at the Seminary of Quebec, and at the College of Nicolet. In 1822 editor
of _Le Canadien_, but resigned, 1825, to study law. After being called
to the bar and practising for a short time, abandoned the profession on
his appointment as French translator to the Legislative Assembly of
Lower Canada. In 1831 editor of _Le Canadien_, and held the position for
eleven years. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 strongly supported the
extreme measures of Papineau, and imprisoned in Quebec jail. In 1841
elected to the Assembly for Saguenay. In 1842 appointed clerk of the
Executive Council; and in 1847 assistant secretary for Lower Canada.
=Index=: =P= Applies name of Chouayens to those who would not follow
Papineau, 68; withdraws from Papineau's party, 117; denounced by _La
Minerve_ as a traitor, 123. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Paris, Treaty of.= Between England and France, signed 1763. Ceded
Canada to Britain, France retaining islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon.
=Index=: =E= Guarantees institutions of French-Canadians, 24. =P= Grants
free exercise of Roman Catholic religion, 9; breadth of view of framers
of, 9. =Dr= Cedes Canada to Great Britain, 7. =Sy= Liberal provisions
of, 62. =WM= Signed Feb. 10, 1763, 268; ends the Seven Years' War, 269.
=Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=Parke, Thomas.= Born in Ireland. Emigrated to Canada, and settled in
York (Toronto) in 1820. Member for the county of Middlesex in the two
last Parliaments of the province of Upper Canada. Member of the first
Parliament of Canada, 1841-1844; surveyor-general in the La
Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1841-1845, when the office was
abolished. Died, 1864. =Index=: =Sy= Made surveyor-general, 333. =Bib.=:
Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Parker, Sir Hyde= (1739-1807). Second son of Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde
Parker. Born in England. Served in the navy under his father. In 1757
became lieutenant, and in 1763 commanded the _Baleine_. In 1766
transferred to the _Hussar_, and served under Lord Hood on the North
American station until 1770; served with Howe at New York; Rhode Island
in 1778; and in 1779 convoyed the troops to Savannah; knighted for his
services, 1779; commander-in-chief at Jamaica, 1796-1800; promoted
rear-admiral of the _Red_ in 1799; commanded the fleet which attacked
Copenhagen in 1807. =Index=: =Bk= In command of expedition to the
Baltic, 24; signals Nelson at Copenhagen to leave off action, 28.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Parker, Robert.= =T= Attorney-general, New Brunswick, appointed to
bench, 19; made chief-justice, 1865, 93-94; dies same year, 94.
=Parkes, Sir Henry= (1815-1896). Australian statesman. =Index=: =Md=
Rhodes suggests scheme of Imperial preferential trade to, 343.
=Parkman, Francis= (1823-1893). Born in Boston. Educated at Harvard,
where he graduated, 1844. While still at college decided to write the
history of the struggle between France and Britain for the dominion of
the New World, and the remainder of his life was devoted to carrying out
this great plan. Lived among the western tribes for months at a time,
and on several occasions visited Canada and Europe for material for his
work. =Index=: =F= On the _Jesuit Relations_, 30; on the beginnings of
education and its founders, 31-32; on the encouragement of marriage,
57-58; reference to his account of the defence of fort at Vercheres,
319-320. =L= On the friction of Laval with the governor-general and
others, 34. =WM= On French colonization, 19. =Bib.=: Works: _Pioneers of
France in the New World_; _Count Frontenac_; _The Jesuits in North
America_; _La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West_; _The Old
Regime in Canada_; _A Half Century of Conflict_; _Montcalm and Wolfe_;
_The Conspiracy of Pontiac_; _The Oregon Trail_. For biog., _see_
Farnham, _Life of Francis Parkman_.
=Parliamentary Government.= =E= Canadian and American systems compared,
239-267. =P= Not at first welcomed by French-Canadians, 19, 20; their
change of view, 22; Lower Canadian Assembly petitions the king to be
allowed to provide for expenses of administration, 30; partial control
of budget granted in 1818, 30. =H= Granted to Canada and the Maritime
Provinces, 14; its limitations, 14-17. =Bib.=: Bourinot, _Parliamentary
Procedure and Government_; Todd, _Parliamentary Government in the
British Colonies_.
=Parliaments in France.= =F= Subjection of, to royal power, 152.
=Parr, John.= Served in the army for some years; appointed governor of
Nova Scotia, 1782; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1786-1791. The
last governor of the province previous to the separation of New
Brunswick from the old province of Nova Scotia, and instrumental in
bringing about the change. Created widespread dissatisfaction by bad
management of the affairs of the Loyalists in Nova Scotia. Parrtown,
afterwards St. John, was named after him. =Index=: =Dr=
Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 206, 235; arranges for receiving
Loyalists, 214. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Partelow, John R.= =W= Opposed to responsible government, 65; his views
on initiation of money grants, referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104, 108;
enters government as provincial secretary, 116. =T= Defeated for St.
John County, 11; Speaker of House of Assembly, 11; mayor of St. John,
11; elected for Victoria, 14; his character, 14-15; elected for St. John
County, 30; defeated, 32. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Parti Catholique.= =C= An extreme faction of Quebec Conservatives, 82;
its policy, 82; attacks Cartier, 82-83.
=Parti Rouge.= =B= Origin of, 78-79; alliance with, of George Brown and
Upper Canadian Reformers, 78, 80; led by A. A. Dorion, 80; significance
of movement, 235. =E= Its history and members, 108; help to defeat
Hincks-Morin government, 127; Papineau becomes leader of, 134. =BL=
Origin of, 335, 351. =Md= Formed to fight against domination of
priesthood, 45, 46; members of, in Legislature in 1854, 51; defeated in
1857, 84; George Brown's rupture with, 102. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty
Years_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.
=Party Government.= =B= Origin of the double ministries, 81. =Sy=
Absence of necessary conditions for, 185, 186, 303; Robert Baldwin's
premature demand for, 187, 294; party names in Canada without
significance, 303. _See also_ Representative government; Responsible
government.
=Paterson, General.= =Hd= His report on state of affairs at Boston, 95.
=Patriot.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =Mc= Publishes
proceedings of House, 174. =BL= Attacks Bagot, 142, 153; on the election
law, 145-146; its abuse of Bagot, 153; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 319.
=Patriotes.= =P= Name assumed by popular party in Lower
Canada--particularly the followers of Papineau, 40, 68; Neilson checks
the more violent among them, 46; vacillation of Quebec wing of party,
68; their press publish violent articles, 86; prepare Ninety-Two
Resolutions, 85-97; Gugy belittles their cause, 103; influenced by
American Revolution, 121; advocate smuggling, 122; boycott English
goods, 122; the St. Charles meeting, 125; under Nelson and Brown at St.
Denis and St. Charles, 128; they kill Lieutenant Weir, 134; crushed at
St. Eustache, 137; in the Montreal election, 1834, 144. =Bib.=:
Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Patriotic Fund.= =Bk= Raised in Canada during war with Napoleon, 46.
=Patterson, James Colebrooke= (1839- ). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada,
1857; entered civil service at Ottawa; studied law and called to the
Ontario bar, 1876. Represented North Essex in the Ontario Assembly,
1874-1878; and the county of Essex in the House of Commons, 1882-1891.
Defeated at the general election of 1891, but elected for West Huron,
1892. Secretory of State, 1892; minister of militia, 1892-1895;
lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1895-1900. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_;
_Canadian Who's Who_.
=Patterson, Walter.= Born in Ireland. Entered the army; came to Prince
Edward Island in 1770 as first governor of the colony. It was then known
as the Island of St. John. Patterson, who was one the largest landed
proprietors in the Island, had an Act passed by the Assembly in 1780
changing the name to New Ireland, but the Act was disallowed by the
Imperial government. The present name was given in 1798, in honor of the
Duke of Kent. Patterson was recalled in 1787. =Index=: =Dr= Governor of
Prince Edward Island, objects to make way for his successor, Fanning,
235. =Bib.=: Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_.
=Paul I= (1754-1801). Czar of Russia, son of Peter III and Catherine II.
Ascended the throne, 1796. =Index=: =Bk= Withdraws from British
alliance, 23; murder of, 30.
=Paul V, Pope= (1552-1621). Camillo Borghese: elected pope, 1605.
=Index=: =Ch= Grants brief to Recollets for their mission in Canada, 84.
=Payne, Captain.= =Dr= His connection with the Walker case, 19.
=Peace River.= A tributary of the Mackenzie; rises in Thutage Lake, in
northern British Columbia, its total length being 1065 miles. It is
first mentioned in the _Voyages_ of Alexander Mackenzie. Mackenzie
ascended the river, in 1792, on his way to the Pacific. He says that it
took its name from a place on its banks known as Peace Point, where the
Crees and Beaver Indians settled their disputes. Alexander Henry learned
of the river, under the same name, in 1776, from a party of Chipewyans
whom he met at Ile a la Crosse Lake. =Index=: =MS= Post built on, by
Boyer, 1788, 19, 61; its outlet, 33, 34; described, 34; Mackenzie on,
34, 62; sends party to build post on, 61; Boyer's post known as "Old
Establishment," 61; fertility of the region, 61; the falls, 62;
Mackenzie winters there, 64-66; beautiful scenery, 69; Mackenzie's
description of, 69, 71. =D= Mackenzie ascends, 54; visited by Thompson,
58; ascended by Simon Fraser, 59. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_;
Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.
=Peace River Pass.= The gorge cut by the Peace River through the Rocky
Mountains. The summit of the pass is 2000 feet above the sea. First
traversed and described by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793. Simon Fraser
followed in 1805, to build several trading-posts in New Caledonia, and
explore the river that bears his name.
=Pean, Mdme. Hugues, nee Davennes des Meloises.= =WM= Casemate made for,
87.
=Pearson, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =Bk= Captured at sea by United States
privateer, 224.
=Peel, Sir Robert= (1788-1850). Born in Lancaster, England. Educated at
Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford. Entered Parliament, 1809;
under-secretary for war and the colonies, 1811-1812; chief secretary for
Ireland, 1812-1818; and home secretary, 1822; premier in 1834, but
resigned the following year; again premier, 1841-1846. =Index=: =E=
Supports Rebellion Losses Bill, 78. =B= His government misunderstands
situation in Canada, 14, 15; his distrust of French-Canadians, 16;
disapproves of Bagot's policy, 16-17; reasons for selection of Metcalfe,
18; justifies Metcalfe's action in withholding responsible government,
23. =Sy= Resigns from Cabinet, 16; returns to office as home secretary,
16; assists Duke of Wellington to form a government, 46; brief tenure of
office, 56; anxious for due representation of commercial interest in
Canada, 285; desires to give representation to Chambers of Commerce,
286; his moderation as leader of the opposition, 350. =Mc= His attitude
towards great political movements, 16; condemns Head for inducing
rebellion, 355. =W= Fails to form administration, 37. =Bib.=: _Dict.
Nat. Biog._
=Pellegrin.= =WM= Pilot of Montcalm's squadron, 81.
=Pelletier, Captain.= =WM= Takes soundings in the Traverse, 82.
=Pelletier, Sir Charles Alphonse Pantaleon= (1837- ). Born at Riviere
Ouelle, Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law, and called to
the bar, of Lower Canada, 1860. Represented Kamouraska in House of
Commons, 1869-1877. Appointed minister of agriculture in Mackenzie
ministry, 1877. President of the Canadian Commission at the Paris
exhibition, 1878. Called to the Senate, 1877; Speaker, 1896-1901.
Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1908. =Index=: =C= One of the
founders of _Le Parti National_ and its organ _Le National_, 30. =Bib.=:
Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Pelly River.= Rises in the Pelly Mountains about lat. 62 deg., and flows
into the Yukon after a course of 330 miles. Discovered and explored by
Robert Campbell between the years 1840-1848. Campbell reached the upper
waters of the Pelly, by way of the Liard, in 1840; built Fort Pelly
Banks, 1842; and descended the river to the junction of the Pelly and
Lewes in 1843. He built Fort Selkirk at the forks in 1848. The river was
named after Sir H. Pelly, the governor of the Hudson's Bay Company.
=Index=: =D= Explored by Robert Campbell, 124. =Bib.=: Campbell,
_Discovery and Exploration of the Youcon_; Dawson, _Report on the Yukon_
(_Geol. Survey_, 1887-1888); Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.
=Pennahouel.= =WM= Ancient Indian warrior, 38, 41, 42.
=Pennsylvania.= =Hd= Independent temper of the colony, 11.
=Pennsylvania Loyalists.= =Dr= Commanded by Allen, 202.
=Penny, Edward Goff= (1820-1881). Born in England. In 1844 came to
Canada, studied law, and in 1850 called to the bar of Lower Canada.
Became editor-in-chief of the Montreal _Herald_ and afterwards one of
the proprietors. In 1869 published a pamphlet giving his views in
opposition to Confederation. In 1874 appointed to the Senate. =Index=:
=E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81.
=Pensacola.= =Hd= Bouquet at, 58, 63; Haldimand's headquarters in
Florida, 63, 65, 70; his labours to improve, 67, 68; watch kept on
Spaniards from, 77; troops transferred from, to St. Augustine, 78;
Haldimand again in charge at, 79, 80; barracks built at, 81, 90;
Haldimand's house at, 104, 316.
=Pentagouet.= =F= Fortress on western boundary of Acadia, captured by
freebooters, 269; captured by New Englanders, 275.
=Perceval, Spencer= (1762-1812). =Bk= British prime minister,
assassinated, 192. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Perche= (=France=). =L= Many colonists natives of, 116.
=Perez, Juan.= Voyage of, in 1774, 13, 14.
=Pericard, Michelle de.= =L= Mother of Laval, 17; death of, 26.
=Pericard, Mgr. de, Bishop of Evreux.= =L= Cousin of Bishop Laval, 21.
=Perley, Moses Henry= (1804-1863). Born in Maugerville, New Brunswick.
