggage of General Hull, 218, 243; in command of brig _Detroit_ captured
by Americans, 292.
=Rollet, Marie.= =Ch= Wife of Louis Hebert, 112, 146.
=Rolph, John= (1792-1870). Born in Thornbury, England. Emigrated to
Canada. Practised as a physician in Toronto, and in 1837 took part in
the Rebellion. Connected with Mackenzie in the attempt to capture
Toronto. After the collapse of the movement fled to the United States,
where he practised for some years. Pardoned and returned to Canada,
1843; settled in Toronto. Joined with Lesslie, Perry, and others in
forming the Clear Grit party; founded a medical school in Toronto;
commissioner of crown lands in the Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851; resigned
from the government, 1854, and joined the opposition; retired from
public life, 1857. =Index=: =Mc= Defends Judge Willis, 133; moves
address, 151; brings Gurnett to bar, 152; appointed executive
councillor, 294; resigns, 294; prepares answer to Governor Head, 298;
exposes opposition to Mackenzie's petition, 311; prevented from speaking
in the House, 319; speech ridiculing Governor Head's exculpation by
House, 323; pens "Declaration of Independence," 330; does not sign, 331;
to be "sole executive" of Rebellion movement, 350; changes day of
rising, 361; meets Mackenzie, 362; accompanies flag of truce, 368;
advises Lount to advance, 371; second flag of truce, 371; leaves for the
United States, 375; on Navy Island, 413; declines treasurership, 416;
amnestied, 474. =BL= Fight for reform, 13; appointed to Executive
Council by Head, 38-39; joint organizer of Rebellion of 1837, with
Mackenzie, 43; changes date of rising, 43; sent by Head to the rebels,
44; tells Lount to pay no attention to Head's message, 44-45; his exile
and return, a leader of the new Radicalism, 340-341. =E= One of the
leaders of the movement that ended in the Rebellion of 1837, 110; a
conspicuous member of the Clear Grit party, 110; invited by Hincks to a
seat in Cabinet, 1851, 112; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 113;
president of Executive Council, 1863, 126; votes against his colleagues,
136. =B= A leader of the Clear Grits, 39; plays a leading part in
movement for reform before the Rebellion, 39. =R= Member for Middlesex
in Upper Canada Assembly, 65-66. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian
Rebellion_ and _Last Forty Years; Dict. Nat. Biog._ _See also_ Rebellion
of 1837, Upper Canada.
=Roman Catholic Church=. The first authentic landmark in the history of
the Roman Catholic Church in Canada is the arrival of several Jesuit
missionaries in Acadia in 1611. The Recollets first came to Quebec in
1615, and the Jesuits in 1625. In 1657 the Sulpicians arrived in
Montreal, and the following year Canada was made a Vicariate Apostolic.
The Jesuit missionaries explored the most distant parts of the
continent, in labouring among the Indians. Laval, the first
vicar-apostolic of New France, arrived in Quebec in 1659. In 1674 Quebec
was made a diocese, and Laval became the first bishop. After 1818 Canada
was divided into the dioceses of Nova Scotia, Upper Canada, New
Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton, and the North-West. In
1841 the chapter of Montreal was established, and in 1874 the diocese of
Quebec was subdivided into eight dioceses. The first cardinal of Canada
was Archbishop Taschereau. =Index=: =Sy= Its members excluded from
certain civil privileges, 63. =Dr= Attitude of British government
towards, 21, 57, 58; full privileges conceded to, by Quebec Act, 64. =S=
Free exercise of religion guaranteed by Constitutional Act, 12. =WM=
Important part played by Roman Catholicism in Quebec, 16. =Bk= Faithful
to British rule, 47. =B= Relations with George Brown, x, 44-46; 48-49,
61, 121-128; position and political sympathies in Upper Canada, 125.
=Bib.=: O'Leary, _Roman Catholic Church in Quebec_; Harris, _Roman
Catholic Church in Ontario_; Cameron, _Catholic Church in Maritime
Provinces_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2.
=Rooseboom, Johannes=. =F= Of Albany, carries goods to Lake Indians,
201.
=Roquemaure=. =WM= Montcalm's early childhood spent at, 3.
=Roquemont, Claude de, Sieur de Brison=. =Ch= Assists in forming Company
of New France, 168; comes out in command of ships, 172; encounters
English vessels under David Kirke in the St. Lawrence, 173; his conduct
criticized, 175.
=Rose, Sir John= (1820-1888). Born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Educated
there. In 1836 emigrated to Canada, and served during the Rebellion of
1837. Studied law; called to the bar, 1842, and practised in Montreal
for several years. A member of the Legislative Assembly, 1857-1861;
solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1857-1858; and commissioner of
public works, 1859-1861. Appointed a commissioner for the settlement of
claims under the Oregon Treaty, 1864. Minister of finance in first
Dominion government. In 1870 sent by the British government on a mission
to the United States, which led to the treaty of Washington. Made
K.C.M.G., 1870; created a baronet, 1872; privy councillor, 1886;
G.C.M.G., 1878. =Index=: =C= Goes to England with Cartier and Galt, in
connection with Confederation, 57; Montreal banquet to, 92. =H= Sir John
Macdonald asks Joseph Howe to discuss financial terms of Nova Scotia
with, 215; confers with Howe and A. W. McLellan at Portland, 223. =E=
Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. =Md= Succeeds Galt as finance minister,
136; resigns a year later, 136; letter to, from Macdonald, on Riel,
160-161; also on Washington Treaty, 184-185. =T= Goes to England with
Cartier and Galt, 63; succeeds Galt as minister of finance, 130. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last
Forty Years_.
=Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, Earl of= (1847- ). Born in London.
Educated at Eton and Oxford. In 1881-1883 under-secretary for the home
office; in 1885 lord privy seal; and later chief commissioner of works;
secretary for foreign affairs in Gladstone's administration, 1886 and
1892-1894. Became prime minister, 1894, on the retirement of Gladstone.
=Index=: =Md= Secretary of state for foreign affairs, 332; his speech at
unveiling of bust of Macdonald in St. Paul's Cathedral, 332-333. =Bib.=:
_Who's Who_.
=Rosee, Jean.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170; agent of
Company of New France, 244.
=Ross, Major.= =Hd= Of the 34th Regiment, devastates large section of
country, 157; retakes Oswego, 157. =S= Leads Queen's Rangers in battle
of Monmouth, 29.
=Ross, Alexander.= Joined Astor's Pacific Fur Company in 1810, having
probably been previously engaged as a clerk in the service of the North
West Company. Sailed in the _Tonquin_ to the mouth of the Columbia,
where Astoria was built in 1811. Left Pacific Fur Company and joined
North West Company, 1814; stationed at Fort George (Astoria) and Fort
Okanagan, 1811-1816; transferred to Kamloops, 1816. Wrote two valuable
narratives of the fur trade on the Columbia. Joined Hudson's Bay
Company, on the union of the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies in
1821. Returned east, and settled in Red River Colony; sheriff and member
of the Council of Assiniboia, 1835. =Index=: =MS= On the sequel to Seven
Oaks affair, 185. =Bib.=: _Red River Settlement_; _Adventures on the
Columbia_; _Fur Hunters of the Far West_.
=Ross, Charles.= =D= In charge of Fort Camosun (Victoria), 1843, 180;
his death, 1844, 181.
=Ross, Dunbar.= =E= Solicitor-general, last in Hincks-Morin government,
126; holds same office in MacNab-Morin ministry, but without seat in
Cabinet, 141.
=Ross, James= (1811-1886). Born in West River, Nova Scotia. For a time
headmaster of Westmoreland Grammar School, New Brunswick. Editor of the
_Presbyterian Banner_, 1842. Principal Dalhousie College, 1863.
=Ross, John.= =MS= Sent to Athabaska district by X Y Company, 14;
relations with Pond, 15; his death, 16.
=Ross, John= (1818-1871). Born in county Antrim, Ireland. Emigrated to
Canada; educated at the district school, Brockville. In 1839 called to
the bar, and built up a successful practice. Appointed to the
Legislative Council, 1848; and in 1851 solicitor-general. In 1852, as a
director of the Grand Trunk Railway, superintended the completion of the
contracts in England, and was president of the Company for ten years.
Appointed attorney-general in 1852; Speaker of the Legislative Council,
1854-1856; receiver-general, 1858; and the same year president of the
Executive Council in the Cartier administration. Called to the Dominion
Senate, 1867; speaker of that body, 1869. =Index=: =E= Solicitor-general
for Upper Canada in Hincks-Morin government, but without seat in
Cabinet, 113; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 1853, 126; becomes
president of Legislative Council in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141. =Bib.=:
Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Ross.= =D= Name of Russian settlement at Bodega Bay, 45; purchased from
Russians for $30,000 by Sutter in 1841, 45.
=Rosslyn, Alexander Wedderburn, Baron Loughborough, first Earl of=
(1733-1805). Entered Parliament, 1761; solicitor-general, 1771, and
supported George III and Lord North in resisting the claims of the
American colonies. =Index=: =Dr= Solicitor-general, on Canadian claims
in matters of law, 62, 66. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Rothery, Henry Cadogan= (1817-1888). =B= Registrar of the High Court of
Admiralty in England,--prepares Canadian case in fisheries arbitration,
225-226; suggests Reciprocity Treaty, as compensation for fisheries,
226. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Rottenburg, Baron de.= Entered the army, and in 1795 promoted major of
Hussars; in 1797 lieutenant-colonel of the 60th Foot; and colonel in
1805. Served during the Rebellion in Ireland in 1798; present at the
capture of Surinam in 1799; promoted brigadier-general, 1808; took part
in the Walcheren expedition, 1809; in 1810 ordered to Canada, and
commanded the garrison at Quebec; promoted major-general. In command of
the Montreal district during the War of 1812; and in 1813
commander-in-chief of the forces in Upper Canada. Promoted
lieutenant-general in 1819, after his return to England. Died in 1832.
