Educated at the Newcastle Grammar School; called to the bar, 1848.
Engaged in the lumbering and shipbuilding trades. Elected to the
Assembly, 1856; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1860. Became a
member of the government, 1858. A strong advocate of Confederation.
Delegate to the Charlottetown, Quebec, and Westminster Conferences.
Premier of New Brunswick, 1865. Called to the Senate, 1867. Entered the
government of Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries,
1867. Resigned from the Senate, 1874, and elected to the House of
Commons. Defeated, 1878, but again elected, 1882; defeated at general
election of 1896. Appointed inspector of fisheries for Quebec, New
Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1897. For some years after 1885, proprietor
and editor of the _Montreal Herald_. =Index=: =B= Forms government in
New Brunswick favourable to Confederation, 188. =H= Accompanies Sir John
Macdonald to Halifax in 1868, 210. =Md= Minister of marine and fisheries
in first Dominion Cabinet, 135, 138; supports route along Gulf of St.
Lawrence for Intercolonial Railway, 152-153. =T= Delegate to Quebec in
Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56; attends Quebec Conference, 77;
forms ministry in New Brunswick, 104-105; delegate to England _re_
Confederation, 140-141; in first Dominion ministry, 128, 129. =Bib.=:
Works: _Notes of a Holiday Trip_; _Review of President Grant's Message
Relative to Canadian Fisheries_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_;
Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Moberley, Walter.= =D= Associated with Edgar Dewdney in building road
from Hope to Similkameen, British Columbia, 252-253.
=Moffatt, George= (1787-1865). Born in England. Emigrated to Canada; and
engaged in business in Montreal. Served during the War of 1812. In 1831
appointed to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, being leader of
the British party in that house and a member of the Constitutional
Association. In 1841 elected for Montreal to the House of Assembly, and
in 1844 re-elected, retiring 1847. President of the British American
League, formed to oppose the annexation movement of 1849. =Index=: =Sy=
Member of Constitutional Association, 112; delegated to promote union of
provinces in Upper Canada, 112. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Christie,
_History of Lower Canada_.
=Mohawk Indians.= A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages
stood in the valley of the Mohawk River. From their position as the
easternmost of the Iroquois tribes, they came first in contact with both
the Dutch and English to the south and the French on the north. They
took a leading part in most of the wars between the Iroquois and the
French, as well as with other tribes. In the Revolutionary War they
sided with the British; and afterwards removed to Canada, settling
principally on Grand River, in the Niagara peninsula. _See also_
Iroquois. =Index=: =L= Tracy marches against, 53. =Ch= (Agniers),
Iroquois tribe or nation, 50. =Dr= Join British forces, 88; easily
depressed by reverses, 99; Caughnawagas desert at St. Johns, 100. =Hd=
Loath at first to fight against the English colonists, 148; lands
allotted to, on Grand River, 258; payment made to, for land, 259;
education of, 265. =F= Attack Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41;
Courcelles leads expedition against, 52; Tracy leads a second, 53;
expedition against, 331. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_;
Diefendorf, _The Historic Mohawk_.
=Mohier, Gervais.= =Ch= Recollet, returns to France, 208.
=Molson, John= (1787-1860). Born in Montreal. In 1837 a member of the
Special Council of Lower Canada; served during the Rebellion; in 1849 as
a protest against the passing of the Rebellion Losses Bill, signed, with
others, the Annexation Manifesto, and was in consequence relieved of his
commission as colonel of militia and justice of the peace. In
partnership with his brother William founded, in 1853, the Molsons Bank.
=Index=: =E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.
Can._; Weir, _Sixty Years in Canada_.
=Monck, Sir Charles Stanley, fourth Viscount= (1819-1894). Born in
Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; and called to the Irish
bar, 1841. Entered Parliament, 1852; lord of the treasury, 1855-1858. In
1861 appointed governor-general of Canada and British North America; in
1867 governor-general of the Dominion of Canada; in 1868 resigned
office, after successfully inaugurating Confederation. In 1869 appointed
a member of the Imperial Privy Council. =Index=: =B= Attempts to secure
a ministry, 149; proposes coalition government, 151; his keen interest
in the negotiations prior to Confederation, 157; writes George Brown
urging him to join Cabinet, 157-158. =C= Enlists Tache in task of
forming a Cabinet, on advice of Cartier, 68; correspondence in regard to
Cartier's refusal of the C. B. decoration, 125-128. =Md=
Governor-general of Canada, 90; induces Brown to enter coalition
ministry, 121; calls on Macdonald to form a ministry, 122; impatient at
delay in Confederation, 123, 124; charges Macdonald with formation of a
government, 131; letter to, from Macdonald, in reference to election of
1872, 197. =T= Renders valuable assistance in Confederation scheme, 123;
entrusts Macdonald with formation of ministry, 128. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir
John A. Macdonald_.
=Monckton, Robert= (1726-1782). Born in England. Served in Flanders,
1742; sent to Nova Scotia, 1752, and appointed lieutenant-governor of
Annapolis Royal, 1754. In 1755 captured several French forts; in 1759
brigadier-general, and served under Wolfe at the siege of Quebec, where
he was wounded. In 1761 promoted major-general, and made governor of New
York. In 1762 co-operated with Rodney in the expedition which resulted
in the capture of Martinique, Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent.
=Index=: =WM= Brigadier under Wolfe, character of, 74; occupies village
of Beaumont, 100; commands British left in battle of Montmorency, 134,
140, 142; moves up the river with his command to join fleet, 161; at St.
Nicholas, 165; Wolfe's bequest to, 175; commands British right in
battle of Plains, 189; wounded, 189. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_;
Campbell, _History of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_.
=Mondelet, Charles Joseph Elzear= (1801-1877). Born in St. Charles,
Quebec. Educated at Nicolet and Montreal. In 1822 called to the bar of
Lower Canada; practised at Three Rivers and Montreal. Arrested in 1828
and 1838 for political offences, but never brought to trial. In 1842
district judge for Terrebonne, L'Assomption, and Berthier; in 1844
circuit judge at Montreal; and judge of the Superior Court, 1849;
appointed judge of the Seigniorial Court, 1855, and in 1858 assistant
judge in Appeals, Court of Queen's Bench. =Index=: =E= Member of
Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Mondelet, Dominique.= =P= Called to the Council, 72; expelled from
Lower Canada Assembly, 72.
=Monk, James.= =Dr= Attorney-general, his account of state of feeling
among French Canadians, 278.
=Monmouth.= =S= Battle of, Simcoe at, 26; description of, 26-29.
=Monro, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =WM= In command of Fort William Henry, 45;
despatch to, from Webb, intercepted by French, 46. =Bib.=: Bradley, _The
Fight with France_.
=Monroe, James= (1758-1831). Fifth president of the United States.
=Index=: =Bk= United States representative in England, presents claims
on account of _Chesapeake_ matter, 84; United States secretary of state,
purchases the John Henry letters, 187. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Monsabre, Father.= =L= On Laval University, 99.
=Monseignat.= =F= Frontenac's secretary, 260, 297.
=Montagnais Indians.= A tribe of Algonquian stock. Occupied the Saguenay
country in 1608, when Champlain visited Tadoussac, and acted as
intermediaries between the French and the tribes of the far north. They
defeated a party of Iroquois in 1610, with Champlain's assistance; but
paid bitterly for their success in later years, when the warriors of the
Five Nations hunted them relentlessly throughout all the region of their
northern fastnesses. In 1633 the Jesuits first established missions
among them, and laboured diligently for many years among this most
degraded of the Algonquian tribes. They are described in modern
narratives of exploration and travel in northern Quebec and Labrador.
=Index=: =Ch= Induced to cultivate land near Quebec, 159; allies of the
French, 162, 163; murders committed by, 164; give Champlain three young
girls to be educated, 165. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_ and
_Jesuits in North America_; Pilling, _Bibliography of Algonquian
Languages_; Comeau, _Life and Sport on the North Shore of the Lower St.
Lawrence and Gulf_; Low, _Report on Labrador_ (Geol. Survey, 1895).
=Montagne, Perche, France.= =Ch= Colonists from, 252.
=Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley= (1689-1762). =WM= On death of Wolfe, 239.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Montbeillard.= =WM= Receives note from Bougainville, 162; his letter to
Bougainville, 178.
=Montcalm, Louis Joseph, Marquis de= (1712-1759). =WM= Seigneur de Saint
Veran, his appointment as commander-in-chief in New France, 1; his
friendship with Chevalier de Levis, 3; birth and descent of, 3;
education, 4; enters the army, 4; returns to Candiac, his birthplace, 5;
his marriage, 5; colonel of Auxerrois Regiment, 6; promoted to be
brigadier, 7; major-general with command of troops in North America, 7;
character of, 11; his expedition sails from Brest, 12; lands at Cap
Tourmente, 12; greatly interested in Quebec, 15; goes to Montreal to
meet Vaudreuil, 27; king's instructions made him subordinate to
Vaudreuil, 28; places troops of Fort Carillon under charge of Levis, 32;
goes to Fort Frontenac, 34; captures Oswego, 34; erects a cross in
commemoration of the event, 35; calls a general assembly of the Indian
warriors, 40-42; vainly endeavours to arrest massacre at Fort William
Henry, 50; destroys the fort, 51; reports to home government destitute
condition of country and army, 53; his victory at Fort Carillon, 54-61;
erects cross with Latin inscription, 61; inveterate hatred between him
and Vaudreuil, 62; returning to Quebec, finds nothing in readiness, 79;
summons meeting of naval men, 80; speaks of Vaudreuil as playing the
general, 83; promoted to rank of lieutenant-general, 84; sarcastic
entries in his journal, 87; makes manor of De Salaberry at Beauport his
headquarters, 94; his military prudence, 96; little confidence in
fireships, 98; prepares for an attack on Beauport side, 104; consults
Levis as to concentration of their forces, 106; not anxious to dislodge
British from left bank of Montmorency, 119; gains battle at the
Montmorency River, 138-141; accuses English of scalping, 150;
despondent, 151; letter to Bourlamaque, 157; rearranges his forces, 159;
thought cliff above Quebec inaccessible, 160; writes to Levis expressing
desire to have him near, 165; despondent but determined to hold out,
173; completely deceived by feint made by British at Beauport, 174; his
anxiety respecting boats bringing provisions, 175; learns that the
British have gained the heights, 187, 188; sends forward troops and
immediately follows, 188; orders all remaining troops forward, 190;
disregards Vaudreuil's request not to precipitate engagement, 193; his
action severely criticized, 193, 194; encourages his troops, 196;
mortally wounded, 201; consulted by Vaudreuil as to best course to
pursue, 212; carried into house of Dr. Arnoux, 218; his message to
Townshend, 219; death and burial, 220, 221; forgotten in France,
remembered and honoured in Canada, 239. =P= Causes of his defeat at
Quebec, 143. =Hd= At Carillon, 18; unable to take advantage of victory
there, 22; destroys fort at Oswego, 25; a forged letter of, 49; his
memory green with Canadians, 122; referred to in D'Estaing's appeal,
123. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_;
Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_;
Bonnechose, _Montcalm et le Canada Francais_; Casgrain, _Montcalm et
Levis_; Martin, _Le Marquis de Montcalm_; Guerin, _Montcalm_;
_Manuscrits de Levis_, ed. by Casgrain, vols. 6 and 7.
=Monteagle, Thomas Spring-Rice, Baron= (1790-1866). British statesman.
=Index=: =Sy= Chancellor of the Exchequer, 55, 56; elevated to the
peerage as Lord Monteagle, 57. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Montgomery, John=. =W= Becomes member of New Brunswick government, 72.
=T= Surveyor-general, 41.
=Montgomery, John= (1783-1879). Born in Gagetown, New Brunswick.