Educated at St. John. In 1828 became an attorney; called to the bar of
New Brunswick, 1830, but soon forsook his profession. For some years
engaged in milling and lumbering, and, having mixed much with the Micmac
and Melicete Indians, appointed commissioner of Indian affairs and
immigration officer. In 1841 and succeeding years spent much time
visiting the Indian tribes and investigating their grievances. Also
active in advertising the resources of the province, and in 1846 asked
to report on the capabilities of the country. A line of railway being
projected, sent to England in 1847 to report on the matter. Returning to
New Brunswick, pursued his investigations into the fisheries of the
province. In 1849 commissioned to report on the fisheries of the Gulf of
St. Lawrence; in 1850 those of the sea and rivers of New Brunswick; and
in 1851 those of the Bay of Fundy. In 1852-1853 compiled the trade
statistics which were used in the negotiations for the Reciprocity
Treaty between Canada and the United States. In 1854 the treaty was
signed, and he was appointed a commissioner to carry out the terms
arranged. =Index=: =H= Fishery commissioner on behalf of Great Britain,
170; his death in Newfoundland, 1863, 170. =Bib.=: _Sea and River
Fisheries of New Brunswick_. For biog., _see_ Hannay, _History of New
Brunswick_.
=Perrault, Joseph Francois= (1753-1844). Born in Quebec, the son of a
rich merchant trading with New England and the West Indies. Given the
appointment of prothonotary in Quebec, and held it throughout his life.
Took a deep interest in educational matters; founded a number of schools
on the Lancaster system; and is regarded in Quebec as the father of the
provincial school system. Also did much, both by his writings and by
furthering the establishment of model farms, to place agriculture upon a
better and more scientific basis. =Bib.=: _Biographie de Joseph Francois
Perrault ecrite par Lui-Meme, a l'Age de Quatre-Vingt Ans, sans
Lunettes_; Casgrain, _Vie de Joseph Francois Perrault_; Bender, _Old and
New Canada_. For list of his writings, _see_ Casgrain's work mentioned
above.
=Perrault, Father Julien.= =Ch= Jesuit, carries on mission at Cape
Breton, 236, 237.
=Perrot.= =F= Cure of Montreal, disapproves of Abbe Fenelon's sermon,
95.
=Perrot, Francois-Marie.= Sent to Canada as governor of Montreal, 1670.
Obtained a grant of Isle Perrot in 1672. Used his office to further his
own interests; quarrelled violently with Frontenac, who had him arrested
and sent to France. Imprisoned for a short time in the Bastile,
released, and restored to his governorship, which he held until 1684.
Governor of Acadia, 1684-1687. =Index=: =F= Succeeds Maisonneuve as
governor of Montreal, 54; engages in illicit trading and shields
_coureurs de bois_, 90; arrests Bizard, an officer of Frontenac's, 91;
summoned before Sovereign Council, 92; arrested at Quebec, 93; character
and conduct of, 96-97; protests competency of Sovereign Council to try
him, 99; specially commended to Frontenac in a despatch from minister,
101; sent to France, 102; allowed to return to Canada, after brief
imprisonment, 103; removed to government of Acadia, 270; continues to
trade, 271; dismissal, and death, 272. =L= Governor of Montreal, lays
foundation stone of church, 89; comes into contact with Frontenac, 160;
punished by the king, 164. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_.
=Perrot, Nicolas= (1620-1697). Born in France. Came to Canada, and
entered the service of the government at Quebec. Went on several
exploring expeditions, living among the Indian tribes, and mastering the
Algonquian language. In 1665 returned to Quebec; and accompanied as
interpreter Daumont de St. Lusson to the Falls of St. Mary. In 1684
induced a number of the western tribes to join Lefebvre de la Barre in
his campaign against the Iroquois. In 1687 his influence with the
Indians proved of great service to the Marquis de Denonville, and later
to Vaudreuil. Among his other notable achievements was the discovery of
the lead mines on the Des Moines River, Iowa. Left manuscripts
describing his sojourn among the different Indian tribes, and their
manners and customs. =Index=: =F= Ordered to rendezvous at Niagara with
Indians, 181, 186, 187; arrives with contingent, 210; accompanies
Louvigny to Michilimackinac, 242; exhibits Iroquois scalps, 243. =L=
Sent by Talon to visit northern and western tribes, 82. =Bib.=: _Memoire
sur les Moeurs, Coustumes et Religion des Sauvages de l'Amerique
Septentrionale_. For biog., _see_ Stickney, _Nicolas Perrot_; Parkman,
_Frontenac_.
=Perry, Peter.= Born at Ernestown, Upper Canada. Followed his father's
occupation as farmer; entered public life, 1824, as member for Lennox
and Addington in the Upper Canada Assembly, and became a leader of the
Reform party; defeated, 1836; again elected in 1849, for the east riding
of York, succeeding William Hume Blake. =Index=: =R= Leading member of
Upper Canada Assembly, on popular side, 66. =B= Leader of the Clear
Grits, 39. =E= One of the leaders of Clear Grits, 110; founder of
Liberal party in Upper Canada before the Union, 110. =BL= Fights for
reform, 13; Baldwin's letter to, 39-40. =Mc= Expenditure of L50,000 road
money, 303; defeated for the House, 308. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and
_Last Forty Years_.
=Peters.= =W= Attorney-general, New Brunswick, 50.
=Peters, Harry.= =W= Retires from New Brunswick Council, 69. =T= Speaker
of House of Assembly, 6.
=Peters, Samuel Leonard.= =T= Uncle of Sir Leonard Tilley, 5.
=Peters, Susan Ann.= =T= Mother of Sir Leonard Tilley, 5.
=Peters, T. H.= =W= Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 69.
=Peters, William.= =W= Grandfather of Sir L. Tilley, 3. =T= Member of
Assembly, 4.
=Petit, Father.= =L= Companion of Father Marquette, 62.
=Petitot, Emile Fortune Stanislas Joseph.= Roman Catholic missionary in
the North-West, particularly in the Mackenzie River district. Author of
several works on the languages, manners, and customs of the native
tribes. =Bib.=: _Traditions Indiennes du Canada Nord-Ouest_; _On the
Athabaska District of the Canadian North-West_ in _Canadian Record of
Science_, 1884; _Essai sur une Legende Americaine_ (Societe
Philologique, _Actes_, Alencon, 1883).
=Peto.= =T= His proposal to build railways in New Brunswick, 25, 27.
=Peuvret, de Mesnu.= =L= Clerk of Sovereign Council, 158, 167. =F= Clerk
of the Council, imprisoned by Frontenac, 135.
=Peyras, Jean Baptiste.= =F= Member of Sovereign Council, 106; visits
Acadia, 271. =L= Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166.
=Philadelphia.= =S= British army evacuates, 25. =Hd= Spirit of rebellion
strong in, 104.
=Philipps, Richard= (1661-1751). Early entered the army. Served at the
battle of the Boyne; lieutenant-colonel, 1712; governor of Nova Scotia,
1717. Arrived in Nova Scotia, 1720, and remained until 1722. Again
visited Nova Scotia for a short time, returning to England, 1731.
Arranged for a lieutenant-governor to act during his absence. Did not
return to Nova Scotia, but continued to draw full pay as governor until
1849. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of
Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed.
by Akins.
=Phillips, Mary.= =Dr= Sister-in-law of Colonel Beverley Robinson,
becomes wife of Colonel Morris, 202.
=Phillips, William= (1731-1781). Born in England. Entered the Royal
Military Academy at Woolwich as a cadet, 1746; promoted captain, 1756;
commanded three companies of British artillery attached to the Duke of
Brunswick's army, at Minden, 1759; served also at Warberg, 1760. In 1772
became colonel and in 1776 sent to Canada on the staff of General
Burgoyne; in command of the artillery at the battles of Skenesborough,
near Ticonderoga, and Mount Independence, at both of which distinguished
himself; afterwards promoted major-general; in 1777 took a leading part
in the two battles which led to the capitulation at Saratoga. =Index=:
=Dr= Comes out with Burgoyne, 152; disappointed that Crown Point not
occupied, 159. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Phipps, Sir William= (1651-1695). Born in Maine. In 1669, employed as a
ship carpenter, and later became captain of a merchantman sailing from
Boston. In 1687 succeeded in raising a Spanish treasure-ship which had
been sunk near the Bahamas, recovering L300,000, of which his share was
L16,000. Knighted the same year, and given the office of provost-marshal
of New England. In 1690 commanded an expedition against Acadia, and
captured Port Royal. His expedition the same year against Quebec met
with failure. In 1692 appointed governor of Massachusetts, with a
special commission to take aggressive measures against the French in
Canada, but accomplished little. Summoned to England in 1694 to account
for his administration, but died before the inquiry was held. =Index=:
=F= Birth and early life, 272; conducts expedition against Acadia, 273;
captures Port Royal, but violates terms of surrender, 274; ravages
committed by his men, 274; captures other Acadian posts, and establishes
government, 275; returns to Boston with prisoners and booty, 176; sails
from Nantasket, 279; arrives at Quebec, 282; demands surrender, 285-287;
his attack repulsed, 295; decides on retreat, 299; his estimate of his
losses, 302; disastrous return voyage, 303; goes to England, 315;
returns as governor of Massachusetts, 328; recall and death of, 331. =L=
Commands expedition against Quebec, 11, 229-231; is forced to retreat,
231. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Parkman, _Frontenac_.
=Piat, Father.= =Ch= Recollet, sails for France, 141; goes on mission to
Montagnais, 149; complains of negligence of trading company, 150;
recommends seminary for young Indians, 150.
=Pichon, Thomas.= A native of France; in early life a medical student.
Secretary to the governor of Louisbourg, 1751-1753. Sent to Fort
Beausejour as commissary of stores. Furnished information to the
British, which was of great assistance in the capture of the place.
Acted as a spy for the British while confined with the French prisoners
held at Halifax. Went to London, 1758; resided there until his death,
1781. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the
Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.
=Pickard, John.= =T= Candidate in York, New Brunswick, 95; defeated, 96,
108.
=Pickering, Timothy= (1745-1829). Joined the revolutionary army;
appointed adjutant-general, 1776, and took part in the battles of
Brandywine and Germantown. In 1790 sent on a commission to the Seneca
Indians, and arranged a treaty. In 1795 secretary of war, an office
which also included Indian affairs; later secretary of state in the
administration of John Adams; dismissed in 1800, and returned to
Massachusetts, where he was appointed chief-justice of the Court of
Common Pleas, 1802. =Index=: =S= American commissioner to treat with
Indians, 123; entertained at Navy Hall by Simcoe, 184, 229. =Bk=
Massachusetts Senator, his toast to Great Britain, 172. =Bib.=: _Cyc.
Am. Biog._
=Picquet.= =L= Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23.
=Pierre, Captain.= _See_ Chauvin, Pierre de.
=Pijard, Father.= =L= Establishes first brotherhood of the Holy Family,
86.
=Pillet.= =Ch= Frenchman, murdered by Montagnais Indians, 161.
=Pillon.= =Hd= Surgeon, arrested for treason, 278, 279, 280.
=Pilot.= Newspaper published at Montreal. =Index=: =BL= Established,
March 5, 1844, by Hincks, and edited by him, 217-218; on Elgin, 275-276;
offices wrecked by mob, 323.
[Illustration: Battle of the Plains of Abraham]
=Pilots, Canadian.= =WM= Deceived by the hoisting of French flag on
British men-of-war, 78; forced to steer English ships, 90. _See also_
Quebec, Siege of, 1759.
=Piraube, Martial.= =Ch= Godfather to young Hurons, 233.
=Pitt, William= (1759-1806). Son of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham; born
at Hayes, England. Educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. Entered
Parliament, 1781, becoming prime minister in 1783. In consequence of
French aggressions, formed in 1793 a great coalition with Russia,
Sardinia, Spain, Prussia, and Austria. In 1798 formed a second coalition
against France, including Russia, Austria, and other countries. Resigned
office, 1801. Again premier in 1804; and in 1805 formed a third
coalition with Russia, Austria, and Sweden. The union of Ireland with
Great Britain was effected by his influence and under his
administration. =Index=: =S= Constitutional Act introduced by, 1, 7.
=Dr= Introduces Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 263. =Sy= His
expectations regarding Lower Canada, 68. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Pivert, Nicolas.= =Ch= Early settler, 145.
=Plague.= =L= Breaks out on the _St. Andre_, 31.
=Plains of Abraham.= Above city of Quebec. Named after Abraham Martin, a
Quebec pilot, who owned a portion of these lands in the early days of
the colony. The Plains have now been set apart by the Dominion
government as a national park. =Index=: =WM= Origin of name, situation
and extent of, 186; battle of, the arrangement of British troops, 188;
of French troops, 192, 195; engagement begins at ten o'clock in the
morning, 197; defeat of French, 200, 201; losses, 205; French army
seized by panic, 206. =Ch= Origin of name, 146-147; famous conflict
fought on, Sept. 13, 1759. _See also_ Martin, Abraham. =Bib.=: Doughty,
_Siege of Quebec_; Woods, _The Fight for Canada_; Bradley, _The Fight
with France_.
=Plamondon, Marc Aurele.= Born in Quebec, 1823. Educated at the Quebec
Seminary. In 1846 called to the bar, and practised for many years in
Quebec, achieving success in the criminal courts. In his early years
closely connected with newspapers published in the Liberal interests,
among others the _Artisan_; also established _Le Menestre_ and the
_Courrier Commercial_. In 1855 founded _Le National_, for several years
one of the leading organs of the Reform party in Lower Canada. In 1874
appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Quebec. In 1896 the
members of the profession in Quebec celebrated the 50th anniversary of
his call to the bar. Retired from the bench, November, 1897. =Index=:
=C= One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can.
Men_.
=Plessis, Joseph Octave.= Bishop of Quebec, 1806 to 1825. Named
archbishop of Quebec in 1819, but never assumed the title. =Index=: =Bk=
His staunch support of British rule, 87. =P= Accepts leadership of
Papineau, 34, 45.
