French army, and in 1655 recaptured Cayenne from the Dutch. In 1663
appointed lieutenant-general of all the French dominions in America,
and, after spending a year in the West Indies, reached Quebec, June 30,
1665. With the newly arrived Carignan-Salieres Regiment as his weapon,
at once initiated a vigorous policy against the Iroquois, and especially
the contumacious Mohawks. In 1666, with thirteen hundred men, marched
against the latter, burnt their villages, and drove them into the
woods. The following year deputies arrived at Quebec from all the
Iroquois tribes, suing for peace. Having secured to the colony a peace
which lasted for nearly twenty years, returned to France. =Index=: =F=
Appointed king's lieutenant-general for all his possessions in America,
50; arrives at Quebec, 51; marches against Iroquois (Mohawks), 53;
concludes peace, 53; removes Maisonneuve from governorship of Montreal,
54; recalled, 54. =L= Appointed viceroy, 51; erects three forts on
Richelieu River, 53; marches against Mohawks, 53; returns to France, 81;
high character of, testified to by Laval, 81; his devout practices, 81,
82; makes pilgrimage to Ste. Anne de Beaupre, 102. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old
Regime_; Charlevoix, _History of New France_.
=Trade.= =E= Depression in Canada following Britain's adoption of free
trade, 38-39, 45; Elgin's views on, 57-58; stimulated by repeal of
Navigation Laws in 1849, 85-86. =S= Exports from Kingston in 1794, 108.
=Trading Permits.= =F= Issued by governor, 115; objected to by bishop as
involving carrying of liquor to the Indians, 116; prohibited by king,
116; permitted under limitations, 128. _See also_ Liquor question;
Brandy question.
=Trahan, Joseph.= =WM= His account of Montcalm before the battle, 197.
=Traill, Catherine Parr= (1802-1899). Born in England; daughter of
Thomas Strickland of Reydon Hall, Suffolk, and sister of Agnes
Strickland and Susanna Moodie. Educated at home. Began to write at an
early age, her first volume of stories for children being published in
1818. In 1832 married Lieutenant Thomas Traill of the Royal Scotch
Fusileers, and some months later they removed to Canada. Most of her
books were written in Canada, and embody her experiences in the
backwoods, and her intimate studies of plant life. =Bib.=: Works: _Plant
Life in Canada_; _Canadian Wild Flowers_; _Canadian Crusoes_; _Pearls
and Pebbles_, with biog. sketch by Mary Agnes FitzGibbon. For biog.,
_see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.
=Transcontinental Railway.= =B= Members of British government in 1862
favourable to, except Gladstone, 143. _See also_ Railways.
=Transcript.= Newspaper published at Montreal. =Index=: =B= Opposes
annexation of North-West Territories, 218. =BL= Denounces La
Fontaine-Baldwin government, 141.
=Transportation.= =B= Roads in Upper Canada in 1834, 54; improvement of,
advocated by George Brown, 61; Hincks and the Grand Trunk, 64. =S=
Difficulty and cost of, in early times, 109. =BL= Steamboat and stage
travel in 1839, 74-75; improvement of inland navigation provided for in
government programme in 1841, 89; interests advanced under second La
Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 282, 286, 287, 301-302; 337. =E= Vigorous
policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 96-101; and of Hincks-Morin
ministry, 114-116. _See also_ Railways; Canals; Roads.
=Trayes.= =S= Baptist deacon, teaches school at Port Rowan, 167.
=Traytorrens, Captain.= =Hd= Correspondent of Haldimand's, 315.
=Treaties.= _See_ Aix-la-Chapelle; Ashburton; Jay's; Paris; St.
Germain-en-Laye; Ryswick; Breda; Utrecht; Suze; Versailles; Oregon;
Washington.
=Tregatin.= =Ch= Indian, brings news of Kirke's arrival, 176.
=Trent Affair.= Took place in November, 1861, when Captain C. Wilkes of
the United States navy intercepted the British mail steamer _Trent_
sailing from Havana, and arrested two commissioners from the Confederate
States who were passengers, and who were accredited to France. They were
conveyed to the United States and imprisoned in Boston. The affair
caused great excitement; war between Great Britain and the United States
seemed imminent, and was averted only by the release of the two
commissioners on the demand of Great Britain in January, 1862. =Index=:
=C= Canada's connection with, leads to reorganization of militia, 87.
=T= Helped along Intercolonial Railway project, 55. =Md= Storm aroused
by seizure of the _Trent_, 97-98. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_;
Harris, _The Trent Affair_; King, _Turning on the Light_; Roberts,
_History of Canada_.
=Trenton (New Jersey).= =Dr= Surrender of Hessians at, 164.
=Trinite.= =Ch= French vessel, seized by the English, 222.
=Trinity College.= College with university powers, established at
Toronto. Now affiliated with the University of Toronto. =Index=: =E=
Established through the efforts of Bishop Strachan, 95-96. =BL= Founded
by Bishop Strachan, 1851, 295-296. =Md= Founded by Bishop Strachan, 30.
=Bib.=: Clark, _The University of Trinity College_ in _Canada: An
Ency_., vol. 4; Bethune, _Memoir of Bishop Strachan_.
=Troop, J. C.= =H= Delegate of Nova Scotia Anti-Confederate party to
England, to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204; receives
thanks of Legislature, 218. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Troop, J. V.= =T= Ship-owner of St. John, New Brunswick,
Anti-Confederate candidate there, 84; defeated in St. John, 109.
=Trouve, Claude.= =L= Sulpician, sent on mission to Lake Ontario, 105.
=Troyes, Chevalier Pierre de.= Born in France. Entered the army, and
came to Canada as an officer of the Carignan Regiment. In 1686 commanded
an expedition of one hundred men, against the forts of the Hudson's Bay
Company on the bay. With him went three members of the famous Le Moyne
family,--Iberville, St. Helene, and Maricourt. They were successful in
surprising and capturing Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Took
part in Denonville's campaign of 1687; left at Niagara with a hundred
men to rebuild the fort erected by La Salle nine years before, and died
there of some malignant disease. =Index=: =F= Leads expedition to Hudson
Bay, 205; joins expedition against Iroquois, 209; in charge of fort at
Niagara, 214. =L= Commands expedition against English in Hudson Bay,
204, =Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bryce, _Hudson's
Bay Company_; Parkman, _Old Regime_.
=Tryon, William= (1725-1788). Born in Ireland. Served in the British
army. In 1764 sent to North Carolina, and on the death of Dobbs
succeeded him as lieutenant-governor in 1765. Held the position until
1771, when appointed governor of New York. In 1772 made a colonel, and
in 1777 major-general. During his administration of the colony
suppressed insurrections and political misdemeanours with great
severity. In 1778 resigned the governorship. On his return to England
promoted to lieutenant-general, 1782. =Index=: =Hd= Governor of New
York, 89; his house burned, 91; returns to England, 91; Haldimand
refuses to send troops to aid of, 197. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Cyc.
Am. Biog._
=Trytorrens, Marie Madeleine.= =Hd= Mother of Haldimand, 2.
=Tucker, R. G.= =Sy= Appointed provincial registrar, 332.
=Tuffet, Jean.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170.
=Tupper, Charles= (1794-1881). Born in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. At the
age of twenty-one entered the ministry of the Baptist Church. Held
charges at various places in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.
Settled at Amherst, where he became principal of the Grammar School,
1834. Appointed principal of the Baptist Seminary at Fredericton, New
Brunswick, 1838. Returned to Amherst, 1840. Settled at Aylesford, 1851,
where he remained until his death. =Bib.=: Hill, _Forty Years with the
Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada_.
=Tupper, Sir Charles, Bart.= (1821- ). Born at Amherst, Nova Scotia.
Educated at Acadia College, and at Edinburgh. In 1843 graduated M.D.,
and won the diploma of the Edinburgh Royal College of Surgeons. For some
years practised medicine at Amherst, Nova Scotia. In 1855 began his
political career, being elected to the Nova Scotia Legislature for
Cumberland County. In 1856, when the Johnstone Cabinet was formed,
became provincial secretary, serving until 1860. From 1864 to 1867 prime
minister of Nova Scotia. In 1867 elected member for Cumberland to the
first Dominion Parliament; president of the Privy Council, 1870;
minister of inland revenue, 1872-1873; minister of customs, 1873;
minister of public works, 1878; minister of railways and canals,
1879-1884. Held the position of high commissioner for Canada in England,
1884-1887; and was member of the Fisheries Conference, 1887. Returning
to Canada, was appointed minister of finance, 1887. Created a baronet,
1888. Again became high commissioner, 1888, holding the position until
1896. Returned to Canada, 1896; leader of the House of Commons in the
Bowell administration; four months later on the retirement of Sir M.
Bowell, prime minister of Canada, but was not upheld at the polls on
June 23, 1896. From 1896 to 1900 leader of the Opposition in the House
of Commons, but being defeated in the election of 1906, retired from
active political life. =Index=: =E= Leads movement for Imperial
Zollverein, 59, 101. =B= Tours Canada with other delegates after Quebec
Conference, 166. =C= Secures baronetcy for Cartier, 128; his letter to
Duke of Buckingham, 129. =H= Establishes free school system in Nova
Scotia, 1864, 80; meets Joseph Howe on political platform in Cumberland
County, 1852, 155-156; defeats him in 1855, 156-157; leads opposition in
Legislature, 163; uses Howe's attack on Irish Roman Catholics as a
handle to overthrow the government, 163-164; becomes provincial
secretary, 167; his fight in Legislature to keep government in office,
168; his retrenchment scheme, 1863, 171; elected by acclamation in
Cumberland, 171-172; becomes leader of government, 172; quotes Howe
against himself in Confederation controversy, 173; his scheme for union
of Maritime Provinces, 175-180; advocates Confederation, 186-189; forms
provincial government, 1867, 198; offered but declines seat in first
Dominion Cabinet, 198; stumps the province against Howe, 199; sole
advocate of Confederation elected in Nova Scotia, 202; secures recruits
from the other side, 203; opposes Nova Scotia repealers in London,
204-205; his interview with Howe, 205-206; letter to Macdonald, 207;
urges Macdonald to visit Nova Scotia, 209; contributes political
articles to magazines, 258. =Md= Premier of Nova Scotia, arranges
Conference at Charlottetown, to discuss Confederation, 104; attends
Conference at Quebec, 104-114; passes through the House a law
establishing compulsory education, 116; Macdonald's first lieutenant,
139; opposes Howe's petition to home government for repeal of British
North America Act, 143-144; letter from Macdonald, 184; supports
Macdonald and national policy, 220; his co-operation with Macdonald,
269-270; summoned from his post of high commissioner to assist in
election campaign of 1891, 315. =T= Favourable to uniform tariff for
Maritime Provinces, 70; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; to
Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; given a C. B., 132.
=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit. Am._;
Morgan, _Can. Men_; Thibault, _Biography of Sir Charles Tupper_;
Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of Nova
Scotia_.
=Tupper, Sir Charles Hibbert= (1855- ). Son of Sir Charles Tupper.
Educated at McGill University, and at the Harvard Law School. Called to
the bar of Nova Scotia, 1877. Sat in the House of Commons, 1882-1891 and
1896-1900; minister of marine and fisheries, 1888-1895; minister of
justice, 1895-1896. Agent for the British government at the Paris
arbitration, 1892. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Turcotte, J. G.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.
=Turgiss, Father Charles.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234. =L=
Dies of plague, 62.
=Turner, Philip.= Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company about
1779, and carried out important surveys for the Company. Stationed at
Cumberland House in 1789, and while there gave David Thompson
instruction in practical astronomy. Between 1790 and 1792 made a survey
of Lake Athabaska, and of the canoe route from Cumberland House to Great
Slave Lake. Dr. J. G. Kohl says that his manuscript journal of a
_Journey from Cumberland-house towards the Athapiscow Country and back
to York Factory, 1790-1792_, is preserved in the archives of the
Hudson's Bay Company at London. His map of this region, the original of
which is also in the Hudson's Bay Archives, is reproduced in Burpee's
_Search for the Western Sea_. His careful survey of Lake Athabaska was
important in that it corrected Peter Pond's crude map, which placed the
western end of the lake as far west as 131 deg., and so gave rise to the
impression that the lake was within easy reach of the Pacific Ocean.
=Index=: =MS= Sent west to explore by Hudson's Bay Company, 57; meets
Alexander Mackenzie, 57; winters at Chipewyan, 57; determines its
position, 57. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce,
_Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Tuscarora Indians.= A tribe of the Iroquois family, dwelling chiefly in
North Carolina. In 1722 they were adopted into the league of the
Iroquois in New York, forming the sixth nation. There are now a few
hundreds living on the Six Nations Reserve, Grand River, Ontario.
=Index=: =Hd= Incorporated in Indian confederacy, 148. =Bib.=: _See_
Iroquois; Six Nations.
=Twelve Resolutions.= Presented by Joseph Howe before the Assembly of
Nova Scotia in 1837. They embody those principles of constitutional
government for which he so long and strenuously contended. =Index=: =H=
Presented by Howe, 39; his speech, 39-40, 41; passed by the Assembly,
42; resented by Legislative Council, 42; rescinded on motion of Howe,
43-44; embodied in address to the crown, 44; bring about partial
concession of responsible government, 45-47; text of resolutions,
293-298. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. _See also_ Howe.
=Twiss, Captain.= =Hd= Of the Royal Engineers, superintends
fortification of, 183; takes over plans to England, 184; employed on St.
Lawrence canals, 184, 185, 186; visits Haldimand in London, 327.
=Ulloa, Antonia de= (1716-1795). Born in Seville, Spain. Studied at
Seville, and in 1733 entered the navy. Accompanied astronomical
expedition to Brazil, 1735; and also that of 1744 to observe the comet.
In 1745 taken prisoner at Louisbourg by the British. On the intercession
of the Royal Society of London, released, and elected an associate of
the society in 1746. In 1760 made rear-admiral, and in 1764 governor of
Louisiana. In 1770 appointed lieutenant-general of the Spanish naval
forces. The remainder of his life was chiefly occupied in establishing
schools of natural history and metallurgy, and in the promotion of naval
and astronomical objects. =Index=: =Hd= Spanish governor of Louisiana,
79.