Accompanied his father to York about 1799, where he settled. Served with
the York Volunteers during the War of 1812-1814. An active supporter of
the Reform party in Upper Canada. At outbreak of Rebellion of 1837 was a
boarder at the tavern, of which he was owner, on Yonge Street, Toronto.
Charged with treason and arrested; imprisoned at Fort Henry, but escaped
to the United States. After the passing of the Amnesty Act, returned to
Canada and appointed postmaster at Davidtown. =Index=: =Mc= Banished,
437; escapes from Fort Henry, 437; president of Association of Canadian
Refugees, 448. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.
=Montgomery, Richard= (1736-1775). Born in Ireland. Entered the British
army, 1754, and in 1757 stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia; served under
Wolfe at the siege of Louisbourg, and in 1759 in command of the force
that captured the French forts on Lake Champlain; in 1760 took part in
the campaign against Montreal; in 1775 joined the American
revolutionists; made brigadier-general, and in command of expedition to
Canada; after reducing the fortresses of St. Johns and Chambly, and
capturing Montreal, laid siege to Quebec, and on a final and
unsuccessful attack on Dec. 31, 1775, mortally wounded. =Index=: =Dr=
Commands American force on Lake Champlain, 96; his previous service in
British army, 97; captures fort at St. Johns, 102; greatly assisted by
boats captured from Carleton, 114; describes difficulty of taking
Quebec, 115; joins Arnold at Pointe-aux-Trembles, 116; his summons and
warning to Carleton, 118; despondent, 123; attacks Quebec, 125; his
death, 126; his body recovered from snow and buried, 132. =Hd= Captures
Montreal, 111; death of, 112; inhabitants neutral during attack of, 127.
=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Bradley, _The Making of Canada_; Lucas,
_History of Canada_; Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony_;
Jones, _The Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in 1776_.
=Montigny, Abbe de.= =L= Title borne by Laval in his youth, 7, 19.
=Montigny-sur-Avre.= =L= Birthplace of Laval, 17.
=Montmagny, Charles Jacques Hualt de.= Came to Canada as governor, 1636.
Strongly opposed the settlement at Montreal, 1641-1642, but finding
Maisonneuve determined, accompanied him from Quebec, and gave his
official countenance to the founding of the new town; in 1642 built a
fort at the mouth of the Richelieu, where Sorel now stands, to check the
inroads of the Iroquois; three years later arranged a treaty of peace
with these troublesome neighbours; returned to France in 1648; and died
there shortly afterwards. =Index=: =Ch= Restored Fort St. Louis, and
named it Chateau St. Louis, 158. =F= Second governor of Canada, 27;
retirement of, 35. =L= His pious administration, 8. =Bib.=: _Jesuit
Relations_, ed. by Thwaites; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_;
Charlevoix, _History of New France_.
=Montmorency.= Seven miles below Quebec. =Index=: =WM= British establish
themselves on left bank of river, 112; unsuccessful attack by British on
French position, 135-141; British loss in battle at, 142; French loss,
143; victory raises morale of French army, 145; the British evacuate
their position, 158.
=Montmorency Family.= =L= Great distinction of, 16; motto of, 18. _See
also_ Laval.
=Montmorency, Henri, Duc de= (1595-1632). In 1620 purchased the
viceroyalty of New France from the Comte de Soissons, his
brother-in-law, and retained Champlain as his lieutenant; in 1624
conveyed his rights as viceroy to Henri de Levi, Duc de Ventadour;
served at the sieges of Montaubon and Montpellier, and in 1625 captured
the islands of Re and Oleron. Having taken part in the rebellion of
Gaston of Orleans against Louis XIII in 1632, was arrested and executed.
=Index=: =Ch= Becomes viceroy of New France, 129; his administration
causes dissatisfaction, 130; his letter to Champlain, 130; resigns
position of viceroy, 151; executed for treason, 215. =F= Becomes
lieutenant for Canada, 17; executed for revolt, 22. =L= Executed, 18.
=Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of
France_.
=Montmorency, Mathieu.= =L= Ancestor of Laval, 17.
=Montmorency House.= Below Quebec. =Index=: =Hd= Residence of Haldimand,
301; occupied later by Prince William Henry and the Duke of Kent, 345.
=Montpensier, Mlle. de.= =F= Mme. Frontenac's relations with, 63.
=Montreal.= Founded May 17, 1642, by Chomedy de Maisonneuve. Champlain
had selected the site thirty-one years before, as adapted to a
settlement. With Maisonneuve, at the historic ceremony which gave birth
to the future city of Canada, were Montmagny, governor of Quebec,
Vimont, superior of the Jesuits, Madame de la Peltrie, and Mademoiselle
Mance. Several years later another heroic woman, Marguerite Bourgeoys,
joined the builders of the infant town. In 1653 colonization began in
earnest, and in 1667 Montreal counted a population of 766. Its later
history has been largely one of material progress. =Index=: =Hd= Levis
at, 34; Amherst prepares to capture, 36, 37; surrender of, 38; Haldimand
takes possession of, 39; Gage at, 40; under martial law, 41; Haldimand
improves roads to, 45, 46; change of command at, 53; enlistment of
French-Canadians in, 55-56; difficulties of government, 60; Tryon at,
91; surrenders to rebels, 111; trade with upper lakes, 124, 140; rebel
spies in, 130, 274, 278; Sulpician priests deported from, 181; Haldimand
visits, 186; rebel prisoners at, 187, 250; census taken, 190; postal
service in, 193; its people present loyal addresses, 225; schools of,
233, 235, 236; North West Company formed at, 261; Indians in, 266; first
printing press in, 276; the Riedesels at, 300; MacLean at, 306; old
burying-ground in, 345. =T= Transaction connected with its bonds causes
defeat of Tache government, 69. =L= Church erected at, 84; foundation
stone laid by De Courcelles, 88; completion of edifice, 89; description
of, 89. =F= Hotel Dieu established by Mlle. Mance, 29; beginnings of,
33; settlement in danger of extinction, 38; population in 1666, 56;
Frontenac's arrival at, on his way to Cataraqui, 76; description of, 77;
expedition from Albany against, 268; great rejoicings at, on arrival of
trading canoes from the lakes, 324. =E= Public reception to Elgin, 41;
riots at, in opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 73-74, 77, 78, 79;
ceases to be seat of government, 78; Elgin's reference to, in his
farewell address, 204. =B= Election methods in 1844, 25. =Dr= British
residents of, dissatisfied with Quebec Act, 79; king's bust at,
disfigured, 82; British at, with few exceptions, refuse to serve against
Americans, 88; gaiety in, during winter of 1776-1777, 162. =BL= Sir
Charles Bagot's public reception there, 118; Sydenham's gerrymander,
146; original boundaries restored, 146; aspires to be chosen as capital,
181; its population, etc., in 1843, 181; Dr. Tache on, 181; opposition
in Upper Canada to its selection as capital, 182-183; resolution carried
recommending it for capital, 182-183; MacNab's and Draper's opposition,
183; gerrymandered by government, 1844, and elects two supporters of
government, 252; becomes capital, 254; address of welcome to Elgin, 275;
returns La Fontaine in elections of 1848, 279; riots in, over Rebellion
Losses Bill, 305, 322-325. =Sy= Charter of, reestablished, 255; change
in electoral limits of, 285; two members assigned to, 285. =Bk=
Description and early history of, 99, 100; centre of fur trade, 100.
=Md= Ceases to be seat of government after the riots, 28, 29; issues
Annexation Manifesto in 1849, 39, 40. =S= The entrepot between Britain
and Upper Canada, 109. =C= Cartier warns people of the importance to
city's welfare of means of transportation, 47; urged as terminus of
Canadian Pacific Railway, 52. _See also_ Ville Marie; Mount Royal.
=Bib.=: Dollier de Casson, _Histoire du Montreal, 1640-1672_; Morin, _Le
vieux Montreal_; McLennan, _Anciens Montrealais_ ("Canada Francais,"
vol. 3); Bosworth, _Hochelaga Depicta_; Sandham, _Ville-Marie_;
Warburton, _Hochelaga_; Leblond de Brumath, _Histoire Populaire de
Montreal_; Lighthall, _Montreal after Two Hundred and Fifty Years_;
McLennan, _Montreal, 1642-1842_, and Dawson, _Montreal, 1842-1892_ in
the _Semi-centennial Report of the Montreal Board of Trade_. _See also_
under Maisonneuve; Jean-Jacques Olier; Marguerite Bourgeoys;
Mademoiselle Mance; Jeanne Le Ber; Madame d'Youville; and in
publications of the Soc. Hist. de Montreal, Quebec Literary and
Historical Society, and Royal Society of Canada. Contemporary
descriptions are found in narratives of Kalm, Lambert, and Landmann.
=Montreal, Island of.= =Dr= Limit of French settlement, 8; governorship
of, abolished, 21. =L= Consecrated to the Virgin Mary, 8, 85; granted to
the Sulpicians, 108.
=Montreal Company.= Founded at Montreal, 1784, in opposition to the
North West Company. Two Montreal merchants, John Gregory and Alexander
Norman McLeod, formed a partnership with Peter Pond and Peter Pangman,
western fur traders. Alexander Mackenzie joined the Company, and much of
its success was due to his energy and resourcefulness. His cousin,
Roderick Mackenzie, was also in its service. Keen rivalry resulted
between the two companies, finally culminating in a tragedy; in the
Athabaska department, Pond, who had deserted to the North West Company,
quarrelled with his rival, Ross, and in the scuffle Ross was fatally
shot. This serious news being brought down to the headquarters at Grand
Portage, a conference was held, resulting in the union of the Companies
in 1788. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Willson, _The Great
Company_. _See also_ North West Company; X Y Company.
=Montresor.= =Dr= His survey of route through Maine, 106.
=Montreuil, Chevalier de.= Served during the French campaigns in America
from 1754 to 1758 as adjutant-general, and during the siege of Quebec in
1759 took part in the battle of the Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy,
with the rank of major-general. =Index=: =WM= Advances Guienne regiment
to meet British, 188; his views in council of war, 195. =Bib.=: Doughty,
_Siege of Quebec_.
=Monts, Pierre du Guast, Comte de= (1560-1611). In 1603 became head of
the Company formed by Champlain to plant colonies in New France, and to
which a monopoly of the fur trade had been granted by the king. Had made
the voyage to Tadoussac with Pont-Grave in 1603, and had conceived no
very high opinion of the St. Lawrence as a field for colonization; it
was therefore decided to direct the operations of the Company to Acadia.
In 1604, with Champlain, sailed to Acadia, explored the Bay of Fundy,
and discovered Annapolis Basin and the St. John River; settlements were
established at Ste. Croix Island and Port Royal; in 1606 returned to
France; and the following year sent Champlain and Pont-Grave on an
expedition to the St. Lawrence. =Index=: =F= Ten years trading patent,
with position of lieutenant-general granted to, 5; conducts expedition
to Acadia, 6; patent cancelled but renewed for one year, 7; sails for
Quebec, 8; resigns lieutenancy, 12. =Ch= Commissioned as
lieutenant-general in Acadia, 17; forms Company and obtains ten years'
privilege of exclusive trading, 18; is joined by Champlain, 19; occupies
Ste. Croix Island, 21; decides to abandon it, 25; transfers post to Port
Royal, 31; returns to France, 32; obtains monopoly of fur trade for one
year and sends Champlain to Quebec as his lieutenant, 39; encouraged by
Champlain's report, decides to extend operations, 56; his commission not
renewed, 56; serious loss incurred by, 64; present at Champlain's
marriage, 66; his Company dissolved, 71; applies to the king (Louis
XIII) for assistance, but without success, 71; signs agreement on behalf
of Company, 127; his Company abolished, 132. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers
of France_. _See also_ Champlain.