=Plet.= =F= Cousin of La Salle, comes from France in connection with
financial matters, 177.
=Pointe au Fer.= =Dr= British troops concentrated at, 153.
=Pointe-aux-Trembles.= On north shore of St. Lawrence, Portneuf County.
=Index=: =WM= Carleton lands at, and makes prisoners, 125; retreating
army halts at, 218; Levis's army lands at, 246.
=Pointe Levis.= On south shore of St. Lawrence, opposite Quebec.
=Index=: =WM= Abortive attempt to capture British batteries at, 133-135;
Quebec bombarded from, 115, 116; sailors landed at daily, for military
exercises, 120; Wolfe assembles three army corps at, 159.
=Pollock, Duncan.= =MS= Sent to Red River district by X Y Company, 14.
=Pommier, Hugues.= =L= Director of Seminary, 55.
=Pomone.= =WM= French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243.
=Pompadour, Jean Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de= (1721-1764). =WM=
Assisted in Bougainville's promotion, 177.
=Pond, Peter.= =MS= Associated with Pangman and others in opposition to
McTavish, 10, 11; returns to North West Company, 15; his character, 15,
17; causes death of Wadin, 15; relations with Ross, 15; death of Ross,
16; leads way to Athabaska, 21; builds post on Elk (Athabaska) River,
1778, 21; his map, 55; his error as to distance from Lake Athabaska to
Pacific, 57; sells his share in North West Company to McGillivray, 58.
=Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay
Company_.
=Pontbriand, Henri-Marie Dubreuil de= (1709-1760). Born in Vannes,
France. In 1741 consecrated bishop of Quebec, and left Paris for Canada.
Soon after his arrival in Quebec engaged in a lawsuit with the nuns of
the general hospital as to the ownership of the episcopal palace, which
they claimed Bishop Saint-Vallier had bequeathed to them. The king,
however, confirmed him in its possession. Another royal decree
prohibited religious congregations from holding lands in mortmain, but
the bishop refused to enforce it. In 1760, after the fall of Quebec, he
appointed a vicar-general, admonished the clergy to observe strictly the
terms of capitulation, and went to Montreal, where he died after a short
illness. =Index=: =WM= Bishop of Quebec, urges inhabitants to take to
arms, 63; his palace converted into redoubt, 86; visits hospital in
spite of fatal illness, 153; administers last sacrament to Montcalm,
220; issues _mandemant_ in support of Levis' attack on Quebec, 245. =L=
Bishop of Quebec, 12. =Bib.=: Tetu, _Eveques de Quebec_.
=Pontchartrain, Louis Phelypeaux, Comte de= (1643-1727). Chancellor of
France. =Index=: =F= Minister of marine, 72.
=Pont-Grave, Francois Grave, Sieur du Pont.= A merchant of St. Malo;
sailed for Tadoussac with Chauvin, 1600. Had already made several
voyages to the St. Lawrence; accompanied Champlain in the voyage of
1603, and again in 1613. =Index=: =Ch= Joins expedition to Acadia, 19;
arrives at Island of Ste. Croix, 26; in temporary charge of colony, 32;
sails for Quebec, 40; his vessel disarmed by a Basque captain, 40;
member of court to try Duval for conspiracy, 43; sails for France, 45;
returns to Canada, 47; in command of the colony during Champlain's
absence, 48; returns to France with Champlain, 54; sent out in charge of
second expedition to Quebec, 56; sails for France, 64; returns to
Quebec, 106; trades at Three Rivers, 121; rivalry with Champlain, 125;
comes to Canada as representative of De Monts' (Rouen) Company, 133;
proceeds to Three Rivers to trade, 135; returns to France, 136; comes to
Canada with De Caen, 138; placed in charge at Quebec, 138; sails for
France, 141; very ill at Quebec, 156; his commission read publicly at
Quebec, 181; with Champlain signs articles of capitulation of Quebec,
191; too sick to leave Quebec, 196. =F= Voyages of, to St. Lawrence, 3,
8. _See also_ Champlain. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Biggar,
_Early Trading Companies of New France_; Douglas, _Old France in the New
World_.
=Pontiac= (1720-1769). Born on the Ottawa River. An ally of the French
during their struggles against the British colonists. In 1746 he and his
Indians assisted the French at Detroit in an attack by northern tribes,
and in 1755 he led the Ottawas when General Braddock was defeated. In
1763 began a campaign against the British; destroyed several forts from
Lake Michigan to Niagara, and massacred their garrisons. Detroit then
attacked and besieged for nearly a year, until relieved by Colonel
Bradstreet; Pittsburg saved only by the timely arrival of Colonel
Bouquet. Eight out of twelve fortified forts destroyed by Pontiac and
his Indians. They were finally subdued by Sir William Johnson, who in
1766 concluded a treaty of peace. In 1769 assassinated by a Kaskaskia
Indian. =Index=: =Hd= Rouses western tribes against British, 55; his
rising quelled, 57; after effects of, 259. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Conspiracy
of Pontiac_.
=Pontiac's War.= =Dr= History of, 4; fomented by French traders, 5;
conduct of the colonies in connection with, 5, 6. _See also_ Pontiac.
=Bib.=: Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Smith, _Historical Account of
Bouquet's Expedition_.
=Pontleroy.= =WM= French military engineer, 85, 90.
=Pope, James Colledge= (1826-1885). Born in Bedeque, Prince Edward
Island. Educated at home and in England. Engaged in mercantile pursuits.
Sat in the Prince Edward Island Assembly, 1857-1867; premier, 1865-1867.
A strong opponent of Confederation and succeeded in preventing the
entrance of Prince Edward Island into the Dominion. Defeated, 1868; two
years later elected and again became premier. His government defeated,
1872, but returned to power, 1873. Carried through resolutions under
which Prince Edward Island became a province of Canada. Elected to the
House of Commons for Prince County, 1873; did not offer for re-election.
Again elected to the House of Commons, 1878; entered the government of
Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries. Held office
until his retirement from public life, 1882. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._;
Rose, _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Pope, John Henry= (1824-1889). Born in the Eastern Townships, Quebec.
Elected for Compton to the Canada Assembly, 1857; and in 1867 to the
Dominion Parliament. Called to the Cabinet, 1871, as minister of
agriculture, and again in 1878 on the return of the Conservatives to
power; in 1880 accompanied Sir John Macdonald and Sir Charles Tupper to
England in connection with the negotiations as to the Canadian Pacific
Railway contract; minister of railways and canals, 1885. =Index=: =B=
Conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152, 154. =Bib.=: Rose,
_Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._
=Pope, Joseph= (1854- ). Eldest son of William Henry Pope (_q.v._).
Private secretary to Sir John A. Macdonald, 1882-1891; under-secretary
of state, 1896-1908; under-secretary for external affairs, 1908.
=Index=: =B= On the "double shuffle," 107-108. =Md= On Macdonald's early
life, prints Campbell's letter, 31; his pen picture of Macdonald, 73; on
the double majority, 78; Macdonald's notes on Quebec Conference, 106;
Macdonald's negotiations with Howe, 145; does not publish documents on
last stages of Macdonald's life, 272. =Bib.=: _Memoir of Sir John A.
Macdonald_.
=Pope, William Henry= (1825-1879). Born in Prince Edward Island. Elected
to the Legislature and became provincial secretary in the Gray ministry,
1863; represented Prince Edward Island at the Charlottetown Conference,
1864, and the Quebec Conference, 1864; judge of the County Court of
Prince County, Prince Edward Island, 1873-1879. =T= Represents Prince
Edward Island at Quebec Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of
Prince Edward Island_.
=Population.= =B= Of Upper Canada, doubled between 1842 and 1851,
exceeds that of Lower Canada in 1852, 62, 75; in 1841, 82; in 1852, 134.
=Dr= Of Canada in 1763, 9. _See also_ Census.
=Porcupine.= =WM= Sloop of war, commanded by Captain Jervis, 176.
=Porcupine River.= Discovered by John Bell, of the Hudson's Bay Company,
in 1842, and explored to its junction with the Yukon, by Bell, in 1844.
In 1847 Alexander Hunter Murray, of the same company, descended the
Porcupine to its mouth, and built Fort Yukon, about three miles above
the mouth of the Porcupine, on the east bank of the Yukon. In 1869, on
the abandonment of Fort Yukon, the Hudson's Bay Company built Rampart
House, on the Porcupine River, close to the international boundary. As
subsequent surveys proved it to be on American territory, the fort was
moved some miles to the east. =Index=: =D= Ascended by Robert Campbell
in 1850, 125. =Bib.=: Murray, _Journal of the Yukon_ (Canadian Archives,
1910); McConnell, _Report on the Yukon and Mackenzie Basins_ (Geol.
Survey, 1889).
=Port au Mouton (Acadia).= =Ch= De Monts stops at, 19.
=Port aux Anglais.= =Ch= Louisbourg commonly known as, 236. _See also_
Louisbourg.
=Port Hayes.= On Hudson Bay, captured by Troyes, 206.
=Port Nelson.= Fort built by the Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Hayes
River, west coast of Hudson Bay, 1669. Afterwards known as York Factory
(_q.v._). It was captured by the French under Iberville in 1694, and
again in 1697. =Index=: =F= Captured by Iberville, 345; retaken by
English, 347; again taken by Iberville. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay
Company_; Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_ and _Conquest of the Great
North-West_. _See also_ Iberville.
=Port Royal.= Founded by De Monts in 1605. The basin had been discovered
the previous year, and the land granted to Poutrincourt, who named it
Port Royal. The early settlement is described in Lescarbot's _History of
New France_. Captured by Sedgwick, under the orders of Cromwell, in
1654; restored in 1668. Again captured by Phipps, 1690, and once more
restored to France by the treaty of Ryswick, 1697. Nicholson finally
captured the place in 1710, and re-named it Annapolis Royal (_q.v._).
=Index=: =F= Capital of Acadia, 270; captured by Phipps, 274. =Ch=
Settlement made at, 32; new settlers arrive under Poutrincourt, 36. =L=
Captured by English, 229. =Bib.=: Champlain, _Voyages_; Lescarbot,
_History of New France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.
=Portages.= _See_ Frog Portage; Giscome Portage; Grand Portage; Methye
Portage; Rocky Mountain Portage.
=Porter, G. R.= =Sy= Statistician of Board of Trade, 54.
=Portland Railway Convention.= =W= Its object to secure a shorter route
to Europe, 119-120.
=Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, third Duke of= (1738-1809).
Educated at Eton and Oxford; entered Parliament, 1760; prime minister in
1783; and again in 1807. =Index=: =Dr= Thanks Dorchester for
surrendering his fees, 292. =S= Secretary of state, Simcoe's despatch
to, explaining his advance in American territory, 143-154; does not
approve of the creation of lieutenants for the Upper Canada counties,
197; writes to Simcoe in very commendatory terms, 216. =Bib.=: _Dict.
Nat. Biog._
=Portlock.= =D= With Dixon, sails from England, 1785, 22; discovers that
Queen Charlotte Islands are not part of mainland, 22.
=Portneuf, De.= =F= Commands war party from Quebec, 236; captures Fort
Loyal, 252; removed for peculation, 330.
=Porto Bello.= =Ch= Champlain's description of, 4.
=Porto Rico Island.= =Ch= Taken and abandoned, by English in 1598, 3.
=Portuguese.= =Ch= Island of Cape Breton once occupied by, 236.
=Post Office.= =Mc= Report on, 153; Mackenzie offered control of
department, 225; Lord Goderich requests Mackenzie's opinion on, 235;
Mackenzie's scheme for reform of, 236; control of the revenue from, 236.
=Bk= Service in Upper Canada, 155. =Md= Savings banks introduced in
1867, 151; rates reduced and unified at same time, 151. =E= Reforms
brought about by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 85-86. =BL= Transferred
from Imperial to Canadian government, and reorganized, 338. =Dr=
Condition of service in 1788, 243; Dorchester's improvement of, 243.
=Hd= Difficulties of, 129, 131; improved by Haldimand, 131; inefficiency
of, in 1782, 193.
=Potash.= =S= Decline in production of, 107.
=Potenger, Maria.= =Bk= Niece of Sir Isaac Brock, 133.
=Potenger, Zelia.= =Bk= Niece of Sir Isaac Brock, 133.
=Pottawotomi Indians.= An Algonquian tribe, allied to the Chippewas.
They ranged over portions of what is now the state of Michigan, and in
1760, when Detroit fell into the hands of the British, occupied a
village below the fort. One hundred and fifty of the tribe fought under
Pontiac in 1763. In the War of 1812, they took the British side.
=Index=: =Hd= Sioux offer to attack, 148; described as fickle,
credulous, and timid, 148. =Bib.=: Pilling, _Bibliography of Algonquian
Languages_; Charlevoix, _History of New France_; Parkman, _Conspiracy of
Pontiac_.
=Pouchot= (1712-1769). Born at Grenoble, France. Entered the Engineers'
corps of the French army in 1733, and served in Flanders, Corsica, and
Germany. Accompanied Montcalm to Canada and took part in the defence of
Fort Niagara and Fort de Levis. Served in the campaigns against the
British and Indians, until the fall of Quebec in 1759. =Index=: =WM=
Quoted with reference to battle of Carillon, 58; in command at Niagara,
divides his force, 122; forced to capitulate, 146. =Hd= In command of
French fort at Niagara, 25; surrenders, 26; surrenders Fort de Levis,
36. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_;
Bradley, _Fight with France_.
=Poulariez.= =WM= Placed in command of French left (Beauport to
Montmorency), 158, 174, 175; protests against idea of capitulation, 209;
in battle of Ste. Foy, 262.
=Poulett.= =Sy= Maiden name of Sydenham's mother, 4.
=Poullain, Father Guillaume.= =Ch= Recollet missionary, 87; goes to
Nipissing mission, 149.