=Index=: =Bk= Appointed brigadier, 123; arrival of, at Quebec, 134.
=Bib.=: Morgan. _Cel. Can._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Rottenburg, Baroness de.= =Bk= Her great charm, 134, 137.
=Roubaud, Pierre.= =Hd= Ex-Jesuit, his erratic habits, 48, 49; a friend
of Du Calvet, 290.
=Rouer de Villeray, Louis= (1630?-1685). Born in France. Came to Canada
in 1651. Through Laval's influence, appointed to the Sovereign Council
in 1663, and retained his position in the reorganization of the Council
in 1675. Always a strong supporter of Laval and the Jesuits; and reputed
to be the wealthiest man of his day in the colony. =Index=: =F= First
councillor, 106; Frontenac's opinion of, 110; his right to title of
"esquire" challenged by Frontenac, 139; waits on Frontenac, 255, 256.
=L= Describes system of apprenticeship adopted with new settlers, 78;
appointed to Sovereign Council, 166; temporarily banished from Quebec,
167. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Old Regime_.
=Rous, John.= In command of a Boston privateer, did much damage to
French commerce. Made a successful raid on the French posts on the north
coast of Newfoundland, 1744. Took part in the capture of Louisbourg,
1745; sent to England with the news; rewarded with rank of captain in
the navy. Engaged in coast defence of Nova Scotia, 1749; in command of
the squadron sent against Beausejour, 1755; took part in the expedition
against Cape Breton under Lord Loudon, 1756. Commanded the _Sutherland_
at the capture of Louisbourg, 1758, and in 1759 was with Admiral
Saunders at the siege of Quebec. Settled at Halifax; a member of the
Council of Nova Scotia; died in 1760. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova
Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by
Akins.
=Rouvier.= =Ch= Clerk, goes to France, 121; returns with letters, 135.
=Rowan, Sir William.= Born in Ireland, 1789. Entered the army as ensign,
1783; saw service in various parts of the world, including Spain,
France, and North America; secretary to Lord Seaton in Canada,
1832-1839; major-general, 1846; Commander-in-chief of the forces in
British North America, 1849-1855; administrator of the government for a
short time during the absence of Lord Elgin. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Roy, Louis.= =S= First printer in Upper Canada, 172; acts as king's
printer, 173; succeeded by G. Tiffany, 173.
=Royal, Joseph= (1837- ). Born at Repentigny, Quebec. Educated at St.
Mary's College, Montreal. Entered into newspaper work; established
_L'Ordre, Le Nouveau Monde_, and assisted in founding _La Revue
Canadien_. Called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1864. Removed to Manitoba,
1870; founded there _Le Metis_. Elected to the first Legislative
Assembly of Manitoba, 1870; held many offices in successive
administrations until 1879. Member of the House of Commons, 1879-1888;
lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 1888-1893. Member of
the Royal Society of Canada, 1893; editor of _La Minerve_, Montreal,
1894. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of the North-West_; Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Royal American Regiment.= =Hd= Afterwards 60th Foot, Haldimand
lieutenant-colonel in, 1, 9, 11; recruiting for, 12; Washington suggests
change of uniform for, 16; Haldimand exchanges from 2nd to 4th
battalion of, 17; at Oswego, 29; at Montreal, 50; Haldimand made
colonel-commandant in, 83, 313; discipline in, 94. =WM= On British left,
189; one battalion of, guards communication with landing-place, 189.
=Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.= Founded by the Marquis of Lorne
(afterwards Duke of Argyll), in 1880, the first exhibition being held in
Ottawa the same year. The first president was L. R. O'Brien. In
furtherance of its objects the Academy established a national gallery in
Ottawa, to which it has contributed a number of paintings, and which has
also received some assistance from the Dominion government, though its
support is very inadequate. The Academy has held a number of exhibitions
in the different Canadian cities; and supports classes for drawing from
the living model. =Bib.=: Johnson, _First Things in Canada_.
=Royal Highland Emigrants.= =Hd= Regiment raised in Canada, 111, 112,
306; disbanded and take up lands, 255, 262, 265. =Dr= Composition of
corps, 93; arrival of detachment of, at Quebec, 112.
=Royal Military College, Kingston.= Established by Act of Parliament in
1874; opened 1875. =Bib.=: Mayne, _The Royal Military College_ in
_Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.
=Royal North-West Mounted Police.= Organized in 1873 by the Dominion
government, for the preservation of law and order in the new settlements
west of Lake Superior. The force at first numbered only 190 men,
subsequently increased to nearly 1000. The police patrol the frontier,
and preserve the peace throughout the whole vast region from the
international boundary to the Arctic. They have posts on the shores of
Hudson Bay, in the Yukon, and on Herschell Island, off the mouth of the
Mackenzie. =Bib.=: Haydon, _The Riders of the Plains_.
=Royal Regiment of New York.= =Dr= Raised by Sir John Johnson, 151, 173.
=Royal Roussillon Regiment.= =WM= One battalion of, sent to Canada, 12;
deserters from, give information to Wolfe, 171, 184; in retreat from
Jacques Cartier, alone kept in good order, 217; in battle of Ste. Foy,
257; 262. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.
=Royal Society of Canada.= Founded by the Marquis of Lorne (afterward
Duke of Argyll) in 1881, during his governorship in Canada. The first
meeting was held in Ottawa, in May, 1882. The society is divided into
four sections: French literature, history, etc.; English literature,
history, etc.; mathematical, chemical, and physical sciences; and
geological and biological sciences. Each section is limited to twenty
members. The original members were nominated by the Marquis of Lorne.
Subsequent vacancies filled by election on the nomination of three
members. The first president was (Sir) J. W. Dawson, and the
vice-president Pierre J. O. Chauveau. The president of section 1 was
(Sir) James M. Le Moine; of section 2 (Sir) Daniel Wilson; of section 3
T. Sterry Hunt; and of section 4 A. R. C. Selwyn. (Sir) J. G. Bourinot
was the first secretary of the society. An account of its organization,
with the list of original members, will be found in the first volume of
_Transactions_, 1882-1883. =Bib.=: _Proceedings and Transactions_, 1st
series, 1882-1894, 12 vols.; 2nd series, 1895-1906, 12 vols.; 3rd
series, 1907, to date.
=Royal William.= Built at Quebec in the year 1830; launched in the
spring of 1831. On Aug. 5, 1833, she sailed from Quebec for London,
stopping at Pictou for coal. She arrived at Gravesend in twenty-five
days from Pictou--the first vessel to cross the Atlantic wholly under
steam. She had been named by Lady Aylmer, wife of the governor-general,
after William IV. A few days after her arrival in London, the vessel was
chartered as a troop-ship by the Portuguese government. In 1894, on the
occasion of the opening of the Colonial Conference at Ottawa, Lord
Aberdeen unveiled a tablet in the entrance to the Library of Parliament,
bearing this inscription: "In honour of the men by whose enterprise,
courage and skill the ROYAL WILLIAM, the first vessel to cross the
Atlantic by steam power, was wholly constructed in Canada, and navigated
to England in 1833. The pioneer of those mighty fleets of ocean steamers
by which passengers and merchandise of all nations are now conveyed over
every sea throughout the world." =Bib.=: Fleming, _Notes on Ocean Steam
Navigation_ (Can. Inst. _Trans._, 1891-1892); Christie, _History of
Lower Canada_.
=Royal William, H. M. S.= =WM= Conveys Wolfe's remains to England, 238.
=Ruette d'Auteuil, Denis-Joseph.= =L= Crown prosecutor, 167; temporarily
banished from Quebec, 168. =F= Attorney-general, 106; death of, 138.
=Ruette d'Auteuil, Francois-Madeleine-Fortune.= =F= Son of Denis,
succeeds him, 138; makes trouble for Intendant Meulles, 174; waits on
Frontenac, 255.
=Rumigny.= =WM= At Sillery, directs artillery fire on enemy on opposite
shore, 161.
=Rupert's Land.= The name applied to the territories of the Hudson's Bay
Company, particularly to that portion lying west of Hudson Bay and east
of the Rocky Mountains. The Company held these lands under royal charter
granted by Charles II in 1670. The first governor of the Company was
Prince Rupert, after whom the territories were named. The Company's
title was repeatedly challenged, but its validity was always upheld by
the law officers of the crown. In 1869 the territories were transferred
to Canada, for the sum of L300,000, the company retaining certain blocks
of land around their trading-posts and one-twentieth of the arable land
of the country. _See also_ Hudson's Bay Company; North-West Territories.
=Rupert, Prince= (1619-1683). Third son of the elector palatine,
Frederick V, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England. Served in
the army during the Thirty Years' War; commanded the royal cavalry in
the Civil War in England. Returned to England at the Restoration. The
first governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._;
Erskine, _A Royal Cavalier: the Romance of Rupert, Prince Palatine_.
=Russell, Alexander J.= =Ch= His papers on Champlain's astrolabe, 76.