=Uniacke, James Boyle.= Son of Richard John Uniacke. Practised law in
Nova Scotia. Entered the Legislature some time before 1837. Appointed to
the Executive Council, 1840, and in 1848 formed an administration in
which he took the office of attorney-general. Appointed commissioner of
crown lands, 1853. Died soon after. =Index=: =H= Virtual leader of Tory
party in Nova Scotia, in 1837, 35; resists Howe's plans for responsible
government, 49; leads government side in Legislature up to 1840, 57;
resigns from Council, 63; joins forces with Howe, 64; appointed to
Council by Lord Falkland, 69; unsuccessful candidate for speakership,
74; retires from government, 87; moves want of confidence in government,
97-99, 107; forms administration, 107, 110; becomes attorney-general,
111; legislation, 115; delegate to Portland Railway Convention, 121;
becomes commissioner of crown lands, 145. =B= Submits scheme of colonial
union to Imperial authorities in 1805, 129. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History
of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.
=Uniacke, Richard John= (1753-1830). Born at Castletown, County Cork,
Ireland. Emigrated to the West Indies, 1773; went from there to
Philadelphia the following year; and induced by Moses Delesdernier, who
was interested in the settlement of certain lands near Fort Cumberland,
to come to Nova Scotia. In 1776 arrested as a sympathizer with the
rebellious colonists; pardoned, and returned to Ireland, where he
studied law. Returned to Nova Scotia in 1781, and admitted to the bar
the same year; appointed solicitor-general, 1782. Entered House of
Assembly as member for Sackville, 1783, and from the beginning took an
active part in public affairs. Chosen Speaker, 1789. Appointed
attorney-general, 1797, and held the office until the time of his death.
Again Speaker, 1799. Appointed to the Council, 1808. Died at Mount
Uniacke. =Bib.=: Power, _Richard John Uniacke_ (N. S. Hist. Soc.
_Coll._, vol. 9); Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Union of 1841.= =H= Act did not concede full measure of responsible
government, 53. =BL= Planned by Sydenham, 60-61; bitterly opposed in
Lower Canada, 61; protested against by La Fontaine, 61, 70; attitude of
Upper Canada, 61-68; opposed by Chief-Justice Robinson, 61-62; Act of
Union enacted--its terms, 68-69; proclaimed Feb. 10, 1841, 69; seat of
government, 73; provision as to language of Legislature denounced by La
Fontaine, 128; boundaries of Quebec constituencies, 146; slight
influence on force of racial discussion, 282. =P= Union first proposed
in 1822, bill introduced in British House of Commons that year, 43-44;
petition against, 44; Papineau and Neilson go to England to oppose bill,
44-53; bill suggested by Ellice of Beauharnois, 47; bill withdrawn, 53;
repeal of, demanded by Papineau, 167; accepted by La Fontaine, 170;
protest of French Canadians, 170; defended by La Fontaine, 173-176;
Papineau's criticism of, 181-182. =C= Recommended by Durham, 12;
approved by Special Council, 12; and by Upper Canada Legislative
Assembly, 13; terms demanded by Upper Canada, 13; Poulett Thomson
secures modifications of, 14; French Canadians protest against, 15; La
Fontaine protests against, 96; concedes ministerial responsibility, 97.
=E= Unsatisfactory working of, when Elgin came to Canada, 4-5; its
terms, 22-23; described by La Fontaine as "an act of injustice and
despotism," 24; unsatisfactory to French Canadians, 25; Elgin proposes
repeal of clause restricting use of the French language, 55;
restrictions removed, 1849, 61; increase of representation under, 117;
clauses relating to Legislative Council repealed, 120; amendment to
representation, 122-123. =Sy= Recommended in Lord Durham's Report, 94;
advocated by Constitutional Associations of Quebec and Montreal, 112;
favoured by Legislative Assembly of Canada on certain conditions, 113,
114; opposed by Legislative Council, 113, 115; strongly opposed by
French Canadians, 117; favoured by English element in Lower Canada, 117;
Lord John Russell's speech and resolutions with reference to, 117-122;
diverse views regarding, 191, 192; question submitted to Special Council
of Lower Canada, 192; their report on, 193; question discussed in press,
193, 194; submitted to Upper Canada Legislature, 203; carried in
Assembly, 207; Attorney-General Hagerman argues strongly against,
207-209; carried in Legislative Council, 209; supported by general body
of Reformers, 213; anti-union resolutions passed at Quebec, 233; in
favour of union, 235; royal assent given to Act, 271; as drafted by
Sydenham, provided for municipal institutions, 273; municipal clauses
struck out of bill, 275; object of, to insure a British future for the
country, 283. =Md= Embodies theory of responsible government, 17;
provides that proceedings of Legislature be printed in English only, 24.
=Mc= Bill introduced by Lord John Russell, 405; Poulett Thomson sent to
secure consent of Canada to, 405; bill introduced a second time, 405.
=Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; McMullen, _History of Canada_;
Bourinot, _Constitutional History of Canada_; Egerton and Grant,
_Canadian Constitutional Documents_; Houston, _Constitutional
Documents_; Turcotte, _Canada sous l'Union_; Robinson, _Canada and the
Canada Bill_; Bonnycastle, _Canada in 1841_.
=United States.= =Bk= Purchase of Louisiana by, 42; consequent change of
attitude towards Great Britain, 43; growing hostility of, to England,
73; British armed vessels ordered to leave United States forts, 83; lays
embargo on its own vessels, 85; their vessels seized under Berlin
Decrees, 105; indemnity paid therefor, 122; occupation of West Florida,
139; growing hostility to Great Britain, 172; declares war, 193, 203,
208. =Bib.=: Rhodes, _History of the United States_.
=Universities.= _See_ Acadia; Dalhousie; King's; Knox; Laval; McGill;
Ottawa; Queen's; Toronto; Trinity; Victoria; McMaster; Manitoba;
Saskatchewan; Alberta; Western; St. Francis Xavier; Mount Allison; New
Brunswick.
=University, Provincial.= =Mc= Mackenzie's views on, 95.
=University Endowment.= =Md= Scheme opposed by Strachan, 28-29.
=Unrestricted Reciprocity.= =Md= Adopted by Liberal party, 262; campaign
in favour of, 292; Goldwin Smith supports, 292; favoured by
interprovincial conference, 297; movement arouses suspicion, 300;
Farrer's pamphlet, 312-314. _See also_ Reciprocity; Commercial Union.
=Upper Canada.= The name originally applied by General Murray to the
Montreal district, in 1760. Under the terms of the Constitutional Act of
1791, the country was divided into two provinces, and the name Upper
Canada applied to the western province. The population at that time was
made up chiefly of United Empire Loyalists from the United States. In
1841 Upper and Lower Canada were reunited; and in 1867 Upper Canada
again became a separate province, under the name of Ontario (_q.v._).
=Index=: =B= Federal union of all British North American provinces not
acceptable to, 155; feeling in favour of Confederation all but
unanimous, 166; parliamentary representation of, 172-173. =E= First
railroad in, 99; political parties organized in, 148. =Bk= Population
of, 49; commerce, 50; lack of public buildings, 50. =Sy= Its political
condition described by Sydenham, 200-202; opening of Legislature, 203;
equality of representation with Lower Canada proposed for, 204; defects
in its administration, 221-223; Sydenham enthusiastic over its soil and
climate, 268; larger part of its revenue collected in Lower Canada, 316;
its public works burdensome, its revenue small, 317. =S= Condition of,
in 1782, 51; division of, into counties, 80; population of, 115;
population of, largely composed of dissenters, 159; Simcoe presents
books and premium in money to Agricultural Society of, 175. =BL= Coming
of the Loyalists, 5; population in 1811, 8; political situation after
1815, 9, 16, 17; municipal history of, 297-298. =Sy= Defects in
administration described by Sydenham, 221-223; his endeavours to remedy
by reorganization of public departments, 331. =R= Religious life in
pioneer days, 10-11; character of the people, 35-36; movement for civil
and religious equality in, 42-43, 61-63; population, 51; growth of
popular government, 64-66, 120-132. =Mc= State of representation in
Mackenzie's committee on, 171; report on, 175, 176. _See also_ Ontario.
=Upper Canada Academy.= =R= Established by Methodists, June, 1836, 135;
Ryerson on, 137-138; difficulty of raising funds, 138-139; Ryerson sent
to England to obtain funds and secure royal charter, 139-141; his
success, 142; Rev. Matthew Richey first principal, 142; financial
assistance from government, 142-143; becomes Victoria College, 1841,
143; continued as preparatory school for Victoria College, 155. =BL=
Incorporated by Methodists in 1836 at Cobourg, 193; power to grant
degrees conferred in 1841, 193; name changed to Victoria College, 194.
_See also_ Victoria College.
=Upper Canada College, Toronto.= Originally established in 1807 as the
Home District Grammar School of York, the first principal of which was
Dr. G. O. Stuart, who was succeeded by Dr. Strachan in 1813. In 1816 a
new building was erected, popularly known as the "Old Blue School."
Upper Canada College proper dates from 1829, when provision was made by
the government for its establishment. In 1891 the college was moved to
the present building in Deer Park. =Index=: =BL= Land grant for, in
1831, 191-192. =Bib.=: Adam and Dickson, _Upper Canada College_;
_Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.
=Upper Canada Gazette.= =Mc= Official organ of the house, 38, 109-110.
=Upper Canada Gazette or American Oracle.= =S= First paper published in
Upper Canada, 172, 173; removed to York, 174. =Bk= First published at
Newark (Niagara), 57.
=Urfe, Abbe d'.= =F= Haughtily treated by Frontenac, 110. =L= Sulpician,
arrival of, 105.
=Ursulines.= A religious order of women, in the Roman Catholic Church,
founded in 1535 at Brescia, by Angela Merici. The order was established
in France in 1584, and spread to Germany and other European countries.
In 1639 four members of the order, Madame de la Peltrie, Marie de
l'Incarnation, Marie de St. Bernard, and another not named, sailed from
Dieppe for Quebec, where they were lodged at first in wooden huts, in
what is now the Lower Town. Three years later, they took possession of
the massive stone convent still occupied by the order. =Index=: =L=
Establishment of convent, 8; Laval lodges with, for a time, 33; their
educational work, 125; its great influence for good, 155; convent
destroyed by fire, 210. =F= Foundation of convent, 28, 30; Marguerite
Bourgeoys urged to join, 39. =WM= Take refuge in general hospital, 115;
and render assistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237. =Bib.=:
_Les Ursulines de Quebec_.
=Usury Laws.= =Sy= Their repeal advocated by Sydenham, 18.
=Utrecht, Treaty of.= Between France and Great Britain, signed in 1713.
Provided for the restoration and full surrender of all claims to the
Hudson Bay Territory, to Acadia, and to Newfoundland by France; for
compensation to the Hudson's Bay Company; for certain rights to fishing
on the north-east coast of Newfoundland; and the possession of Cape
Breton by France. =Index=: =Ch= Determines boundaries of Acadia, 18.
=Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=Vaccination.= =Hd= Subject discussed in Quebec _Gazette_, 228-231. _See
also_ Smallpox.
=Vail, Edwin Arnold= (1817-1885). Born in Sussex, New Brunswick. Studied
medicine at Edinburgh and Glasgow Universities. Elected to the New
Brunswick Assembly, 1857; Speaker, 1865, and again in 1870; a member of
the government, 1883. A strong opponent of Confederation.
=Vaillant.= =F= Jesuit father, sent as negotiator to Albany, 218.
=Valdes, Cayetano.= Accompanied Maurelle and Galiano to North-West
Coast, 1792. =Index=: =D= Explores North-West Coast, 35; meets
Vancouver, 35; his journal published at Madrid, 1802, 36. =Bib.=:
Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.
=Valiniere.= =Hd= Sulpician priest, banished for disloyalty, 128.
=Vallieres de St. Real, Joseph-Remi= (1787-1847). Born in Markham, Upper
Canada. Called to the bar, 1812, and practised in Quebec. In 1813
elected member for the county of Chambly in the provincial Assembly, and
later chosen Speaker in the absence of Papineau in England. In 1828
appointed judge of the district of Three Rivers, and in 1842
chief-justice of Montreal. =Index=: =P= Opposes Papineau in Lower Canada
Assembly, 57; rivalry between the two, 57; attacked by Papineau, 169.
=E= Appointed chief-justice of Montreal by Sir Charles Bagot, 31. =BL=
Colborne's political antagonist, 115; elevated to the bench, 115.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Valrennes, De.= =L= Commander of Fort Frontenac, 223; repels attack of
Schuyler, 232. =F= Commandant at Fort Frontenac, 233; tries to cut off
retreat of Peter Schuyler at Chambly, 313.
=Van Buren, Martin= (1782-1862). Eighth president of the United States.
=Index=: =Mc= Anxious to avoid war with Britain, 423; issues neutrality
proclamation, 444; annoyed at Mackenzie, 445; pardons Mackenzie, 458;
his political death-blow, 472. =WT= Sends Winfield Scott to settle
Aroostook War, 135. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Vancouver.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company vessel, 183.