=Pouthier, Toussaint.= =Bk= Agent of the Hudson's Bay Company, assists
in capture of Michilimackinac, 210.
=Poutrincourt.= _See_ Biencourt de Poutrincourt.
=Powell, Henry Watson= (1733-1814). Born in England. Entered the army;
in 1756 became captain; and in 1759 served in the West Indies; in 1768
and subsequent years stationed in different parts of North America, and
in 1771 promoted lieutenant-colonel. Took part in General Burgoyne's
expedition in 1777, with the rank of brigadier-general; in July, 1777,
in command of Fort Ticonderoga, and held it successfully against the
besieging forces of New Hampshire and Connecticut. Returned to England
at the end of the American Revolution, and in 1801 promoted general.
=Index=: =Dr= In command at Ticonderoga, discouraging messages from,
179, 180; on surrender of Burgoyne retreats to St. Johns, 180. =Bib.=:
_Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Powell, John.= =Mc= Shoots at Mackenzie, 364; his treachery, 365.
=Powell, Colonel Walker= (1828- ). Born in Waterford, Ontario. Educated
at the county Grammar School, and at Victoria College, Cobourg. Engaged
for some years in mercantile pursuits. Appointed warden of Norfolk
County, 1856. Member of the Legislative Assembly for Norfolk County,
1857-1861. Appointed deputy adjutant-general for the Dominion of Canada,
1862. Served during the Fenian Raid, 1866, and in the Rebellions of
1869-1870 and 1885. Adjutant-general of the Dominion, 1875-1896.
Largely responsible for the present militia system of Canada, and aided
in the establishment of the Royal Military College at Kingston. =Index=:
=R= Adjutant-general, graduate of Victoria College, 144. =Bib.=: Rose,
_Cyc. Can. Biog._; Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Powell, William Dummer= (1755-1834). Born in Boston. Called to the bar,
1779. Came to Montreal, and made judge of the district of Hesse with
headquarters at Detroit, 1789. Promoted to chief-justiceship, 1815.
Retired from the bench, 1825. =Index=: =S= Judge of Common Pleas in
Upper Canada, 178. =Bk= On Brock's victory at Detroit, 262. =Mc= Tries
and banishes Robert Gourlay, 92. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Power, Michael= (1804-1848). Born in Waterford, Ireland. Emigrated to
Canada. Ordained a priest, and became cure of La Prairie, which position
he held until 1841, when he went to Europe with Bishop Bourget. On his
return to Canada appointed bishop of the western part of Kingston, when
that diocese was divided. Consecrated, May 8, 1842, and adopted the
title of bishop of Toronto, from the city in which he resided. During
his administration the missions which the Jesuits had formerly held in
Upper Canada were restored, and others established by his aid. =Index=:
=R= Chairman of the Council of Public Instruction in Ontario--favourable
to public schools, 219.
=Prairie de la Madeleine.= =L= Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74.
=Precedence.= =L= Questions of, 163.
=Preferential Trade.= =B= Ended by repeal of corn laws, 31; protests
from Canada, 31; _Globe_ defends free trade and urges Canada to help
herself, 31-32; Elgin against Canadian dependence on Imperial tariff
legislation, 32. =E= Elgin on, 58-59; debates on, in Canadian
Parliament, 59.
=Presbyterian Church in Canada.= Had its beginnings early in the
eighteenth century in Nova Scotia. In 1776 the Presbytery of Truro, Nova
Scotia, was organized; that of Montreal in 1793; and in 1818 the
Presbytery of the Canadas was formed in Montreal. In 1831 the united
Presbytery became the Synod of Upper Canada; and in 1840 joined the
Church of Scotland Synod. In 1844, on the disruption of the Church of
Scotland, the (Free) Presbyterian Synod of Canada was organized.
Training colleges were established at Toronto, Halifax, Montreal, and
other centres. In 1861 the Free and United Presbyterian synods united as
the Synod of Canada Presbyterian Church; and in 1875 all Presbyterian
bodies became one in the Presbyterian Church in Canada. =Index=: =E=
Secures a share of Clergy Reserves, 153. =B= George Brown's attitude to,
2; the _British Chronicle_ and "disruption," 4; the _Banner_ largely
devoted to the interests of, 5, 6. =R= Claims equality with Anglicans,
39; statistics in Upper Canada, 51. =W= Represented by one in New
Brunswick Assembly, 69. =Bib.=: Torrance, _Origin of the Canadian
Presbyterian Church_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4; Gregg, _History of
the Presbyterian Church in Canada_.
=Prescott, Richard= (1725-1788). Born in England. Entered the army, and
promoted major, 1756; lieutenant-colonel, 1762, and served in Europe
during the Seven Years' War. In 1773 sent as colonel of the 7th Foot to
Canada, and during the next two years rendered good service. In 1775,
during the investment of Montreal by the Americans, surrounded while on
the way to Quebec with troops and stores, and captured. In September,
1776, exchanged; and in December, third in command of the British army,
until again made prisoner, July 10, 1777. Released, and the same year
became major-general, and in 1782 lieutenant-general. =Index=: =Dr=
Placed in charge of Montreal, 89; leaves Montreal with Carleton, 112;
captured by Americans, 113. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Prescott, Sir Robert= (1725-1816). Born in Lancashire, England.
Educated for the army. Promoted captain of the 15th Foot, 1755; served
in the expeditions against Rochefort, 1757, and Louisbourg, 1758.
Aide-de-camp to Amherst, 1759; afterwards served under Wolfe in Canada.
Promoted major, 1761; lieutenant-colonel, 1762. During the American
Revolution, 1775, took part in the battle of Long Island, and at the
attack on Fort Washington; engaged in the expedition against
Philadelphia, 1777; promoted brevet-colonel, and took part in the battle
of Brandywine; promoted colonel, 1780; major-general, 1781;
lieutenant-general, 1793. Sent in 1794 to Martinique, which he reduced.
On April 10, 1796, appointed governor of Canada in succession to Lord
Dorchester, who was recalled. In that year the fortifications at Quebec
were greatly strengthened under his direction. In 1797 also appointed
governor of Nova Scotia and of New Brunswick. Held all three positions
until his recall to England, 1799. =Index=: =Bk= Succeeds Dorchester as
governor of Canada, 38. =Dr= Succeeds Dorchester as governor, 303.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bradley, _The Making of Canada_; Lucas,
_History of Canada_.
=President and Little Belt.= =Bk= Affair of, 173.
=Preston, Major.= =Dr= Sent to occupy fort at St. Johns, 84; surrenders
to Montgomery, 102.
=Prevert.= =Ch= Explorer, gives information to Champlain respecting a
copper mine, 13.
=Prevost, Augustin= (1725?-1786). Father of Sir George Prevost. Entered
the army; served under Wolfe at Quebec, 1759; became lieutenant-colonel,
1761, colonel, 1777; major-general, 1779; defeated General Ashe at Brier
Creek, 1779, and defended Savannah against the Americans the same year.
=Index=: =Hd= Haldimand's correspondence with, 294, 338; proposed
appointment of, 330. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Prevost, Major Augustin.= Son of preceding. =Index=: =Hd= Interested in
settlement of Haldimand's lands in Pennsylvania, 315; his father,
General Prevost, also a friend of Haldimand's, 316.
=Prevost, Sir George= (1767-1816). Born in New York. Entered the army;
took part in the battles of St. Vincent, Dominica, and St. Lucia. In
1803 created a baronet and promoted major-general. In 1803 appointed
governor of Nova Scotia, and in 1812, governor of Canada and commander
of the forces in British North America. In 1812-1813 rendered important
service in the defence of Canada against the Americans, but was
unsuccessful in his operations in the invasion of New York state, being
severely defeated, Sept. 11, 1814. =Index=: =Bk= Governor of Nova
Scotia, and second in military command in British North America, 101;
arrives in Canada as governor-general and commander of forces, 157;
previous career, 157, 158; his appointment satisfactory to
French-Canadians, 158; appoints Bedard to judgeship, 158; hampered by
his instructions from England, 184; his despatch with reference to the
John Henry letters, 188; his cautious instructions to Brock, 190, 194,
204, 216; receives news of declaration of war, 203; officially informed
of it, 207; his instructions to Captain Roberts at St. Joseph, 210;
praises Roberts for his prompt action, 227; his despatch to Lord
Bathurst, 227; sends money and stores to Upper Canada, 229; sends
proposal for armistice to General Dearborn, 233; letter of
congratulation to Brock, 268, 269; notifies Brock of termination of
armistice, 269; disapproves of Brock's proposal to attack Sackett's
Harbour, 271; his pacific policy approved by British government, 271;
speaks of "infatuation" of British ministers regarding American affairs,
277; letter to Brock recommending attitude of defence, 288; his despatch
on victory at Detroit, 295. =P= Arrives as governor, 1811, 32; political
quiet restored for a time, 32, 39. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Lucas,
_Canadian War of 1812_. _See also_ War of 1812.
=Prevost.= =F= Town-major of Quebec, 257; strengthens defences, 284.
=Prevote (Provost's court).= =F= Abolished, 1674, reestablished, 1677,
107.
=Price.= =Dr= A disaffected Montrealer, 122, 123.
=Price, David Edward= (1826-1833). Born in Quebec. Interested in
lumbering. Sat in the Assembly for Chicoutimi and Saguenay, 1855-1864.
Although English-speaking and a Protestant, returned to the Legislative
Council for a purely French-Canadian district, 1864. Appointed to the
Senate, 1867.
=Price, James Hervey= (1797-1882). Born in England. Came to Canada and
settled at Toronto, 1828. Studied law and called to the bar, 1833. Took
a leading part in the agitation preceding the Rebellion of 1837, but not
concerned in the Rebellion itself. Elected to the Canadian Assembly as
member for the 1st Riding of York, 1841; during the succeeding years one
of the most influential members of the Assembly; held office as
commissioner of crown lands in the La Fontaine-Baldwin government,
1848-1851; defeated at the election of 1851 and retired from public
life. Returned to England and settled at Shirley, near Southampton. Died
in Shirley. =Index=: =E= Returned to Parliament, 1848, 50; commissioner
of crown lands, in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; his views on Clergy
Reserves, 160, 161, 162. =BL= Commissioner of crown lands--supports
Baldwin, 214; his resolution, 215, 216; elected for York, 279;
commissioner of crown lands, 284; resolution on Clergy Reserves, 346,
348. =Mc= At Doel's brewery, 330; rebels meet at his house, 362. =Bib.=:
Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_ and _Last Forty Years_.
=Prices of Commodities.= =S= In Upper Canada, 114.
=Prideaux, John= (1718-1759). Born in Devonshire, England. Entered the
army in 1739 as an ensign. In 1743 took part in the battle of Dettingen;
in 1745 promoted captain; in 1748 became lieutenant-colonel; in 1758
colonel; and in 1759 brigadier-general. In 1759 appointed by Pitt,
commander of a division of the army in Canada, under the supreme command
of General Amherst. Ordered by Amherst to attack Fort Niagara, then one
of the strongest of the French forts. On July 7, 1759, made the first
assault on the fort, and on July 11 repulsed an attack by the French. On
the same day, while directing the artillery fire, killed by the bursting
of one of his own guns. Succeeded by Sir William Johnson, who carried
out his plan of operations, the fort capitulating on July 24, 1759.
=Index=: =Hd= Marches against Fort Niagara, 25; death of, 26. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Parkman, _Montcalm
and Wolfe_.
=Priests.= =Dr= Introduction of, from France, prohibited, 257.
=Primogeniture.= =E= Abolished in Upper Canada with respect to real
estate, 87.
=Prince, Colonel.= =Mc= Defends Windsor, 447; shoots prisoners, 447;
condemnation for, 448.
=Prince Edward Island.= Under the name of Isle St. John, it appears in
Champlain's narrative and on his map. The name is found on earlier maps,
and both the discovery and naming of the island have been attributed to
Cabot, and again to Cartier, but without sufficient proof. It bore that
name until the year 1798, when the present form was adopted, in honour
of the Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria. During the French regime,
it was largely settled by Acadian families, but these were expelled
after the island came under British rule. In 1769 the island was granted
to a number of proprietors, and settlement was very slow. It formed part
of Nova Scotia until 1769, when it was made a separate province.
Responsible government was granted in 1851; and in 1873 the province
entered Confederation. =Index=: =E= Land question in, 143-144; 174-175.
=B= Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. =Md= Electors reject
proposals of Quebec Conference in 1865, 147; again reject Confederation
terms in 1866, 147; Macdonald's interest in acquisition of, 148;
financial difficulties lead to union in 1873, 148-149; railway debt of,
assumed by Canada, 149. =Dr= Carleton arranges to visit, 235; difficulty
in transfer of governorship from Patterson to Fanning, 235. _See also_
Charlottetown. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Prince Edward Island_.
=Prince of Wales College.= Located at Charlottetown, Prince Edward
Island. Founded, 1860, and amalgamated with the provincial Normal
School, 1879.
=Prince of Wales Fort.= At the mouth of the Churchill River, Hudson Bay.
Built by the Hudson's Bay Company, between the years 1733 and 1771. It
was of massive masonry, 37 to 42 feet thick; 310 feet long on the north
and south sides, and 317 on the east and west; and is said to have been
designed by English military engineers. The walls are still standing,
though parts have fallen in. The parapet mounted forty guns, which are
still on the walls. _See_ Tyrrell's Introduction to Hearne's _Journey_
(Champlain Society ed., 1910). Hearne was governor of the fort in 1782,
when it was captured by the French under Admiral La Perouse. The fort
was built on Eskimo Point, just west of the mouth of the river. The
present Hudson's Bay Company post stands on the site of a much earlier
fort, built by the Company in 1688. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay
Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.
=Prince of Wales Island.= On the north-west coast of North America.
=Index=: =D= Recognized as Russian territory by Convention of 1825, 118.
=Pringle, Captain.= =Dr= Commands flotilla on Lake Champlain, 154.