=Russell, John, first Earl= (1792-1878). Born in London. Entered
Parliament, 1813; home secretary, 1835, in Melbourne's ministry; in 1839
colonial secretary; and in 1846 premier. In 1852 foreign secretary in
Aberdeen's ministry; in 1854 president of the Council, and in 1855
secretary for the colonies. Prime minister, 1865, with Gladstone as
leader of the Commons. =Index=: =Sy= The leading member of the Melbourne
government, 55; Sydney Smith on, 55; becomes colonial secretary, 59; his
speech in House of Commons on reunion of Upper and Lower Canada,
117-122; asks for civil list, 120; not prepared to grant responsible
government in the full sense, 121; his resolutions, 122; withdraws
resolutions and submits bill, 123; his reply to Sir George Arthur on the
subject of responsible government, 127; his letter accompanying
Sydenham's instructions, 141-144; his despatch on responsible
government, 163-169; his despatch on tenure of executive office,
180-182; his views on emigration, 322; Sydenham's high testimony to,
343; as leader of opposition, defends Sir Charles Bagot, 351. =B=
Justifies Metcalfe's policy, 23; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's
pastoral, 45-46, 121; and the Clergy Reserves, 58-59. =P= Secures
authority for governor to expend moneys without authorization of Lower
Canada Assembly, 117-118; defends the measure, 118; condemned by
Bouchette, 151. =E= His colonial policy, 26, 227-228; supports Metcalfe,
37; wise choice of Elgin as governor, 40; supports Rebellion Losses
Bill, 78; his ministry forced to resign, 165; on the severance of the
colonies, 229, 231. =BL= Denies representative government to Lower
Canada, 46; Sydenham's letter to, 60; his despatch to Sydenham, 65, 137;
on constitutional government, 231, 234; comes into power, 267; attitude
towards colonies, 269; not unreservedly favourable to colonial
self-government, 273; defends right of Canadians to legislate as they
please, 325. =C= Effect of his resolutions, 2. =Mc= Opposes elective
Legislative Council, 19; opposes Cabinet government, 19; instructions to
Sydenham, 20; seizes Lower Canada funds, 324; opposes responsible
government, 325; on Union Act, 405. =W= Suggests new charter for King's
College, Fredericton, 53, 54; on tenure of public offices, 57, 60, 61;
Roebuck's interview with, 110; Sydenham's despatch to, 114. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Russell, Peter= (1755-1825). Born in England. In 1791 accompanied
Simcoe to Canada, and appointed inspector-general; later becoming a
member of the Assembly and of the Executive Council. Administered the
government of Upper Canada, 1796-1799. =Index=: =S= Recommended by
Simcoe as collector of customs, 46, 178; arrives in Canada, 49; member
of Legislative Council, 79; executive councillor, 79; sworn in as
administrator, 217. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper
Canada_.
=Russian-American Fur Company.= Chartered in 1799, with a monopoly of
the fur trade of Russian America. It absorbed the various smaller
independent companies, and for a time was a powerful rival of the
Hudson's Bay Company. Its operations were directed by Baranof, as
governor of Russian America, and the headquarters of the company were
established at New Archangel (modern Sitka), in 1800. =Index=: =D= Claim
north-west coast of America, 45; dissolved, 1861, 45. =Bib.=: Dall,
_Alaska_; Bancroft, _History of Alaska_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_.
=Russian Convention, 1825.= =D= Its provisions, 118-119.
=Russian Explorations.= =D= Stimulated by fur trade, 38; America reached
by way of Siberia, 38; Vitus Bering's expeditions, 39-40; explorations
between 1764 and 1769, 42; discoveries and colonies along the coast,
44-45; Baranof, Wrangell and Etoline, 44-46; explorations of
Krusenstern, Lisiansky, and others, 1787-1822, 46. =Bib.=: Muller,
_Voyages from Asia to America_; Coxe, _Discoveries of the Russians
between Asia and America_; Lauridsen, _Vitus Bering_, trans. by Olson;
Kotzebue, _Voyages_, trans. by Lloyd; Krusenstern, _Voyage_; Lutke,
_Voyage_; Bancroft, _History of Alaska_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_.
=Russian Fur Trade.= =D= In Alaska, 4, 12, 17; grew out of Bering's
voyages, 41; character of the traders, 41; expansion of the trade, 42;
companies formed, 42-43; Russian-American Company, 43-44. =Bib.=: _See_
Russian Explorations.
=Ryerson, Egerton= (1803-1882). =R= Born March 24, 1803, near village of
Vittoria, Upper Canada, 1; parentage, 1; his father a United Empire
Loyalist, 1; his mother's influence, 2; his early life on the farm, 3;
school days, 4; hard study brings on brain fever, 5; enters Methodist
ministry, 5, 15; moral development, 5-9; environment, 10-11; difficulty
with his father over joining Methodists, 12-13; his reading, 12; returns
home and reconciled to his father, 13; ministerial life, 16-20; mission
to the Indians, 20-25; appointed to Cobourg circuit, 25; controversial
writings, 26-27; becomes editor of _Christian Guardian_, 27; his
political principles, 44; seeks equal rights in religion and education,
45-46; controversial conflict with Strachan, 46, 67-72; replies to
Strachan's speech of 1828, 76-79; ordained an elder of Methodist Church,
1829, 81; Canadian Methodist Church established, 81-82; becomes editor
of _Christian Guardian_, 82-83; establishment of Methodist College,
84-86; his attitude towards union of Canadian and British Methodists,
94-96; his political views, 97; attacked by W. L. Mackenzie in the
_Colonial Advocate_, 98; schisms among the Methodists, 99-106; in
political life, 107-110; his letters to the London _Times_ on "The
Affairs of the Canadas," 111; discusses Clergy Reserves and other
questions with Lord Glenelg and Mr. Stephen, 111-112; resumes editorship
of _Guardian_, 114; his platform, 115-117; sums up popular demands, 118;
his letters to the Marquis of Normanby, 120-121; president of Victoria
College, 126; defends Metcalfe, 126, 129-130; denounced by Reformers,
130-131; letters on Clergy Reserves, 132; letter of 1867, 132; writes on
education policy, 134-135; on the Upper Canada Academy, 137-143;
receives degree of D.D., 143; Dr. Ormiston's tribute to, 144-146;
defends university scheme, 150-154; supports Macdonald's University
Bill, 157; opposes Baldwin's University Bill of 1849, 159; outlines new
scheme, 159; his views on a provincial university, 161-162; appointed
superintendent of schools, 164; studies school systems in Europe and
United States, 1844-1846, 164; his reports, 167-168; his reforms,
168-170; Common School Act of 1846, 170; his governing principles,
172-173; establishes normal schools for training of teachers, 173; his
unerring instinct in choice of men, 173-174; elements of his system of
schools, 175-178; his personal influence, 179; meets opposition in
carrying out reforms, 180-182; School Act of 1850, 182-183; question of
text-books, 183-184; educational depository, 184; museum, 185; school
libraries, 185; free schools and compulsory education, 190-191; quality
and efficiency, 192-195; municipal relations, 196-199; his personal
influence as a factor in developing the school system, 201-203; the
School Acts, 203-208; criticisms, 209-211; creation of office of
minister of education, 211-213; the separate school question, 215-245;
the high school system, 247-268; his concluding years, 269; his
writings--_Story of My Life_, _Canadian Methodism_, _Loyalists of
America_, 270-279; later church work and closing days, 281-297; his
death, Feb. 19, 1882, 296. =BL= Referred to in Brown's speech, 224; in
political controversy, 1844, 238; appointed superintendent of education,
240-241; his defence of Metcalfe, 240; Sullivan's reply, 243-244; his
rejoinder, 245-246. =E= Defends Metcalfe, 36; his services to the cause
of popular education, 89-90; opposes Sydenham's measures on Clergy
Reserves, 157. =B= Denounces Baldwin and defends Metcalfe, 22-23;
accepts Separate School Bill, 144, 145; his environment, 260. =T= Member
of King's College Commission, 48. =Mc= His mission to England, 237;
introduced to colonial office, 238; quarrels with Mackenzie, 238.
=Bib.=: Works: _Report on Popular Education_; _Affairs of the Canadas_;
_Story of My Life_; _Canadian Methodism_; _Loyalists of America_. For
biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._
and _Last Forty Years_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Ryerson, George=. =R= Joins Methodists, and sent as missionary to the
Indians, 18; appears before British parliamentary committee, 75, 136.
=Bk= Carries news of victory at Detroit to Talbot Settlement, 259.
=Ryerson, John= (1800-1878). Born in Norfolk, Ontario. Educated at the
public schools. In 1818 became a Wesleyan preacher, and active for many
years in the establishment of missionary and other institutions of the
Methodist-Episcopal Church. In 1854 sent by the Canadian Conference of
that church on a visit to the missions of the London Wesleyan Committee
in the North-West Territories. The result of his investigation was the
transfer of the missions to Canadian control. =Index=: =R= President of
Canada Conference Missionary Society, his views on proposed entry of
British Methodists into Upper Canada, 89-90; his essays on the
Methodists, 273; closely associated with Egerton Ryerson in Methodist
Conference, etc., 281. =Bib.=: _Hudson's Bay, or, A Missionary Tour_.
=Ryerson, Colonel Joseph.= =R= Father of Egerton Ryerson, a United
Empire Loyalist, serves as an officer in Prince of Wales Regiment of New
Jersey, in American Revolution, native of New Jersey, emigrates to New
Brunswick and marries there a Miss Stickney, follows elder brother to
Canada, 1; quarrels with his son Egerton, who has joined Methodists,
11-12; reconciliation, 13; dies, 1854, 18; his life, 274-275.
=Ryerson, William.= =R= His brother, Egerton, takes his place in the
Methodist ministry for a year, 15; describes Egerton's Indian school,
24-25; closely associated with Egerton in Methodist Conference, etc.,
281.
=Ryland, Herman W.= =Bk= Private secretary to Lieutenant-Governor
Milnes, 47; unfriendly to French-Canadians and Roman Catholics, 48, 86;
his violent language, 92; his mission to London, 129; his
recommendations not adopted, 146; mission a failure, 147; John Henry's
letters to, 186. =P= Sir James Craig's secretary and adviser, poisons
his mind against French-Canadians, 28; his character, 41. =Bib.=:
Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Rymal, Jacob.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 390.
=Rynd.= =S= Simcoe's account of death of, 34.