=Vancouver, George= (1758-1798). Entered British navy, 1771; sailed in
the _Resolution_ with Captain Cook on his second voyage, 1772-1775, and
in the _Discovery_ on his third voyage, 1776-1780. Lieutenant on the
_Martin_, 1780; and served in the West Indies with Rodney, taking part
in the battle of 1782. Appointed to the _Europe_, 1784; and to the
_Courageux_, 1790, and promoted commander. In 1791 sent out in command
of the _Discovery_, to survey the coast from lat. 30 deg. N. to Cook's
River, and to carry out the terms of the Nootka Convention. Through
differences of opinion with the Spanish representative, Quadra, the
latter part of his instructions could not be carried out, but the survey
of the North-West Coast was carried out with such zeal and accuracy as
to make it a permanent and very important addition to geographical
knowledge. Returned to England in 1795, and spent the rest of his life
preparing his journals for publication. =Index=: =D= Outline of his
voyages to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and endurance, 19;
search for North-West Passage, 19; meets Quadra at Nootka, 33; makes
thorough exploration of entire Pacific coast from San Francisco to
Bering Sea, 1792-1794, 34; finally leaves North-West Coast, Oct. 16,
1794, 15; meets Galiano and Valdez at Point Gray, 35. =MS= Mackenzie
hears of, from Coast Indians, 85; his ships on the Pacific coast at time
of Mackenzie's journey, 86. =Bib.=: Works: _Voyage of Discovery to the
North Pacific Ocean, 1790-1795_. _See also_ Bancroft, _History of
North-West Coast_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_; Laut, _Vikings
of the Pacific_; Meany, _Vancouver's Discovery of Puget Sound_; _Dict.
Nat. Biog._
=Vancouver Island.= The largest island on the west coast of North
America. Named after Captain George Vancouver, who explored this coast
in the years 1792-1794. The island was first named Quadra and Vancouver
in honour of the two naval officers who met at Nootka in 1792 to carry
out the provisions of the Nootka Convention. The first authentic landing
on the coast of the island is that of Captain James Cook in 1787.
Captain James Hanna landed at Nootka in 1785; and Captain John Meares in
1788. From this time trading and exploring expeditions spent more or
less time at Nootka. In 1843 the Hudson's Bay Company made their first
establishment on the island, Fort Victoria, at first known as Camosun.
The island remained under the control of the Company until 1849, when it
became a crown colony. Representative government was introduced, 1856;
and in 1866 the island and mainland were united under one government.
=Index=: =D= Organic existence since 1849, 1; first named Quadra and
Vancouver Island by Vancouver, 35; only nominal possession at end of
eighteenth century, 62; handed over to Hudson's Bay Company, Jan. 13,
1849, 194; terms of grant, 194; colonization and the Company, 194-195;
first settler, 196; other arrivals, 197; population in 1853, 198;
quarrels between Company and settlers, 198-199; recommendation of
committee on Hudson's Bay Company, 1857, 201-202; history of early
settlement, 203; first governor, Richard Blanshard, 1849, 203; relations
with Company, 203-204; succeeded by James Douglas, 205; Hudson's Bay
Company secures renewal of grant, 1854, 207; establishment of
representative government, 1856, 208-210; meeting of first Legislature,
210-211; governor's inaugural speech, 211-215; Company's rights acquired
by crown, 229; road-building, 249; early legislation, 271; Clergy
Reserves, 273-274; history of legislation, 274; railway built, 327.
=Bib.=: Begg, _History of British Columbia_; Bancroft, _History of
British Columbia_; Macdonald, _British Columbia and Vancouver's Island_;
MacFie, _Vancouver Island and British Columbia_. _See also_ British
Columbia.
=Van Egmond, Anthony.= Commander of the Upper Canadian rebels in 1837; a
native of Holland; had been a colonel in Napoleon's army, and had seen
much active service. In 1819 emigrated with his family to America,
settling first in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, where he had a farm and
a store. In 1827 moved to Upper Canada, and rented a farm near Waterloo;
in 1832 possessed a mill at Egmondville, near Seaforth, and a farm
within five miles. Invited by William Lyon Mackenzie to command the
forces of the insurgents. In this capacity took part in the fight on
Dec. 7, 1837, with the Loyalist troops, near Montgomery's tavern, on
Yonge Street, Toronto, when the rebels were badly defeated. Later
captured, and placed in jail; afterwards removed to the hospital, but
died early in 1838 from disease and exposure. =Index=: =Mc=
Commander-in-chief of the rebels, 1837, 360; arrives late, 376; indorses
Mackenzie's plans, 376; in charge at Montgomery's farm, 379; captured,
382; dies in prison, 382. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_;
Read, _Rebellion of 1837_.
=Vanelly.= =Ch= Merchant, compensation awarded to, for goods seized,
221.
=Vanfelson, Judge.= =E= Member of Seigniorial Court, 187.
=Van Horne, Major.= American officer. =Index=: =Bk= Force of, dispersed
by Tecumseh's Indians, 237.
=Van Horne, Sir William Cornelius= (1843- ). Born in Will County,
Illinois. Educated at the common schools. In 1857 entered the railway
service as telegraph operator on the Illinois Central Railway. After
serving in various capacities on railways in the United States, and
rising rapidly through all the grades, appointed in 1881 general manager
of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and since that date the vast extension
and financial success of the railway has been due largely to his energy
and resourcefulness. Became vice-president, 1884; president, 1888;
chairman of the board of directors, 1899-1910. In 1894 created K.C.M.G.
=Index=: =Md= Made president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1888, 238.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Vankoughnet, Philip Michael Scott= (1823-1869). Born in Cornwall,
Ontario. Studied law and called to the bar, 1843; practised in Toronto;
appointed Q.C., 1850. In May, 1856, president of the Executive Council,
and minister of agriculture, in the Tache administration, and in
November, 1856, first member of the Legislative Council for Rideau. From
1858 to 1862 chief commissioner of crown lands in the Cartier-Macdonald
government; amongst some of his important measures was the system of
selling townships _en bloc_, and the opening up and improvement of
roads. In 1862 appointed chancellor of Upper Canada. =Index=: =T=
Delegate to England on Intercolonial matter, 55. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.
Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Van Rensselaer, Rensselaer= (1802-1850). Son of General S. Van
Rensselaer of Albany, New York; for some time employed as a clerk in the
post office, Albany. In November, 1837, while on a trip through the west
for the _Albany Daily Advertiser_, came in contact with the Canadian
revolutionists and was offered and accepted the position of
commander-in-chief of the rebel forces. After a few months' desultory
fighting, arrested on Feb. 28, 1838, at Syracuse, by the American
authorities, for violating the neutrality laws. Tried on Oct. 18, 1839,
and convicted; sentenced to six months' imprisonment and fined $250.
After serving the six months, the fine was remitted. =Index=: =Mc=
Fights under Bolivar, 412; given command at Navy Island, 413; arrives
there, 415; his habits, 417; evacuates island, 424; plans attack on
Kingston, 429; failure of, 429; blames Mackenzie, 430; exonerates
Mackenzie, 430. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Dent, _Upper Canadian
Rebellion_.
=Van Rensselaer, Solomon= (1774-1852). Born in Rensselaer County, New
York. Entered the army in 1792 as a cornet of cavalry, later becoming
captain. In 1794, while commanding a company of volunteers, severely
wounded at the battle of Maumee Rapids. In 1812 adjutant-general of New
York militia, and arranged the armistice which enabled the Americans to
make use of Lake Ontario as a highway for the transportation of troops
and stores. In 1812 commanded an attacking party at Queenston Heights
and seriously wounded. Member of Congress, 1819-1822; and postmaster at
Albany, 1822-1839. =Index=: =Bk= Aide-de-camp to General Van Rensselaer,
284; wounded in crossing river at Queenston, 300. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.
Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Van Rensselaer, Stephen= (1764-1839). Born in New York. Graduated at
Harvard, 1782. In 1786 major of militia, and in 1788 colonel. In 1789
elected to the Assembly as a member of the Federal party, of which he
soon afterwards became leader; state Senator in 1790-1795;
lieutenant-governor in 1795, and returned to the Assembly in 1798 and
1808-1810. In 1801 promoted major-general. In 1812, on the outbreak of
war with Great Britain, commanded the United States forces on the
Niagara frontier. Resigned his command, Oct. 24, 1812, and left the
service. In 1816 elected to the Assembly, and from 1823 to 1829 served
in Congress. =Index=: =Bk= In command on Niagara frontier, 284;
correspondence with Brock, 285; force under his command, 287. =Bib.=:
_Cyc. Am. Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Varin, J. B.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.
=Vauban, De.= =F= French engineer, prepares plans for defence of Quebec,
326.
=Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de= (1698-1778). Born at
Quebec, son of Philippe de Vaudreuil (_q.v._). Entered the army at an
early age, becoming ensign, 1708; lieutenant, 1712; and major, 1729. The
following year gained the coveted honour of chevalier of the Order of
St. Louis. Appointed governor of Three Rivers, 1733; and of Louisiana,
1742; governor of Canada, 1755. Continually at odds with Montcalm, and
hampered him in his defence of Quebec. After the battle of the Plains
retired with the army to Jacques Cartier, and took no part in the
subsequent operations before Quebec. On his return to France arrested
and thrown into the Bastile on charges connected with his government of
Canada, but released after trial before the Chatelet de Paris. =Index=:
=WM= Governor, his first interview with Montcalm, 28; considered the
sending out of Montcalm unnecessary, 28; birth and personal qualities,
29; his inveterate hatred for Montcalm, 62; popular with Canadians, 63;
his military views, 80, 81; activity of, 127; congratulates Levis on
victory of Montmorency, 144; prefers his advice to that of Montcalm,
145; thought Le Foulon (Wolfe's Cove) insufficiently guarded, 160;
writes Bougainville that safety of colony is in his hands, 161; gives
orders for disposition of troops along the heights, 162; his uneasiness
about Le Foulon, 162; would not risk engagement between French and
British fleets, 167; learns of landing of Wolfe's army, 189; begs
Montcalm not to precipitate an engagement, 193; takes no part in battle,
201; prepared, according to Chevalier Johnstone, for immediate
capitulation, 208; holds council of war, 211; decides on retreat to
Jacques Cartier, 212; his letter to Levis on loss of battle, 212; letter
to Montcalm, 214; gives instructions respecting capitulation of Quebec,
214; his lack of energy, 215; promises assistance to Ramezay, 226;
Quebec having fallen, he marches with Levis to retake it, 241-242;
maintains spies in Quebec, 243; congratulates Levis on victory of Ste.
Foy, 267. =P= Extent of his responsibility for defeat of Montcalm at
Quebec, 143. =BL= His capitulation at Montreal in 1760, 1. =Hd= Last
French governor of Canada, 36; Amherst's letter to, 38, 39. =Bib.=:
Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Parkman,
_Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_.
=Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de.= Came to Canada, 1687, in
command of eight hundred troops, and, leaving his men behind, pushed on
alone to join Denonville in his expedition against the Iroquois. In 1696
commanded a division of Frontenac's army against the Iroquois, and led a
detachment to destroy the Oneida town. Appointed governor of Montreal,
1698; administrator of the colony, 1703; and governor, 1705-1725.
=Index=: =L= Acting governor of Montreal, 223; succeeds Callieres as
governor, 235. =F= Acts as chief of staff to Governor Denonville, 209;
acting governor of Montreal, 225; surprises and destroys band of Indians
at Repentigny, 308. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Half Century of
Conflict_.
=Vauquelin, Jean= (1726-1763). Born in Caen, France. Entered the navy,
and in 1745 successfully engaged a British frigate off Martinique. In
1754 did good service in reconnoitring the English ports, and
subsequently given command of the _Arethuse_. In 1758 despatched to
Louisbourg with reinforcements and stores for the French troops and got
into the harbour, although many of his crew were killed and wounded. In
1759, with three frigates, sailed to the relief of Quebec. After the
capitulation endeavoured to escape with his ships, but they were
destroyed or captured by the British, and Vauquelin taken prisoner. On
his release returned to France, and was arrested. =Index=: =WM= Hero of
Louisbourg, 81; in charge of frigates _Atalante_ and _Pomone_, 243.
=Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.
=Vaux, Mme. de.= =WM= Grandmother of Montcalm, 4.
=Vendremur, Corneille de.= =Ch= Clerk, returns to France, 209.
=Ventadour, Henri de Levy, Duc de= (1595-1651). Viceroy of Canada,
1625-1627. Served for a time in the army, and is said to have taken holy
orders. In any event took a deep interest in the spiritual welfare of
Canada, and after acquiring the viceroyalty instrumental in sending out
the first Jesuit missionaries in 1625. In 1627, on the formation of the
Company of New France by Richelieu, purchased the viceroyalty from De
Ventadour. Pointe Levy, or Levis, opposite Quebec, was named after him.
=Index=: =F= Lieutenant-general of New France, 17. =Ch= Appointed
viceroy of New France, 151; resigns, 168. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of
France_.
=Vercheres, Marie-Madeleine Jarret.= Born in 1678 in the fort on her
father's seigniory on the St. Lawrence River, twenty miles below
Montreal. In 1692 she heroically defended this fort, with the assistance
of her two young brothers, two soldiers, and an old man of eighty. When
the settlers were working in the fields, a band of Iroquois suddenly
appeared and began their work of slaughter. Madeleine had barely time to
reach the fort. She found everyone, including the two soldiers,
demoralized, and, taking command, she ordered the little band to keep up
constant firing. The Iroquois beseiged the fort for two days, but
finally retired discomfited; and relief came from Montreal in another
week. In 1706 she married Thomas Tarien de la Naudiere; and in 1722 De
la Perrade. In her later years she received a pension for life. The date
of her death is not known. =Index=: =F= Defends fort against Iroquois,
319. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_; Richard, _Supplement to Report on
Canadian Archives_, 1899.
=Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count de= (1717-1787). Born in Dijon.
Educated there at the Jesuit College. In 1740 entered the diplomatic
service, being sent to Lisbon. In 1741 took part in the negotiations
that resulted in the election to the empire of the elector of Bavaria,
Charles VII. In 1752 attended the Congress of Hanover. From 1754 to 1768
ambassador at Constantinople. In 1771-1774, when minister at the court
of Sweden, supported the revolution in favour of Gustavus III. In 1774
appointed by the king of France, secretary of foreign affairs. Secretly
aided the American Revolution with funds, arms, and stores, and arranged
the treaty of alliance between the United States and France, 1778.
=Index=: =Dr= His letter in regard to Asgill, 199. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.