=Moodie, Colonel.= =Mc= Shot at Montgomery's hotel, 365. =Bib.=: Dent,
_Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Read, _Rebellion of 1837_.
=Moodie, Susanna= (1803-1885). Born in England. Daughter of Thomas
Strickland, and sister of Agnes Strickland and Katherine Parr Traill. In
1832 emigrated to Canada with her husband, John Wedderbar Dunbar Moodie,
and settled in the forest near the present city of Peterborough. In 1839
her home was in Belleville, and later in Toronto. Published numerous
works of fiction and poetry. =Bib.=: Works: _Roughing it in the Bush_;
_Life in the Clearings_. For full list of her writings, _see_ Morgan,
_Bib. Can._ For biog., _see_ McMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.
=Moody, Richard Clement= (1813-1887). Born in the Barbados, West Indies.
Entered Woolwich Military Academy, 1827; first lieutenant, 1835; and
professor of fortifications, 1838. In 1841 governor of the Falkland
Islands; promoted lieutenant-colonel, 1858; appointed chief commissioner
of lands and works in British Columbia, 1858. Founded New Westminster,
the former capital, and built a number of roads and other public works.
In 1863 returned to England. Promoted major-general, 1866. =Index=: =D=
In charge of lands and works in British Columbia, 1858, 235-237;
arrives, 246-247; reports in favour of site of New Westminster as
capital of British Columbia, 247; proposes Queensborough as name of
capital, 247; returns to England, 1863, 254. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._;
Begg, _History of British Columbia_.
=Moravian Indians.= =Hd= Massacre of, by Americans after conclusion of
peace, 171.
=Moreau, M.= =Ch= On the settlement at Ste. Croix, 25. =Bib.=: _Histoire
de l'Acadie Francaise, 1598-1755_.
=Morel.= =Ch= Captain of vessel in which Champlain returned to Canada in
1617, 112.
=Morel, Thomas.= Arrived at Quebec in August, 1661; appointed first cure
of Chateau Richer and attached as mission priest to the Seminary at
Quebec; spent several years in missionary work among the Indian tribes.
=Index=: =L= Director of Seminary, 55; chaplain of Beaupre, 101;
arrested, 163; released, 164; death of, 219.
=Morel de la Durantaye, Olivier= (1641-1717). Born at Notre-Dame de
Gaure, in the diocese of Nantes. Entered the army, and obtained a
lieutenancy in the regiment of Chambelle, afterwards being promoted to
the rank of captain in the regiment of Carignan; came to Canada, 1665,
and was with La Motte the following year at Fort Ste. Anne; sailed for
France, and returned in 1670; granted the seigniory of Bellechasse, and
that of La Durantaye; served as an officer of the garrison at Quebec;
and took part in the expeditions against the Iroquois in 1684 and 1687,
and again in 1696; named a member of the Superior Council in 1701, and
granted a pension of six hundred francs. =Index=: =F= Post commander,
ordered to rendezvous at Niagara, 181; captures English canoes on the
way, 210; reports critical situation among lake tribes, 240; reinforced,
241. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.
=Morgan, Daniel= (1736?-1802). Served in the Indian and French wars.
Took the colonial side in the Revolution; marched with Arnold to Quebec;
captured in an assault on one of the batteries, 1776, and released on
parole. Subsequently served under Washington against Burgoyne, and
defeated Tarleton at Cowpens. =Index=: =Dr= Leader of Virginia
Mountaineers in attack on Quebec, 128. =Bib.=: Graham, _Life of Daniel
Morgan_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Morgan, Maurice.= =Dr= Sent to Canada to study legal situation, 43, 51;
returns to England, 56; Carleton's private secretary, 203.
=Morin.= =L= Describes church at Montreal, 89.
=Morin, Augustin Norbert= (1803-1865). Born in St. Michel, Quebec.
Educated at the Seminary of Quebec, and called to the bar of Lower
Canada, 1828. Elected to the Assembly, 1830; commissioner of crown lands
in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1842-1843; Speaker of the
House, 1848. In 1851 joined Francis Hincks in forming an administration,
Hincks being premier, and Morin provincial secretary until 1853;
commissioner of crown lands, 1853. Appointed judge of the Superior Court
of Lower Canada, 1855; a commissioner for codifying the laws of Lower
Canada, 1859. =Index=: =BL= On the union, 57; meets Hincks, 63; his
letters to Hincks, 79; member for Nicolet, relations with Reform party
in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cavillier for Speaker, 1841, 87;
commissioner of crown lands, 134; elected for two constituencies, 1844,
252; Draper attempts to secure his support, 259; elected Speaker, 1848,
283; occupies the chair at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354; joint
premiership with Hincks, 359. =B= Brown acknowledges his services in
cause of responsible government, 67. =C= Sides against the government,
7; his standing as a statesman, 23; forms alliance with Upper Canadian
Conservatives, 99-100. =E= Member of first La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry,
32; his character, 32; refuses seat in Draper government, 43; elected in
1848, 50; opposed by Papineau, 51; forms ministry with Hincks, 113;
commissioner of crown lands in reconstructed ministry, 126, 127;
defeated in Terrebonne, 1854, 133; his conservative influence in Lower
Canada, 138; forms coalition government with MacNab, 140, 141; favours
secularization of Clergy Reserves, 166-167; member of Seigniorial Court,
187; his services as a statesman, 236. =Sy= His letter to Hincks, 294.
=P= Joins Papineau's party, 78; drafts "Ninety-Two Resolutions," 85;
supports Papineau in his violent attitude towards government, 86; at
meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88; in the Assembly, 100-109;
his articles in _La Minerve_, 101. =Md= Forms administration with
Hincks, 47; their administration defeated on a technicality, 47;
accepts, in 1855, a seat on the bench, 74. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._;
Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Hincks, _Reminiscences_.
=Mornay, Louis-Francois Duplessis de.= Bishop of Quebec, 1727-1733.
Consecrated at Paris, 1714, as coadjutor to the bishop of Quebec, but
never came to America. =Index=: =L= Appointed bishop of Quebec, 12.
=Morris, Colonel.= =Dr= Presided over department of Loyalist claims,
202.
=Morris, Alexander= (1826-1889). Born at Perth, Upper Canada. Educated
at the University of Glasgow and McGill University; studied law and
called to the bar of both Upper and Lower Canada, 1851. Entered public
life in 1861 as member for South Lanark; minister of inland revenue,
1869-1872; appointed chief justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of
Manitoba, 1872; and the same year lieutenant-governor of Manitoba and
the North-West Territories; returned to Ontario, 1877, and sat in the
Ontario Legislature for East Toronto from 1878 to 1886. =Index=: =B=
Member for South Lanark, advocates Confederation in a pamphlet, _Nova
Britannia_, 129; conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152,
154. =Bib.=: Works: _Nova Britannia_; _Canada and Her Resources_;
_Treaties of Canada_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty
Years_.
=Morris, Charles.= Born in England. Under the direction of Governor
Shirley of Massachusetts made a survey of the whole of Nova Scotia. In
command of a company during the action at Grand Pre. Assisted in laying
out the city of Halifax. Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1775;
surveyor-general; acting judge of the Supreme Court. Died, 1781. =Bib.=:
_Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.
=Morris, James= (1798-1865). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada as a child
with his parents; in business at Brockville with his brothers, William
and Alexander. Member for Leeds County in the Upper Canada Assembly,
1837; a commissioner for the improvement of navigation of the St.
Lawrence, 1838; and member of the United Canada Parliament, 1841. In
1844 appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1851 to the Executive
Council, and postmaster-general; in 1853-1854 Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly; in 1858 member of the Executive Council and Speaker of the
Legislative Council; in 1862-1863 receiver-general. =Index=: =E=
Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; president of
Legislative Council in reconstructed government, 1853, 126. =Bib.=:
Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Morris, William= (1786-1858). Born in Scotland. Emigrated with his
parents to Canada in 1801, and engaged in business in Montreal; served
in the militia in the War of 1812, and in 1816 settled in Perth. Member
for Lanark in the Upper Canada Assembly, 1820-1836, when he was
appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1837-1838 served as colonel of
the militia during the Rebellion; in 1844 appointed receiver-general;
and in 1846-1848 president of the Executive Council. =Index=: =Sy=
Claims share of Clergy Reserves for Church of Scotland, 239. =BL= Member
of Legislative Council, 1841, 83; previous career, 83; protests against
removal of capital to Montreal, 183-184; receiver-general, 247. =Bib.=:
Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_.
=Morrison, Joseph Curran= (1816-1885). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada
with his father. In 1839 called to the bar of Upper Canada; in 1843-1847
deputy clerk of the Executive Council of Canada; in 1847 elected for
West York to the Assembly; solicitor-general in the Hincks-Morin
ministry, 1853-1854; a member of the Executive Council, 1856; and the
same year receiver-general in the Tache-Macdonald administration.
Registrar of Toronto, 1859; solicitor-general in the Cartier-Macdonald
ministry, 1860. Puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1862; judge
in the Court of Queen's Bench, 1863; judge of the Court of Appeal,
1877, which position he filled until his death. =Index=: =E=
Solicitor-general, West, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1853, 126. =B= His
connection with the contempt of court case against George Brown,
249-254; solicitor-general under Hincks, and a colleague of John A.
Macdonald, 250. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Read,
_Lives of the Judges_.
=Morrison, Thomas David.= =Mc= Defends Joseph Hume, 263; aids
Mackenzie's petition, 310; aids Lower Canada, 330; refuses to sign
"Declaration of Independence," 331; at Doel's brewery, 346; his conduct
explained, 350; joins Rebellion movement, 357. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper
Canadian Rebellion_.
=Morse, Colonel.= =S= Recommends union of British North American
provinces, 4.
=Moss, Sir Charles= (1840- ). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Studied law and
called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Lecturer and examiner to the Law
Society, 1872-1879; bencher, 1880; Q. C., 1881; vice-chancellor of the
University of Toronto, 1900-1906; judge of the Court of Appeal, 1897;
chief justice of Ontario, 1902. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian
Who's Who_.
=Moss, Thomas= (1836-1881). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Educated at Gale's
Institute, Upper Canada College, Toronto, and at the University of
Toronto; graduated with triple first-class honours and gold medals in
classics, mathematics, and modern languages. Studied law and called to
the bar of Upper Canada, 1861. For a time lecturer in equity at Osgoode
Hall, and registrar of the University of Toronto. Bencher of the Law
Society, 1871; Q. C., 1872; member of the Law Reform Commission, 1875.
Sat in the House of Commons for West Toronto, 1873-1875. Appointed
judge of the Court of Appeal, 1875; chief justice of Ontario, 1877.
Vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto, 1874. Died in Nice,
France. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Motin.= =Ch= Author of an ode to Champlain, 72.
=Mouet de Moras de Langlade, Charles de= (1729-1800). =WM= With band of
Indians crosses Montmorency, and attacks English, 112, 113. =Bib.=:
Morice, _Dict. des Canadiens de l'Ouest_.
=Mounier.= =Dr= One of protesting members of Council under Carleton, 34.
=Mount Allison College.= Located at Sackville, New Brunswick. In 1858 an
Act of the New Brunswick Legislature authorized the trustees of the
Mount Allison Wesleyan College to establish a degree-conferring
institution at Sackville, under the name of the Mount Allison Wesleyan
College. Work regularly organized, 1862. Corporate name changed to
University of Mount Allison College, 1886.
=Mount Royal.= =L= Cross planted on summit, by Maisonneuve, 91.