=Prison Reform.= =B= Need of, in Upper Canada, shown by George Brown,
90; his strong interest in, 91-92.
=Prisoners.= =Dr= British, in America, 201; exchange of, after
Revolutionary War, 207, 208; hardships suffered by Germans captured by
Burgoyne, 208, 209; refuse service either as farm labourers or in
American army, 210, 211; liberation and embarkation of, 214.
=Proclamation, Royal.= =Dr= Following treaty of Paris, 7; its
provisions, 7, 8.
=Proclamation of 1764.= =P= Attorney-general Yorke's opinion of, 11-13;
Solicitor-general Wedderburne's views on, 14.
=Procter, Henry A.= (1787-1859). Born in Wales. Served in the army, and
became colonel of his regiment. In 1812, being stationed in Canada,
ordered by General Brock to prevent the landing of the American troops
under General Hull at Amherstburg. This he successfully accomplished,
and later defeated the enemy at Brownstown. In 1813 inflicted a severe
defeat on the Americans, under General James Winchester, at Frenchtown
on the river Raisin. For these services promoted brigadier-general. In
August, 1813, forced to retire from Fort Stephenson by Major Croghan. On
Oct. 5, defeated by General W.H. Harrison at the battle of the Thames.
For this disaster tried by court-martial and sentenced to be suspended
for six months from rank and pay. Afterwards reinstated; served during
the later stages of the war, and promoted lieutenant-general. =Index=:
=Bk= In command of Niagara frontier, 205; sent to Amherstburg, 215, 235;
second in command to Brock, 247; opposed to the attempt on Detroit, 267.
=Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. _See also_ War of 1812.
=Programme Catholique.= =C= Issued by _Le Parti Catholique_, 82; its
terms, 82; disapproved of by Archbishop Taschereau, 82-83.
=Prohibition.= =T= Bill introduced by Tilley in New Brunswick, 34;
difficulty with its enforcement, 35-39; causes defeat of government, 41;
Act repealed, 41. _See also_ Liquor question; Brandy question.
=Protection.= =B= Beginnings of agitation for, in Canada, 231; opposed
by George Brown, 232-233; at the bottom of objections to proposed
Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 232, 233; secret of its success in 1878,
241. =C= Cartier's views on, 115-116. _See also_ National policy.
=Protestant Protective Association.= =Md= Carries on an anti-Roman
Catholic campaign, 289.
=Protestants.= =Dr= Feeling aroused among, in connection with Quebec
Act, 69. =Ch= Fanaticism of Huguenot agents, 86; had large share of
trade, 110; proposed to exclude, 110. =L= Protestantism proscribed in
Canada under the French regime, 12.
=Provencal.= =Ch= Uncle of Champlain, officer in Spanish naval service,
2.
=Provincial Secretaries.= =Sy= Duties assigned to, 331.
=Prud'homme.= =WM= Commands Montreal militia, 105.
=Prussia.= =Hd= Becomes a first-class power, 6.
=Public Works.= =Sy= Expenditure on, in Lower and Upper Canada,
respectively, 317, 318; home government advances money for completion
of, 320.
=Puget Sound Agricultural Company.= =D= Organized, 129; agricultural
interests of Hudson's Bay Company handed over to, 129; its farms,
129-130; checkered career, 130; McLoughlin first manager, 130; disputes
with United States, 130-131; claims settled by commission, 131; Douglas
succeeds McLoughlin as manager, 132; epidemic of fever and ague follows
first turning of soil about Fort Vancouver, 132; land claims on
Vancouver Island, 198; dispute with Langford, 199. =Bib.=: Bancroft,
_History of the North-West Coast_.
=Punshon, William Morley= (1824-1881). Born in England. Engaged for a
time in the timber business with his father; joined the Methodists,
1838, and ordained a Wesleyan minister, 1845. Worked in London,
1858-1868, and in Canada, 1868-1873, when he returned to England.
=Index=: =R= Ryerson's friendship for, 285; comes to Canada, 285-286;
Ryerson's letter to, 288-289. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=Purchas, Samuel= (1575?-1626). A graduate of St. John's College,
Cambridge. Rector of St. Martin's, Ludgate, London, 1614-1626. Fell heir
to a number of unpublished narratives left by Hakluyt, and edited them
with many others, in his collections of voyages and travels. =Index=:
=Ch= Gives in his _Pilgrims_ English version of Champlain's first
narrative, 15. =Bib.=: _Purchas his Pilgrimage_, 1613; _Purchas his
Pilgrim_, 1619; _Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes_, 1625.
=Purchase of Commissions.= =Dr= In Loyalist corps, 217.
=Putnam, Charles S.= =W= A leading barrister of Fredericton, 11.
=Quadra, Juan Francisco de la Bodega y= (1744?-1794). Knight of the
Order of Santiago. Made voyages of exploration to the North-West Coast
in 1775 and 1779. Governor of Nootka, and met Vancouver there in 1792
for the purpose of arranging the restoration of Nootka to the British
crown. =Index=: =D= Voyage to North-West Coast, 7, 14; at Bay of
Islands, 15; takes possession for Spain, 15; searches for Strait of
Anian, 15; fails to discover mouth of Columbia, 15; sights Mount St.
Elias and enters Prince William's Sound, 15; meets Vancouver at Nootka,
33. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.
=Quakers.= =S= Try to bring about peace with Indians, 122. =Hd= Of
Pennsylvania, their opposition to the government, 11, 12. =Bk=
Emigration of, from Pennsylvania to Upper Canada, 49.
=Quebec Act, 1774.= Provided that the boundaries of the province of
Quebec in the west should extend from Lake Erie to the Ohio, along the
Ohio to the Mississippi, and north to the territories of the Hudson's
Bay Company; guaranteed the French-Canadians in the free exercise of
their religion; provided for the continuance of the criminal law of
England, and for the appointment of a Legislative Council, with limited
powers. =Index=: =E= Guarantees institutions of French Canada, 24. =Dr=
Introduced in House of Lords, 63; its delimitation of Canada gives
offence to older colonies, 63; concedes full religious liberty to Roman
Catholics and establishes French civil law, 64; opposition to, 65;
passed, 65; corporation of London petitions king to withhold assent, 69;
saves Canada to British crown, 78; agitation against, 79-81; goes into
force, 81, 89. =L= Beneficial operation of, 13. =Sy= Its effect in
creating cleavage between French and English in Canada, 62; precipitated
by American Revolution, 65; not carried out in its integrity, 66, 67; a
mistake as preventing the unification of Canada, 91. =BL= Its
provisions, 2-3; opposition to, 4; its results, 4. =P= Gives
French-Canadians long-deferred justice, 7; establishes French civil law,
9; the _magna charta_ of French-Canadians, 9, 16; its genesis and
history, 11. =Mc= Commentary on, 47; cause of its repeal, 47. =Hd=
Extends Quebec to Mississippi, 93; obnoxious to New Englanders, 101; not
satisfactory to English inhabitants, 173, 175; in Haldimand's opinion,
saved the country from going over to the enemy, 174; and estates of
Ursuline nuns, 179; opposition to, 180; repeal wanted, 188, 264;
Haldimand's opinion of, 195; his use of, 273. =Bib.=: Houston,
_Constitutional Documents of Canada_; Bourinot, _Constitutional History
of Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Constitutional Documents_;
Bradley, _The Making of Canada_; Lucas, _History of Canada_. _See also_
Dorchester.
=Quebec City.= Founded by Champlain (_q.v._), in 1608. Seventy-three
years earlier, Jacques Cartier had sailed up the great river, and landed
near the same spot, wintering in a creek not far from the native town of
Stadacone. Champlain, in 1608, built a rude fort, the _Abitation de
Quebec_, and a warehouse. There he and his men spent the winter, but
before succour arrived in the spring, most Of them died of scurvy. Had a
man of less courage and resourcefulness been in Command, the infant
settlement of Quebec might have died a natural death. Champlain kept it
alive, and, though harassed by enemies, and neglected by the motherland,
the town grew steadily from the year of its birth. Quebec has passed
through five sieges, that of Kirke in 1629, that of Phipps, 1690, the
great siege of 1759, Levis's siege of 1760, and that of Montgomery and
Arnold, 1775-1776. =Index=: =Bk= The centre of society in Canada, 46;
defective state of fortifications, 75; defences of in early years of
nineteenth century, 89, 90, 94. =Sy= Charter of, reestablished, 255;
change in electoral limits of, 285; two members assigned to, 285. =L=
Church erected at, 84; placed under patronage of Immaculate Conception
and St. Louis, 85; not less pious as a community than Montreal, 92;
conflagration at, 186; siege of, by expedition under Phipps, 229-231.
=B= Brown's objection to, as seat of government, 70; gross election
frauds in 1857, 99; fortifications of, to be completed by England, 186.
=Dr= Carleton's report on fortifications of, 44; fortifications of,
improved by Cramahe, 117; attack by Montgomery and Arnold on, repulsed,
125-131; garrison of, greatly encouraged, 133; gayety in, during winter
of 1776-1777, 162; unreasonable demands of British inhabitants of, 252,
253. =F= Foundations of, 7; capture of, by Kirke, 20; restored to
France, 23; population of city in 1666, 56; first ball given at, 59; sea
expedition planned against, by New Englanders, 268-277; defences
strengthened, 284; attack by squadron under Phipps, 285-300; defences
further strengthened, 326. =E= Seat of government at, 78; Lord Elgin's
references to, in his farewell address, 205-206. =WM= In 1756,
description of, 15; Wolfe's plan for attacking, 76; fortifications
afforded no protection, 79; batteries at, 95; batteries of, have no
effect against enemy's works at Pointe Levis, 113; discouragement of
inhabitants, 113; general exodus from, 115; bombardment of, 115; thieves
pillage the houses, 122; pitiable condition of, 160; abandoned by the
enemy, the citizens call for capitulation, 224; garrison of,
disorganized, 230; capitulation of, 230-235; rejoicing in England over
fall of, 238; Vaudreuil maintains spies in, 243; sickness in British
garrison of, 243. =Ch= Fortifications of, 157; slow progress of
settlement at, 167; terms of capitulation of, 190-192; keys of, handed
to Lewis Kirke, 195; English flag hoisted over, 196; names of families
remaining at, after surrender, 196; passes again under French rule, 224;
population in 1629, 208; destructive fire at, 1640, 241. =BL= Boundaries
of, for political purposes changed by Sydenham, restored in 1842, 146;
aspires to honour of capital, 181; seat of government, 338. =Md= Shares
with Toronto the honour of seat of government, for sixteen years, 39;
dispute over capital, 77; dissatisfaction of, over selection of Ottawa
as capital, 85; conference on Confederation meets at, in 1864, 104-105.
=Hd= Besieged by Wolfe, 25; news arrives of surrender of, 29; defended
by Murray, 34; Murray lieutenant-governor of, 41; roads to, 45, 46; uses
St. Maurice forges, 47; government of, 49; enlistment of
French-Canadians in, 55-56; Haldimand arrives at, 117; Indians brought
to, 152; fortifications of, strengthened, 183; prisons in, 187;
threatened by French fleet, 188; census of, taken, 190; old customs of,
192, 221-224; Riedesels at, 220, 300-304; education in, 233-235; food
supply of, 239; Nelson at, 244; rebel sympathizers in, 279; Du Calvet
in, 286, 287; Haldimand's life in, 298; Haldimand sails from, 310;
Haldimand Hill in, named after him, 346. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New
France_; Le Moine, _Historical Notes on Quebec_; MacPherson,
_Reminiscences of Old Quebec_; Hawkins, _Picture of Quebec_; Douglas,
_Old France in the New World_; Le Moine, _Quebec Past and Present_;
Parker, _Old Quebec_.
=Quebec Committee.= =Sy= Its address to the electors in opposition to
the union, 288.
=Quebec Conference, 1864.= To discuss terms of Confederation. =Index=:
=C= Cauchon's commentaries on the resolutions, 24. =B= Division of
authority between federal and provincial Legislatures, 163; residuary
powers, 163-164; constitution of the Senate, 164-165; financial
question, 165; resolutions adopted, 165; George Brown on, 165-166;
delegates tour Canada, 166; its character defined, 205. =H= Frames
scheme of Confederation, 178-179; Howe opposes the scheme, 185-191. =Md=
Meets at Quebec, Oct. 10, 1864, to discuss union of provinces, 104;
Tache selected as chairman, 104; deliberations behind closed doors, 105;
passes seventy-two resolutions along main lines upon which Confederation
was finally accomplished, 106; Macdonald's notes on, 106; legislative
_vs._ federal union, 107-109, 245-247; financial relations of provinces
and Dominion, 110; constitution of Senate, 110-112; question of
representation, 112-113. =T= Deals with Intercolonial Railway question,
54; history of, 76-80. =Bib.=: Pope, _Confederation Documents_;
Cauchon, _Union of the Provinces_; Whelan, _Union of the British
Provinces_; Rawlings, _Confederation of the British North American
Provinces; Confederation Debates_.
=Quebec General Hospital=. =WM= Care taken of wounded British in, 153;
British guard placed on, 223; Levis takes possession of, 265; painful
scenes at, described, 265, 266. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_.
=Quebec, Hotel Dieu=. =F= Origin of, 28. =L= Laval lodges at, for a
time, 33; nuns of, take charge of the general hospital, 236. =Bib.=:
Doughty, _Cradle of New France_.
=Quebec Library=. Founded at Quebec in 1779. The first public library in
what is now Canada. On Jan. 7 of that year, the following advertisement
appeared in the Quebec _Gazette_: "A subscription has been commenced for
establishing a publick library for the city and district of Quebec. It
has met with the approbation of His Excellency the Governor and of the
Bishop, and it is hoped that the institution, so particularly useful in
this country, will be generally encouraged." The idea of the library
originated with Governor Haldimand, and the first lot of books was
purchased in England, under his instructions, by Richard Cumberland, the
dramatist. An Act of incorporation obtained in 1840. Five years later,
the library was absorbed by the Quebec Library Association, founded
1843; and in 1866 the Association dissolved and sold its books to the
Quebec Literary and Historical Society (_q.v._). =Bib.=: A detailed
account of the Quebec Library, and the Quebec Library Association, will
be found in Wuertele's paper, in Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. _Trans._,
1887-1889.