Biog._
=Vergor, Duchambon de.= In command of Fort Beausejour, 1745. A
confederate of the intendant Bigot; used his opportunities to plunder
both the people and the government. Betrayed by Thomas Pichon and
compelled to surrender the fort to Monckton. Returned to Quebec and
censured for his actions. In command at Le Foulon, near Quebec, at the
siege by Wolfe, 1759; surprised, and his command cut to pieces. =Index=:
=WM= Placed by Bougainville in charge of Le Foulon, 178, 184; previously
censured for giving up Fort Beausejour, 178; roused from sleep by
Wolfe's soldiers, 181; wounded, 181. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and
Wolfe_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public
Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.
_See also_ Siege of Quebec, 1759.
=Vermont.= =Dr= People of, anxious for canal communication with St.
Lawrence, 230; their aversion to entering American union, 244, 245;
annoy British outposts, 285; anxious to bring about war for commercial
reasons, 299; =Hd= Inhabitants of, claim separation from New York,
197-199; efforts to bring them back to their allegiance to Great
Britain, 199-216; Washington's alleged threat, 205; exchange of
prisoners with, 206; intention of inhabitants to join British in event
of their success, 208; duplicity of their policy, 210; trade carried on
with Canada, 216; received into Union as fourteenth state, 217;
emissaries of, reappear as Loyalists, 266.
=Verrazano, Giovanni du.= Born near Florence, Italy, in 1470. Entered
French marine service, 1495. Credited with visiting the coast of
America, 1508. In 1523 sent by Francis I to explore to the westward. The
following year arrived with La Dauphine off the coast of North America,
and explored from Florida to Newfoundland, taking possession of the
latter island in the name of the king of France. Landed at a point near
Cape Fear, and discovered the bays of Narragansett and New York. Nothing
is known of his latter years, beyond the fact that he was in Paris, at
least as late as Dec. 24, 1527, fitting out an expedition of five ships
to sail the following March. Verrazano's claim to the discovery of the
mouth of the Hudson, questioned by Murphy, has been re-established by
the discovery in Rome of a hitherto unknown version of the explorer's
report of his voyage. _See_ Bacchiani's article, with facsimile, in the
_Bollettiano_ of the Italian Geographical Society, November, 1909.
=Index=: =Ch= His discovery of the coast of North America, 211. =Bib.=:
Murphy, _Voyage of Verrazano_; De Costa, _Verrazano, the Explorer_.
=Verreau, Hospice-Anthelme Jean Baptiste= (1828-1901). Born at L'Islet,
Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary, and a teacher there in 1847-1848.
In 1848-1856 principal of Ste. Therese College. In 1851 ordained priest.
In 1857 first principal of the Jacques Cartier Normal School in
Montreal. Sent by the Quebec provincial government in 1873 to Europe to
make investigations respecting Canadian history, the results of which
were published in 1875. In 1887 appointed to the chair of Canadian
history in Laval University. A fellow of the Royal Society of Canada; a
member of the Societe des Antiquaires de Normandie; and a member of the
Societe des Arcadem of Rome. =Index=: =L= On educational work of
Marguerite Bourgeoys, 127. =F= On attempt to civilize the Indians, 168;
on character of Frontenac, 360. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Versailles, Treaty of.= Signed between Great Britain and the rebellious
thirteen colonies, 1783. Acknowledged the independence of the thirteen
colonies; settled the boundaries between the latter and British North
America; dealt with the fisheries question; and provided for amnesty to
Loyalists and the restoration of their property. The colonies
repudiating the last obligation, provision was made by the British
government for compensation to the Loyalists, many of whom were given
grants of land in Upper Canada, New Brunswick, and the Eastern
Townships. =Index=: =WM= Concluded in 1783, 269; assured the
independence of the thirteen colonies, 269. =S= Its provisions for
protection of Loyalists, 52-54; not carried out in its integrity by the
united colonies, 118. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=Vesey, Colonel.= =Bk= Question of land grant for, 138; letters to
Brock, 153, 154, 157.
=Vicaille.= =Ch= Vessel of David Kirke, 178.
=Victoria= (1819-1901). Granddaughter of George III, and only child of
George III's fourth son, Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, by Mary Louisa
Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Cobourg-Saalfield; born at
Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819. Succeeded to the throne on the death of
her uncle, William IV, 1837. Married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Cobourg
1840. =Index=: =Sy= Accession of, 48. =Md= Selects Ottawa (Bytown) as
seat of government, 85; jubilee address to, 283. =Bib.=: Works: _Leaves
from a Journal of our Life in the Highlands_; _Letters of Queen
Victoria_; _Royal Correspondence_. For biog., _see_ Fawcett, _Life of
Queen Victoria_; Gurney, _Childhood of Queen Victoria_; Holmes, _Queen
Victoria_ Lee, _Queen Victoria: a Biography_; Oliphant, _Queen Victoria:
a Personal Sketch_.
=Victoria.= Capital of British Columbia, and formerly capital of the
colony of Vancouver Island. Founded in 1843 as Fort Camosun, afterwards
Fort Victoria, the latter name in honour of the queen. The city was
incorporated in 1862, and the old fort finally demolished, 1864.
=Index=: =D= Founded by James Douglas in 1843, 146; built on site of
Indian village, known as Camosun, 175; McNeill's exploration, 1837, 176;
Sir George Simpson's approval of the site, 176; Douglas examines
locality, 1842, and reports favourably, 176; establishment of fort at
Camosun approved, 176; advantages of the site, 177; Douglas sails, March
1, 1843, from Fort Vancouver with an expedition to establish the post,
177; lands at Clover Point, 177; site selected and building operations
begun, 178; fort and stockade completed, 179; Charles Ross in command
with Roderick Finlayson as assistant, 180; natives attack the fort, 182;
early shipping, 183; name of port changed to Fort Victoria, 183; visit
of frigate _America_, 183; American whalers touch at, for supplies, 184;
H.M.S. _Constance_ arrives at Esquimalt, 184; visit of frigate
_Fisguard_, 184; surveying ships _Herald_ and _Pandora_, 184; trade
gravitating from Fort Vancouver to Victoria, 184; farming operations,
185; dairying, 185; supplying Russian ports, 186; momentous events of
1849, final removal of chief emporium of company from Fort Vancouver to
Victoria, 188; Helmcken, afterwards Douglas's son-in-law, arrives, 189;
effect of gold discoveries, 189-190; coal mining, 190-191; the Hudson's
Bay Company and colonization, 192-195; early settlers of, 196-197; town
laid out in streets, 1852, 198; population in 1853, 198; during the gold
fever, 224-225; gold-miners boom the town, 225; population rises and
falls with the fortunes of the gold-fields, 271; proposed waterworks,
building of wagon roads, education, first newspaper, _British Colonist_,
1858, 271. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_; Begg,
_History of British Columbia_.
=Victoria Bridge.= At Montreal, over the St. Lawrence. Built by Robert
Stephenson, for the Grand Trunk Railway, 1854-1859, at a total cost of
$6,300,000. Opened by the Prince of Wales (afterwards King Edward VII),
May 25, 1860. It was enlarged and remodelled in 1897. =Index=: =E= Built
by Grand Trunk Railway, 115. =Md= Opened in 1860 by Prince of Wales, 87.
=Bib.=: _Ency. Brit._
=Victoria University.= In affiliation with the University of Toronto.
Formerly located at Cobourg, but later moved to Toronto. Founded in
1830; opened 1836. =Index=: =BL= Refuses to come into the provincial
university, under terms of Baldwin's bill, 295. =R= Founded, 86; Ryerson
president of, 126-127, 143; eminent graduates, 143-144; its curriculum,
144; legislative grant, 148. =E= Proposal to make it part of a
provincial university, 94. =Bib.=: Burwash, _Historical Sketch of
Victoria University_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.
=Vidal, Alexander= (1819-1906). Born at Brocknell, Berkshire, England.
Educated at Christ's Hospital, London, and in 1834 came to Canada with
his parents. Served in the militia during the Rebellion of 1837; and
afterwards lieutenant-colonel of the Lambton Reserve militia; member of
the Legislative Council for the St. Clair division, 1863-1867; in 1873
appointed to the Senate. President of the Dominion Alliance for the
Suppression of the Liquor Traffic. =Index=: =B= His resolution in favour
of prohibition, 249. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Viel, Father Nicolas.= =Ch= Recollet, 139; arrives and proceeds to
Huron country, 149; drowned, 209. =L= Missionary labours of, 3.
=Vieux-Pont, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; wrecked
at Canseau Island, 200; in charge of Cape Breton, 237.
=Viger, Denis Benjamin= (1774-1861). Born in Montreal. Educated for the
legal profession. Practised in Montreal for some years; and in 1808
elected to the Legislative Assembly. Took an active part in the
discussion of the grievances of the French Canadians, and in 1828 and
1831 sent as a delegate to London to represent their views to the
Imperial authorities. In 1837, when the Rebellion broke out, arrested
and charged with sedition, but soon afterwards released. In 1843, on the
resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin government, premier for a short
period. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1848. =Index=: =BL= Member
for Richelieu, relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; opposes
municipal government, 102; attacks government, 130; deserts La
Fontaine-Baldwin party, 215; in provisional government, 216, 235; his
pamphlet, 236; president of the Council, 247; defeated by Wolfred
Nelson, 252; Draper to throw him over, 259, 260, 261. =C= In Draper
government, 17; opposed in election by Cartier, 17; defeated in St.
Hyacinthe, 18. =P= Delegate to England to present grievances of French
Canadians, 63; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88;
ridiculed by the _Mercury_, 123; at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125. =Md=
Represents Lower Canada in Metcalfe's government, 19. =Bib.=: Bibaud,
_Pan. Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Christie, _History of Lower
Canada_.
=Viger, Louis Michel.= =E= Called to Cabinet by Metcalfe, 35, 66;
receiver-general in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a leader of the
_Parti Rouge_, 108. =BL= Receiver-general in second La Fontaine-Baldwin
ministry, 284. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Vignal.= =L= Sulpician, comes out in _St. Andre_, 31; ministers to
those suffering from the plague, 32; dies a martyr, 91.
=Ville Marie.= =L= Name given by Sulpicians to Montreal, 85; inhabitants
of, all aspired to martyrdom, 90. =Bk= Former name of Montreal, 99. _See
also_ Montreal.
=Villebon, Chevalier de.= Arrived at Port Royal, June 14, 1690, being
commissioned to inquire into the condition of the colony. In June, 1691,
received from the French king a commission as governor of Acadia, with
promises of assistance in supplies, funds, and men. Sailed to Quebec,
and from thence to Port Royal, capturing on the way an English vessel,
with the newly appointed English governor of Acadia. Met with no
opposition on arriving at Port Royal, and, in the name of the French
king took formal possession of Acadia. In 1692, while in command of a
fort on the river St. John, the English sent an abortive expedition to
capture him. In 1695-1696 stationed at Nachouac Fort, engaged in
organizing French stations. Several encounters between French and
English vessels took place with varying success. On Sept. 3, 1696,
captured by an English ship on the river St. John, but released soon
afterwards. Died July 5, 1700. =Index=: =F= Governor of Acadia, mentions
burning of prisoners, 328. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of Acadia_; Parkman,
_Frontenac_.
=Villieu, De.= =F= Leads Abenaquis in attack on English settlements,
330.
=Vimont, Barthelemy.= Born in France. Came to Canada in 1639 as superior
of the missions. With him were the Jesuits, Chaumonot and Poncet, and
the Ursulines, Madame de la Peltrie and Marie de l'Incarnation. When
Maisonneuve came in 1642 to establish a religious colony at Montreal,
accompanied him from Quebec and gave his blessing to the project. His
prophecy is not without interest: "You are a grain of mustard-seed," he
said to the little group of enthusiasts, "that shall rise and grow till
its branches overshadow the earth. You are few, but your work is the
work of God. His smile is on you, and your children shall fill the
land." =Index=: =C= Jesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; in charge of
Cape Breton mission, 237. =F= Jesuit father, celebrates first mass at
Montreal, 34. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations_, 1640-1645; Parkman, _Jesuits
in North America_.
=Vincennes.= =Hd= Haldimand's difficulties with settlers near, 92, 93;
occupied by governor of Detroit, 167; French inhabitants of, won over by
Congress, 167; Hamilton takes peaceable possession of, 168; but is later
betrayed by Clark, 168, 314.
=Vincent, John= (1765-1848). Born in England. In 1781 entered the army
as ensign, and promoted lieutenant the same year. In 1786 captain; in
1795 major; in 1800 lieutenant-colonel; and in 1810 colonel. Served with
distinction during the War of 1812-1814 in Canada, and in 1813 promoted
major-general. Took part in the capture of St. Domingo in the West
Indies, and in the expedition to Copenhagen under Sir Hyde Parker. In
1841 reached the grade of general. =Index=: =Bk= Of the 49th, his
military service, 124; ordered to Fort George, 229. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Vincent de Paul, Saint= (1576-1660). Born in Pouay. Studied for the
priesthood and ordained, 1600. In 1617 founded the Congregation of
Priests of the Mission, which was established in the Priory of St.
Lazare in Paris, 1632. =Index=: =L= Olier a pupil of, 24.
=Vindicator.= Newspaper published at Montreal. =Index=: =P= Edited by
Dr. O'Callaghan, Papineau's lieutenant, 86; supports cause of the
_Patriotes_, 122; the office sacked by members of the Doric Club, 127.
=Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Virginia.= =Ch= Grant of, to Sir Thomas Gates, 223.
=Vitelleschi, Father.= =Ch= General of Jesuits, accepts donation of
Marquis de Gamache, for a college at Quebec, 228.
=Vitre Charles Denis de.= =F= Member of Sovereign Council, 106. =L=
Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166.
=Vitre, Jean Denis de.= =WM= Pilot, taken prisoner, guides Durell's
fleet, 78.
=Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de= (1694-1778). French writer.
=Index=: =WM= Speaks of Canada as "a few acres of snow," 11. =L= On men
and empires, 123. =Bib.=: For biog. and bib. of his works, _see_
Larousse, _Dict. Univ._
=Voltigeurs.= =Bk= Corps raised and commanded by Colonel de Salaberry,
189, 191.
=Volunteer.= =Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie publishes, 467.