=Mount-Stephen, George Stephen, first Baron= (1829- ). Born in Dufftown,
Banffshire, Scotland. In 1850 came to Canada; built up a successful
business in Montreal; in 1873 vice-president of the Bank of Montreal,
and in 1876 president. In 1881 elected president of the Canadian Pacific
Railway, and for his valuable services in promoting its construction
created a baronet, 1886. Joined Lord Strathcona in 1886 in donating
$1,000,000 for the erection of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. In
1888 retired from the presidency of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In
1891 created a baron; and in 1905 G.C.V.O. =Index=: =Md= Director of the
Canadian Pacific Railway, 236. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Who's Who_.
=Mountain, George Jehoshaphat= (1789-1863). Born in England. Educated at
Cambridge; ordained deacon, 1812, and priest, 1816. In 1814-1817 rector
of Fredericton, New Brunswick; in 1817 rector of Quebec; and in 1821
archdeacon of Lower Canada. Appointed suffragan bishop of Montreal,
1836, as coadjutor to Dr. C. J. Stewart, bishop of Quebec; and in 1850
bishop of Quebec. Established Bishop's College, Lennoxville, which was
incorporated as a college, 1843, and as a university, 1853. =Index=: =R=
Secures incorporation of Church of England in Canada, 48. =Bib.=:
Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._ and _Last Three Bishops_;
Mockridge, _Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland_.
=Mountain, Jacob= (1750-1825). Born in Norfolk, England. Graduated at
Cambridge, 1774, and became fellow, 1779. After holding several livings,
appointed castor prebendary of Lincoln cathedral, 1788. Through the
friendship of William Pitt, appointed in 1793 first Anglican bishop of
Quebec. During his administration the number of clergy increased from
nine to sixty-one. The cathedral of Quebec erected under his auspices.
=Index=: =Dr= First bishop of Quebec, 271. =S= Appointed bishop of
Quebec, 158; visits Upper Canada, 158; made legislative and executive
councillor, 160. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Mockridge, _Bishops of the
Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.
=Mounted Police.= _See_ Royal North-West Mounted Police.
=Moustier, Count.= =Dr= French minister to United States, proposes to
visit Canada, 247-248.
=Mowat, Sir Oliver= (1820-1903). Born in Kingston, Ontario. Educated
there; called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1841, and practised in
Kingston and Toronto. In 1857-1864 represented South Ontario in the
Canada Assembly; in 1858 provincial secretary in the Brown-Dorion
ministry; postmaster-general in the Macdonald-Dorion administration,
1863-1864, and in the Tache coalition government, 1864. From 1864 to
1872 vice-chancellor of Ontario. In 1872 premier and attorney-general of
Ontario, and held office until 1896. In 1896 minister of justice in the
Dominion Cabinet, with leadership in the Senate; and in 1897
lieutenant-governor of Ontario, a position he held until his death.
=Index=: =B= Member of brief Brown ministry, 102; on committee of
Anti-Slavery Society, 112; speech on Confederation, 1859, 135; George
Brown's letter to, on his contemplated retirement from the leadership,
141; opposes proposal that opposition members should enter government,
to further Confederation movement, 157; enters coalition government,
158; reelected, 160; favours elective Senate, 164; his successful fight
for provincial rights, 207. =Md= Enters Macdonald's office as a student,
6; succeeds Edward Blake as premier of Ontario, and leader of Liberal
party, 252; his characteristics, 252; takes prominent part in Ontario
boundary dispute, 252-258. =T= Enters coalition ministry, 69; attends
Quebec Conference, 76. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_;
Morgan, _Can. Men_; Biggar, _Sir Oliver Mowat_; Clarke, _Sixty Years in
Upper Canada_.
=Muir, Major.= =Bk= Commands detachment of 41st Regiment at Brownstown
and Maguaga, 237, 238-241.
=Mulock, Sir William= (1843- ). Born in Bond Head, Simcoe County,
Ontario. Educated at the University of Toronto. In 1868 called to the
bar of Ontario, and appointed an examiner and a lecturer on equity of
the Law Society. In 1882 entered the Dominion Parliament; 1896-1905,
postmaster-general of Canada, and through his initiative the
Inter-Imperial Postal Conference adopted penny postage within the
empire. Created K.C.M.G., 1902. In 1905 appointed chief-justice of the
Exchequer Division of the High Court of Justice for the province of
Ontario. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Municipal Government.= =BL= Legislation under Sydenham, 100-105; bill
passed, 105; Baldwin Act of 1849, 105; regulation of, 287, 292; _Law
Journal_ on the bill, 296; Shortt on, 296; municipal history, 297-298;
terms of Baldwin Act, 299-300. =Sy= Lack of, noted in Lord Durham's
Report, 92; provided for in first draft of Union Bill, 273; Sydenham's
deep interest in the subject, 273-275; municipal clauses struck out of
Union Bill, 275; ordinance respecting, passed by Special Council of
Lower Canada, 276; and later (for Upper Canada) by Legislature, 277;
Sydenham's bill providing for, in Upper Canada, 323; provisions of bill,
324; bill passed, 325. =S= Beginnings of, in Upper Canada, 89. =Bib.=:
Wickett, _City Government in Canada_ and _Municipal Government in
North-West Territories_; Shortt, _Municipal Government in Ontario_;
Ewart, _Municipal History of Manitoba_; Weir, _Municipal Institutions in
Quebec_ (Toronto Univ. Studies in Hist, and Econ.).
=Munro, John.= =S= Member of Legislative Council, 79.
=Murders.= =Ch= Committed by Indians near Quebec, 115; in colony, 209.
=Murdoch, Beamish.= Historian. =Index=: =H= Contributes to _The Club_
edited by Joseph Howe in the _Nova Scotian_, 10; his independent stand
in the Nova Scotia Assembly, 18. =Bib.=: _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Murdoch, T. W. C.= =Sy= Appointed civil secretary, 152.
=Murray.= =R= Appointed to take charge of improvement of popular
education in Upper Canada, 163.
=Murray.= =Dr= One of the protesting members of Council under Carleton,
34.
=Murray, Sir George= (1772-1846). Born in Scotland. Educated at
Edinburgh University, and entered the army, 1789. Served in Flanders,
1794; in the West Indies, 1795-1796; in Egypt, 1801; in the Baltic
expedition, and in Portugal, 1808; quartermaster-general in the
Peninsular War, and for his services promoted major-general, and made
K.C.B., 1813. In 1814 appointed governor of Canada. Entered Parliament,
1823; commander-in-chief in Ireland, 1825-1828; colonial secretary,
1828-1830. =Index=: =Sy= Colonial secretary, 16. =Bk= Disapproves
employment of German troops, 136. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Murray, Mrs. George.= =Bk= Wife of Colonel (afterwards Sir George)
Murray 142.
=Murray, George Henry= (1861- ). Born in Grand Narrows, Nova Scotia.
Educated at the public schools and at Boston University; studied law and
called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1883. Appointed to the Nova Scotia
Legislative Council, 1899; took office in the Fielding administration,
1891; premier, 1896; sustained at general elections of 1897, 1901, and
1906. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Murray, James= (1719-1794). Entered the army, 1740, and served in the
West Indies, Flanders, and Brittany. In 1758 commanded a brigade at
Louisbourg; and the left wing of the army at the battle of the Plains,
1759. After the surrender of Quebec, left in command, and defended the
city against the French, 1760. On Oct. 27, 1760, appointed governor of
Quebec, and from 1763 to 1766 governor of Canada. In 1772
lieutenant-general; in 1774 governor of Minorca; and 1783 promoted
general. =Index=: =WM= Under Wolfe, character of, 74; governor of
Canada, and highly esteemed by Canadians, 74; joins Holmes's fleet with
four battalions, 161; commands British centre in battle of Plains, 189;
takes command at Quebec, 235; issues proclamation, 236; maintains strict
discipline, 237; learns of intended attack on Quebec, 250, 251; his
proclamation ordering civilians to leave the city, 250; goes out to meet
Levis and occupies Ste. Foy, 252; returns to city, 253; his character
described by Bernier, 254; leads army out to give battle to Levis, 256;
orders attack, 258; loses battle, 263; foresees coming trouble with
British colonies, 269. =Dr= Administrator of Canada, 2; character of his
government, 4; quells mutiny, 4; after cession (1763) appointed governor
of Canada, 9; his troubles with English settlers, 9, 10, 14; wins
confidence of French-Canadians, 10; appoints Council, 13; sends Cramahe
to London to represent condition of affairs, 16; his recall petitioned
for by certain of the English settlers, 17; defended by Canadian
seigniors, 18; goes to Montreal in connection with Walker case, 21;
summoned home, 23; presents report on colony, 24-28; somewhat offended
at Carleton's proclamation relinquishing fees, 35; resigns governorship,
57. =B= Instructed to provide for support of Protestant clergy and
schools, 51-52. =Bk= His heroic defence of Quebec, 35. =P= His iron rule
relaxed, 8. =Hd= Marches on Montreal, 34, 36, 37; governor of Quebec,
41; his feelings towards French-Canadians, 42; his precautionary
measures, 43; threatened friction with Haldimand, 49; his friendship for
Haldimand's nephew, 49-50; made governor-general, 53; petitions against
and in favour of, 60; his high regard for Haldimand, 94. =Bib.=: _Dict.
Nat. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The
Fight for Canada_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _The Fight
with France_ and _The Making of Canada_; Lucas, _History of Canada_.
=Murray, Colonel John.= =W= Massachusetts Loyalist, 4.
=Musgrave, Sir Anthony= (1828-1888). Born in England. Entered the Inner
Temple, London, 1851; governor of the colony of Neiro, 1860; governor of
the island of St. Vincent, 1861; governor of Newfoundland, 1864-1869;
governor of British Columbia, 1869; governor of Natal, 1872; governor of
South Australia, 1873; governor of Jamaica, 1877; governor of
Queensland, 1888. =Index=: =Md= Governor of British Columbia, succeeding
Seymour, 149. =D= His work for Confederation, 312, 313. =Bib.=: _Dict.
Nat. Biog._; Begg, _History of British Columbia_.
=Myers, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =Bk= In command at Fort George, 225.
=Myrand, Ernest.= =F= Author of _Frontenac et Ses Amis_, 229; his work,
_Sir William Phipps devant Quebec_, quoted, 293; on losses incurred in
siege of Quebec, by Phipps, 302; discusses question of Frontenac's
portrait, 361.
=Nairne, Captain John.= =Hd= Haldimand gives him rank of major, 294.
=Napagabiscou.= =Ch= Indian, brings news to Champlain of Kirke's
arrival, 176.
=Napoleon I= (1769-1821). Born at Ajaccio, Corsica. First consul, 1799.
Crowned Emperor, 1804. Abdicated, 1814, and retired to Elba. Escaped,
raised another army, and finally defeated at Waterloo, 1815. Banished to
St. Helena, where he died. =Index=: =Bk= Crowned as emperor, 71;
threatens Britain, 71; battle of Austerlitz, 72; Jena and the Berlin
Decrees, 81; endeavours to force on war between Britain and the United
States, 98, 111; enforces Berlin Decrees, 105; dominates Europe,
106-108; his Milan Decree, 110; his reverses in Spain, 112, 113;
triumphs over Austria at Wagram, 117. =Bib.=: Larousse, _Dictionnaire
Universel_; Chambers, _Biog. Dict._, and lives mentioned in article.
=Natel, Antoine.= =Ch= Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; reveals
conspiracy against Champlain, 43; death of, 46.
=Nation.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =B= Radical journal,
founded after Liberal victory of 1874, 235; its programme, 236.
=National Club.= Social club at Toronto. =Index=: =B= Founded during
Canada First movement, 235.