=Quebec Literary and Historical Society=. Founded at Quebec in 1824,
largely through the influence and liberality of the Earl of Dalhousie,
then governor-general. Its purposes were "to discover and rescue from
the unsparing hand of time the records which yet remain of the earliest
history of Canada. To preserve while in our power, such documents as may
be found amid the dust of yet unexplored depositories, and which may
prove important to general history and to the particular history of this
province." In 1829, another similar organization was absorbed; and in
1831 the society was incorporated by Act of Parliament. The library had
been started the previous year, as well as the museum. Both have grown
steadily, despite serious losses from fires. =Bib.=: The publications
consist of _Transactions_ and _Historical Documents_. The first volume
of the former appeared in 1829, and the first part of the latter in
1838. The _Trans._, for 1887-1889 contain an account of the Society, its
publications and its library, by F. C. Wuertele, who also published in
1891 an Index to the series of publications.
=Quebec, Province of=. Area 351,873 square miles. Formed the principal
part of Canada, as ceded to Britain in 1763. Under the Quebec Act, 1774,
its boundaries extended west to the Ohio and Mississippi. In 1791, the
province was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, with the Ottawa River
as the boundary; in 1841 the two provinces were again united; and in
1867, Quebec became a province of the Dominion. The period of military
rule extended from the conquest to 1764, when civil government was
established. In 1775 the first Legislative Council met at Quebec.
Constitutional government was established in 1791; and responsible
government in 1841. =Index=: =Dr= Government of, embraced Canada, 7. =S=
Divided, 1. =Md= Seigniorial Tenure in, 14; difficulties of
Confederation in, 101; supports Confederation, 115; "doubtful and
expectant" on entry into Dominion, 129; representation in Cabinet, 133;
result of election of 1867 in, 141; excitement in, over Riel question,
242-244; Cartier's influence in, 266. _See also_ Quebec Act;
Constitutional Act; Seigniorial Tenure; Ninety-Two Resolutions;
Responsible government; Rebellion of 1837; Lower Canada.
=Quebec Revenue Act.= =Sy= Provided fund for carrying on colonial
government, 83. =Bib.=: Houston, _Constitutional Documents of Canada_.
=Quebec Seminary.= Opened 1668, in a house belonging to the widow of
Guillaume Couillard, at the entrance to the governor's garden.
Corner-stone of the first separate building laid in 1678; enlarged,
1701; restored and enlarged after the fire of 1866. =Index=: =F=
Establishment of, 48. =L= Founded by Laval, 10, 47-50; empowered to
collect tithes, 50; Laval transfers his personal income to, 56;
affiliated with Foreign Missions of Paris, 57, 140; buildings erected
for, 58; total destruction of, by fire, 58, 240; Saint-Vallier's high
opinion of, 203; sends missionaries to Louisiana, 208; Saint-Vallier
makes important changes in, 236; destroyed a second time by fire, 241.
_See also_ Laval University. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_.
=Quebec, Siege of, 1629.= The previous year, David Kirke had sailed up
the river, and sent a demand for the surrender of the fort, which
Champlain peremptorily refused. Kirke thereupon returned to the gulf to
meet the French fleet under De Roquemont, which he captured after a
battle which lasted fifteen hours, and carried his prizes and prisoners
back to England. The following year he returned, with a fleet of three
sails, and Champlain surrendered the fort, the more readily as the
little garrison was at the point of starvation. =Index=: _See_ Quebec
City; Kirke. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_;
Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.
=Quebec, Siege of, 1690.= Sir William Phipps, having captured Port Royal
in May of this year, appeared before Quebec in October, with thirty-two
ships and a force of over two thousand men. He immediately summoned
Frontenac to surrender, and got a contemptuous refusal. Quebec was well
defended both in men and guns, and after a fruitless attack on the town
from the Beauport flats, and a subsequent bombardment in which he did
much less damage to the town than his ships suffered from Frontenac's
batteries, Phipps abandoned the siege. A little church then building in
the Lower Town was named _Notre Dame de la Victoire_, to commemorate the
victory. =Index=: _See_ Quebec city; Phipps. =Bib.=: Myrand, _Sir
William Phipps devant Quebec_; Parkman, _Frontenac_.
=Quebec, Siege of, 1759.= Following the capture of Louisbourg, Duquesne,
and Fort Frontenac, in the campaign of 1758, two expeditions were sent
the following year against Quebec, one by land under Amherst, the second
by water under Wolfe and Saunders. The French forces were commanded by
Montcalm, whose plans were hampered at every stage by the interference
of the governor, Vaudreuil. Wolfe commanded the attacking army, and
Saunders the fleet. The former had as brigadiers Townshend, Monckton,
and Murray. Montcalm had a force of over fourteen thousand men, partly
regulars and partly militia. Wolfe's army numbered less than nine
thousand men, but all were regulars. After bombarding the city from the
Levis shore, Wolfe, on July 31, made an unsuccessful attack at
Montmorency. Several ineffective efforts followed, and it was not until
early in September that Wolfe matured the plans which led to ultimate
success. Landing his men at a cove two miles above the city, on the
night of the twelfth, he had three thousand men upon the heights of
Abraham before daybreak. Montcalm hastily assembled his troops and led
them to the attack, but was completely defeated. During the battle, both
Wolfe and Montcalm were mortally wounded, and five of the French
brigadiers fell upon the field. The French were pursued to the gates of
the city, and Townshend, who had succeeded to the command, had
difficulty in re-forming his troops to repel an attack from the rear by
Bougainville. The latter, however, after a brief engagement, was forced
to retire; and the British remained masters of the field. Five days
later, the city capitulated to Saunders and Townshend. =Index=: _See_
Quebec City; Wolfe; Montcalm. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Woods,
_Logs of the Conquest of Canada_ and _Fight for Canada_; Bradley, _The
Fight with France_; Knox, _Historical Journal_; Waddington, _La Guerre
de Sept Ans_.
=Quebec, Siege of, 1760.= After the battle of Ste. Foy, April 20, 1760,
Murray retreated within the walls of Quebec, and Levis laid siege to the
town. The defences were in a feeble state, but Murray strengthened them
by forming a wall of ice. In May a British fleet appeared, and Levis,
seeing that the cause was lost, hastily raised the siege. =Bib.=:
Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_ and _Cradle
of New France_; Waddington, _La Guerre de Sept Ans_.
=Quebec, Siege of, 1775-1776.= _See_ American invasion; Montgomery;
Arnold; Dorchester. =Bib.=: Anderson, _Siege and Blockade of Quebec_
(Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. _Trans._, 1872); Strange, _Historical Notes
on the Defence of Quebec_ (Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. _Trans._, 1875).
=Queen Charlotte Islands.= A group in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast
of British Columbia. Discovered by Captain Cook in 1778. Captain George
Dixon examined both the eastern and western shores of the islands in
1787, and named them after his ship, the _Queen Charlotte_. The natives
are known as Haidas. =Index=: =D= Portlock and Dixon discover that group
is not part of mainland, 22; discovery confirmed by Duncan in 1788, 22;
Douglas at, 29; coal discovered, 191; discovery of gold, 219. =Bib.=:
Poole, _Queen Charlotte Islands_; Chittenden, _Report of Exploration of
Queen Charlotte Islands_; Dawson, _Report on the Queen Charlotte
Islands_ (Geol. Survey, 1878-1879).
=Queen's Brigade (French).= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 262.
=Queen's Rangers.= =Dr= Commanded by Colonel Simcoe, 202. =S= Raising
of, 22; Simcoe obtains command of, 22; disperse large body of rebel
militia, 26-29; ordered to Virginia, 33; capture large quantity of
enemy's stores, 34; defeat superior force at Spencer's Ordinary, 36;
surrender with army of Cornwallis, 37; placed on roster of British army,
39; disbanded, 39; first division of, arrives in Canada, 49; transferred
from Niagara to Toronto, 203; employed to make Yonge Street road, 208,
216. =Bk= Stationed at Newark (Niagara), 57. =Bib.=: Simcoe, _Journal of
the Operations of the Queen's Rangers_.
=Queen's University.= Established at Kingston, Ontario. Founded in 1839,
and incorporated by royal charter in 1841. The first principal was Rev.
Thomas Liddell; succeeded by Dr. John Machar, Dr. John Cook, Dr. Leitch,
Dr. Snodgrass. In 1877 Dr. George Monro Grant became principal, and it
was due mainly to his enthusiasm and splendid organizing ability that
the university reached its present high state of efficiency. On the
death of Dr. Grant, in 1902, he was succeeded by Dr. D.M. Gordon.
=Index=: =R= Opened March, 1842, a Presbyterian institution, 135, 147;
Act of incorporation, 1840, 146; royal charter, 1841, 147; legislative
grant, 148; Dr. Liddell principal, 150; advocates university scheme,
150. =E= Proposal to make it part of a provincial university, 94. =BL=
Established by Presbyterians at Kingston, 194; refuses to come into
provincial university under terms of Baldwin's Bill, 295. =Bib.=:
Machar, _Sketch of Queen's University_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.
=Queenston.= Village on Canadian side of Niagara River. =Index=: =Bk= In
1803 an important village, 58. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.
=Queenston Heights, Battle of.= In War of 1812. Brock commanded the
British forces, consisting of regulars and militia, between 1500 and
2000 men, scattered along the Niagara River from Fort Erie to Fort
George. The opposing American forces numbered about 6000 men, similarly
distributed on the south bank of the river, under Stephen Van
Rensselaer. In the first skirmish, a few hundred men only were engaged
on either side, and the Americans finally gained the heights, brought up
reinforcements, and remained in possession for several hours. The
British losses included Brock and Macdonell. Sheaffe, on whom the
command had devolved, gathered together the scattered detachments of
British troops, 1000 strong, and marching them through the woods,
attacked the Americans from the inland side, and completely defeated
them. Many were driven over the banks into the river, and between 900
and 1000 surrendered, including Major-General Wadsworth and
Lieutenant-Colonel Winfield Scott. =Index=: =Bk= Account of battle,
300-312. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Currie, _Battle of
Queenston Heights_. _See also_ War of 1812.
=Quen, Jean de= (1603-1659). Born at Amiens. Came to Canada, 1635.
Laboured for many years among the Montagnais. In 1647, explored the
upper Saguenay and Lake St. John. Five years later returned, and
established a permanent mission on the shores of the lake. Superior of
the Canadian missions, 1655-1656. =Index=: =Ch= Parish priest of
Notre-Dame de la Recouvrance, 238. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by
Thwaites; Charlevoix, _History of New France_.
=Quentin, Barthelemy.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170.
=Quentin, Bonaventure, Sieur de Richebourg.= =Ch= Director of Company of
New France, 170.
=Quentin, Father Claude.= =Ch= Jesuit, visits Miscou, 234.
=Quesnel, Frederick A.= =Sy= Member of Special Council of Lower Canada,
opposes union, 193. =P= Withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; loses his
seat in Assembly, 102.
=Quesnel, Jules Maurice.= =D= Accompanies Simon Fraser on voyage down
the Fraser, 60. =MS= With Simon Fraser in New Caledonia, 108-109; river
named after, 109. =Bib.=: Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du
Nord-Ouest_.
=Queylus, Abbe de.= =F= Sulpician, appointed vicar-general for Canada,
42; sent back to France by Bishop Laval, 43. =L= His difficulties with
Laval, 7; Sulpicians desire his appointment as bishop, 25; recognizes
authority of Laval, 27; receives appointment as grand vicar to
archbishop of Rouen, 27; returns to France, 27; again in Canada, and
assumes charge of parish of Montreal, 28; suspended by Laval, returns to
France, 28; later returns to Canada and is made grand vicar at Montreal,
29; causes chapel to Ste. Anne to be erected at Beaupre, 101; arrival
of, 1668, 105; makes donation to hospital at Quebec, 107; Talon's
recommendation of, 107, 134; departure of, for France, 134; his great
liberality, 135. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.
=Quimper, Manuel.= Accompanied Eliza on his voyage to the North-West
Coast in 1790, and under his orders explored the Strait of Juan de Fuca,
and named various points on both sides of the strait. Returned to
Monterey, Mexico, in September, 1790. =Index=: =D= Examines both shores
of Juan de Fuca Strait, 1790, 26. =Bib.=: Walkran, _British Columbia
Coast-Names_.
=Quinte, Bay of.= An inlet of Lake Ontario, on the north shore. The name
is of Iroquois origin. A number of Cayugas settled here about the middle
of the seventeenth century; and in 1668 two Sulpicians, Trouve and
Fenelon, were sent from Montreal to open a mission among these "Iroquois
of the North." About 1783, permanent settlements on the shores of the
bay were made by United Empire Loyalists and disbanded officers and men
of regiments serving in Canada. About the same time a number of Mohawks
settled in the township of Tyendenaga--named after Joseph Brant.
=Index=: =Hd= Iroquois settlement on, 265. =Bib.=: Conant, _Life in
Canada_ and _Upper Canada Sketches_.
=Quintin's Bridge.= =S= Skirmish at, 24.
=Quinton, James.= =T= Candidate in St. John County, New Brunswick. 85,
109.
=Radisson, Pierre Esprit= (1620?-1710?). Born in Paris. Came to Canada
in 1651, and settled at Three Rivers. In 1652 captured by the Iroquois
and carried off to their country, where by great good fortune he escaped
the following year. In 1657 had the hardihood to make a voluntary visit
to the Onondagas; in 1658 explored the country south-west of Lake
Superior, discovered the Mississippi, and possibly went beyond. In 1661
made another journey to the west, accompanied as on the previous journey
by his brother-in-law, Medard Chouart; wintered among the Sioux, and the
following year explored the country north of Lake Superior, and
apparently penetrated to James Bay. In 1665 went to England and offered
his services to lead a trading expedition to Hudson Bay. The result of
this trading venture was the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company.