=Volunteers at Quebec.= =Dr= On conclusion of siege, dismissed and
thanked, 144.
=Von Shoultz.= A Polish gentleman, settled in the United States. During
the Rebellion of 1837-1838, led a party of American sympathizers over
the border. They seized a windmill near Prescott, and held it for eight
days, but were finally dislodged and captured. Von Schoultz and ten
others were tried by court martial and hanged. =Index=: =Mc= Plans
attack on Prescott, 442; officers oppose plans, 442; lands at Prescott,
443; engagement at Windmill Point, 443; surrender, 444; execution, 444.
=Md= With rebel Americans in encounter near Prescott, 8; Macdonald
counsel for, in court martial, 8-9; executed, 9. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper
Canadian Rebellion_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.
=Vorhees.= =S= Rebel captain, killed by Rangers, 32.
=Voyageurs.= =D= Character of, 52. =Bk= Of the Hudson's Bay Company,
assist in capture of Michilimackinac, 210.
=Voyer, Colonel.= =Dr= Commands French militia in siege of Quebec, 115.
=Vrooman's Point.= =Bk= On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 300.
=Wadsworth, William= (1732-1833). Born in Durham, Connecticut. In the
War of 1812, brigadier-general in the New York militia. Took part in the
battle of Queenston Heights on Oct. 13, 1812, and when the Americans
were defeated, surrendered to Sir Roger Sheaffe. =Index=: =Bk=
Commanding United States troops on Niagara River, 213; surrenders with
nine hundred men at Queenston Heights, 312. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._;
Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Wages.= =S= Rate of, 113.
=Wake, Sir Isaac= (1580-1632). Born at Hartwell, Northamptonshire,
England. Educated at Oxford. Entered the diplomatic service, and in 1609
secretary to the British minister at Venice; British representative at
the court of Savoy, 1615-1630. During these years sent on several
diplomatic missions: in 1617 to arrange an alliance between Savoy and
the Swiss states; in 1626 to Berne and Zurich on behalf of the Grisons;
and in 1627 to mediate between the king of Denmark and the duke of
Savoy. Ambassador to the French court, 1630-1632. =Index=: =Ch= English
ambassador at Paris, 215, 220; commissioner to settle dispute between
Kirke and De Caen, 218. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Wakefield, Edward Gibbon= (1796-1862). Born in London, England.
Educated at Westminster and at Edinburgh. One of the founders of the
National Colonization Society in 1830. In 1838 accompanied Lord Durham
(_q.v._) to Canada as unofficial adviser. Assisted Durham in drawing up
the _Report on the Affairs of British North America_. In 1843 elected to
the Canadian Parliament; at the same time secret adviser to Sir Charles
Metcalfe. Founded the Colonial Reform Society, 1850. In 1853 removed to
New Zealand and became adviser to the acting governor, Colonel Robert
Wynyard. =Index=: =BL= Private adviser to Sir Charles Bagot, 150;
attacked by Tory press, 150; elected for Beauharnois, 177; his views on
colonization, 177; in Canada with Durham, 177-178; his share in the
Report, 178; his land scheme, 178; relations to Bagot and Metcalfe, 178;
attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin party, and defends Metcalfe, 218-220.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Garnett, _Edward Gibbon Wakefield_; Dent,
_Last Forty Years_.
=Walcheren Expedition.= =Bk= Failure of, 119.
=Walker, Sir Hovenden= (1660-1726). Born in Somersetshire, England.
Entered the navy; in 1691-1692 captain of the _Vulture_ fireship; in
1695 in command of the _Foresight_, and in 1696, when in charge of
convoy, had a successful action with two French frigates when off the
Lizard; in 1710 rear-admiral, and in 1711 knighted. In command of the
fleet which, in August, 1711, sailed up the St. Lawrence River for the
conquest of Canada. Stormy weather and fog combined to wreck the greater
part of the fleet, and the ships returned to England without meeting the
French. In 1715, either on account of the failure of the Canadian
expedition or on suspicion of being a Jacobite, dismissed from the
British navy. In 1720 published a pamphlet in defence of the abortive
expedition to Canada. =Index=: =WM= Loss of his fleet at Seven Islands,
83. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Walker, Thomas.= =Dr= Magistrate, strong anti-military feeling of, 18;
assault upon, 20; inquiry made into affair without result, 21; certain
persons accused of participation in, 36; complaint carried by Walker to
England, 37; secretary of state's despatch on the subject, 37; accused
parties brought to trial and acquitted, 38; insolent conduct of, in
court, 38. =Dr= Agitates against Quebec Act, 79; treasonable
correspondence of, with Arnold, 86; entertains Franklin and Carrol,
American commissioners, 136; Franklin's opinion of, 136. =Bib.=:
Bradley, _The Making of Canada_.
=Wallace, Hugh.= =Hd= Haldimand's New York agent, 61, 74, 77; sends
Haldimand news of Bunker Hill and other events, 108.
=Wallace, Nathaniel Clarke= (1844-1901). Born at Woodbridge, Ontario.
Educated at the public schools and Weston Grammar School; taught school
for some years. Subsequently engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the
House of Commons for West York, 1878; continued as representative of
that constituency until his death. Voted for the disallowance of the
Jesuits' Estates Act, 1888; appointed controller of customs in the
ministry of Sir John Thompson, 1892; resigned, 1895, owing to a
disagreement with his colleagues in regard to the Manitoba school
question. Grand master of the Orange Order in British America for over
twenty years. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Men_.
=Walley, John= (1644-1712). Born in London, England. Commanded
expedition against the French and their Indian allies in Canada, 1689.
In 1690 sailed under Sir William Phipps to Quebec, but the siege was a
failure. Published an account of the expedition on his return to Boston.
In 1687, being one of the chief founders of the town of Bristol, elected
a member of the Council. Also captain of the Ancient and Honourable
Artillery Company of Boston. =Index=: =F= Second in command to Phipps,
281; lands with troops on Beauport flats, 292; his forces suffer
severely, 298; draws off his men, leaving artillery behind, 300; his
explanation of defeat of expedition, 300. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Walpole, Horace.= _See_ Orford.
=Walrond, Theodore.= =E= On British ignorance of Canada, and Elgin's
work there, 215. =Bib.=: _Life of Elgin_.
=Walsingham, William de Grey, first Baron= (1719-1781). =Dr=
Solicitor-general of England, his views on Canadian laws, 62. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._
=War of 1812.= Declared by the United States against Great Britain in
June, 1812. The president in his message to Congress specified the
grounds for war as follows: Non-revocation of the orders-in-council;
interference with American trade; practical blockade of American ports;
impressment of American seamen, and the instigation of Indian
hostilities against the United States. The original intention of the
American government was the conquest of the British provinces on the
northern border, and several of the most important engagements were
fought on Canadian soil. After severe fighting with varying success, a
treaty of peace was signed at Ghent on Dec. 24, 1814. By this treaty all
territory taken by either country (except some islands on the Bay of
Passamaquoddy) was to be restored. All the American claims that led to
the war were left unsettled by the treaty. =Index=: =R= Loyalty of
Methodists in, 41; its aftermath, 41. =P= Services rendered by Papineau,
5. =BL= Stills for the time the internal conflict of races, 8-9. _See
also_ Stoney Creek; Queenston Heights; Chateauguay; Chrystler's Farm;
Beaver Dam; Brock; FitzGibbon; Sheaffe; Van Rensselaer; Hull. =Bib.=:
Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Richardson, _War of 1812_; Cruikshank,
_Documentary History of the Campaign_ and _Record of the Services of
Canadian Regiments in the War of 1812_; Roosevelt, _Naval War of 1812_;
Auchinleck, _War between Great Britain and the United States_; Coffin,
_1812: the War and its Moral_; Lossing, _Pictorial Field Book of the War
of 1812_; Irving, _Officers of the British Forces in Canada during the
War of 1812-14_; Mahan, _Naval War of 1812_; Hannay, _War of 1812-14_.
_See also_ other references in _Lit. Am. Hist._
=Wark, David= (1804-1905). Born near Londonderry, Ireland. Came to New
Brunswick, 1825; engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the Legislative
Assembly, 1843; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1851; member of
the ministry, at first without portfolio and afterwards as
receiver-general, 1858-1862; called to the Senate, 1867. Attended the
session of the Senate in his hundredth year. =Index=: =W= Moves
resolutions in New Brunswick Assembly on foreign commercial relations,
118. =T= Member of Fisher government, 43. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_;
Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Warner, Seth= (1743-1784). Born in Roxbury, Connecticut. At the
outbreak of the American Revolution, joined the ranks of the patriots,
and as second in command took part in the capture of Ticonderoga and
Crown Point. In 1775 ordered to Canada to serve under General
Montgomery. Present at the siege of St. John's, and repulsed the British
troops under Sir Guy Carleton, who attempted its relief. Served in the
American army until 1782, when he retired. =Index=: =Dr= Attacks
Ticonderoga, 179. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Washington, George= (1732-1799). First president of the United States.
=Index=: =Dr= Recognizes Arnold's abilities, 105; ordered by Congress to
appoint commission for exchange of prisoners, 207; opposed to
resurrection of French power in North America, 281; his moderate views,
286. =Hd= Compared with Haldimand in appearance, 15; suggests change in
uniform of troops, 16; occupies New York, 104; occupies Boston, 110;
objects to his French allies invading Canada, 123; his small army, 126,
253; his dread of re-establishment of French rule in Canada, 129;
Haldimand's demand on, for Hamilton's release, 169; his alleged threat
against Vermont, 205; Schuyler's letter to, 206; his caution to
Chittenden, 212-213; anxious to keep up exchange of prisoners through
Vermont, 215; provoked at carrying on of trade between Vermont and
Canada, 225; letter to Gage as to treatment of prisoners, 249; severity
towards Loyalists, 249, 250; compared with Haldimand in character, 250;
Pillon's treasonable correspondence with, 278; Riedesel's opinion of
methods of, 298. =Bib.=: _See_ _Cyc. Am. Biog._ for sketch, and list of
lives.
=Washington Treaty=, 1871. Dealt with the Alabama claims; arbitration of
the San Juan boundary; North Atlantic fisheries; navigation of certain
rivers and canals and of Lake Michigan; system of bonded transit;
exemption from duty of United States logs floated down the St. John
River. An attempt was made by Sir John A. Macdonald, who represented
Canadian interests in the negotiation of the treaty, to revive the
provisions of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, but without success. The
other British commissioners were Earl de Grey, Sir Edward Thornton, Sir
Stafford Northcote, and Professor Montague Bernard. The United States
representatives were Hamilton Fish, General Schenck, Judge Nelson, Judge
Hoar, and Senator Williams. The treaty was duly ratified, and brought
into operation by proclamation, July 4, 1871. It was terminated, at the
instance of the United States, July, 1885. =Index=: =Md= History of,
165-192; questions arising out of American War of Secession, 165;
questions of special interest to Canada--San Juan boundary, Fenian Raid
claims, inshore fisheries, reciprocity, 166-167; Joint High Commission,
168-169; personnel of commission, 169; Macdonald a member, 169;
difficulty of his position, 172; outcome of negotiations, 174-178; San
Juan boundary referred to arbitration, 178-180; settlement of fisheries
question, 181-183; Macdonald signs treaty in interests of empire,
184-185; meets storm of opposition in Canada, 185-186; defends treaty in
Parliament, 186-190; Halifax Commission and award, 190. =B= Brown's
mission of 1874, and abortive Reciprocity Treaty of same year, a direct
result of, 225. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_;
Houston, _Constitutional Documents_; Hertslet, _Treaties and
Conventions_; _Messages, Despatches, and Minutes of the Privy Council
Relative to the Treaty of Washington_, Ottawa, 1872; Cushing, _The
Treaty of Washington_; Adams, _Before and after the Treaty of
Washington_.
=Waterways.= =B= Improved as a result of British preference, 31;
navigable rivers in North-West, 214-215; joint commission for
improvement of, provided for in Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 227. _See
also_ Canals; Rivers.
=Watkin, Sir Edwin William, Bart.= (1819-1901). Born in Manchester,
England. Educated there. In 1845 secretary of the Trent Valley Railway,
and at various times connected with the London and North-Western
Railway, the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln Railway, Great Western
Railway, and South-Eastern Railway. In 1857 elected member of Parliament
for Yarmouth. From 1862 to 1868 president of the Grand Trunk Railway.
=Index=: =C= President of Grand Trunk Railway, 125; friend of Cartier's,
125; declines distinction of C. B., 125; Cartier's letter to, 125-128.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Watson, Samuel James= (1837-1881). Born in Ireland. Educated at Belfast
Academy. Came to Canada and engaged in newspaper work, 1857. Appointed
librarian of the Ontario Assembly, 1871. Died in Toronto. =Bib.=: Works:
_The Constitutional History of Canada_; _The Powers of Canadian
Parliaments_; _The Peace-Killer or The Massacre of Lachine_; _The Legend
of Roses_; _Ravlan: a Drama_.
=Watters, Charles.= =T= Defeated in St. John County, New Brunswick, 11;
becomes solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 43; defeated in St. John, 84.
=Waverley Abbey.= =Sy= In Surrey, birthplace of Sydenham, 5.
=Wayne, Anthony= (1745-1796). Born in Pennsylvania. Sent in 1765, on the
recommendation of Benjamin Franklin, to Nova Scotia, as financial agent
and land surveyor. One of the provincial deputies chosen in 1774 to
consider the relations between the American colonies and Great Britain.
In 1775 raised a regiment of troops, and in 1776 made colonel; defeated
and wounded at Three Rivers in an attack on the British. Promoted
brigadier-general, 1777; major-general, 1783; and general-in-chief,
1792. =Index=: =Dr= Defeats Indians at Fort Recovery, and demands
evacuation of British fort on the Miami, 286. =S= Army under, threatens
Detroit, 133; defeats Indians at Fort Recovery and on the Miami, 139;
demands evacuation of Fort Miami, 139; his instructions to avoid
anything that might lead to war with Great Britain, 142. =Bib.=: _Cyc.