=National Policy.= =B= Secret of its success in 1878, 241. =Md=
Description and history of, 217-219; political picnics used as means of
placing its advantages before the country, 220-223; Macdonald on its
advantages, 221-223; Blake in favour of, 224; Mills on, 224; comes into
effect, 228-230; adopted by Liberal party in 1896, 262; comments on,
after its operation for three years, 273. _See also_ Macdonald, Sir John
A.; Conservative Party.
=Navigation, Art of.= =Ch= Highly praised by Champlain, 7.
=Navigation Acts.= =Sy= Poulett Thomson's speech on, 17. =E= Their
disastrous effect on Canadian development, 38-39; Legislature passes
address praying for repeal of, 45; repealed in 1849, 83.
=Navy Hall.= =S= Simcoe's residence at Niagara, 99, 180; guests
entertained at, 183-188, 229, 230; erected by Haldimand for
accommodation of naval officers, 195; description of, 195, 196. =Bk=
Residence of Governor Simcoe at Niagara, 57.
=Naxouat.= =F= Governor Villebon of Acadia establishes himself at, 327.
=Needham, William H.= =T= Elected for St. John, 10, 18; character, 12,
86-87; refuses to resign his seat, 24; candidate in York County, New
Brunswick, 86; elected for York, 95; defeated in York, 108.
=Negroes.= =Dr= Disputed property in, at close of war, 216. _See also_
Slavery.
=Neilson, John= (1776-1848). Born in Scotland. In 1790 came to Canada,
and in 1797 edited the Quebec _Gazette_. Member of the provincial
Assembly for Quebec County, 1818. In 1822 one of the delegates, with
Papineau, sent to England to oppose the union of Upper and Lower
Canada; and in 1830 went on a similar mission. Member of the Canadian
Parliament, 1840; and Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1844. =Index=:
=Sy= Proprietor of Quebec _Gazette_, and member of Special Council of
Lower Canada, his opposition to union, 193, 194, 211, 234, 309; opposed
also to responsible government, 211; continued opposition to Union Act,
287; the real leader of the French-Canadians in 1841, 295. =P=
Proprietor of Quebec _Gazette_--supports Papineau in his opposition to
proposed union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1822, 46-47; sent as
delegate to London, 46; persecuted by Dalhousie, 55; again sent to
England with French-Canadian petition, 63; Papineau's friendship for,
67; Papineau's letters to, 67-68; deserts Papineau because of his
violent attitude towards government, 86; loses his seat in Assembly,
102; attacked by Papineau, 169. =BL= Supports Papineau and popular
party, 20; moves amendment against Act of 1840, 96; his amendment voted
down, 97. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower
Canada_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Nelles, S. S.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 143.
=Nelson, Horatio, Viscount= (1758-1805). Born at Burnham Thorpe,
England. In 1770 entered the navy; in 1794 served under Lord Hood in the
capture of Corsica; under Sir John Jervis at the battle of Cape St.
Vincent, 1797; and in 1798 defeated the French fleet in Aboukir Bay; in
1801 destroyed the Danish ships and batteries at Copenhagen; at the
battle of Trafalgar Bay, 1805, overwhelmed the French and Spanish
fleets, but his own life was sacrificed. =Index=: =Bk= His victory at
Copenhagen, 24-31; ignores signal to cease firing, 28. =Hd= Captain of
_Albemarle_, enamoured of Miss Mary Simpson of Quebec, 244. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Southey, _Life of Nelson_; Mahan, _Life of Nelson_;
_Dispatches and Letters_, ed. by Nicolas. _See also_ lives by Clarke and
McArthur, Pettigrew, Browne, Laughton.
=Nelson, Robert= (1794-1873). Born in Montreal. Practised as a surveyor;
and in 1812 served during the War. In 1827 elected with Louis J.
Papineau to the Assembly as member for Montreal. In 1838, while residing
in the United States, organized a force of 600 filibusters, and invaded
Canada, making his headquarters at Napierville, and as president of a
provisional government proclaimed a Canadian republic. The insurgents
were defeated at Lacolle and Odelltown, and Nelson fled to the United
States. In 1862-1873 practised as a surgeon in New York. =Index=: =P=
Leads outbreak at Lacolle and Odelltown in 1838, 139-140. =Bib.=:
Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Nelson, Wolfred= (1792-1863). Born in Montreal. Practised medicine and
served as a surgeon in the War of 1812. One of the leaders of the
Rebellion of 1837; captured and banished to the Bermudas, but released
in October, 1838. In 1842 returned to Montreal and resumed the practice
of his profession. In 1844 elected to Parliament for Richelieu County;
inspector of prisons, 1851, and chairman of the Board of Prison
Inspectors, 1859. =Index=: =P= With Papineau at St. Charles meeting,
1837, 125; preaches rebellion, 126; leads _Patriotes_ at St. Denis, 128;
said to have advised Papineau to leave the field, 132; a price put on
his head, 137; captured, 137; exiled to Bermuda, 138; extent of his
responsibility for the Rebellion, 143; throws blame on Papineau, 145.
=E= His misguided attitude, 22; elected to Parliament after his return
from exile, 50; his actions compared with disturbances of 1849, 76;
permitted to return from exile, 91. =BL= Arrested after Rebellion in
Lower Canada, 49; defeats Viger in election of 1844, 252; his house in
Montreal attacked by mob, 324; at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354.
=C= Defeated by Colonel Wetherall, 7; entrusts Cartier with a mission,
8. =Mc= Addresses revolutionary meetings, 328; takes the field, 358.
=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of
Lower Canada_.
=Nelson River.= Rises in the Rocky Mountains, at the headwaters of Bow
River, a branch of the South Saskatchewan. Length to Lake Winnipeg, 390
miles; to headwaters of the Bow, 1660 miles. The mouth of the river was
discovered, and named, by Sir Thomas Button in 1612. He wintered there,
1612-1613. Captain Luke Foxe spent eleven days at Port Nelson in 1631.
The river itself was explored by David Thompson in 1792. Pierre Radisson
visited the mouth of the river in 1669, and built the first trading-fort
there. In later years the post was repeatedly captured by the French,
and recaptured by or restored to the Hudson's Bay Company, in whose
hands it finally remained, under the name of York Factory (_q.v._).
=Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_
and _Conquest of the Great North-West_.
=Neptune.= =WM= Ship in which Wolfe sailed for Quebec, 75.
=Nesbitt, William.= Accompanied Governor Cornwallis to Halifax. Acted as
Secretary of Nova Scotia for several years. Afterwards practised the
profession of law at Halifax. Attorney-general for twenty-five years.
Elected to the Assembly, 1758; Speaker of the House, 1759-1783; retired
on a pension, 1783. Died, 1784. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public
Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.
=Nesle, Captain de.= =Ch= Brings out settlers, 252.
=Neuchatel, Canton of.= =Hd= Haldimand born in, 3.
=Neutral Nation.= An Iroquoian tribe, occupying the north shore of Lake
Erie. First visited by the Jesuit Fathers, Brebeuf and Chaumonot, in
1640, who described them as ferocious and extremely superstitious.
Despite all efforts, the attempted mission had to be abandoned. The
tribe was exterminated by the Iroquois in 1650. =Bib.=: Parkman,
_Jesuits in North America_; Lalemant, _Relations_, 1641, 1643;
Ragueneau, _Relations_, 1648, 1651.
=New Brunswick.= The gulf coast of the province was discovered by
Cartier in 1534; first settlement made by De Monts and Champlain, on St.
Croix Island, near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy, in 1604. The same
year they discovered and named the St. John River, at the mouth of which
La Tour built a fort in 1635. The territory embraced in this province
formed part of Acadie under French rule. It was included in Nova Scotia
from the date of the cession to England up to 1784, when it became a
separate province. =Index=: =Dr= Creation of province, 224. =Sy=
Satisfactory political condition of, 265. =B= Confederation an issue in,
and government defeated, 182-183; British government brings pressure on,
in interests of Confederation, 186-187, 206. =Md= Its attitude towards
Confederation, 123; appoints delegates to confer on question of, 125;
sullen on completion of, 129; result of first general election in, 141;
selection of routes for Intercolonial through, 152; boundary dispute,
152; low tariff in, before Confederation, 218; supports Mackenzie in
election of 1878, 228; assents to resolution in favour of unrestricted
reciprocity, 298. _See also_ Acadia; Nova Scotia; St. John; De Monts;
Champlain. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of Acadia_ and _History of New
Brunswick_.
=New Brunswick, College of.= =W= Early history of, 10. _See also_ New
Brunswick, University of; King's College (New Brunswick).
=New Brunswick, University of.= =W= Established as provincial
university, 1859, 51; formerly King's College, previous history, 86;
part of Madras school property handed over to, 88. =T= History of,
48-49. _See also_ New Brunswick, College of; King's College (New
Brunswick).
=New Brunswick Land Company.= =W= Involved in crown lands dispute, 26,
29, 36.
=New Caledonia.= =D= Traversed by Mackenzie, 56; origin of name, 56;
extent of district, 56; so named about 1806, 59; described, 97; furs and
other products of the district, 99. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the
North-West Coast_; Morice, _Northern Interior of British Columbia_.
=New Company.= =F= Name given to trading Company formed by inhabitants
of Canada in 1645, 36.
=New France.= Name given to the French possessions in North America,
otherwise known as Canada and Acadia. First discovered by Jacques
Cartier in 1534. First settlement made in Acadia by De Monts, in 1604;
and in Canada, by Champlain, in 1608. =Index=: =E= Government of,
171-172; feudal tenure, etc., in, 171-185. =Ch= Population of colony in
1629, 208; births, deaths, and marriages, 209; restoration of, demanded
by French king, 212; ceded back to France, 213; limits of, not clearly
defined, 222; colony based on religion, 255. _See also_ Canada; Acadia;
Quebec; Port Royal; Montreal; Cartier; Champlain; Monts; Frontenac; La
Salle. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_; Lescarbot,
_Histoire de la Nouvelle France_; Cartier, _Voyages_; Champlain,
_Voyages_; Parkman, _Works_.
=Newfoundland.= Discovered by Cabot in 1497. Sir Humphrey Gilbert
established a short-lived colony on the island in 1583. Another attempt
was made in 1610, by the Company of London. A more successful effort at
colonization was that of Lord Baltimore in 1621. For a time the colony
was governed by the so-called "Fishing Admirals," the most famous of
whom was Richard Whitbourne, author of _A Discourse and Discoverie of
Newfoundland_. French influence on the island dated from the founding of
Placentia in 1660. In 1696 Iberville captured St. John's, and laid waste
the coast settlements. St. John's was again captured by a French
squadron, in 1760. A Legislative Assembly was granted to the colony in
1832 as a result of popular agitation; and responsible government
established in 1855. Efforts to bring about the union of the island with
Canada were made in 1864, and again in 1895, but without success.
=Index=: =B= Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. =F= English
settlements in, attacked, 46. =L= French successful in, 232. =Md=
Withdraws from Confederation negotiations, 117; further negotiations
unsuccessful, 146; fishery question, 303. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First
English Conquest of Canada_; Prowse, _History of Newfoundland_; Reeves,
_Governors of Newfoundland_; Dawson, _Canada and Newfoundland_; Hatton
and Harvey, _Newfoundland_; Willson, _The Tenth Island_.
=New Langley.= =D= Or Derby, proposed as capital of British Columbia,
246.
=New Ontario.= Includes that part of the province known as northern and
north-western Ontario, lying west of the Upper Ottawa River and its
tributary lakes north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and extending to
the eastern boundary of the province of Manitoba on the west, and to the
Albany River and James Bay on the north. =Bib.=: _North-Western Ontario,
its Boundaries, Resources, and Communications_.
=New Orleans.= =Hd= Haldimand's enquiries regarding, 64; embassy to, 73;
dissatisfaction at, 77; Haldimand's visit to, 78; Spaniards send troops
to, 80, 81.