=Ryswick, Treaty of.= Concluded in 1697; brought peace between Great
Britain and France. Provided for the mutual restoration of all places
taken by either party during the war; the appointment of commissioners
to determine their respective rights in Hudson Bay; formally recognized
William III as sovereign of Great Britain. =Index=: =F= Restores to
England her Hudson Bay posts, 349. =L= Concluded in 1697, 234; terms of,
234. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_; _Dict. Eng. Hist_.
=Sable Island.= Off the coast of Nova Scotia. It was known from about
the beginning of the sixteenth century as Santa Cruz, and so appears on
Reinel's map of 1505, and on the Cabot _mappemonde_ of 1544. First
appears under its present name on a map of Joannes Freire, dated 1546.
Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed for the island in 1583, and lost one of his
ships among its treacherous shoals. He mentions that above thirty years
before, the Portuguese had placed neat cattle and swine upon it to
breed, and that these had multiplied exceedingly. In 1598 La Roche left
fifty convicts upon the island, while he explored the coast, but his
little ship was blown out to sea, and he returned to France without
them. Five years later a ship was sent out to rescue the survivors,
eleven in all. The earliest description of the island is in De Laet's
_Novus Orbis_, 1633. It is at present twenty miles long, by about a mile
wide, and is wasting away rapidly. At the end of the eighteenth century,
it was forty miles long by two and a half wide; and when white men first
visited the island, it must have been of quite a considerable size.
Records exist of something over 187 wrecks, and this does not begin to
represent the actual tribute in ships to this "Graveyard of the
Atlantic." =Bib.=: Patterson, _Sable Island: Its History and Phenomena_
(R. S. C., 1894); McDonald, _Sable Island and Its Attendant Phenomena_
(N. S. Inst. of Science _Trans._, vi.); Tache, _Les Sablons_; Paul de
Gazes, _Ile de Sable_ (R. S. C., 1892).
=Sackville, George Sackville Germain, first Viscount= (1716-1785).
Served with distinction at Fontenoy, 1745; major-general, 1755;
lieutenant-general of the ordnance, 1757; second in command of St. Malo
expedition, 1758; dismissed from the service for gross incompetence at
Minden, 1760; secretary of state for colonies, 1775-1782. =Index=: =Dr=
Succeeds Dartmouth as secretary of state, 148; his character, 149; his
hostility to Carleton, 163, 170; criticizes Carleton's action, 164;
generally distrusted, 170; his plan of campaign, 171; created peer as
Viscount Sackville, 192. =Hd= Colonial secretary, 107; errors made by,
112; his disapproval of Carleton's methods, 113; ignorant of conditions
in Canada, 125; characterized, 132, 165; Haldimand's despatches to,
132-143, 153; Haldimand reproved by, 155-156; letters of Haldimand to,
164-166, 170, 176, 178, 294; Hamilton a correspondent of, 167; his
instructions in matter of Vermont, 199, 216; Haldimand's low opinion of
people of Vermont, 199-201; Haldimand reports progress of Vermont
negotiations to, 206, 208; his letter to Haldimand, 275. =Bib.=: _Dict.
Nat. Biog._
=Saco River.= =F= Fort built at falls of, 329.
=Sagard-Theodat, Gabriel.= =F= Recollet, on bad examples shown by
colonists to Indians, 14. =L= Missionary labours of, 3. =Ch= Recollet
friar, 139; sails for France, 141; arrives and proceeds to Huron
country, 149; recalled to France, 149; his opinion of Guillaume de Caen,
182; his remarks on surrender of Quebec, 193. =Bib.=: Works: _Histoire
du Canada_; _Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons_.
=Saguenay River.= One of the principal tributaries of the St. Lawrence.
Rises at the head waters of the Peribonka in lat. 52 deg. N. and long. 71
deg. 10' W., and joins the St. Lawrence after a course of 405 miles. It
was discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1535. Its original Indian name was
Chicoutimi, signifying "deep water." Champlain ascended the river to
Chicoutimi in 1603; and in 1679 Jolliet ascended the river to the height
of land, and descended to Ungava Bay. =Index=: =Ch= Explored by
Champlain, 12. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.
=St. Andre.= =L= Brings out a number of colonists and ecclesiastics, 31.
=St. Andrews.= Seaport of New Brunswick, and the chief town of Charlotte
County. Founded by American Loyalists in 1783, and was for some time
only an outbay of St. John, but in 1822 became a separate and free port.
=Index=: =W= Grammar school at, 85. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of
Canada_.
=St. Augustine.= =WM= Retreating army halts at, 218; Levis hears news of
surrender of Quebec at, 234. =Hd= Haldimand's headquarters for a time,
78-80.
=St.-Castin, Jean de l'Abadie, Baron de= (1650-1712). Native of Bearn;
came to Canada, 1665, with the Carignan-Salieres Regiment, as an ensign
in the company of Chambly. Took part in the expedition of De Courcelles,
and when his regiment was disbanded in 1668, removed to Acadia,
established a trading house at Pentegoet (now Castine), and roamed far
and wide through the woods with the natives, over whom he gained an
extraordinary ascendency. The post at Pentegoet was raided by parties of
New Englanders in 1686 and 1687, who stripped the stores of everything
portable. In 1696, with a party of Indians, assisted Iberville in the
capture of Pemaquid. In 1702 drew up a plan for attacking Boston, which,
however, was never acted on. =Index=: =F= His life in New France, 329;
leads Indians against Fort Pemaquid, 331. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_;
Charlevoix, _History of New France_.
=St.-Cirque.= =WM= Killed at Laprairie, 232.
=St. Clair, Arthur= (1734-1818). Born in Scotland. Entered the army,
1757, and came to America, serving under Amherst at Louisbourg, 1758,
and Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Settled in America, and on the breaking out
of the Revolution took the colonial side; given command of a
Pennsylvania regiment, and served with Sullivan in Canada. Promoted
brigadier-general, 1777. In command at Ticonderoga, 1777, and compelled
to retreat by Burgoyne. Court-martialled, but acquitted. =Index=: =Dr=
Sent as governor to the Indian territory, 233. =S= Expedition under,
crushingly defeated by Indians, 121. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=St. Domingo.= Island in the West Indies. =Bk= Revolution in, 39-41.
=St. Etienne.= =Ch= Vessel in which Recollet missionaries came to
Canada, 85.
=St. Francis Xavier College.= Located at Antigonish, Nova Scotia.
Diocesan institution, known as Arichat College, opened at Arichat, 1853.
Transferred to Antigonish and established as St. Francis Xavier College,
1855. University powers conferred by Act of the Legislature of Nova
Scotia, 1866.
=St. George, Sir Thomas Bligh= (1765-1837). Born in England. Entered the
army and rose to the rank of major-general, 1819. Came to Canada, 1809,
as inspecting field officer of militia in Upper Canada; commanded at
Amherstburg when it was attacked by Hull, 1812; commanded militia at the
capture of Detroit; and defeated Winchester at Raisin River, 1813.
Knighted, 1835. =Index=: =Bk= In command at Amherstburg, 214, 216, 236;
reports capture of Cayahoga, 218; in charge of 1st brigade, 247. =Bib.=:
_Cyc. Am. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=St. Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of.= Signed between France and Great
Britain on March 29, 1632. Restored Quebec, Nova Scotia, and the island
of Cape Breton to France. =Index=: =Ch= Treaty signed, 222. =Bib.=:
Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=St. Hubert, Father.= =Hd= Recommended for vacancy in bishopric, 182.
=St. Ignace, Mother.= =WM= Describes scene at General Hospital, 223.
=St. Ignace.= =Ch= Jesuit mission in Huron country, 92.
=St. Jean.= =Ch= One of the vessels of Company of New France, 245.
=St. Joachim.= =L= Boarding school for children established at, 100;
Laval's gift to school at, 199.
=St. John.= City and seaport of New Brunswick, situated at the mouth of
the St. John River. It was incorporated as the city of St. John in 1785,
during the administration of Thomas Carleton, having previously been
known as Parrtown, so named after John Parr, governor of Nova Scotia.
Champlain was the first white man to stand upon its site, in 1604.
=Index=: =W= Presents address to Sir Charles Metcalfe, 74-75; grammar
schools in, 85. =T= Young Men's Debating Society, 7; preferred men to
measures, 25. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_; Lovell,
_Gazetteer of Canada_.
=St. John Island.= _See_ Prince Edward Island.
=St. John's.= Capital of Newfoundland. Founded in 1582 by Sir Humphrey
Gilbert. It was captured by Iberville in 1696, and again during the
Seven Years' War, but finally reverted to Britain, with the rest of the
island, in 1763. =Index=: =Hd= Taken by the French, 44. =F= Captured by
Iberville, 347. =Bib.=: _Ency. Brit._
=St. John's.= A city on the Richelieu River, Province of Quebec. It was
a military station during the American invasion; captured by Arnold in
1775; and relieved by Preston with troops from Montreal. Later in the
same year, the fort was besieged by Montgomery, and the little garrison
held out gallantly for twenty-four days, being forced to surrender in
the end through the capture of Chambly, which gave Montgomery fresh
ammunition and supplies. =Index=: =Dr= Fort at, abandoned by Americans,
146; reoccupied by British, 161. =Hd= Fortifications of, 125, 130, 133;
people of, pay schoolmaster, 235. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.
=St. John's River.= =L= Recollet mission on, 111.
=St. Joseph de Levis.= =WM= Skirmish at, 102, 103.
=St. Julien.= =Ch= Spanish vessel, commanded by Champlain, 3.
=St. Laurent.= =Ch= French vessel seized by the English, 222.
=St. Laurent.= Village on north bank of St. Lawrence. =Index=: =WM=
Letter of cure of, to British officers, 93.
=St. Lawrence Channel.= =C= Cartier favours deepening of, 45.