Am. Biog._
=Weatherbe, Sir Robert Linton= (1836- ). Born in Prince Edward Island.
Educated at Prince of Wales's College, Charlottetown, and Acadia
College, Wolfville. Edited the _Acadian Recorder_. Called to the bar,
1863; judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1878; chief-justice,
1905-1907; knighted, 1906. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Webb, Samuel Blatchley= (1753-1807). Born in Connecticut. Took part in
the civil and military movements that preceded the Revolution in 1775.
Commanded a company of Light Infantry in the battle of Bunker Hill. In
1776 appointed private secretary and aide-de-camp to Washington. In 1777
took part in the American expedition to Long Island, and captured with
his troops by the British fleet; released in 1780. Afterwards
brigadier-general. =Index=: =WM= Sent to America with reinforcements,
33; retreats on learning of fall of Oswego, 36; in command at Fort
Edward, 45; his despatch to Colonel Monro intercepted, 46. =Bib.=: _Cyc.
Am. Biog._
=Webb's Regiment=. =WM= Formed part of reserve in battle of the Plains,
189. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.
=Wedderburn, Lord=. _See_ Rosslyn.
=Weir, Lieutenant George=. Came to Canada with the 32nd Regiment; served
in the Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada; sent with despatches to the
officer in command at Sorel; captured by Wolfred Nelson and sent
prisoner to St. Charles; attempted to escape at St. Denis, and was
killed by his rebel guards. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_;
Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Weldon, John Wesley= (1804-1885). For many years a member of the
Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, and 1843-1851 Speaker of the
House. In 1865 appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick,
and held the position until his death, 1885. =Index=: =W= Elected
Speaker of New Brunswick Assembly, 65, 66; action brought against in
Doak and Hill case, 75; his amendment on question of money votes, 94.
=T= Appointed to New Brunswick Bench, 94. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of
New Brunswick_.
=Welland Canal=. Projected as a result of the War of 1812. A commission
was appointed in 1816 to report on a canal between Lakes Erie and
Ontario. The matter dragged along for several years, until at last,
through the energy and enthusiasm of William Hamilton Merritt, a company
was incorporated, and work actually commenced, in 1824. Five years
later, the first vessels passed through from Ontario to Erie. In 1841
work was commenced on the enlargement of the canal, and completed in
1850. Between 1873 and 1883, the canal was deepened to 12 feet; and in
1887 to 14 feet. In the meantime, the work had been taken over by the
government, and become part of the system of Dominion canals. =Index=:
=Mc= Mackenzie's committee to inquire into, 264; Mackenzie a director
of, 265; Francis Hincks on, 265; transactions of officials, 266, 267;
report of committee, 268. =BL= Bought by government from private
company, 1841, 98; completion of improvements, 337. _See also_ Canals.
=Bib.=: Kingsford, _Early Canals_; Merritt, _Biography of W. H.
Merritt_; Matheson, _Welland Canal_ (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. _Trans_.,
vol. 2).
=Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of= (1769-1852). Entered the army in
1787, and after serving in the Netherlands went to India in 1797, where
he filled various military and civil offices until 1805. Two years later
commanded the Copenhagen expedition and defeated the Danes at Kioge.
Took command of the army in the Peninsula in 1808, and between then and
1814 defeated the French under Soult, Victor, Massena, and King Joseph.
On his return to England in 1814 created Duke of Wellington. The
following year, with the co-operation of Bluecher, defeated Napoleon at
Waterloo. Premier in 1828, and resigned in 1830; foreign secretary in
Peel's ministry, 1834. =Index=: =Bk= His successes in the Peninsula,
119; retreats into Portugal, 123. =Sy= Resigns from Cabinet, 16; returns
to office as prime minister, 16; resigns, 52; on dismissal of Melbourne,
summoned to form a ministry, 46; his government defeated, 46; persuaded
by Chief Justice Robinson to oppose Union Bill in House of Lords, 231.
=B= Disapproves of Bagot's policy, 16, 17. =Mc= His connection with
Catholic Emancipation Bill, 16-17. =Bib.=: _Despatches, 1799-1832_;
_Speeches_. For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Wentworth, Sir John= (1737-1820). Born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
Educated at Harvard. In 1765 went to England as agent of the province of
New Hampshire, and in 1767 appointed governor of the province; in the
same year made surveyor-general of the king's woods in North America.
While governor of New Hampshire opposed the imposition of the taxes by
Great Britain, but still supported British connection; compelled in 1775
to take refuge on board a British ship on which he sailed for England.
Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1792. =Index=: =Dr=
Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 290. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=West.= =W= Of Halifax, establishes first Madras school in St. John, New
Brunswick, in 1818, 87.
=West India Company.= Established by royal edict in 1664, under the
usual conditions, that it should further the cause of colonization and
religion in New France, and in return should possess a monopoly of the
fur trade. The charter was revoked in 1674. In 1721, a similar charter
was granted to a new West India Company. =Index=: =F= Creation of, 49;
failure of, 149. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New
France_.
=Western Forts.= =S= Held by Great Britain pending settlement of
Loyalist affairs, 55, 119; handed over to United States, 142. =Bk=
Transfer of, to United States, 53. =Hd= Necessity for strengthening,
137; Haldimand declines to surrender till instructed by his government,
260; surrender of, 262. =Dr= Retained by Great Britain as security for
concessions to Loyalists, 231; handed over to United States, 291, 303.
_See also_ Michilimackinac; Detroit, etc.
=Westminster Conference, 1866.= To settle finally the plan on which the
Confederation of the provinces was to be carried out, the delegates from
Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia met in the Westminster Palace
Hotel, London. The Conference lasted from the 4th to the 24th of
December, and passed a series of sixty-nine resolutions based on those
of the Quebec Conference. The Conference resumed again in January, 1867,
with the result that the British North America Act was framed, and
passed by the Imperial Parliament. =Index=: =Mc= Conference meets in
London, 125-127. =Bib.=: _See also_ British North America Act;
Confederation.
=Wetherall, Sir George Augustus= (1788-1868). Born in Hampshire,
England. Educated at Winchester and the Military College, Farnham. In
1803 joined the regiment of Nova Scotia Fencibles formed by his father,
General Sir Fred A. Wetherall. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in
Canada in command of the troops at Montreal, defeating the rebels at St.
Charles and Point Oliver. In 1838 promoted brevet-colonel; from 1843 to
1850 deputy-adjutant-general in Canada; adjutant-general, 1854;
lieutenant-general, 1857, and in 1860 commanded the northern district in
Great Britain. In 1865 appointed governor of the Royal Military College
at Sandhurst. =Index=: =C= At St. Charles, 7. =P= Attacks rebels at St.
Charles, 129. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Wetmore, A. B.= =T= Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John, New
Brunswick, 84; his character, 84-85; breaks away from government, 101;
elected as Confederate candidate in St. John, 109.
=Wheat.= =B= Lord Stanley introduces measure giving preference to
Canadian wheat, 1843, 15; preference wiped out by the corn laws, 15, 31;
_Globe_ on effect of corn laws, 31-32; Elgin on, 32; trade in, under
Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 229, 230. =MS= Red River settlers raise
first crop of, 1813, 160, _See also_ Agriculture.
=Whelan, Edward= (1824-1867). Born in County Mayo, Ireland. Emigrated to
Nova Scotia, and employed in the office of the _Nova Scotian_, under
Joseph Howe. Moved to Prince Edward Island, 1842, and immediately threw
himself into the struggle for popular rights; elected to the Assembly; a
member of the Council, 1864, when he represented his province at the
Quebec Conference. Died at Charlottetown. =Index=: =T= Delegate to
Quebec Conference from Prince Edward Island, 77. =Bib.=: Davin, _The
Irishman in Canada_.
=White, John.= =S= First attorney-general of Upper Canada, 81, 178; his
duel with John Small, clerk of council, 181.
=White, Philip.= =Dr= Loyalist, murder of, 198.
=White, Thomas= (1830-1888). Born in Montreal. Educated at the high
school there. Joined the editorial staff of the _Quebec Gazette_; and in
1853 founded the _Peterborough Review_, which he edited for seven years.
In 1860 went to Cobourg to study law, and in 1864 with his brother
founded the _Hamilton Spectator_. Elected to the Dominion Parliament for
Cardwell, 1878, and again in 1882 and 1887. A member of Sir John A.
Macdonald's Cabinet in 1885 as minister of the interior, and carried out
the political organization of the North-West Territories. =Index=: =E=
On the coalition of 1854, 139; minister of the interior in the Macdonald
ministry, 1885-1888, 139. =Md= Takes part in political picnic campaign,
220. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Whitney, Sir James Pliny= (1843- ). Born at Williamsburg, Ontario.
Educated at the Cornwall Grammar School. Served for some years in the
militia, and on active service during the Fenian raid, 1866. In 1876
called to the bar and practised at Morrisburg, Ontario. Elected for
Dundas to the Ontario Assembly, 1888. In 1896 leader of the Conservative
party in Ontario; and in 1905 premier, on the defeat of the Liberal
government. Knighted, 1908. =Bib.=: _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Wilcox, Absalom.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 383.
=Wilcox, Allan.= =Mc= Accompanies Mackenzie in his flight, 384-386.
=Wilkins, Lewis Morris= (1801-1885). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, son
of Lewis Morris Wilkins, judge of the Supreme Court. Educated at King's
College, Windsor, graduating in 1819. Called to the bar and practised at
Windsor from 1823 to 1856. In 1856 appointed judge of the Supreme Court
of Nova Scotia, resigning in 1876. For several years a member of the
Nova Scotia Legislature, and provincial secretary in the Young ministry,
1854-1856. =Index=: =H= Delegate to England to represent views of
Legislative Council of Nova Scotia on responsible government, 52, 56;
supports Howe, 145; becomes provincial secretary, 146; signs Foreign
Enlistment Proclamation, 152; appointed judge of Supreme Court, 157.
=Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Wilkinson.= =B= Edits a Bowmanville newspaper, charges Senator Simpson
with bribery in 1872, publishes letter from George Brown to Simpson,
249; sued for libel, 249; applies to have Brown committed for contempt
of court, 252.
=Wilkinson.= =Dr= Aide-de-camp to Benedict Arnold, describes Arnold's
rapid retreat, 147.
=William III= (1650-1702). King of England; son of William II, Prince of
Orange, and Mary, daughter of Charles I of England. In 1677 married
Mary, daughter of James II of England. In 1688 on the invitation of a
number of leading British statesmen and nobles, headed an expedition to
England. On his arrival in England, James II fled, and on Feb. 13, 1689,
William and Mary were proclaimed king and queen. =Index=: =Hd= Forms
regiment of Swiss Guards, 7. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=William IV= (1765-1837). King of England; third son of George III and
Queen Charlotte; born in Buckingham Palace. On June 26, 1830, succeeded
George IV. =Index=: =Sy= Accession of, 25; dismisses Lord Melbourne, 45;
death of, 48. =Dr= Arrival of, in Canada, as Prince William Henry, 238,
240; his popularity, 240. =W= Opposed to alienation of crown lands, 22;
dismisses his advisors, 37; his death, 1837, 47. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=William Henry.= =Dr= Name of Sorel changed to, 240.
=Williams, Sir William Fenwick= (1800-1883). Born in Annapolis Royal,
Nova Scotia. Graduated at Woolwich, England, in 1821; entered the army,
1825; and served with distinction in the Crimean War, 1854-1855. On his
return to England created a baronet, received the Order of the Bath, and
granted a pension of L1000 a year. Nova Scotia presented him with a
sword of honour. In 1860-1866 commander of the forces in Canada; during
the absence of the governor-general, Sir Edmund Head, administrator of
Canada, from Oct. 12, 1860, to Jan. 22, 1861; and in 1865 governor of
Nova Scotia. In 1868 full general; and in 1870 governor-general of
Gibraltar. In 1877 retired from the army; and in 1881 appointed
constable of the Tower. =Index=: =Md= Co-operates with Tupper in
Confederation movement, 122. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can.
Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.
=Willis, John Walpole= (1792-1877). Born in England. A voluminous writer
on legal subjects. In 1827 appointed a puisne judge of the King's Bench
in Upper Canada. A capable judge, but in constant conflict with Sir
Peregrine Maitland, the lieutenant-governor of the province. On the
ground that he had refused to conduct the business of the court alone,
in the absence of the two other judges, the governor dismissed him from
the bench in June, 1828. Subsequently judge in Demerara and judge of the
Supreme Court of New South Wales; dismissed from the latter appointment,
1743. =Index=: =Mc= Appointed, 1827, 130; quarrels with brother judges,
131; his contention, 131, 132, 133; removed, 133; large petition in
favour of, refused, 133. =BL= Dismissed from office, 28; his cause taken
up by Reform party, 28; petition of protest, 29. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.
Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Willis, Michael= (1799-1879). Born in Greenock, Scotland. Educated at
the University of Glasgow. A minister in Glasgow for a number of years,
and professor of divinity for the secession branch of the Presbyterian
Church. In 1843, at the disruption, joined the Free Church, and
afterwards invited to Canada in connection with the colonial board of
that religious body. In 1845 appointed professor of theology in Knox
College, and later principal of that institution, resigning in 1870. =B=
President of Anti-Slavery Society of Canada, 112; principal of Knox
College, 112.
=Willison, John Stephen= (1856- ). Born at Hill's Green, Ontario. Began
his journalistic career with the London _Advertiser_, 1882; joined the
staff of the Toronto _Globe_, 1883. Represented the _Globe_ in Ottawa
for some years; editor-in-chief of the _Globe_, 1890; subsequently
editor of the Toronto _News_. =Index=: =Mc= His opinion of Mackenzie,
14. =Md= Quoted on _Parti Rouge_, 45. =Bib.=: _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and
the Liberal Party_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's
Who_.
=Williston, Edward.= =T= Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 105.
=Williston, John T.= =T= Deserts Liberal party in New Brunswick, 18;
elected for Northumberland, 107.
=Willson, John.= Representative for Wentworth. =Index=: =R= Speaker of
Legislative Assembly, Upper Canada, 64, 65.