=New Westminster.= A city of British Columbia, founded by Colonel R. C.
Moody in 1859, and first named Queensborough. The present name was given
by Queen Victoria the same year, when the new town was selected as the
capital of British Columbia. It was incorporated in 1860; and in 1868
the seat of government was removed to Victoria. =Index=: =D= Chosen as
capital of colony of British Columbia, 247; local dispute as to name,
247; present name given by Queen Victoria, 247; sale of town lots, 247.
=Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_; Begg, _History of
British Columbia_.
=New York City.= =Hd= Haldimand in command at, 1, 87, 90, 91, 96, 121;
Amherst in command at, 41; Gage in command at, 53; influenced by
outbreak of violence at Boston, 86; rioting in, 91, 95; Lord North burnt
in effigy at, 97; Haldimand's departure from, 102; his property in, 103,
107; difficulties of communication with, 129; animosity against British
in, 252.
=New York State.= =Hd= Proposal to build Florida barracks there, 79;
slow in joining revolt, 98, 101; Vermont's dispute with, 198, 203, 209,
215, 217; Indians migrate from, 258. =F= British colony, plan for
conquest of, 231.
=Newark.= _See_ Niagara.
=Newcastle, Henry Pelham Tiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of= (1811-1864).
Entered Parliament, 1832; chief secretary for Ireland, 1846; and
secretary for war and the colonies, 1852-1854; secretary for war in
1854-1855; colonial secretary, 1859-1864; visited Canada in 1860, with
the Prince of Wales, afterwards Edward VII. =Index=: =E= Secretary of
state for colonies, 167. =Md= Colonial secretary, accompanies Prince of
Wales on his visit to Canada in 1860, 88; his difficulty at Kingston
with Orange Order, 88; threatens to disallow high tariff measure, 218.
=T= And Intercolonial Railway question, 55, 56; on Confederation
question, 64. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=News.= Newspaper published at Toronto. Established, 1880. =Index=: =Mc=
Urges monument to Mackenzie, 521.
=Newspapers.= =Mc= Postage on, 93, 103, 106; their tributes to
Mackenzie, 509-523. _See also_ under names of individual newspapers.
=Niagara= (=Newark=). Settled by Loyalists about 1782. Selected by
Simcoe ten years later as the capital of Upper Canada, and named by him
Newark. The first Legislature of the province met there in 1792. The
first public library in the province established in 1800. =Index=: =Bk=
First seat of government of Upper Canada, 57. =S= First seat of
government of Upper Canada, 50; Loyalists settled at, 58; social life
at, 181. =L= Fort built at, 216. =Bib.=: Kirby, _Annals of Niagara_;
_Reminiscences of Niagara_ (Niagara Hist. Soc., n.d.); Carnochan,
_Niagara Library, 1800 to 1820_.
=Niagara Falls.= First described from actual observation by Father
Hennepin, in the narrative of his journey of 1678. The falls are
indicated on Champlain's map of 1632, and are briefly mentioned in
Ragueneau's _Relation des Hurons,_ 1648. The name is of Iroquois origin.
=Bib.=: Hulbert, _Niagara River_; Spencer, _Falls of Niagara_.
=Niagara, Fort.= =S= Guards entrance to Niagara River, 51; held by the
British pending settlement of Loyalist affairs, 55; cannon mounted on,
129; handed over to United States, 142. =Hd= Surrendered to British, 26;
number of refugees at, 152. =Bk= Its history, 54-56; its transfer to
United States, 56; rations issued from, to Loyalists, 58; silenced by
Fort George, 309.
=Nichol, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =Bk= Quartermaster-general of militia,
Upper Canada, 206; his statistical account of Upper Canada, 207;
supports Brock's proposal to attack Detroit, 248.
=Nicholson, Sir Francis= (1660-1728). Born in England. Entered the army,
1678; lieutenant-governor of the colonies north of Chesapeake Bay,
1686-1689; and lieutenant-governor of Virginia, 1690-1694. Governor of
Maryland, 1694; and of Virginia, 1698-1705. From 1705 to 1713 engaged in
military operations against the French in Canada, and, by capturing
Port Royal, made Acadia British territory. In 1712 appointed governor of
Nova Scotia; and in 1719 of South Carolina. Subsequently appointed
commander-in-chief of the forces in North America, and a
lieutenant-general. =Index=: =F= Lieutenant-governor of New York, 263;
uprising against, 266. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Campbell, _History of
Nova Scotia_; Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_.
=Nicolet, Jean= (1598-1642). Born at Cherbourg, Normandy. Came to
Canada, 1618, and the same year sent to the Algonquians of Allumette
Island, on the Ottawa, to learn their language. Remained with the tribe
two years; and afterwards spent eight or nine years with the Nipissings,
gaining so much of their confidence that he was made a member of the
tribe and took part in their councils. His memoirs on this tribe,
furnished to Father Le Jeune, were embodied in the _Jesuit Relations_.
Returned to Quebec, 1633, after an absence of fifteen years. There met
Champlain, who sent him west once more, in 1634. Reached Green Bay the
same year, and ascended Fox River to the Wisconsin portage. The
following year returned to Quebec, and employed as commissary of the fur
trade, and interpreter at Three Rivers, till his death. =Index=: =Ch=
Arrives in Canada, 144. =Bib.=: Butterfield, _Discovery of the
North-West by Jean Nicolet_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.
=Ninety-Two Resolutions.= =P= Drafted by Morin--embodied the grievances
of Papineau and his followers, 85; inspired by Papineau, 85-86; their
intemperate language, 89-93; real grievances set forth, 94-96; voiced
complaints and indignation of the people, 99; criticized by Lord Aylmer,
106. =BL= Denounce Upper House, 21; Cuvillier votes against, 86. =Bib.=:
Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Nipigon Lake.= Discovered by Charles de Greysolon, Sieur de La
Tourette, brother of Du Lhut, about 1678. Built several trading-posts on
or near the lake, between 1678 and 1686. La Verendrye had charge of
these forts in 1727-1728, and acquired there much of the information
which induced him to undertake his long search for the Western Sea. In
1784 Edouard Umfreville was sent by the North West Company to discover a
canoe route from the lake west to the Winnipeg River. The narrative of
his successful expedition is in the archives of McGill University.
=Nipisiguit.= =Ch= Jesuit mission at, 235.
=Nipissing Indians.= A tribe of the widespread Algonquian family,
occupying the upper waters of the Ottawa River, and the country about
Lake Nipissing. First mentioned and described by Champlain, who calls
them the _Nebecerini_. The name also appears, in ever-varying form, in
the narratives of other early French explorers and missionaries. Parkman
mentions that they were also known as _Sorciers_, from their ill repute
as magicians. =Index=: =Ch= Indian tribe alleged to be sorcerers, 77.
=Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of North American Indians_; Parkman, _Pioneers
of France_.
=Nipissing Lake.= Named after the Algonquian tribe of the same name.
Discovered by the Recollet missionary Le Caron in 1615, on his way to
the country of the Hurons. Traversed by Champlain the same year.
Constant references are made to the lake in the early journals of
explorers, missionaries, and fur traders. It formed part of the western
route of the fur traders under both French and British rule. =Index=:
=Ch= Visited by Champlain, 88.
=Nipissirini.= _See_ Nipissing.
=Noble, Colonel Arthur.= A Massachusetts officer, sent by Governor
Shirley in 1746 to oppose Ramesay in Acadia. Occupied Grand Pre without
opposition, Ramesay having retreated to Chignecto. In February of the
following year a party of Canadians and Indians under Coulon de Villiers
surprised the British garrison at Grand Pre, and in the fight Noble and
his brother, with a large number of men, were killed, and the rest
forced to capitulate. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_;
Hannay, _History of Acadia_.
=Nomenclature.= =D= Of Pacific coast, largely due to Vancouver, 34, 36;
Spanish, 36. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.
=Non-importation Act.= =Bk= Passed by Congress, 84.
=Nootka Affair.= =D= Origin of the dispute, 26; history of, 26-35;
Martinez claims Nootka by right of discovery, 28; Martinez seizes
_Iphigenie_ and _North-West America_, 28; held by Spaniards until 1795,
29; restored to British, 31; terms of treaty, 31-33, 36; act of
restitution completed, 35; no actual occupation by Britain at end of
eighteenth century, 62. =Dr= Dorchester's connection with the Nootka
incident, 250, 259. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of North-West Coast_.
=Nootka Sound.= On west coast of Vancouver Island. Discovered and named
by Captain James Cook in 1778. Prior discovery in 1774 claimed by
Spaniards, but not established. They built a fort there in 1789, and
remained in possession until 1795, when the district was taken over on
behalf of Britain. Here Vancouver and Quadra carried on the negotiations
of 1792 for the restoration of the territory. =Index=: =D= Supposed to
have been visited by Perez, 14; visited by Cook, 14; Captain Cook refits
his ships at, 20; Gray and Kendrick at, in 1788-1789, 24; visited by
Metcalfe in 1789, 25; Spanish establishment at Friendly Cove in 1790,
26; Douglas arrives from Sandwich Islands, 28; Spaniards name the place
Port San Lorenzo, 28; Meares at, in 1788, 27; builds _North-West
America_ there, 28; natives destroy American ship _Boston_ and murder
crew, 1803, 37. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_;
Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.
=Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, Marquis of= (1797-1863). Entered
Parliament, 1818; appointed governor of Jamaica, 1832; entered the
Cabinet as lord of the privy seal, 1834; lord lieutenant of Ireland,
1835; secretary of war and the colonies, 1839; home secretary,
1839-1841; ambassador at Paris, 1846-1852; minister at Florence,
1854-1858. =Index=: =Sy= Succeeds Lord Glenelg in the colonial office,
57; offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=Normandy.= =L= Many of colonists natives of, 116.
=Norquay, John= (1841-1889). Born in St. Andrews, Manitoba. After the
suppression of the Riel Rebellion, elected to the Assembly of Manitoba,
and entered the ministry as minister of public works. Defeated for
election to the House of Commons, 1872. Resigned from the ministry,
1874, but became provincial secretary, 1875; and again minister of
public works, 1876; premier, 1878. Held office continuously until 1887,
when he resigned. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of the North-West_; Rose, _Cyc.
Can. Biog._
=North, Lord Frederick.= _See_ Guilford.
=North American.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index.=: =B= The
organ of the Clear Grits, edited by Macdougall, 40; absorbed by the
_Globe_, 74; publishes personal attack on George Brown, editor
apologizes, 93. =BL= Radical publication, edited by Macdougall, 341.
=North American Colonial Association.= =Sy= On appointment of Poulett
Thomson (Sydenham), 132.
=North American Fur Company.= =D= Succeeds Pacific Fur Company, 134;
Astor at head of, 134. _See also_ Astor; Pacific Fur Company.
=North-West America.= =D= Built by Meares at Nootka--first ship launched
in what is now British Columbia, 28; seized by Martinez, 28; crew sent
to China, 29.
=North-West Coast.= =D= Spanish influence delays colonization, 4;
history of, affected by Russian occupation of Alaska, 4; by British
trade interests by sea, 4; by North West Company, 4; by Hudson's Bay
Company, 4; by Astorians, 4; unvisited by European navigators during
whole of seventeenth and three-quarters of eighteenth century, 11, 12;
final era of exploration of, 18; American voyages to, 23, 24, 25; La
Perouse explores in 1788, 25; Etienne Marchand explores in 1791, 25;
Malaspina's voyage to, in 1791, 25; Elisa's and Quimper's visit to, 26.
=Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.