In 1674, returned to the service of France, led an expedition to Hudson
Bay in 1682, and captured an English ship. In 1684 once more changed his
allegiance, and from that year to the time of his death remained in the
service of the Hudson's Bay Company. =Index=: =F= Proceedings of, in
Hudson Bay, 204-205. =Bib.=: _Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson_ (Prince
Society, Boston, 1885); _Relation du Voiage du Sieur Pierre Esprit
Radisson_ (Canadian Archives _Report_, 1895); Sulte, _Radisson in the
North-West_ (R. S. C., 1904); _Decouverte du Mississippi_ (R. S. C.,
1903); Prud'homme, _Notes Historiques sur la Vie de Radisson_; Dionne,
_Chouart et Radisson_ (R. S. C., 1893, 1894); Bryce, _Further History of
Pierre Esprit Radisson_ (R. S. C., 1898) and _Hudson's Bay Company_;
Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_ and _The Conquest of the Great
North-West_.
=Rae, John= (1813-1893). Served as a surgeon in the Hudson's Bay
Company. In 1846-1847 made two exploring expeditions. Accompanied
Richardson in his expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, 1848; and
in 1851 commanded another expedition which examined Wollaston Land.
During an expedition in 1853-1854, he obtained positive intelligence of
Franklin's death from the Eskimo on the west coast of Boothia. =Index=:
=MS= Journey in search of Franklin, 51; his method of provisioning his
party, 51; chief factor, 1850, 227; Franklin expedition, 228. =Bib.=:
_Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea_.
=Rae, W. G.= =D= Expedition on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; in
charge of Fort Stikine, 122; appointed to post on Yerba Buena Cove, San
Francisco Bay, 127; commits suicide, 1845, 127.
=Rafeix, Father.= =L= Jesuit, comes to Canada, 41.
=Rageot, Gilles.= =F= Clerk to attorney-general, 106.
=Ragueneau, Paul= (1605-1680). Born in Paris, France. Joined the Society
of Jesus, and in 1636 came to Canada as a missionary to the Indians. For
a few years worked among the Hurons, and in 1640 sent on a mission to
the Iroquois. In 1650 appointed superior of the missions. In 1657 went
on a mission to the Onondagas, and after finding that they had murdered
several Hurons, barely escaped with his life. Spent the next nine years
in labouring among the Hurons and other tribes, and in 1666 returned to
France, where he acted as agent for the Canadian missions until his
death. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_; Parkman, _Jesuits in
North America_.
=Raikes, Thomas.= =Sy= His description of Poulett Thomson, 43.
=Railways.= =E= History of, in Canada, 99; vigorous policy of La
Fontaine-Baldwin government, 99-101; and Hincks-Morin ministry, 114-117.
=C= Cartier favours building of, 45. =BL= Early charters for, in Canada,
301. =B= One from Quebec to Windsor and Sarnia advocated by George
Brown, 61; arrangements for building of Grand Trunk made by Hincks, 64;
Intercolonial negotiations fall through, 64. =H= Line from Halifax to
Windsor advocated by Joseph Howe in 1835, 117, 120; survey completed in
1849, 118; European and North American Railway projected, 121-125;
transcontinental railway foretold by Howe, 135; Nova Scotia Railway
Bills passed, 141, 143; government railways in Nova Scotia, 143-147;
railway riots in Nova Scotia, 157-158. =T= In New Brunswick, subsidies
to, 19-20. _See also_ Canadian Pacific Railway; Grand Trunk Railway;
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway; Intercolonial Railway; Canadian Northern
Railway; Northern Railway.
=Rainsford, John.= =F= Rescues comrades cast away on Anticosti, 304.
=Raisin, Sister Marie.= =L= Member of Congregation de Notre Dame, 91.
=Ralleau.= =Ch= Secretary of De Monts, 33.
=Ramesay, De.= =F= Commands militia in attack on Iroquois, 351.
=Ramezay, Claude de.= =WM= Commandant of garrison of Quebec, 214, 219;
describes despondency in city, 224; calls council which declares for
capitulation, 225; seeks pretext for capitulation, 230; capitulates,
231, 232. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for
Canada_.
=Rand, Theodore Harding= (1835-1900). Born at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia.
Educated at Horton Academy and at Acadia College. Taught for a time in
the provincial Normal School, Truro. Subsequently superintendent of
education in both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Occupied various
professorships in educational institutions; chancellor of McMaster
University, Toronto, 1892-1895. =Bib.=: Works: _At Minas Basin, and
other Poems_; _Song Waves and other Poems_; _Treasury of Canadian
Verse_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; MacMurchy, _Canadian
Literature_.
=Randal, Robert.= =Mc= Virginian, settled at Chippewa, 138; Mackenzie
defends, 138; goes to England about Alien Act, 139; success of his
mission, 142, 143.
=Randolph, Beverley= (1755-1797). Governor of Virginia. Born in Henrico
County, Virginia, and educated at William and Mary College. In 1784 was
appointed a visitor of the college. A member of the Virginia Assembly
during the American Revolution. In 1787 appointed president of the
Executive Council; and in 1788 governor of Virginia. =Index=: =S=
American commissioner to treat with Indians, 123; entertained by Simcoe
at Navy Hall, 184, 229. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Rangers (British).= =Hd= Established near Cataraqui, 265. =WM= Reembark
after fall of Quebec, 236. _See also_ Queen's Rangers.
=Rankin, Colonel.= =Md= Challenges Macdonald, but makes frank apology,
and meeting is averted, 81-82.
=Rankine, Alexander.= =T= Deserts Liberals in New Brunswick, 18.
=Rattray, William Jordan= (1835-1883). Born in London, England.
Emigrated to Canada, 1848. In 1858 graduated from Toronto University,
and later entered the journalistic profession. Published a number of
books on religious and general subjects; for several years on the
editorial staff of the Toronto _Mail_. Contributed to Canadian and
American periodicals. =Index=: =Mc= His opinion of Mackenzie, 5, 6, 12,
26; views on the Rebellion, 26; on destruction of the _Advocate_, 115;
opinion of Head, 307. =Bib.=: _The Scot in British North America_. For
biog., _see_ Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Raudot, Antoine-Denis= (1679-1737). Son of Jacques Raudot. Filled the
office of inspector-general of the navy at Dunkirk, before coming to
Canada with his father in 1705. Acted as assistant to the intendant;
recalled to France in 1710, and appointed intendant-general of seamen;
also made a director of the Company of the Indies. Succeeded his father
as councillor of marine. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_
(R. S. C., 1903).
=Raudot, Jacques= (1647-1728). Councillor to the Parliament of Metz in
1674; and to the Cour des Aides at Paris, 1678. Came to Canada as
intendant, 1705, and devoted himself with rare disinterestedness to the
welfare of the colony. Returned to France in 1711. =Bib.=: Roy,
_Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903).
=Razilly, Chevalier de.= =Ch= One of the Hundred Associates, 170;
ordered to assist Quebec, 200; instructions cancelled, 201; sent with
expedition to take possession of Quebec, 213.
=Re, Francois, Sieur de Gand.= =Ch= One of the Hundred Associates, 171.
=Read, David Breakenridge= (1823- ). Born in Augusta, Ontario. Educated
at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper
Canada, 1845; practised his profession in Toronto; appointed Q.C., 1858;
mayor of Toronto, 1858. =Index=: =Mc= On Mackenzie, 1; Mackenzie as a
reformer, 5; on responsible government, 12. =Bib.=: Works: _The Lives of
the Judges of Upper Canada_; _The Life and Times of General John Graves
Simcoe_; _The Life and Times of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock_; _The
Rebellion of 1837_; _The Lives of the Lieutenant-Governors of Upper
Canada and Ontario_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Reade, Alfred.= =W= Appointed by Governor Colebrooke as provincial
secretary of New Brunswick, 76; causes resignation of ministers, 76-78;
discussed in House, 79-80; appointment cancelled, 80.
=Rebellion Losses Bill.= =Mc= Furious debate on, between MacNab and
Blake, 489. =BL= Passed in 1847, 292; La Fontaine responsible for, 303;
its history, 305-334, 335, 336. =E= History of, 63-84; commission
appointed by Draper-Viger government, 64; report of commissioners, 65;
La Fontaine's resolutions, 67-68; new commission appointed, 68; bitter
opposition of Tories, 68-69; the debate, 69-70; public meetings held in
opposition to bill, 70; bill passed by both houses by large majorities,
70; Elgin gives royal assent, 71; his reasons for doing so, 72-73; the
Montreal riots, 73-77, 161, 203. =B= History of, 34-38. =C= John A.
Macdonald characterizes it as a reward for treason, 32. =Md=
Circumstances leading up to introduction of bill, 33-35; presented to
Legislature, 35; passes the Assembly, 36; consented to by Elgin, 36-38;
cause of unseemly riots, 38; causes division of opinion in British
Parliament, 41. _See also_ Rebellion of 1837 (Lower Canada). =Bib.=:
Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada.= The culmination of a long
agitation, on the part of the French-Canadians, for a larger measure of
popular government. The older and more experienced of their leaders
refused to overstep the bounds of constitutional agitation; but
Papineau, Wolfred Nelson, and a few more hot-headed enthusiasts
determined to resort to armed rebellion. A series of violent speeches
and demonstrations, in the summer and autumn of 1837, in which Papineau
was the central figure, led to incipient riots in Montreal and
elsewhere, and the decision of the authorities to arrest Papineau blew
the smouldering embers into a fierce blaze. Nelson and Brown gathered
their followers together at St. Denis and St. Charles on the Richelieu,
and Colonel Gore and Colonel Wetherall were sent to disperse them.
Shortly after, Amury Girod raised the flag of revolt at St. Eustache,
and Sir John Colborne led a force against him. In every case the rebels
were dispersed. Papineau, Nelson, Brown, and the other leaders fled.
Papineau and Brown escaped over the border. The others were captured and
exiled to Bermuda. The next year Robert Nelson and Dr. Cote made a final
attempt at Napierville. Nelson managed to escape, but his misguided
followers were captured, twelve executed, and eighty-seven transported
to Australia. =Index=: =C= Responsibility of the government for, 2;
Cartier's part in, 7; defence of, 9-10; the aftermath, 11; suspension of
the constitution of 1791, 11; origin of, 121-122. =Sy= In Lower Canada,
57. =B= Attributed by Durham to racial animosity, 11; his remedy, 12.
=P= Responsibility of the bureaucrats for, 24-25; street fights in
Montreal, 127; Demaray and Davignon arrested, and rescued by Bonaventure
Viger and party of _Patriotes_, 128; rebels gather at St. Denis and St.
Charles, 128; Colonel Gore's expedition up the Richelieu, and Colonel
Wetherall's against St. Charles, 128-132; the fight at St. Denis,
130-132; at St. Charles, 133; death of Lieutenant Weir, 134; the fight
at St. Eustache, 135-137; leaders sent into exile, 138-139; outbreak of
1838 crushed, 139-141; causes of the Rebellion, 143-161; O'Callaghan's
version, 146-149; Bouchette's views, 149-153. =BL= Papineau's connection
with, 45-46; history of, 45-49; its lessons, 51; general pardon,
287-288. =MS= Governor Simpson and Hudson's Bay Company influence
strongly against Papineau, 243. =H= Its effect on popular party in Nova
Scotia, 49. =E= Its causes, 17-21; Durham on, 18, 25-26; aftermath of
the Rebellion, 62-63; contrasted with the disturbances of 1849, 75-76;
spirit of its leaders, 91-92. =Md= Cartier involved in, 7; takes
advantage of amnesty, 7; passions kindled by, 13; and responsible
government, 23. _See also_ Ninety-Two Resolutions; Papineau; Nelson;
Rebellion Losses Bill. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_;
Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Carrier, _Les Evenements de 1837-1838_;
David, _Les Patriotes de 1837_; Globensky, _La Rebellion de 1837_;
Theller, _Canada in 1837-38_.
=Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada.= Almost the exact counterpart of the
revolt in the lower province. The leaders here were William Lyon
Mackenzie, Samuel Lount, Van Egmond, and Rolph. The plan was to march
upon Toronto, seize the city, and proclaim a republic. This was early in
December. On the night of the 5th, the insurgents marched on the city,
were met on the outskirts by a small body of Loyalists, and
ignominiously fled. The following day, having gained reinforcements,
they made a stand at Montgomery's tavern, and were completely routed by
the militia under MacNab. Mackenzie, Lount, and Rolph made their escape.
Lount was afterwards captured, tried, and hanged. Spasmodic efforts were
made in this and the following years, with the aid of American
sympathizers, to keep the Rebellion alive, but the movement had no
serious support in Canada, and in every case ended in disaster to the
rebels. =Index=: =Mc= Excuses for, 12; history of, 12-13; _Globe_
justifies, 13; J. S. Willison's view, 14; Lord Durham on the power of
rebellion, 14, 15; Lord Dalling and Bulwer on, 15, 16; Goldwin Smith's
view, 18, 27; how far justified, 23, 24; Edward Blake on, 26-27;
Chamberlain's view of, 28-30; Laurier's view of, 30, 31; "first low
murmur of insurrection," 300. =B= Attributed by Durham to ascendancy of
Family Compact, 11. =MS= Responsibility of Family Compact, 242; Hudson's
Bay Company influence supports government, 242. =BL= Mackenzie's and
Rolph's connection with, 43-45; Van Egmond leads rebel forces, 43;
attack planned at Toronto, 43; rebels gather at Montgomery's tavern,
43; and are dispersed by loyal troops under MacNab, 44; Baldwin's and
Lount's connection with, 44-45; general pardon, 287-288. =E= Its causes,
17, 18-21; the Sherwoods and Sir Allan MacNab take a conspicuous part in
suppressing, 31; aftermath of, 62-63; contrasted with disturbances of
1849, 75-76; spirit of its leaders, 91-92. =R= Mentioned, 113, 143. =Md=
Militia and volunteers called out, 7; John A. Macdonald serves at
Toronto, 7; trial of Von Schoultz, 8-9; passions kindled by, 13; and
responsible government, 23. _See also_ W. L. Mackenzie; Rolph; Lount;
Grievances. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Head, _Narrative_;
King, _Other Side of the Story_; Ryerson, _Affairs of the Canadas_;
Glenelg, _Despatches to Sir F. B. Head_; Read, _Rebellion of 1837_;
Lizars, _Humours of '37_.