=Wilmot, Benjamin= (1589-1669). =W= Born in England, one of early
settlers of New Haven, 3; ancestor of L. A. Wilmot, 3.
=Wilmot, Ezekiel.= =W= Born, 1708, son of Thomas Wilmot, 3.
=Wilmot, Lemuel.= =W= A Loyalist of Poughkeepsie, New York, 3; a captain
in Loyal American Regiment, came to New Brunswick after the war, 3.
=Wilmot, Lemuel Allan= (1809-1878). =W= His work for responsible
government, 2; born in Sunbury County, New Brunswick, 1809, 2; his
ancestry, 3; attorney-general, 1848, 7; a Baptist, 9; his mother, 10;
education, 10-11; studies law, 11; interest in militia, 12; his success
as a lawyer, 31; enters public life as member for York County, 1834, 31;
re-elected, 1835, 32; his eminence as a stump orator, 32, 33; takes
leading part in debates, 35; his interest in crown lands question, 35;
and question of salaries of customs officials, 38-39; sent to England as
delegate, 41-42, 45; again goes to England on behalf of Assembly, _re_
Civil List Bill, 46; elected for York, 47; obtains new charter for
King's College, 49-56; on provincial salaries, 61-63; nominated for
Speaker, but declines to run, 66; advocates reform of Legislative
Council, 68-69; enters the government, 72-73; opposes address to
Metcalfe, 74; attacked by _Loyalist_, 75; resigns over Reade
appointment, 77; his letter to the governor on same, 77-79; views on
education, 83, 88-91; advocates initiation of money grants by executive,
91-93; 94-97; opposes bill requiring executive councillors, etc., to be
re-elected, 99-100; re-elected for York, 102; declines seat in
government, 102-103; enters government as attorney-general, 116-117;
speaks at Portland Railway Convention, 119-126; views on railway
question, 126-127; consolidation of criminal law and other legislation,
127-128; on reduction of judges, 129; appointed to bench, 130, 173;
Fenety's characterization, 131; appointed lieutenant-governor, 132-133;
a many-sided man, his religious life, 133-134; his family life, 135; in
the militia, 135; his home, 136; his marriage, 1832, 137; second
marriage, 137; character and achievements, 137-139; his death, May 20,
1878, 137. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Hannay,
_History of New Brunswick_; Bourinot, _Canada during Victorian Era_ (R.
S. C., 1897); Roberts, _History of Canada_.
=Wilmot, Montagu.= Lieutenant-colonel in the army, 1755; commanded an
expedition against Fort Cumberland, 1756. Appointed lieutenant-governor
of Nova Scotia, 1763; governor, 1764. Died, 1766. =Bib.=: _Selections
from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.
=Wilmot, Robert Duncan= (1809-1891). Born at Fredericton, New Brunswick.
Member of the provincial Parliament, 1846-1861 and in 1865-1867; and
surveyor-general, 1851-1854. Provincial secretary in the Wilmot-Gray
ministry, and in 1867 called to the Senate, of which he was a member for
thirteen years. In 1878-1891 a member of the Privy Council; in 1878-1880
a member of the Cabinet without portfolio, and Speaker of the Senate;
lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1880-1885. =Index=: =T= Elected
for St. John County, 10; elected as a Liberal, but sides with
Conservatives, 13-14; joins administration, 18, 23, 24; re-elected for
St. John, 24, 30; provincial secretary, 41; his government resigns,
42-43; re-elected for St. John County, as Anti-Confederate, 85-86;
enters Smith government, 91; his character, 93; dissatisfied with
government, 94; resigns, 94; forms new government with Peter Mitchell,
105; elected for St. John County, 109; goes to England as delegate, 120.
=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_;
_Parliamentary Companion_, 1885.
=Wilmot, Thomas.= =W= Born, 1679, son of William Wilmot, 3.
=Wilmot, William=, =W= Father of L. A. Wilmot, 2; lumberman, 3; son of
Lemuel Wilmot, 3; his family, 3-4; a Baptist, 9; moves to Fredericton,
10; a local preacher, 10; in politics, 10. =T= In partnership with
William Peters, 4.
=Wilson, Sir Adam= (1814-1891). Born in Edinburgh. Educated in that
city. In 1830 came to Canada; studied law under Robert Baldwin Sullivan,
and in 1839 called to the bar of Upper Canada. In 1840 partner of Robert
Baldwin, the Reform leader, and built up a successful practice. Elected
to the Assembly for the north riding of York; in 1862-1863
solicitor-general in John Sandfield Macdonald's government; resigned on
being appointed a judge of the Queen's Bench. Chief-justice of the Court
of Common Pleas, 1878; and of Queen's Bench, 1884. Knighted, 1888.
=Index=: =B= Comments on George Brown's letter to Senator Simpson,
249-250; had been supported by _Globe_ in election contests, 250;
solicitor-general in Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 250; attacked by
_Globe_, 250-252; takes no part in Brown's trial for contempt of court,
252, 254. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty
Years_.
=Wilson, Sir Daniel= (1816-1892). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated
at Edinburgh University. In 1845 appointed honorary secretary of the
Scottish Society of Antiquaries. In 1853 came to Canada as professor of
history and English literature in Toronto University, becoming president
of the university in 1881. Elected president of the Royal Society of
Canada, 1885. Knighted, 1888. =Bib.=: Works: _Prehistoric Man_; _The
Missing Link_; _Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland_;
_Chatterton: A Biographical Study_; _The Lost Atlantis, and other
Ethnographic Studies_. For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can.
Por._; Kingsford, _Sir Daniel Wilson_ (R. S. C., 1893); MacMurchy,
_Canadian Literature_.
=Wilson, John.= =T= Runs against Tilley in St. John, New Brunswick, and
defeated, 131.
=Wilson, John= (1809-1869). Born in Paisley, Scotland. Came to Canada,
1823; for some years worked on a farm near Perth. Studied law and called
to the bar of Upper Canada, 1835. Practised his profession at London.
Served as a volunteer during the Rebellion of 1837. Represented London
in the Assembly, 1847-1851; defeated, 1851, but again elected, 1854;
elected to the Legislative Council, 1863; appointed judge of the Court
of Common Pleas, 1863. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Wiman, Erastus= (1834-1904). Born at Churchville, Ontario. Educated in
Toronto; early became engaged in newspaper work; joined the staff of the
Toronto _Globe_, 1856; edited Montreal _Trade Renew_, 1864-1865; entered
the service of R. G. Dun & Co., 1865; removed to the United States,
1866, and connected with many large commercial enterprises. A strong
advocate of reciprocity between Canada and the United States. =Index=:
=Md= Favours commercial union, 293. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Windmill Point.= Situated in Grenville County, Ontario, and the scene
of an engagement between filibusters from the United States under
Colonel Von Schoultz (_q.v._), and Canadian troops, in November, 1838,
when the former were defeated. =Index=: =Mc= Engagement of, 441-444.
=Md= Americans under Von Schoultz capture windmill near Prescott, 8;
party finally overcome and leaders court-martialled, 8-9.
=Winnipeg.= Capital of the province of Manitoba. Founded about 1862. In
the summer of that year "the first attempt was made to establish a place
of business on the highway at the spot where the Assiniboine and Red
River tracks meet close to the boundary of the Hudson's Bay Company's
land reserve" (Hargrave's _Red River_). Incorporated in 1873. Its early
growth was very slow and the city suffered for years from the effects
of an ill-timed boom. The first decade of the twentieth century,
however, brought rapid and substantial growth, =Index=: =D= Becomes
centre of western department of Hudson's Bay Company. 265. =Bib.=:
Hargrave, _Red River_; Bryce, _Manitoba_; _Ency. Brit._; _Ency. Amer._
=Winnipeg, Lake.= Area, 9460 square miles. The lake was known both to
the English on Hudson Bay and to the French in Canada, long before its
actual discovery, and is represented on a number of early maps, though
sometimes very far from its actual position. The lake was actually
discovered by La Verendrye in 1732. The name is derived from the Cree
word _Wi-nipi_, turbid water. The name has had a host of variants, from
Ouinipigon and Ouinipique to Winnipeck and Winipic, not to mention the
name given in Coats's _Hudson Bay_, Winnipeg-gon-e-sepe.
=Winslow, John= (1702-1774). Born in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Entered
the army. In 1740 captain of a company that served in the expedition to
Cuba; in 1752 sent to Fort St. George, Maine, as a commissioner to
settle land disputes with the Indians. In 1755 when major-general of
militia, and captain in the British army, ordered to Nova Scotia to
remove the Acadians from that province. This duty he performed under the
instructions of Governor Lawrence. In 1756 as major-general served
against the French, and also in 1758-1759. In 1762 chief justice of the
Court of Common Pleas in Plymouth County. The town of Winslow in Maine
is named after him. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Campbell, _History of Nova
Scotia_.
=Winter, P.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure Act, 187.
=Winthrop, Fitz-John= (1639-1707). Born in Boston, Massachusetts.
Educated at Harvard. Going to England, served in the parliamentary army
there and in Scotland. Took part in the march of General Monk's army to
London. In 1663 returned to New England and employed in both military
and civil capacities. In 1690 major-general in command of the army which
unsuccessfully invaded Canada. Agent for Connecticut in London,
1693-1697; and governor of the colony, 1698-1707. =Index=: =F= Commands
expedition against Montreal, 279; arrives at Albany, and pushes on to
Wood Creek, 280; returns to Albany, and to Hartford, Conn., 281. =L=
Commands expedition against Montreal, 229; his army disorganized and
scattered, 231. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen= (1802-1865). Born at Seville, Spain.
Educated at St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, near Durham, and the English
College in Rome. Took a leading part in the Oxford movement. Created
arch-archbishop of Westminster, and cardinal, 1850. =Index=: =B= His
pastoral letter defending the papal bull dividing England into Roman
Catholic sees, and George Brown's reply, 44-45. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=Wolfe, James= (1727-1759). =WM= Intrusted by William Pitt with command
of expedition against Quebec, 65, 73; singular anecdote of, 65; birth
and personal characteristics, 66, 67; at Dettingen and Culloden, 68; in
Paris, 69; attached to the Louisbourg expedition, 70; falls in love, 70,
72; returns to England, 71; his criticism of the Louisbourg campaign,
72; made brigadier and intrusted with expedition against Quebec, 73;
bids farewell to father and mother, 74; has under him three brigadiers,
74; hears of his father's death, 76; his plan for the attack, 76-78;
proceeds to upper end of island of Orleans, 93; perceives all the
difficulty of the situation, 96; his proclamation to the Canadians, 101;
advances to Pointe Levis, 108; decides on bombardment of Quebec, 110;
seizes left bank of Montmorency River, 112; his hesitancy, 119; courtesy
to prisoners taken by Carleton, 125; tries to bridge Montmorency, 127;
attempts passage of Montmorency by a ford, 128; protests against use of
fire-rafts, 130; his poor opinion of Canadian militia, 132, 173; his
plan to bring on general engagement, 134; unsuccessfully attacks French
position at Montmorency, 139-143; greatly appreciates kindness shown to
Ochterlony, 145; after defeat at Montmorency, bombards city with
increased severity, 145; burns country on both sides of the St.
Lawrence, 149; ill of fever at Ange Gardien, 154; his great activity and
energy, 154; hands command over to his brigadiers, 154; his three plans
for attack, 154; accepts plans of brigadiers, 155; convalescent, 156;
letter to his mother, 156; his extreme despondency, 157; abandons
position at Montmorency, 158; resolves to attack above Quebec, 159;
gives general order to be ready for early landing, 163; goes to
Pointe-aux-Trembles to reconnoitre, 164; his great discouragement
expressed in letter to Lord Holdernesse, 166; goes down opposite Le
Foulon and makes careful examination of it, 168; his propositions to
council of war, as narrated by French author, 169; visits each ship in
the fleet above Quebec, 170; his last proclamation from H.M.S.
_Sutherland_, 172; bequests in his will, 175; intrusts portrait of Miss
Lowther to Captain Jervis, 175; his boat takes the lead in moving down
the river, 179; his conversation in the boat, 179; recites Gray's
_Elegy_, 180; climbs up cliff and arranges troops in line of battle,
182; advances towards Quebec, 186; marches to battle at head of his
troops, 197; death of, 200; his remains conveyed to England on _Royal
William_, 238; grief of his mother, 239; monument to, in Westminster
Abbey, 239. =Dr= His friendship for Carleton, 30; secures his
appointment to Quebec expedition, 31. =P= Causes of his victory at
Quebec, 143. =BL= Sydenham ranked with, 112. =Hd= Besieges Quebec, 25;
preparations made in event of his failure, 28; his success and death,
34; compared with Amherst, 35; Gugy comes with, to Quebec, 62; glories
won by, on Plains of Abraham, 121. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_;
Wood, _Fight for Canada_; Willson, _Life and Letters of James Wolfe_;
Salmon, _Life of Wolfe_; Bradley, _Life of Wolfe_ and _The Fight with
France_.
=Wolford Lodge.= =S= In Devon, family estate of Simcoe, 40, 220, 222.
=Wolseley, Garnet Joseph, Viscount= (1833- ). Born in Golden Bridge
House, Dublin county, Ireland. In 1852 entered the army as ensign;
served in the Burmese War, 1852-1853; in the Crimean War, 1854-1856; and
in India, 1857; in 1861 sent to Canada in connection with the _Trent_
incident; in 1867 deputy-quartermaster-general of Canada; and in
1869-1870 commanded the Red River Expedition during the Riel Rebellion;
commanded the British army in the Ashantee War of 1873-1874; and
in Egypt, 1882, and 1884-1885; field-marshal in 1894; and
commander-in-chief of the army, 1895-1900. =Index=: =C= His expedition
to North-West, 69-70; his article in _Blackwood's Magazine_, 70-71; his
quarrel with Cartier, 130. =Md= Leads expedition against Riel, 161;
gains a bloodless victory, 162. =Bib.=: _Story of a Soldier's Life_. For
biog., _see_ _Who's Who_.