=North West Company.= Organized in 1795, by a number of merchants
chiefly of Montreal, engaged in the fur trade. The first "partners," or
_bourgeois_, of the Company were Simon McTavish, Joseph Frobisher, John
Gregory, William McGillivray, Angus Shaw, Roderick McKenzie, Cuthbert
Grant, Alexander McLeod, and William Thorburn. Most of them had
previously been in the North-West as independent fur traders. A new
agreement was entered into by the then partners in 1802; in 1804 the
Company absorbed its vigorous rival, the X Y Company, and in 1821 was
itself absorbed by the Hudson's Bay Company. =Index=: =MS= Early
beginnings--Montreal traders enter the North-West, 2; oppose the
Hudson's Bay Company, 3; the Frobishers build a post on Sturgeon Lake,
4; penetrate to Lake Athabaska, 5; their aggressiveness, 5; more than a
match for the Hudson's Bay Company, 6; Company organized, 1783-1784, 6;
opposition (X Y) Company formed, 6; absorbs rival interests, 1787, 6,
16; growth of fur trade, 7; amalgamates with Hudson's Bay Company, 8;
rearrangements of partners and stock, 58; operations extended to Hudson
Bay, 99; absorbs X Y Company, 1804, 99; opposes Red River settlers,
161-164; resents Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 170-171; sends Duncan
Cameron and Alexander Macdonell to Red River, 172-173; breaks up the
colony, 174-176. =D= Influence upon development of Pacific slope, 4;
conserves British interests in western America, 17, 18. =Hd=
Establishment of, 261-263. =Bk= Its headquarters at Montreal, 99. _See
also_ Hudson's Bay Company; X Y Company; Montreal Company. =Bib.=:
Mackenzie, _Voyages_; Henry, _Travels and Adventures_; Henry-Thompson,
_Journals_, ed. by Coues; Harmon, _Journal_; _Narrative of Occurrences
in the Indian Country_; _Sketch of the British Fur Trade_; Bancroft,
_History of the North-West Coast_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Begg,
_History of the North-West_; Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du
Nord-Ouest_; Tasse, _Canadiens de l'Ouest_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great
North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.
=North-West Passage.= =D= Tenacity of belief in its existence, 50;
Mackenzie's journey to Pacific is additional blow to belief in, 55.
=North-West Rebellion.= _See_ Riel Rebellion.
=North-West Territories.= Comprised all the western portions of Canada,
except Manitoba and British Columbia. Its early history is the history
of the western fur trade, whose forts became in time centres of
settlement. In 1870, the territories were transferred to Canada by the
Hudson's Bay Company. In 1882, four provisional districts were
formed--Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabaska. In 1905 these
were made into the two provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. =Index=:
=B= Annexation of, advocated by George Brown, 137; communication to be
opened with, 166; value of, 174; acquisition of, 186; Brown's interest
in, 211-213, 217, 218-221; R.B. Sullivan's address on, 1847, 211; warns
Canadians of danger of American occupation, and urges immediate steps to
settle and develop the country, 211; Isbister's work on behalf of, 212,
213; _Globe_ article on, 213-215; value of the country, 214; Edward
Fitzgerald on agricultural possibilities of, 214; "Huron's" letters in
the _Globe_ on, 216; Toronto Board of Trade urges acquisition and
settlement of, 216; _Globe_ carries on vigorous campaign, 216-217;
William Macdougall an enthusiastic advocate, 217; incorporation of,
adopted as part of Reform Convention of 1857, 217; project ridiculed by
Niagara _Mail_, 217-218; and Montreal _Transcript_, 218; matter taken up
by Canadian government, and arrangements made for acquiring the
territories, 220-221; bill for government of, provision for separate
schools opposed by George Brown, 249. =Md= Terms upon which Hudson's Bay
Company transfers territory to the crown, 156-157; causes of discontent
and rebellion involved in annexation of, 157-163. _See also_ Assiniboia;
Alberta; Athabaska; Saskatchewan. =Bib.=: Adam, _Canadian North-West_;
Tasse, _Canadiens de l'Ouest_; Dugas, _Legendes du Nord-Ouest_; Begg,
_History of the North-West_; Hind, _North-West Territory_; MacBeth,
_Making of the Canadian West_.
=Northern Railway.= Chartered in 1849 as the Toronto, Sarnia, and Lake
Huron Railway. The line ran north from Toronto to Lake Simcoe, thence to
Georgian Bay. In 1879 the Northern acquired the Hamilton and
North-Western; and in 1888 was itself absorbed by the Grand Trunk.
=Index=: =E= Construction of, stimulated by provincial guarantee, 1849,
99.
=Norton, John.= Born in Scotland. Came to America and settled among the
Mohawks, who made him a chief. After the close of the War of 1812, went
to Georgia. Died in Scotland. =Index=: =Bk= In battle of Queenston
Heights, 310. =Bib.=: Richardson, _War of 1812_, ed. by Casselman.
=Norway House.= Also known at one time as Jack River House. A post of
the Hudson's Bay Company, on Little Playgreen Lake, at the northern end
of Lake Winnipeg. The post formerly stood on Mossy Point, where the
Nelson River flows out of Lake Winnipeg, but was burnt to the ground
about 1826. The present fort was completed in 1828. It is described in
McLeod's _Peace River_, pp. 49-50. In Sir George Simpson's day, Norway
House was the headquarters of the Company, where the governor and
Council met annually to discuss and arrange its affairs. The name
originated in the fact that a party of Scandinavians had been employed
in building the old fort. =Index=: =MS= Selkirk colonists at Jack River,
163-164, 175; becomes headquarters of Hudson's Bay Company, 216;
Governor Simpson at, 1828, 233-236. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay
Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.
=Notre Dame de la Recouvrance.= First parish church of Quebec; built by
Champlain, 1633, and enlarged, 1635. Totally destroyed by fire, June 14,
1640. Replaced in 1645 by the Church of Notre Dame de la Paix, now the
Basilica of Quebec. =Index=: =Ch= First service in, 239; Champlain's
bequest to, 239; gifts to, 240; consecrated under name of Immaculate
Conception, 240; burnt, 241. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_.
=Notre Dame de Montreal.= =L= Parish erected, 175; united to Seminary,
175, 176.
=Notre Dame des Anges.= =Ch= Jesuit convent, 45, 227; views of Jesuits
in connection with, 229; instruction of Indian children, 232, 233;
Recollet convent dedicated to, 148.
=Notre Dame des Victoires.= Church in Quebec. The corner-stone was laid
May 1, 1688, Bishop Laval officiating. The building was completed the
following year. In 1690 the name was changed to Notre Dame de la
Victoire, to commemorate the repulse of Phipps. In 1711 the name was
again changed, to its present form, to mark the second deliverance of
the city from the English fleet under Walker. The church was destroyed
in the siege of 1759; restored in 1765; and the interior completed in
1817. =Index=: =L= Church of, 185. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New
France_.
=Nouee, Anne de= (1587-1646). Born in France. Entered the Jesuit
novitiate in 1612; and came to Canada in 1626. For several years
laboured among the Hurons and Montagnais, and from 1632 spent the
remainder of his life in mission work in the French settlements along
the St. Lawrence. =Index=: =Ch= Jesuit, goes to Bourges, 207. =L= Death
of, 5. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_.
=Nouveau Monde.= =C= Edited by Canon Lamarche, 81; bitterly attacks
Cartier, 81-82.
=Nova Scotia.= Acadia of the French regime. The present name dates from
1621, when Sir William Alexander (_q.v._) obtained from King James I a
grant of all the territory now constituting the provinces of Nova Scotia
and New Brunswick. After many vicissitudes the territory was finally
ceded to England. Halifax was founded in 1749, as the capital of the
young colony; and in 1784 New Brunswick was made a separate colony.
=Index=: =Ch= Grant of, to Sir William Alexander, 223. =Dr= Carleton
arranges to visit, 235; population of, 236; communication with England
and Quebec, 236. =B= Strong feeling against Confederation in, 186, 206.
=Md= Its agitation for "better terms" in Confederation scheme, 110;
opposes Confederation, 116-117; though discarding Quebec Resolutions,
compromises by appointing delegates to arrange question with Imperial
government, 122; dissatisfied with terms offered, demands and receives
"better terms" before entering Dominion, 145. _See also_ Acadia; New
Brunswick; Halifax. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_;
Haliburton, _Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia_;
Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_;
Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_; Moorson, _Letters from
Nova Scotia_; Cozzens, _Acadia_.
=Nova Scotian.= Newspaper published at Halifax. =Index=: =H= Joseph Howe
becomes editor and proprietor of, 1828, 6; extends its influence
throughout the province, 7; Haliburton contributes to, 9; also Lawrence
O'Connor, Doyle, and others, 9; published by William Annand, 75; Howe
contributes to, 90-93, 117, 231.
=Noyrot, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, sails for Canada, 167; vessel did not
reach Quebec, 168, 177; drowned, 200.
=Oblate Fathers.= A religious order founded in 1816 in France, and first
established in Canada at St. Hillaire, Quebec, in 1841. Its headquarters
in Canada are at Montreal, and it has missions in Quebec, Ontario, and
in the North-West. =Index=: =L= Their labours in Canada, 1.
=O'Brien, William Edward= (1831- ). Born at Thornhill, Ontario. Educated
at Upper Canada College; engaged in journalism at Toronto; studied law
and called to the bar of Ontario, 1874. In command of the York and
Simcoe Regiment during the Rebellion of 1885. Sat in the House of
Commons, 1882-1896; defeated in the general election of 1896. A strong
opponent of the Jesuits' Estates Act and of the Remedial Bill, 1896.
=Index=: =Md= His motion for disallowance of Jesuits' Estates Act, 288;
its defeat, 289. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Observer.= =Mc= Carey's newspaper, allowed to print legislative
reports, 107; defends Judge Willis, 132, 133.
=O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey= (1797-1880). Born in Ireland. In 1823
emigrated to Canada, and practised medicine at Quebec. Edited the
_Vindicator_, 1834. Elected to the Assembly of Lower Canada, 1836, as a
supporter of Papineau. Having been involved in the Rebellion of 1837,
after its collapse he retired to New York, and for many years employed
in editing the records of the state at Albany. =Index=: =P= Edits the
_Vindicator_, 86; elected through Papineau's influence in Richelieu
County, 86; advocates annexation, 97; ridiculed by Quebec _Mercury_,
122; charged with high treason, 128; extent of his responsibility for
the Rebellion, 143; a born conspirator, 145; calls the Rebellion a
spontaneous explosion, 145; blames Gosford, 146; his letter to Garneau,
145-149. =BL= Flies the country, after collapse of Rebellion, 49.
=Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=O'Connell, Daniel= (1775-1847). Irish statesman. =Index=: =Mc=
Befriends Mackenzie, 221. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Chambers, _Biog.
Dict._, and lives mentioned in article.
=O'Connor, John= (1824-1887). Born in Boston, Mass. Came to Canada,
1828. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1854. Practised
at Sandwich. Defeated for the Assembly, 1861; elected, 1863, but
unseated by order of the House. Elected to the House of Commons, 1867;
president of the Council, 1872; minister of inland revenue, 1873;
postmaster-general, 1873; defeated for re-election, 1874; again elected,
1878; held successively the offices of president of the Council,
postmaster-general, and secretary of state. Appointed judge of the Court
of Queen's Bench, 1884. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the
Judges_.
=Ochateguin.= =Ch= Huron chief, 48; forms alliance with Champlain, 55;
wounded in battle, 103.
=Ochterlony, Captain.= =WM= Rescued by French grenadier from Indian
about to scalp him, 142; carefully tended by nuns of General Hospital,
145.
=Odell.= =W= Father of W. F. Odell, 8; provincial secretary, New
Brunswick, 8, 34, 57.