=St. Lawrence Gulf.= The first authenticated voyage to the gulf is that
of Jacques Cartier, in 1534. In his second voyage, of 1535-1536, Cartier
made further discoveries. On Aug. 10, 1535, he sailed into what is now
known as Pillage Bay, on the Labrador coast of the gulf. As this was the
feast of St. Lawrence, he named the bay _Baye Sainct Laurens_. Since
then the name has gradually spread until it embraces the whole gulf, and
the great river that empties its waters there. =Bib.=: Dawson, _The St.
Lawrence Basin_.
=St. Lawrence Island.= _See_ Cape Breton.
=St. Lawrence Rapids.= =Hd= Amherst loses a large number of men in, 37.
=St. Lawrence River.= Rises at the source of the St. Louis River, west
end of Lake Superior, and falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. West of
Lake Ontario the river is known by different names, and the St. Lawrence
proper issues from that lake. The name was originally given by Jacques
Cartier to a bay on the Labrador coast of the gulf. Cartier explored the
river in 1535, as far as the island of Montreal. =Index=: =Ch= Early
visits of fishing vessels to, 59. =Bib.=: Dawson, _The St. Lawrence
Basin_; Johnson, _Picturesque St. Lawrence_.
=St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway.= =E= Chartered, 1845, to connect
with Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railway, 99; provincial guarantee, 1849,
99. =C= Built in 1849,--gives Montreal access to the sea through
Portland, 45. _See also_ Railways.
=St. Leger, Colonel Barry.= =Hd= Ordered to occupy Crown Point, 211;
unjust complaints against, by chaplain of regiment, 256; his application
on behalf of his son, 295; commandant of Quebec garrison, 309; in chief
command in Canada, 314. =Dr= Fails in attack on Fort Stanwix, 173;
brave, but lacking in capacity, 174; sent to Ticonderoga, 179.
=St. Malo.= Seaport of France. =Index=: =Ch= Merchants of, demand
freedom of commerce in the St. Lawrence, 123. =L= Jurisdiction of bishop
of, over New France, 6.
=St. Martin, Captain.= =WM= Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.
=St. Maurice Forges.= Were situated on the river St. Maurice, about nine
miles above Three Rivers, Quebec. Iron ore was discovered on the banks
of the St. Maurice in 1667, but the mines were not systematically worked
until 1733, when a company was formed and forges established. Since that
date and until 1883, under different ownership, they were in active
operation, being the oldest blast-furnace, on the continent of America.
=Index=: =Dr= Their output of iron manufacture, 60; Americans cast
cannon at, 141. =Hd= Use made of, by Haldimand, 46-48; under direction
of Nordberg, 48; Laterriere's report on, 48; Haldimand in charge of, 54;
leased by Murray, 62; Laterriere inspector of, 277-278; partners of,
345. =L= Development of mines by Talon, 82. =Bib.=: _See_ General Index
to Royal Society of Canada _Trans._
=St. Maurice River.= One of the tributaries of the St. Lawrence, rises
in the height of land near the head waters of the Nottaway, and falls
into the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, after a course of 325 miles.
During the seventeenth century it was much infested by Iroquois; and the
French were constantly at war with them in its neighbourhood. It was
first seen by Cartier in 1535, and named by him the Riviere du Fouez, or
Riviere du Foix. =Index=: =Ch= Named De Fouez by Jacques Cartier, and
Three Rivers by Champlain, and known to the Indians as the Metaberoutin,
52. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.
=St. Maws.= =S= English constituency for which Simcoe sat, 15.
=St. Nicholas.= =WM= Troops disembark at, 165; re-embarkation, 172.
=St. Ours, Charles Louis Roch de= (1753-1834). Entered public life on
the establishment of civil government in Canada, and appointed a member
of the Legislative Council, where he voiced the views of the
French-Canadian majority. Appointed major of militia, 1774, and served
with Carleton, 1776, as his aide-de-camp. Travelled in Europe in 1785;
and on his return to Canada took an important part in public affairs.
=Index=: =P= Follows Papineau's leadership, 34; urges him to accept
mission to England, to oppose union of Canadas, 45. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.
Biog._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=St. Ours, Francois-Xavier de= (1714-1759). Served in the campaigns of
1758 and 1759; severely wounded in the attack on Fort George; commended
by Montcalm for conspicuous bravery in the battle of Carillon; and
commanded the right wing of the French army on the Plains of Abraham,
where he was mortally wounded. =Index=: =WM= Commands Quebec and Three
Rivers militia, 105; wounded in battle of the Plains, 199. =Bib.=:
Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.
=St. Pater's Port, Guernsey.= =Bk= Home of the Brock family, 3-5.
=St. Paul's Bay.= On St. Lawrence River. =Hd= Contagious disease breaks
out at, 190.
=St. Pierre.= =Ch= One of the vessels of Company of New France, 245.
=St. Pierre.= An island on the southern coast of Newfoundland, which,
with the Miquelon Islands immediately north-west, constitute all that
remains of New France still under French government. From 1635 it was
alternately under British and French control until 1816, when it was
finally ceded to France. =Index=: =Ch= French captured by Kirke, landed
on, 174.
=St. Regis Indians.= A band of Roman Catholic Iroquois from Caughnawaga,
Quebec, who settled about 1755 in the village of St. Regis, on the south
bank of the St. Lawrence, on what afterwards became the boundary line
between Canada and the United States. =Index=: =Hd= Compensation paid
to, for lands required for Loyalists, 258.
=St. Rome, Chevalier de.= =WM= Sent in charge of provisions to Quebec,
226; delayed by bad roads, 229.
=St. Sacrament Lake.= _See_ Lake George.
=St. Simon.= =F= His statements regarding Frontenac, 65.
=St. Vallier, Jean Baptiste de la Croix Chevrieres des= (1653-1727).
Born at Grenoble. Came to Canada in 1685 as vicar-general under Laval.
Succeeded Laval as bishop of Quebec, 1688. Returning from France in
1704, on _La Seine_, taken prisoner by the English and detained in
England until 1709. Returned to France, spent four years there, and
finally arrived in Quebec in 1713. Remained in charge of his huge
diocese until his death. =Index=: =L= Recommended to succeed Laval, 199,
200; accepts position, 200; appointed provisionally grand-vicar, 201;
his liberality to Quebec Seminary, 202, 203; sails for Canada, 202;
makes visitations, 203; Laval's caution to, 206; disagrees with Laval on
certain questions, 208; his eulogy of Laval, 209; sails for France, 209;
consecration of, 219; returns to Canada, as bishop, 221; reverses
Laval's policy in regard to Seminary, 236; captured at sea by English
vessel, 243. =F= Chosen by Bishop Laval as his successor, 191; comes out
to Canada first as vicar-general, 191; his first impression of country
and its inhabitants, 192; his revised opinion, 193, 220; pays pastoral
visit to Acadia, 1686, 271; issues mandate concerning the theatre, 337;
pays Frontenac 1000 francs on condition _Tartuffe_ shall not be
produced, 337. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_; _St. Valier
et l'Hopital General de Quebec_; Parkman, _Old Regime_.
=St. Veran, Marquise de.= =WM= Mother of Montcalm, 3; her fortitude, 8;
Montcalm's letter to, describing capture of Oswego, 34.
=St. Vincent, John Jervis, Earl of= (1735-1823). British admiral. Served
at Quebec in 1759; defeated Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, 1797;
became admiral of the fleet, 1821. =Index=: =Bk= Gains victory off Cape
St. Vincent, 10. =WM= Wolfe's conversation with, on eve of battle, 175.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Ste. Anne.= =Ch= French vessel seized by the English, 22.
=Ste. Anne, Brotherhood of.= =L= At Quebec, 101.
=Ste. Croix Island.= Near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy; explored by
Champlain and De Monts in 1604, who in that year erected buildings and
fortifications on the island. Scurvy breaking out among the French
colonists, they soon afterwards removed from the island to Port Royal.
The foundations of these buildings were dug up in 1797, settling a
boundary dispute between New Brunswick and Maine in favour of the
former. =Index=: =Ch= Occupied by the De Monts expedition, 21;
settlement there a failure, 24. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.
=Ste. Croix River.= Also known as Schoodiac and Passamaquoddy. Rises in
Grand Lake on the borders between Maine and New Brunswick, and flows
into Passamaquoddy Bay. It was discovered by Champlain in 1604. =Index=:
=Ch= Name changed to St. Charles, 148.
=Ste. Foy.= Above Quebec. =Index=: =L= Settlement of Christian Indians
at, 74.
=Ste. Foy, Battle of.= Took place on April 28, 1760, when Murray, in
command of the British troops, made a sortie from the citadel of Quebec
upon the besieging French force under Levis, and was defeated, being
driven back into his intrenchments. =Index=: =WM= Description of, 264;
horrors of battlefield, 265; news of, causes joy in Canadian parishes,
266; victory nullified by arrival of British fleet, 267. _See also_
Quebec, siege of, 1759; Quebec, siege of, 1760; Levis; Murray. =Bib.=:
Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Bradley, _The
Fight with France_.
=Ste. Suzanne.= =Ch= Name given by Champlain to the Upper Riviere du
Loup, 52.
=Ste. Therese.= On the Richelieu River. =Index=: =L= Fort erected at,
53.
=Salaberry, Charles Michel d'Irumberry de= (1778-1829). Born at
Beauport, near Quebec. Entered the British army; served for eleven years
under General Robert Prescott; and in 1794 took part in the capture of
Martinique. In 1809 served in Ireland; and in 1810 took part in the
Walcheren expedition. In 1811 major and aide-de-camp to General
Rottenburg in Canada. At the outbreak of the American War of 1812,
promoted lieutenant-colonel, and rendered good service as commander of
the Canadian Voltigeurs. On Oct. 26, 1813, defeated the American forces
under General Hampton at Chateauguay, the outcome of this action being
to compel the invaders to evacuate Lower Canada. For these services made
a C. B. In 1818 elected to the Legislative Assembly. =Index=: =Bk= Corps
raised and commanded by, 189, 191. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict.