=Wood, Edmund Burke= (1820-1882). Born near Fort Erie, Ontario. Educated
at Overton College, Ohio. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1848, and
appointed clerk of the County Court of Brant, 1853. Represented West
Brant in the Canadian Assembly, 1863-1867. After Confederation returned
for both the Ontario Assembly and the Dominion House of Commons, but
resigned the latter seat, 1872. Held office as provincial treasurer in
the Sandfield-Macdonald ministry, 1867-1871. Elected to the House of
Commons for West Durham, 1873. Appointed chief-justice of Manitoba,
1874. Died in Winnipeg. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._
=Wood, Enoch.= =W= Methodist clergyman in Fredericton, 133; his
influence over L. A. Wilmot, 133.
=Wood Creek.= =F= Expedition against Montreal encamps at, 280.
=Wool, Captain.= =Bk= Succeeds in landing United States troops above
Queenston, 303.
=Wooster, David= (1710-1777). Born in Stratford, Connecticut. Graduated
at Yale University. Took part in the expedition against Louisbourg,
1745; in 1776 served as brigadier-general of the American forces in
Canada. =Index=: =Dr= Montgomery leaves him in charge at Montreal, 116;
on death of Montgomery, succeeds to command at Quebec, 132; his army
reinforced, 134; criticized in Franklin's report, 136; recalled, 136.
=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Work, or Wark, John= (1792-1861). Born in Ireland. Entered service of
Hudson's Bay Company, 1814; employed east of the mountains until 1822,
when transferred to the Columbia; in charge of Fort Simpson, 1835-1849;
appointed chief factor, 1846; removed to Victoria, 1849, as one of the
managers of the Company's affairs on the Pacific slope. In 1857 a member
of the Legislative Council of Vancouver Island. Died at Victoria.
=Index=: =D= Leads expedition into wilds of Oregon and the Upper
Missouri in 1834, 132; member of Victoria board of management, 265; his
death, 265. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Walbran,
_British Columbia Coast Names_.
=Workman, T.= =Md= Liberal, elected for Montreal in by-election in 1876,
224.
=Wrangell, Ferdinand Petrovitch, Baron von= (1796-1870). Born in
Pleskau, Esthonia. Educated in the school for cadets in St. Petersburg.
Entered the Russian navy in 1812; in 1817 took part in a scientific
expedition to Siberia and Kamtchatka; and in 1820 commanded an
expedition to explore the Russian polar seas, which reached 72 deg. 2'
north latitude. In 1827 appointed governor of Russian America (Alaska),
and during his administration made surveys of the country, opened roads,
built bridges, and instituted various other reforms and improvements. In
1834 recalled to Russia; in 1837 rear-admiral; in 1847 vice-admiral.
Strongly opposed to the cession of Alaska to the United States. =Index=:
=D= Succeeds Baranoff in Russian America, 45.
=Wright, Justice.= =S= Barrack-master, 47.
=Wright, Philemon= (1760-1839). Born in Woburn, Massachusetts. In 1800
emigrated to Canada, and ascended the river Ottawa sixty miles beyond
any previous known settler, with the object of selecting a suitable
tract of land for a settlement. Eventually chose the site of the present
town of Hull, Quebec, and received a grant from the government. Imported
several of the best breeds of cattle from Great Britain, and,
introducing other improvements, the agricultural settlement grew into an
important and thriving township.
=Wyoming District.= =Hd= Laid waste, 151.
=X Y Company.= Founded at Montreal in 1795 by several partners of the
North West Company, who had become dissatisfied with the administration
of the old company, and particularly resented the autocratic ways of its
chief, Simon McTavish, popularly known among the fur traders, because of
his domineering manner, as "Le Premier," and "Le Marquis." The backbone
of the new concern was the powerful Montreal firm of Forsyth, Richardson
& Co. Alexander Mackenzie was almost persuaded to join the new company
in 1795, but did not actually do so until 1801. Meanwhile the X Y
Company had built a post at Grand Portage in 1797, and followed their
rivals to the Assiniboine, the Saskatchewan, the Athabaska, and even
into the remote Peace River country. On the death of McTavish, in 1804,
the two companies were united as the North West Company. =Index=: =MS=
Organized by malcontents from North West Company, 6, 92; builds rival
post at Grand Portage, 93; Mackenzie becomes the head of, 98; absorbed
by North-West Company, 1804, 99. =Bib.=: Masson, _Bourgeois de la
Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Yale, James Murray.= Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company
about 1815, when still a boy, and after some years' service east of the
mountains, transferred to New Caledonia. Eventually promoted to the rank
of chief factor; and retired from the service about 1870, settling near
Victoria, where he died. Fort Yale on the Fraser River was named after
him. =Index=: =D= At Stewart Lake, 99; in command at Fort George, 1823,
105. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_.
=Yamaska River.= Rises in Brome Lake. After a course of about ninety
miles falls into the St. Lawrence at the head of Lake St. Peter.
=Index=: =Ch= Named by Champlain, De Genes, 52.
=Yellowhead Pass.= Through the Rocky Mountains. Elevation, 3733 feet
above sea level. The summit of the pass is eighteen miles in a straight
line from the Athabaska River. Yellowhead Lake, a little west of the
summit, discharges its waters into the Fraser River. Because of its easy
gradients, this pass was favoured by (Sir) Sandford Fleming as the route
for the Canadian Pacific Railway, but political considerations forced
the selection of the much more difficult Kicking Horse Pass.
=Yonge Street, Toronto.= Originally an Indian trail leading to Lake
Simcoe. Built as a bush road by Simcoe in 1794. Named after Sir George
Yonge, then secretary for war. =Index=: =BL= Named in honour of the then
secretary for war, 8. =Bib.=: Robertson, _Landmarks of Toronto_.
=York.= =S= Name Toronto officially changed to, 203; name York
previously in use, 203. =Bk= Fortifications begun at, 182. =BL= Becomes
seat of government, 8; incorporated as city of Toronto, 16; origin of
Spadina Avenue, 26; Baldwin elected for, 31; Parliament house; 33;
municipal government in, 298. _See also_ Toronto.
=York and Albany, Frederick Augustus, Duke of= (1763-1827). Second son
of George III. Commanded British army in Flanders, 1793-1795.
Commander-in-chief, 1798-1809. =Index=: =Bk= Takes command of expedition
to Holland, 15, 21. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=York Factory.= One of the principal establishments of the Hudson's Bay
Company, near the mouth of Hayes River, north bank. The first trading
post here, or near here, was Fort Nelson, built in 1669. Throughout the
eighteenth century, this was the principal post of the Company, in
charge of a governor, with a considerable staff. It was the
starting-point of the explorations of Henry Kellsey in 1692, of Anthony
Hendry in 1754, and of Matthew Cocking in 1772, and was the gateway to
the vast interior country, the recognized route being the Hayes River.
=Index=: =MS= Red River settlers winter near, 153-155. _See also_ Port
Nelson. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the
Great North-West_.
=Yorke, Charles= (1722-1770). =Dr= Attorney-general of England, his
views on Canadian laws, 62.
=Yorke, Sir Joseph Sydney= (1768-1831). Entered the navy in 1780; in
1781 joined the _Duke_ and later the _Formidable_, both under Sir
Charles Douglas. In 1785 served on the flagship of Commodore John Elliot
on the Newfoundland station, and afterwards on the _Adamant_ under Sir
Richard Hughes at Halifax. In 1789 lieutenant; in 1790 commander; in
1793 captain; in 1810 a lord of the Admiralty. Sent to Lisbon in 1811
with reinforcements, the arrival of which compelled the French under
Massena to retreat from Torres Vedras. In 1814 vice-admiral; and
admiral, 1830. =Index=: =Hd= Recommends Haldimand and Bouquet for
command in America, 9-10; Haldimand's description of, 327; Haldimand
visits, 337. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Young, George Paxton= (1819-1889). Born at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Educated
at the University of Edinburgh; came to Canada, 1847; minister of Knox
Church, Hamilton, 1850-1853. Joined the faculty of Knox College the
latter year, where he filled various chairs in succession until 1864.
Employed by Dr. Ryerson for several years in reorganizing the grammar
schools of Ontario. In 1871 succeeded Dr. Beaven as professor of logic,
metaphysics, and ethics in Toronto University, holding the position up
to the time of his death. =Index=: =R= Appointed inspector of grammar
schools, 1863, 255; reports on defects in the system, 255-257; examines
results of Grammar School Act of 1865, 260. =Bib.=: Duncan, _George
Paxton Young_ in _Univ. of Tor. Monthly_; Dent, _Can. Por._
=Young, George Renny= (1800?-1847). Born in Scotland; a brother of Sir
William Young (_q.v._). Founded the _Nova Scotian_ newspaper in 1824,
and edited it until 1828. For several years a member of the Legislative
Assembly of Nova Scotia; and also of the Executive Council. =Index=: =H=
Son of John Young, author of _Letters of Agricola_, 8; Speaker of Nova
Scotia Legislature, 99-100; associated with organization of Company to
build Intercolonial, 99-100; attacked by Lord Falkland, 100; offered
seat in Council by Sir John Harvey, 103; declines office, 104; elected
for Halifax, 106; member of the Uniacke administration, 110; resigns
from government, 132. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Young, James.= =B= On George Brown's attitude in the Legislature at
Quebec, 65; describes Brown's personal appearance, 73.
=Young, John= (1773-1837). Born in Falkirk, Scotland. Educated at
Glasgow University; emigrated to Canada, 1814. In 1818 published a
series of letters under the nom-de-plume of "Agricola," in the _Halifax
Recorder_. These letters drew attention to the backward state of
agriculture in Nova Scotia and led to the establishment of a Board of
Agriculture, of which he was appointed secretary. In 1822 the letters
were published in book form with the title _Letters of Agricola on the
Principles of Vegetation and Tillage_. From 1825 to 1837 represented
Sydney in the Nova Scotia Assembly. Took an active part in the formation
of agricultural societies. =Index=: =H= Author of _Letters of Agricola_,
6; member of Nova Scotia Assembly, 1837, 35; proposes conciliatory
resolutions as to the Legislative Council, 38-39. =Bib.=: Campbell,
_History of Nova Scotia_.
=Young, John= (1811-1878). Born at Ayr, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1826.
In 1837 raised a regiment of volunteers and served during the Rebellion.
In 1841 partner of the firm of Stephens, Young & Company of Montreal;
connected with the construction in 1845 of the railway line to Portland,
Maine, through which Montreal secured a winter port. It was largely by
his efforts that the railway from Montreal to Kingston was built; and
the Victoria Bridge, the deepening of Lake St. Peter, and the
enlargement of the Welland, St. Lawrence, and Lachine canals were also
due to a considerable extent to his broad policy. In 1851 commissioner
of public works in the Hincks-Morin Cabinet. During his brief
administration organized the Canadian exhibit at London, 1851; and
subsidized steamships between Montreal and Liverpool. =Index=: =E=
Commissioner of public works in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; resigns and
replaced by J. Chabot, 126. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Young, Sir John.= _See_ Lisgar.
=Young, Sir William= (1799-1887). Born at Falkirk, Scotland. Educated at
Glasgow University. Came to Nova Scotia; studied law, and called to the
bar of that province, 1826. In 1832 elected to the Assembly for Cape
Breton. In 1835 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island. In 1838-1839
took part in the negotiations that followed the Rebellion in Lower
Canada, and his report on the alleged grievances was included in that of
Lord Durham. In 1842 appointed a member of the Executive Council, and
Speaker of the Assembly, 1843-1854; premier of the province, 1854-1857;
and again in 1860. In 1860 appointed chief-justice of Nova Scotia,
retiring after twenty-one years' service. Knighted, 1868. =Index=: =H=
Political leader in Nova Scotia, and afterwards chief-justice of the
province, 6; sent as delegate to England to urge granting of
representative government to Nova Scotia, 51, 56; appointed to Executive
Council, 1843, 75; elected Speaker the same year, 75; reelected Speaker,
1848, 107; attorney-general and leader of government, 146; his
government sustained, 157; non-committal attitude of, on Irish Roman
Catholic question, 163; chief justice of Nova Scotia, 169. =Bib.=:
Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova
Scotia_.
=Young, Sir William A. G.= (1827-1885). Secretary to the North American
Boundary Commission, 1856; colonial secretary and auditor of British
Columbia, 1859; colonial secretary of Vancouver Island, 1864;
administrator of the government there, 1866. Subsequently appointed
governor of the Gold Coast.
=Yukon River.= Rises at the headwaters of the Nisutlin, and empties into
Bering Sea, after a course of 1765 miles. The lower waters of the river
were explored by Glazunof in 1836 or 1837; and a Russian post was built
at Nulato, about four hundred miles above the mouth, in 1838. In 1843,
Zagoskin carried the exploration up to the mouth of the Nowikakat. In
1846, John Bell, of the Hudson's Bay Company, reached the Yukon by way
of the Porcupine; and in 1847 Alexander H. Murray, of the same Company,
built Fort Yukon, at the mouth of the Porcupine. Robert Campbell
explored the Pelly and Yukon, down to the mouth of the Porcupine, in
1840-1850. =Index=: =MS= Mackenzie establishes existence and course of,
50; makes inquiries concerning, 55. =D= Operations of Hudson's Bay
Company on, 123; explored by Robert Campbell, 125. =Bib.=: Dall,
_Alaska_; Bancroft, _History of Alaska_; Campbell, _Discovery of the
Youcon_; Whymper, _Travel and Adventure in Alaska_; Murray, _Journal of
the Yukon_ (Archives, Pub. 4); Dawson, _Report on the Yukon_ (Geol.
Survey Report, 1887-1888).
=Yverdun.= =Hd= Home of the Haldimand family, 2, 3; visited by
Haldimand, 113, 116; his death there, June 5, 1791, 340; its
institutions remembered in his will, 342.
=Zollverein.= =Md= Proposed by Butterworth in United States Congress, as
a method of fiscal union with Canada, 295. _See also_ Commercial Union.
=Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.