=Reciprocity.= Efforts were made from time to time by Canada, between
the years 1847 and 1854, to secure the free admission of goods between
Canada and the United States, but without success until the latter year,
when Lord Elgin negotiated a treaty. It came into force in 1855, and was
abrogated in 1866, at the instance of the United States. The renewal of
the treaty was urged by Canada in 1866, 1869, 1871, 1874, 1879, 1887,
1892, and 1896, but in every instance the American authorities failed to
respond. =Index=: =B= Advocated by Elgin, 37; the treaty and its
abrogation, 148; George Brown's interest in, 192; Lincoln believed to be
favourable to, 192; Brown urges action, but nothing done, 192-193;
confederate council on, authorized, 192; Galt and Howland at Washington,
193; reciprocal legislation suggested by Seward, 193; Galt outlines
scheme, 193; Brown objects to terms and plan of reciprocal legislation
as against interests of Canada, 194; Brown's resentment at being set
aside in the formation of the confederate council, and his objection to
reciprocal legislation, lead to his resignation, 195; his attitude
towards proposed renewal of treaty of 1854, 223-224; failure of
negotiations of 1866, 224; changing attitude in Canada on subject,
224-225; Canadian offers of 1869 and 1871 rejected, 225; the Brown
treaty of 1874--history of the negotiations, 225-233; a treaty suggested
by Mr. Rothery as compensation for fisheries, 226; Brown sent on mission
to Washington, 226; joint plenipotentiary with Sir Edward Thornton for
negotiation of treaty, 226; terms of the proposed treaty, 227-228; Brown
corrects American ignorance as to balance of trade under old treaty,
228-230; and carries on active propaganda in American newspapers, 230;
treaty rejected by the United States Senate, 231; objections urged
against treaty in Canada, 231-232. =BL= Advocated by Hincks, 1849, 302;
movement for, with United States and Maritime Provinces, 338. =H=
Halifax Convention, 1849, affirms principle of reciprocity with United
States, 115-116. =E= Treaty urged by Elgin, 82; supported by La
Fontaine-Baldwin government, 101; Elgin negotiates treaty, 124; ratified
by MacNab-Morin government, 142; history of the treaty, 196-202. =Md=
Treaty negotiated by Elgin in 1854, 45, 98; speech by Howe in 1865,
favouring renewal of, 99; ended in 1866, 166, 215-216. =T= Discussed in
New Brunswick Assembly, 28; treaty arranged, 29; ratified in New
Brunswick, 30; bill passed, 33. _See also_ Elgin; Unrestricted
Reciprocity; Commercial Union; Zollverein. =Bib.=: Derby, _Report upon
the Treaty of Reciprocity_; Griffin, _The Provinces and the States_;
Howe, _The Reciprocity Treaty_; Haliburton, _American Protection and
Canadian Reciprocity_.
=Recollets.= A branch of the Franciscan order. First came to Canada in
1615, at the request of Champlain, and under the authority of Pope Paul
V. The same year they built a convent at Quebec. Of the four members of
the order who came out in 1615, Le Caron was assigned to the Huron
mission; Dolbeau to the Montagnais; and Jamay and Du Plessis remained at
Quebec. Among later members of the order, Sagard and Le Clerc became
famous as the historians of their missions in New France. =Index=: =F=
Brought out by Champlain, 13; difficulties encountered by, 16; not
allowed to return to Canada after restoration to France, 25; permitted
to return, 1668, 72; favoured by Frontenac and La Salle, 162; offer to
serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, 165;
not greatly esteemed by the bishop, 165; missions, 166. =Dr= Their
churches at Montreal and Quebec used by Anglicans, 241, 242. =L=
Recommend adoption of St. Joseph as patron saint of Canada, 87; desire
ecclesiastical independence of Louisiana, 208; through Talon's
influence, return to Canada, 109; the pope's letter to Laval in regard
to, 110; four missions assigned to them, 111; surprised at their kind
treatment by Laval, 111; welcomed by the people, 111, 112; build a
monastery in the Upper Town of Quebec, 112; take sides with Frontenac
against Intendant Duchesneau, 112; their convent of Notre Dame des Anges
reopened, 236. =Ch= Consent to come to Canada, as missionaries, 83;
papal brief defining their powers, 84; their activity, 94; their mission
a failure, 113; authorized to build a convent, 116; disagree with
Huguenots, 150; lodge Jesuits on their arrival at Quebec, 153; abandon
Huron mission, 167; had chapel at Cap Tourmente, 171; refuse assistance
in general distress, 180; the Kirkes promise protection to, 190; hide
the ornaments of their church, 196; embark for France, 206; do not
return to Canada after restoration of the colony to France, 225. =Hd=
Recommended by Gage, 48; their house pronounced unsatisfactory as a
prison, 187; steeple of chapel destroyed by storm, 222; Du Calvet
imprisoned in house of, 286, 289. =Bib.=: Le Clerc, _First Establishment
of the Faith in New France_, trans. by Shea; Sagard, _Histoire du
Canada_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France, Old Regime_, and _Frontenac_.
=Red River.= Sometimes called Red River of the North, to distinguish it
from the Red River of Texas. The name is supposed to have been derived
from the colour of its waters, heavily impregnated with clay. It was
discovered by La Verendrye in 1733, and explored as far as the mouth of
the Assiniboine in that year. The river rises in North Dakota, and
enters Lake Winnipeg after a course of 545 miles. =Bib.=: Lovell,
_Gazetteer of Canada_; Hind, _Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and
Saskatchewan Expeditions_.
=Red River Colony.= Also known as the Red River Settlement; Selkirk
Colony; Assiniboia, etc. Founded by the Earl of Selkirk (_q.v._), in
1811. The first party of colonists from Scotland reached York Factory
that year, under the leadership of Miles Macdonell, and arrived at the
Red River in 1812. A second party was sent out in 1812, reaching Red
River in 1813. In that same year a third party sailed from the Orkneys,
reaching their destination in 1814; and in 1815 a still larger party, in
charge of Robert Semple, sailed for Hudson Bay and reached Red River the
same year. The colonists suffered great privations for the first few
years, and were constantly harassed by the fur traders of the North West
Company. This petty warfare culminated in the Seven Oaks affair, in
which Governor Semple lost his life. After the union of the two fur
Companies, in 1821, the colony entered upon a period of comparative
peace and prosperity; and eventually became, in 1870, part of the
province of Manitoba. =Index=: =MS= The settlers sail from Stornoway, in
the Hebrides, 151; the voyage to Hudson Bay, 152; settlers land at York
Factory, 153; and winter there, 154; set out for Red River, June 1,
1812, 155; the first winter on the Red River, 157; the encampment at
Pembina, 158; return to the Forks, 158; buildings erected a mile north
of Fort Gibraltar, 159; second party of colonists sail from Stornoway,
159; ship-fever breaks out, 159; reach Red River, 1813, 159; first
attempts at agriculture, 160; opposition of North West Company, 161-164;
winter again at Pembina, 161-162; third party of settlers arrive, 1814,
163; a number of colonists abandon the Red River and settle in Upper
Canada, 163; the remainder are driven north by the half-breeds and
settle at Jack River, 163; brought back by Colin Robertson, 165; Robert
Semple brings out party of Highlanders, 164; beginnings of education and
religion, 165-166; Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 169; retaliatory
measures of North West Company, 172-176; again winter at Fort Daer
(Pembina), 178; Fort Gibraltar captured and dismantled, 178-179; Seven
Oaks affair, 180-181; surrender of Fort Douglas, 182; Selkirk comes to
the rescue, 191; brings back the settlers, 191; surveys ordered, roads
and bridges built, 192; Commissioner Coltman sent to Red River, 195; his
investigation, 196; Coltman returns to Quebec, 196; his report, 196;
trial of Charles Rimhart, 197; Hudson's Bay Company relieves Selkirk's
heirs of the responsibility of maintaining the colony, 222; agricultural
experiments, 222; Adam Thorn appointed recorder, 245; stirs up trouble,
246-247; local governor appointed, 247; arrival of Bishop Anderson,
1849, 270; Simpson's evidence on conditions in the colony, 273-278;
population, 1870, 286. =B= Isbister's work on behalf of, 212; deputation
from, in England, 212; George Brown's interest in, 212-213. =Md= Plague
of grasshoppers in, in 1868, 155; had population of about ten thousand
persons at Confederation, 157. _See also_ Selkirk; Assiniboia. =Bib.=:
Bryce, _Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_; Begg, _Creation
of Manitoba_; Hargrave, _Red River_; Ross, _Red River Settlement_; Bell,
_The Selkirk Settlement_; MacBeth, _The Selkirk Settlers in Real Life_;
Selkirk, _Statement Respecting the Settlement upon the Red River;
Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian Countries_.
=Red River Rebellion.= _See_ Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.
=Redistribution Bill.= =Md= Bill brought in by Macdonald in 1882, to
adjust representation in House, 273; Blake on, 274; description of, 274;
_Globe_ on, 275; unfairness of, 275-276; effect of, on election, 276.
=Redpath, Peter= (1821-1894). Born in Montreal. Educated at St. Paul's
School there; engaged in business in his native town. Took a deep
interest in the improvement of Montreal and of its public institutions,
and particularly McGill University, of whose governing board he was a
member from 1864 to his death. Besides many minor donations to the
University, gave $20,000 in 1871 to found a chair of mathematics,
$140,000 for a museum in 1881, and $135,000 for a library building,
besides an endowment of $100,000 for the library fund, and $30,000 for
the museum fund. Removed to England in 1880, where he made his home in
the old manor house of Chislehurst. Mrs. Redpath made further donations
of $85,000 to the library. =Index=: =E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81.
=Bib.=: Dawson, _Peter Redpath, Governor and Benefactor of McGill
University_.
=Reed, Joseph.= =T= Deserts his party in New Brunswick, 18.
=Reform Alliance.= =Mc= Objects of, 495; Mackenzie attacks, 496; death
of, 497.
=Reform Association.= =BL= Founded in Toronto, with branches throughout
Canada, in 1844, 221; organizes series of public meetings to oppose
Metcalfe, 221; meeting at Toronto, 238; series of "tracts for the
people," 238.
=Reform, Parliamentary.= =Sy= Question of, in Britain, 25, 28, 32.
=Reform Party.= =B= Fight for responsible government, against Metcalfe,
21; under wise leadership of Baldwin and La Fontaine, 24; Convention of
1857 recommends representation by population, free trade, uniform
legislation for two provinces, and annexation of North-West Territories,
131, 217; Convention of 1859 considers relations of Upper and Lower
Canada, 133-134; arguments for and against Confederation, 135-138;
leaders of, consulted by George Brown as to Confederation, and the
coalition Cabinet, 156-157; inadequately represented in government, 159;
Convention of 1867, 208; against continuance of coalition ministry,
208-209; disintegration of, hastened by retirement of Baldwin and La
Fontaine, 262. =Sy= Its support of the policy of union of the provinces
acknowledged by Sydenham, 213. _See also_ Liberal Party.
=Regale.= =L= Dispute respecting, between Louis XIV and Pope Clement,
184, 201.
=Regina.= Capital of the province of Saskatchewan, and formerly of the
North-West Territories. Founded in 1882, and named by the Marquis of
Lorne (now Duke of Argyll), after Queen Victoria. It is the headquarters
of the Royal North-West Mounted Police. =Bib.=: Powers, _History of
Regina: its Foundation and Growth_.
=Regiopolis College.= Established at Kingston. =Index=: =BL= Established
by Roman Catholics, 194. =R= Incorporated March 4, 1837, 147.
=Registration.= =S= Of deeds in Upper Canada, system introduced, 94,
102. =Sy= Of titles in Lower Canada, ordinance providing for, passed by
Special Council, 278, 279.
=Reid, Stuart J.= =Mc= On colonial government, 2; on Lord Durham, 7; on
the Duke of Wellington, 17; on authorship of Durham's Report, 82, 83.
=Bib.=: _Life and Letters of Durham_; _Lord John Russell_.
=Renaud.= =C= Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing
separate schools, 73.
=Repentigny.= On the St. Lawrence, north bank. =F= Band of Iroquois
surprised and destroyed at, 308.
=Repentigny, Captain de.= =WM= With Canadians, guards fords of
Montmorency, 112; drives British force back to their camp, 129; ordered
with his reserve, with Indians, to the city, 161; commands Canadian
sharpshooters, in battle of Ste. Foy, 259.
=Representation Bill, 1853.= =E= Sir John Macdonald's view on, 132-133.
=Representation by Population.= =B= Advocated by George Brown, 71, 75,
82, 142; principle defined, 82-83; movement for, 83-84; demanded by
Upper Canada Reformers, 125; conceded at Confederation to Ontario, 127;
growth in sentiment for, 142. =Md= Not an issue in 1844, 14; difficulty
caused by working out of Act of Union, 70; Lord Durham on, 71; George
Brown's solution of difficulty, 71-72; Macdonald becomes less opposed
to, 89; solution of problem, 112-113; settled by British North America
Act, 141. =T= Movement for, in Upper Canada, 67-68.
=Representative Government.= =Dr= Little interest felt in, by
French-Canadians, 61; mentioned in their petition to the king, 61. _See
also_ Responsible government.
=Representative Institutions.= =F= Complete absence of, in New France,
131-132.