Nat. Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. _See also_ Chateauquay.
=Salaberry, Colonel de.= =BL= Comes to Kingston to solicit office of
provincial aide-de-camp, 172; La Fontaine's opposition to appointment,
173.
=Salaries, Civil.= =S= In Upper Canada, 177.
=Salmon Falls.= =L= Hamlet, destruction of, 229. =F= Massacre of, 251.
=Salmon River.= =L= La Barre's expedition encamps at, 184.
=Salt.= =S= Production of, in Upper Canada, 115.
=Samos.= =WM= Battery at, captured, 182.
=Sandwich.= A town in Essex County, Ontario; first settled in 1750 by
the soldiers of a disbanded French regiment. It was subsequently named
after the town of Sandwich, in Kent, England. =Index=: =Bk= Military
fort, 59; occupied by United States general, Hull, 209, 213; evacuated
by Americans, 248. =BL= Early municipal government of, 298. =Bib.=:
Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.
=Sangster, Charles= (1822-1893). Born in Kingston. For some time in
public service; engaged in newspaper work at Amherstburg and Kingston;
for many years prior to his death employed in the civil service at
Ottawa. =Bib.=: Works: _The St. Lawrence and the Saguenay and other
Poems; Hesperus and other Poems and Lyrics_. For biog., _see_ Morgan,
_Cel. Can._; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.
=Sangster, J. H.= =R= On staff of Ontario Normal School, 174.
=San Juan Boundary.= Dispute arose between the United States and Great
Britain out of a difference of opinion as to the meaning of the phrase
"middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver
Island" in the treaty of 1846, and by which the rightful possession of
San Juan and other islands in the vicinity for years remained unsettled.
A compromise was made in 1859, both governments jointly occupying San
Juan with troops. Finally, by the Washington Treaty of 1871, the
question was referred to the arbitration of the German emperor, who
decided in favour of the United States. =Index=: =Md= Brought up under
Washington Treaty, 166; dispute caused by vague terms of Oregon Treaty,
178-179; submitted to arbitration of German emperor, 179; Macdonald on,
179-180; decision in favour of United States, 180-181. =Bib.=: Hertslet,
_Treaties and Conventions_.
=Sanstein.= =Ch= Clerk, brings news of amalgamation of de Monts and de
Caen Companies, 138.
=Saskatchewan.= Organized as a provisional district in 1882. It then
extended from long. 111 deg. 20' W. to the Manitoba boundary and Lake
Winnipeg, and from the northern boundary of the district of Assiniboia,
to the southern boundary of Athabaska. The province of Saskatchewan,
created in 1905, extends from long. 110 deg. on the west to the Manitoba
boundary on the east, extended north to lat. 60 deg., which forms the
northern boundary of the new province. The capital of the province is
Regina, former capital of the North-West Territories. _See also_
North-West Territories. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.
=Saskatchewan Rebellion.= _See_ Riel Rebellion, 1885.
=Saskatchewan River.= Ultimate source is at the head waters of the Bow
River, about lat. 51 deg. 40', in the heart of the Rocky Mountains. After a
course of 1205 miles, it flows into Lake Winnipeg, finally discharging
its waters by the Nelson into Hudson Bay. The length of the South
Saskatchewan to its junction with the North Saskatchewan at the Forks is
865 miles; and of the North Saskatchewan, which rises in the watershed
range of the Rocky Mountains, near the source of the Athabaska, is 760
miles. La Verendrye reached the river, then known as the Pasquia, or
Poskoyac, in 1748, and built Fort Bourbon on the shores of Cedar Lake.
He ascended the river to the Forks, a few miles below which he built
Fort Poskoyac. In 1751 a party of French explorers ascended one of the
branches to the mountains, where they built Fort La Jonquiere. Anthony
Hendry reached the Saskatchewan from Hudson Bay in 1754, and descended
the river from the upper waters of the Red Deer, to the Pas. Many
trading posts were afterwards built at different points on the two
branches, both by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company.
=Bib.=: White, _Atlas of Canada_; Tyrrell, _Report on Northern Alberta_
(Geol. Survey, 1886); Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Hind,
_Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expeditions_.
[Illustration: The Promised Land From the painting by Paul Wickson]
=Saskatchewan, University of.= Act passed establishing the university,
1907. Board of Governors decided to fix location of university at
Saskatoon, 1909.
=Sault-au-Matelot.= =Dr= Arnold's attack on barrier repulsed, 129.
=Sault St. Louis.= =Ch= Called after young man named Louis drowned
there, 69; centre of fur trade for some years, 120. =L= Converted
Iroquois settled at, 9, 74.
=Sault Ste. Marie.= The county seat of Chippewa County, Michigan, on the
St. Mary's River. In 1641 the Jesuit fathers Raymbault and Jogues
founded a mission on its site, and in 1662 Marquette established the
first permanent settlement there. On the opposite side of the river is
its Canadian namesake, a port of entry of the Algoma district, Ontario.
=Index=: =L= Mission established at, 11.
=Saumarez, Sir Thomas.= =Bk= His letter to Brock from Halifax, 223.
=Saunders, Sir Charles= (1713-1775). Born in Scotland. Entered the navy
in 1727, becoming lieutenant in 1734. In 1739-1740 served under Lord
Anson. Stationed in home waters in 1745, and on Oct. 14, 1747, took part
in Hawke's victory over the French. In 1750 elected member of Parliament
for Plymouth. In 1752 commodore and commander-in-chief on the
Newfoundland station; in 1755 comptroller of the navy; and in 1756, rear
admiral. In 1759 Pitt appointed him commander-in-chief of the fleet
which co-operated with Wolfe in the siege of Quebec, with the rank of
vice-admiral of the blue, and his operations in the St. Lawrence largely
contributed to the success of the British arms. In 1760
commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean; in 1761 created K.B.; in 1765 a
lord of the Admiralty; in 1766 first lord; and in 1770 reached the rank
of admiral. =Index=: =WM= Appointed to naval command of expedition
against Quebec, 75; sails for Louisbourg, and puts in at Halifax, 75;
his fleet detained at Louisbourg, 78; takes soundings of Traverse
Channel, 90; joins in attack on French left at Montmorency, 136; orders
burning of two stranded transports, 142; makes feint opposite Beauport,
164, 174; Wolfe's bequest to, 175; advances vessels in front of Lower
Town, 231. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood,
_Logs of the Conquest of Canada_ and _The Fight for Canada_; Bradley,
_The Fight with France_.
=Saunders, John= (1754-1834). Born in Virginia. Joined the royal forces
and served throughout the War of Independence. Went to England; studied
law and called to the bar. In 1790 appointed judge of the Supreme Court
of New Brunswick, and a member of the Council; from 1822 to 1834
chief-justice of the province. =Index=: =W= Chief justice, 74; dies,
1834, 74. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Saunders, John Simcoe= (1795-1878). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick.
Went to England; educated at Oxford University. Called to the bar of
Nova Scotia, 1819, and to that of Lower Canada, 1820. Surveyor-general
of New Brunswick, 1840, and provincial secretary, 1845. Appointed to the
Legislative Council, of which he became Speaker, 1866; also senior
justice of the Court of Common Pleas. =Index=: =W= Advocate-general, New
Brunswick, 34; Partelow succeeds as provincial secretary, 116. =Bib.=:
_The Law of Pleading and Evidence in Civil Actions_. For biog., _see_
Morgan, _Annual Register_, 1878; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Sauvage.= =WM= Frigate in which Levis embarked at Brest, 12.
=Savage, Thomas= (1608-1682). Went to Massachusetts in 1635 with Sir
Harry Vane, and the following year elected a freeman of Boston. In 1638
helped to found the settlement of Rhode Island. Served in the Indian
wars, 1675. =Index=: =F= Third in command in Phipps's expedition, 281.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Savignon.= =Ch= Name given to young Algonquian taken as hostage for
Nicolas Marsolet, 63.
=Scalping.= =WM= Forbidden by Wolfe except in case of Indians, or
Canadians dressed as Indians, 102; declared by Vaudreuil to be
necessary, 102, 108; by Indians on the side of French, 141; by Wolfe's
rangers, 150.
=Schank, John= (1740-1823). Born in Scotland. Entered the navy, 1758.
Commanded the _Canso_ in the St. Lawrence, 1766. Placed in charge of the
naval establishment at St. John's; succeeded in launching several small
war vessels on Lake Champlain. Subsequently had charge of the marine
depots at Quebec and at Detroit; and in 1777 employed under Burgoyne in
the construction of floating bridges. =Index=: =Hd= Superintends
building of gunboats, 125; his letter to Carleton, 159; marriage of,
236-237; his evidence in Du Calvet matter, 288, 289; sails for England
with Haldimand, 209, 313. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Schenderatchta.= =Hd= Seneca chief, serving under John Butler, 154.
=Schenectady.= The county seat of Schenectady County, New York. Settled
in 1662 by Arendt Van Corlaer on the site of Schonowe, the capital of
the Five Nations. It was chartered as a borough in 1765, and as a city
in 1798. =Index=: =L= Attack on, 229. =F= Massacre of, 245-248. =Bib.=:
Parkman, _Old Regime_.
=Schultz, Sir John Christian= (1840-1896). Born in Amherstburg, Ontario.
Educated at Oberlin College, Ohio; studied medicine at Queen's and
Victoria Universities; licensed to practise, 1860. Removed to Fort
Garry, 1860, and began practice of his profession there. Also engaged in
the fur trade. Owner and editor of the _Nor'Wester_, the pioneer
newspaper of the Canadian West. Played an important part in the Riel
Rebellion of 1869-1870. Imprisoned by the rebels, but made his escape,
and, after enduring many hardships, reached Toronto. Elected to the
House of Commons at the first election after the formation of the
province of Manitoba, and sat almost continuously until 1883, when he
was called to the Senate. Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1888-1895.
=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Begg, _History of
the North-West_. _See also_ Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.
=Schurz, Carl= (1829-1906). Fled from Germany in 1849, after the
collapse of the revolutionary movement. Went to the United States, 1852.
Minister to Spain, 1860-1861; commanded a division in the war with the
South; engaged in journalism in Detroit and St. Louis; elected to the
United States Senate, 1869. Appointed secretary of the interior, 1877.
=Index=: =B= Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231.
=Bib.=: Works: _Speeches; Life of Henry Clay; Reminiscences_. For biog.,
_see Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Schuyler, Major John.= =L= Attack camp at Laprairie, 232. =F= His raid
on Laprairie, 281; comes to Quebec with news of peace, 354.
=Schuyler, Peter= (1657-1724). Born in Albany. Appointed lieutenant in
the militia, 1685, and served in the colonial and Indian wars. In 1709
second in command of the expedition against Montreal. Became president
of the Council, 1719; and acted as governor of New York until 1720.
=Index=: =F= Commands expedition from Albany, 311. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.
Biog._
=Schuyler, Philip John= (1733-1804). Born in Albany. Served in the
French and Indian War, 1755, and took part in battle of Lake George.
Resigned from the army, 1757, and again served, 1758-1761. On the
breaking out of the Revolution, took the colonial side, and in 1775
appointed major-general by Congress. Organized the invasion of Canada in
1775, and was court-martialled for the evacuation of Ticonderoga in
1777, but acquitted. Served in House of Representatives and afterwards
in the Senate. =Index=: =Hd= Watches movements of the Allens of Vermont,
205, 206; Ethan Allen's letter to, 209; thanks Haldimand for kind
treatment of Loyalists, 250; threatens Six Nations, 257; Francois
Cazeau's correspondence with, 279. =Dr= Commands American force on Lake
Champlain, 96. =Bib.=: Lossing, _Life and Times of Philip Schuyler_;
_Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Scott.= =Hd= Chaplain to 34th Regiment, forbidden to exercise clerical
functions, 256.
=Scott, Sir Richard William= (1825- ). Born in Prescott, Ontario.
Educated privately, and studied law; in 1848 called to the bar and
practised with success in Ottawa. Elected mayor of Bytown (now Ottawa)
in 1852. Sat in the Legislative Assembly, 1857-1863. A member of the
first Legislature of Ontario, 1867-1873; in 1871 elected Speaker; and in
1872 appointed commissioner of crown lands. Called to the Senate in
1874. Secretary of state and registrar-general of Canada in Mackenzie
ministry, 1874-1878. In 1878 introduced the Temperance Act, more
commonly known as the Scott Act, which constitutes his principal title
to a place among Canadian legislators. In 1896 secretary of state in
Laurier government, which position he held until 1908; knighted, 1909.
=Index=: =R= His Separate School Bills, 235-238. =B= Introduces separate
school legislation, 144. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's
Who_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Scott, Thomas= (1746-1824). Born in Scotland. Studied for the ministry
and became a probationer; employed for a time as private tutor. Studied
law and called to the English bar, 1793. While yet a student, in 1788
employed by Dorchester to investigate the estates of the Jesuits in
Quebec. Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada, 1801; chief-justice,
1804. President of the Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada
during the War of 1812; president of a special tribunal created for the
trial of cases of treason during the war. =Bib.=: Dent, _Lives of the
Judges_.
=Scott, Thomas.= =Md= Murdered at Fort Garry by Riel's followers, 160,
194, 242. _See also_ Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.
=Scott, Winfield= (1786-1866). Entered the United States army, and
served in the War of 1812. From 1832 to 1838 engaged in Indian warfare.
In 1839 instrumental in allaying the excitement arising out of the
dispute as to the boundary between New Brunswick and Maine, and paving
the way for its settlement by the Ashburton Treaty. In 1841
commander-in-chief of the United States army. =Index=: =Bk= At battle of
Queenston Heights, 311. =W= Sent to Maine to settle Aroostook War, 135.
=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Scott, Walter= (1867- ). Born in Middlesex County, Ontario. Took up the
profession of journalism. Removed to the North-West Territories, and, in
1895, became proprietor and editor of the _Leader_, Regina. Sat in the
House of Commons for Assiniboia West, 1900-1905; first premier of
Saskatchewan, 1905. =Bib.=: _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Scott Act.= The popular name given to the Temperance Act introduced by
(Sir) R. W. Scott and passed by the Dominion government in 1878. Its
principal provisions were that on a petition of one-fourth of the
electors of a city or county, a vote was to be taken, and if a majority
of the votes polled were in favour of the act, it came into force at the
close of the then current license year. =Index=: =B= A measure for
introducing prohibition by local option, 249. =Bib.=: Johnson, _First
Things in Canada_.
=Scovil, W. H.= =T= Confederation candidate in St. John County, New
Brunswick, 85.
=Scrope, A. Poulett.= =BL= Quoted on Baldwin, 64, 80; on Sydenham, 71.
=Bib.=: _Memoir of Life of Sydenham_.
=Scurvy.= =Ch= Ravages of, among colonists, 22; called by Champlain _mal
de terre_, 24; breaks out at Port Royal, 33; at Quebec, 46; deaths from,
209.
=Sea-otter.= =D= Trade, 21, 22; found by Russians, 40.
=Seat of Government.= =Sy= Question of, 280-282; Sydenham in favour of
Kingston, 281. =Md= Montreal ceases to be, after riots, 38-39; rivalry
of Kingston, Quebec, and Toronto for honour, 39; Quebec and Toronto
divide honour for sixteen years, 39; Ottawa finally selected in 1865,
39; dissatisfaction over choice, 85. _See also_ Ottawa; Quebec; Toronto;
Montreal.
=Seaton, Sir John Colborne, first Baron= (1778-1863). Served in Holland,
Egypt, and Italy. Commanded a brigade under Wellington, 1810-1814, and
led the 52d Light Infantry in their victorious movement at Waterloo.
Sent to Upper Canada as lieutenant-governor, 1829; appointed
commander-in-chief of the forces, 1835; suppressed the Rebellion in
Lower Canada, 1837-1838; acted as administrator, 1838, both before and
after Durham; and the same year appointed governor-general. Returned to
England, 1839, and created Baron Seaton same year. Promoted to
field-marshal, 1860. =Index=: =Mc= Governor of Upper Canada, 157;
Mackenzie's letters to, 164-167; suggests Mackenzie make reparation,
248; his view of Legislative Council, 268; his view of Executive
Council, 279. =P= Sends Colonel Gore against rebels at St. Denis, 134;
marches on St. Eustache, 135-137; succeeds Gosford as governor, 138;
crushes outbreak of 1838, 139; his severity, known as the "Old
Firebrand," 140-141. =Sy= A valuable adviser to Sydenham and Bagot, 111;
increases number of Special Council of Lower Canada, 192. Conflict with
the Assembly, 14-15; recommends Baldwin for seat in Legislative Council,
38; endows forty-four rectories, 42; crushes Rebellion in Lower Canada,
46, 48; succeeded by Sydenham, 59; appoints Special Council, 60. =E=
Endows forty-four rectories in Upper Canada, on eve of his departure for
England, 154; opinions for and against his action, 155-156. =B=
Establishes fifty-seven rectories, 53. =Md= Creates and endows
forty-four rectories in Upper Canada, 59. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._;
_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_;
Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Secret Societies Bill.= =BL= Prepared and introduced by Baldwin, its
history, 185-188; its reservation by Metcalfe leads to resignation of
Cabinet, 200, 208, 209, 251. =R= Reservation of, brings on a crisis in
Upper Canada, 126-127.
=Sedgewick, Major Robert.= =F= Seizes Acadia by Cromwell's orders, 268.
=Seely, Alexander McLaughlan= (1812-1882). Born in St. John, New
Brunswick. Engaged in lumbering, shipbuilding, and in banking. Appointed
a member of the Legislative Council for New Brunswick, 1854, and held
his seat until his death.
=Seignelay, Marquis de.= =F= Succeeds his father, Colbert, in ministry
of marine, 72; marries Mlle. d'Allegre, 111. =L= Minister of marine and
colonies, receives La Salle favourably, 151; postpones Laval's return to
Canada, 211.
=Seigniorial Tenure.= The history of this feudal system of land tenure,
transplanted from Old to New France, dates back to the commission of the
Sieur de la Roche, 1598, in which he is empowered to make grants in the
form of fiefs, seigniories, etc., to persons of merit. Up to 1627, when
the Company of New France (or the Company of One Hundred Associates) was
chartered, only three seigniories had been granted, two to colonial
laymen and the third to the Jesuit Order. Thereafter a large number of
seigniorial grants were made--no less than sixty between 1632 and 1663,
when the Company surrendered its rights to the crown. Details as to the
later history of Seigniorial Tenure in Canada, how it was applied to the
land, and why it outlived the same system in Old France, will be found
in the works cited below. The system was abolished in Canada in 1854.
=Index=: =F= In New France, 56. =L= Beginning of, 119. =Dr= Described,
11; an obstacle to the transfer of land, 256; notaries favourable to,
257. =E= Failure of La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry to settle question,
101-102; measure passed by Assembly, but defeated in Legislative
Council, 119-120; settlement postponed by Hincks-Morin government in
1853, 126; Cauchon offers amendment to address, expressing regret at
failure to settle question, 126-127; MacNab-Morin ministry pledged to
settlement, 140; measure passed in 1854, 142; history of question,
171-188; originates in old feudal system, 171-174; introduced into
Canada by Richelieu, 175; description of system, 175-184; movement for
its abolition, 185-186; judicial investigation by a commission, 186-187;
terms of settlement, 187-188. =S= Not satisfactory to English settlers,
1, 6. =BL= Commission appointed (1841) to consider question of
abolishing it, 99; pressing for settlement, 339; weakens Reform party in
Lower Canada, 349; history of, 349-351; court for adjustment of claims,
presided over by La Fontaine, 358. =C= John A. Macdonald votes against
settlement of, 32; Cartier works for, 32-115; the system described,
35-37. =Md= A problem in Quebec, 14; abolition of, demanded in Quebec,
62; dealt with by MacNab-Morin ministry, 63; its abolition effected,
66-68. =Bib.=: Munro, _Seigniorial System in Canada_ and _Documents
Relating to Seigniorial Tenure_; Munro, _Droit de Banalite_; _Pieces et
Documents Relatifs a la Tenure Seigneuriale_; _Lower Canada Reports_;
_Seigniorial Questions_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. On the history of
individual seigniories, _see_ Lalande, _Une Vielle Seignieurie:
Boucherville_; _Mingan Seigniory: Documents in Appeal to Privy Council_;
Roy, _Seigneurie de Lauzon_; Sellar, _History of Huntingdon_; Jodoin et
Vincent, _Histoire de Longueuil_.
=Seigniors, Canadian.= =Bk= Remained faithful to British rule, 47. =Dr=
Murray's relations with, 10; comparatively small emigration of, to
France, 10; Carleton sends home a list of, 45, 47; pleads cause of, 46,
48; they ask for military service, 49; their satisfaction with the new
regime, 162; their objection to sale of land in freehold, 239; their
loss of influence, 255. =WM= Their relation to the _censitaires_, 23.
=Bib.=: Bradley, _The Making of Canada_.
=Select Committee on Grievances.= =Mc= Seventh report of, 26; Mackenzie
obtains committee, 263; matters referred to, 269; committee's report,
270-277; reply of Lord Glenelg, 280; Head's instructions, 280; subjects
dealt with, 281-286. =BL= On political situation in Upper Canada, 11;
report of, studied by Sir F.B. Head, 37. _See also_ William Lyon
Mackenzie.
=Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, Earl of= (1771-1820). =MS= Influenced by
Mackenzie's _Voyages_, 7, 94; gains controlling interest in Hudson's Bay
Company, 7; organizes colony, 7, 8, 100; dies, 1820, 8; Canadian places
named after, 115; his lineage, 115, 116; birth, June, 1771, 116;
educated at University of Edinburgh, 117; influenced by French
Revolution, 117-118; becomes Baron Daer and Shortcleugh, 1797, on death
of his brother, and Earl of Selkirk, on death of his father, 1799,
118-119; philanthropic interest in the Highlands and emigration policy,
119-120; his scheme for national defence, 120-121; made Fellow of Royal
Society, 122; his _Sketch of the British Fur Trade in 1806_, 122;
earlier pamphlets on the North American Indians, attributed to him, 122;
his pamphlet on _Parliamentary Reform_, 123, 124; character sketch, 125;
his memorial of 1802, on the proposed colony in Rupert's Land, 127-128;
his Prince Edward Island colony, 129-132; visits United States and
Canada, 132-133; the Baldoon Settlement in Upper Canada, 133; the
Moulton Settlement, 134; visits Montreal, 1803, 137; entertained by the
partners of the North West Company, at the Beaver Club, 139-140; takes
advantage of his opportunities to obtain knowledge of the fur trade,
140; genesis of the Red River project, 141-142; obtains legal opinion on
the Hudson's Bay Company, 143-145; purchases controlling interest in the
Hudson's Bay Company, 145-146; buys Red River property from the Company,
146; opposition of Mackenzie, Inglis, and Ellice, 146; area of the
tract, 147; plans for the colony, 149; terms of settlement, 149-150;
sends for Miles Macdonell and puts him in charge of the colony, 150;
sends him out to Hudson Bay with colonists, 151; sends second party of
colonists, 159; sends third party of colonists, 1813, 162; sends Robert
Semple with a fourth party, 1815, 164; arrives in Montreal from Scotland
with his family, 1815, 185; makes representations to Lord Bathurst, and
Sir George Drummond, 186; brings the De Meurons, disbanded Swiss
soldiers, to Fort William, 189; winters at Point De Meuron, 190; reaches
Red River, June, 1817, 191; makes treaty with Indians, 192; returns to
Upper Canada, 193; faces trial at Sandwich, 198; and at York, 199;
brings charges against North West Company, 199; his letter to Duke of
Richmond, 200; returns to England, 201; the Bluebook of 1819, 201;
letter of Sir Walter Scott, 202-203; his health breaks down, 202; death,
April 8, 1820, at Pau, 204; sketch of his life in _Gentleman's
Magazine_, 204-206; his family, 206; compared with Alexander Mackenzie,
209. _See also_ Red River Colony. =Bib.=: Works: _Sketch of the British
Fur Trade in 1806_; _Observations on a Proposal for the Civilization and
Improvement of the North American Indians within the British Boundary_;
_Parliamentary Reform_; _Civilization of the Indian in North America_;
_On the Necessity of a More Efficient System of National Defence_;
_Observations on the Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, with a
View of the Causes and Probable Consequences of Emigration_. For biog.,
_see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bryce,
_Manitoba_, _Hudson's Bay Company_, and _Romantic Settlement of Lord
Selkirk's Colonists_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_. _See
also_ Red River Colony; Baldoon.
=Selkirk Settlement.= _See_ Red River Colony.
=Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil= (1824-1902). In 1845 appointed assistant
geologist in the Geological Survey of Great Britain; and director of the
Geological Survey, Victoria, Australia, 1852-1869. Came to Canada in
1869, and filled the office of director of the Canadian Geological
Survey, 1869-1895. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Seminarists.= =L= Aid in defence of Quebec, 12.
=Semple, Robert= (1766-1816). Born in Boston, Mass. Engaged in
mercantile pursuits, and travelled extensively. In 1802 visited Cape
Colony, and from 1805 to 1810 travelled through Spain, Portugal, the
West Indies, and Brazil. In 1813, while on a journey in the rear of the
allied armies from Hamburg to Gottenburg, arrested by Lord Cathcart as
an American spy. In 1815 appointed governor of the factories and
territories of the Hudson's Bay Company. In the course of his tour of
inspection, reached his headquarters at Douglas (now part of Winnipeg),
early in 1816. For some time there had been an active feud between the
Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, and in an attack at
Seven Oaks by a party of "Nor'-Wester's," under Cuthbert Grant, Semple
was killed. =Index=: =MS= Brings party of Highlanders to Red River,
1815, 164; succeeds Macdonell as governor of Red River settlement, 164.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bryce, _Manitoba_. _See also_ Red River
Colony; Seven Oaks.
=Senate.= =B= Elective _versus_ nominative system discussed at Quebec
Conference--latter decided upon, 164; George Brown approves of
nominative system, 165; distribution of members of, 173; Dorion objects
to nominative system, 175, 177; weakness of the system, 178; its
reorganization advocated by Canada First Association, 236.
=Seneca Indians.= One of the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy. They
dwelt chiefly in the region of the Seneca and Canandaigua lakes, and
extended westwards to Genesee River. During the American Revolution they
espoused the British cause. There are now some hundreds living in Grand
River Reservation, Ontario. =Index=: =F= Show quarrelsome temper, 143;
attack Illinois, 144; enraged by murder of a chieftain on territory of
Ottawas, 145; accept terms of peace, 146; attack canoes of French
traders, 181; Denonville's expedition against, 207-214. =Ch= One of the
five tribes or nations, 50; murder four delegates sent to Five Nations,
164. _See also_ Iroquois. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_;
Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_.
=Senezergues, De.= =WM= Brigadier, commands battalion of La Sarre
Regiment, 12; commands regular troops, 105; mortally wounded, 199;
carried on board British vessel, 222.
=Separate Schools, Manitoba.= =C= The question used as a test of
provincial power, 61-62; rights of Roman Catholics safeguarded, 1871,
71; overthrown by Legislature, 72; judgment of provincial courts
reversed by Supreme Court, 72. =Bib.=: Ewart, _Manitoba School
Question_; Wade, _Manitoba School Question_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid
Laurier and the Liberal Party_. For further references, _see_ _Lit. Am.
Hist._, pp. 438-439.
=Separate Schools, New Brunswick.= =C= Public opinion aroused in Quebec,
73; Costigan and other Roman Catholic members from New Brunswick demand
disallowance of bill against, 73-74; Macdonald and Cartier oppose
disallowance, 74-76; question becomes an issue in Quebec elections, 76;
opinion of law officers in England obtained, 76; opinion adverse to
Roman Catholics, 77; Costigan again demands disallowance, 77; compromise
effected, 77-78; in Parliament, 131. =Md= Bill passed in 1871, 194;
takes away government support from separate schools, 194; Roman
Catholics petition for its disallowance, 194, 285; compromise effected,
194-195.
=Separate Schools, North-West Territories.= =B= Provision for, opposed
by George Brown--he warns the Senate that effect would be to fasten them
on the West forever, 249.
=Separate Schools, Nova Scotia.= =Md= Refused to Roman Catholics, 116.
=Separate Schools, Upper Canada.= =B= Opposed by George Brown, 121; a
compromise arranged, 122-123; bill introduced by R. W. Scott, 144;
Ryerson's support of bill, 144; adopted by government and becomes law,
144-145; attacked by _Globe_, but finally accepted by George Brown, 145.
=Md= Claimed by Roman Catholics and conceded after years of controversy,
82. =Bib.=: Hodgins, _History of Separate Schools in Upper Canada_.
=Servants.= =S= Scarcity of, in Upper Canada, 182.
=Seven Nations.= =Hd= Their fighting force an uncertain quantity, 126.