=Odell, William Franklin.= =W= Provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 8,
34, 57, 72; dies at Fredericton, 1844, 75, 76.
=Odell, William Hunter= (1811-1891). Born in New Brunswick. Called to
the bar, 1838; appointed clerk of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick,
and subsequently deputy provincial secretary, registrar and clerk of the
Executive Council. In 1847 appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas;
and in 1850 a member of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick. A
member of the Executive Council, and postmaster-general of the province,
1865-1866. Called to the Dominion Senate, 1867. =Index=: =T= Son of W.
F. Odell, and postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 91-92; his character,
92. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=O'Donoghue, William B.= A professor in St. Boniface College. Elected a
member of the first convention called by Louis Riel, and afterwards a
member of the Council. When the Rebellion was suppressed, fled to the
United States. Pardoned, 1877. Died in St. Paul, Minn., 1878.
=Ogden.= =S= Methodist preacher, not allowed to officiate, being a
citizen of the United States, 190.
=Ogden, Charles Richard= (1791-1866). Son of following. Studied law and
called to the bar, 1812; elected to the Assembly for Three Rivers, 1815;
attorney-general for district of Three Rivers, 1818; solicitor-general,
1823; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1833-1842. On his retirement
went to England, and appointed attorney-general for the Isle of Man, as
well as district registrar at Liverpool. =Index=: =Sy= Attorney-general
for Lower Canada, 283. =BL= Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1841, 76;
unpopular with French, 78; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; his retirement
suggested by Bagot, with a pension, 123; pension objected to by La
Fontaine, 125; is given Imperial appointment, 133. =Bib.=: Taylor,
_Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Ogden, Isaac.= Born in New England. Took the Loyalist side in the
Revolution, and, when New York was evacuated in 1783, went to England.
Came to Canada, 1784, and appointed judge of the Admiralty Court for the
Montreal district; judge of the Superior Court, 1796.
=Ogden, Peter Skene= (1794?-1854). Son of Isaac Ogden (_q.v._). Entered
the fur trade, was sent out to Astoria by Astor, and, finding that
Astoria had been transferred to the North West Company, entered their
service. Led trading expeditions into the interior, explored the
Yellowstone country, Lewis River and Utah, and discovered the Ogden
River in California. After the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay
Companies, moved to New Caledonia and became chief factor in 1835, with
headquarters at Fort St. James. Died at Ogden City, Oregon. =Index=: =D=
Sent with Anderson to establish post on the Stikine, 1834, 120;
frustrated by Russians, 120; reaches Sacramento River, 126; associated
with McLoughlin and Douglas on board of management of western
department, 187; dies, 1854, 265; in charge of New Caledonia, 285.
=Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bancroft, _History of
the North-West Coast_.
=Ogdensburg.= _See_ Oswegatchie.
=O'Grady, Doctor.= =Mc= Publishes _Correspondent and Advocate_, 259;
visits Quebec with Mackenzie, 287; prepares answer to governor, 298;
pens "Declaration of Independence," 330. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian
Rebellion_.
=Ohio River.= One of the largest tributaries of the Mississippi,
discovered by La Salle in 1669. Its short portages from Lake Erie to the
navigable tributaries of the Ohio, and the continuous waterway to the
Gulf of Mexico, made the river an important route for the explorer,
missionary, and settler of the early colonial days. =Index=: =WM= First
named La Belle Riviere, 19. =S= Demanded as boundary of Indian
territory, 120, 122. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_.
=Ohio Valley.= =WM= French retreat from, 62.
=Olbeau, Jean d'.= Born in Langres. Joined the Jesuit College there in
1628. In 1640 came to Canada, and laboured as a missionary at Miscou
until 1643. =Index=: =Ch= Recollet missionary, 85; his missionary
labours, 107; returns to France to report to the king, 113; lays
foundation stone of Recollet convent, 148; sees its doors closed in
1629, 167. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_.
=Old Company.= =F= Name given to Company of New France after 1645, 36.
_See also_ Company of New France.
=Olier de Verneuil, Jean Jacques= (1608-1687). In 1640 parish priest of
St. Sulpice, Paris, and established the St. Sulpice Seminary in 1645.
Founded in 1636 the Company of Montreal, through whose instrumentality
Maisonneuve was sent out in 1641-1642 to lay the foundations of the
future city. =Index=: =L= His designs for establishing a religious
centre at Montreal, 6; trained by St. Vincent de Paul, 24; sends four
priests to Canada, 25; dying, recommends work to his successor, 135. =F=
Founder of Sulpician Order, obtains grant of island of Montreal, 32.
=Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.
=Oneidas.= A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages stood
between those of the Mohawks on the east and the Onondagas on the west.
In the American Revolution, they alone with some of the Tuscaroras took
the side of the rebellious colonists, the remainder of the confederacy
remaining loyal to Great Britain. The remnant of the tribe is now
settled on reservations in New York, in Wisconsin, and in the Niagara
peninsula. =Index=: =F= Torture Father Millet, 216; party of, destroyed,
308; three burnt alive, 309; negotiate for peace, 324. =Ch= Iroquois
tribe, 50. =L= Frontenac marches against, 233. =Hd= Their wavering
fidelity, 148; Brant burns village of, 153. =Bib.=: _See_ Iroquois.
=Onneyouts.= _See_ Oneidas.
=Onondaga.= =S= Armed schooner of eighty tons, 113; Prince Edward
embarks on, at Kingston, 183.
=Onondagas.= A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their country lay west
of that of the Oneidas. They took the British side in the Revolutionary
War; and on its conclusion many of them settled on Canadian
reservations. Some are now on reservations in New York. =Index=: =F=
Iroquois tribe, demand a French colony, 40; escape of, 41; a number
treacherously captured for king's galleys, 215; their orator,
Teganissorens, 338; campaign against, 250-253. =Ch= Indian tribe, 50.
=L= Frontenac marches against, 233. _See also_ Iroquois. =Bib.=: _See_
Iroquois.
=Onontagues.= _See_ Onondagas.
=Onontio (Big Mountain).= =F= Name applied by Indians to French
governors, 35.
=Ontario.= =Hd= Armed vessel, foundering of, 163.
=Ontario.= Area, 260,862 square miles. Formerly Upper Canada. As a
separate province, its existence dates from 1791. The population at that
time was insignificant. Simcoe became the first governor, and the first
Legislature met at Newark (Niagara) in 1792. The province was reunited
to Lower Canada in 1841; and in 1867 became a member of the new
Confederation, under its present name. The greater part of the province
was explored by Champlain, Etienne Brule, and Brebeuf, Chaumonot, and
other Jesuit missionaries, in the first half of the seventeenth century.
=Index=: =W= Abolishes second chamber, 71. _See also_ Upper Canada; New
Ontario. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Smith, _Geographical View of
Upper Canada_; Gourlay, _Statistical Account of Upper Canada_; Haight,
_Country Life in Canada_; Canniff, _History of the Settlement of Upper
Canada_; Moodie, _Roughing it in the Bush_; Edgar, _Ten Years of Upper
Canada_; Strickland, _Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West_; Clarke, _Sixty
Years in Upper Canada_; Conant, _Upper Canada Sketches_.
=Ontario Boundary Dispute.= =Md= Began in 1871, 254; arbitration
arranged, 254-255; Macdonald refuses to accept award, 255; federal
influence in Manitoba dispute, 255-256; Manitoba's claims, 256;
settlement of, 257-258. =Bib.=: Mills, _Report on Boundaries of
Ontario_; Lindsey, _Unsettled Boundaries of Ontario_; _Documents
relating to the Boundaries of Ontario, 1878_; _Correspondence, etc.,
relating to the Boundaries of Ontario, 1882_; _Proceedings before the
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1889_; Biggar, _Life of Sir
Oliver Mowat_.
=Ontario, Lake.= The smallest of the Great Lakes; area, 7,260 square
miles. Discovered by Etienne Brule in 1615.
=Orders-in-Council.= =Bk= British, prohibiting neutral trade between
hostile ports, 93, 106, 111; premature announcement of withdrawal of,
120, 121; difficulty of withdrawing, 192, 193; repealed, 193. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Eng. Hist._
=Ordre du Bon Temps.= =Ch= Social club established at Port Royal, 36.
=Oregon.= =D= Extent of district, 56-57; origin of name, 56-57; arrival
of ships _Convoy_ and _Owyhee_, 1829, 136; first missionaries, 136-142;
coming of the settlers, 138-142; provisional government, 143; John
Gordon sent to report on its value, 183; incident of his salmon fishing,
183-184; question of ownership, conflicting views of Great Britain and
the United States, 62-64. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West
Coast_; Nicolay, _Oregon Territory_; Foster, _Bibliography of Oregon_ in
_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, vol. xxv.
=Oregon Boundary Question.= =D= Settled in 1846, 27; occupation of the
Columbia by the Astorians made basis of United States claims, 72; Oregon
Treaty, 1846, 114; fundamental elements of dispute, 147-149; the Spanish
title, 148; the collision at Nootka, 148; Gray's exploit strengthens
United States claim, 148; negotiations between Great Britain and the
United States, 149-150; United States flag raised over Astoria, 150;
agreement of Oct. 20, 1818, 151; Florida Treaty, 1819, and the Spanish
title in the west, 153; negotiations reopened at London, 154; attitude
of British and American governments, 154; compromise of 1827, 155;
popular feeling in United States, 156; "fifty-four forty or fight," 157;
arbitration refused, 157; 49th parallel proposed by Britain as boundary,
157; analyses of opposing claims, 159-168; mutual ignorance concerning
Oregon, 169-170; British and American diplomacy, 171-172; negotiations
and treaty of 1846, 275; history of the dispute, 276-283. =BL= Treaty
removes any immediate prospect of rupture with the United States, 272.
=E= Threatening aspect of dispute leads to selection of a military
governor; Lord Cathcart, 38; settlement of, 40. =Md= Settled by treaty
of June 15, 1846, 178. =Bib.=: _Lit. Amer. Hist._; Kingsford, _History
of Canada_; Nicolay, _Oregon Territory_; Gray, _History of Oregon_;
Hodgins, _British and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada_; Begg,
_History of British Columbia_; Schafer, _History of the Pacific
North-West_; _History and Digest of International Arbitrations to which
United States has been a Party_; Egerton, _Canada_.
=Orehaoue.= =F= Cayuga chief, brought back from France by Frontenac,
237; services rendered by, 315, 339.
=Orford, Horace Walpole, fourth Earl of= (1717-1797). Sat in Parliament,
1741-1767; established a private press at Strawberry Hill, at which he
printed his various works. =Index=: =WM= His statement regarding
Townshend, 74; on fall of Quebec, 238. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Oriskany.= =Dr= Battle of, Indians lose heavily in, 173.
=Orleans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke of= (1608-1660). =Ch= Conspires
against his brother Louis XIII, 215.
=Orleans, Isle of.= In the St. Lawrence River, below Quebec. It was
first named by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, the Island of Bacchus, on
account of the numerous grape-vines growing there. In 1759 it was
occupied by Wolfe and the British troops during the siege of Quebec.
=Index=: =WM= Evacuated, 90; British establish fortified camp on, 108;
settlements on, burned by Wolfe's orders, 150. =L= Exchanged by Laval
for Ile Jesus, 138. =Ch= Granted to Guillaume de Caen, 140. =Bib.=:
Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_.
=Ormiston, William.= Born in the parish of Symington, on the banks of
the Clyde, Scotland, 1821. Came to Upper Canada 1834, and settled with
his parents in the township of Darlington, then a comparative
wilderness; studied divinity at Victoria College under Egerton Ryerson,
1843; appointed professor of moral philosophy and logic, 1847;
mathematical master at Toronto Normal School, 1853-1861; minister of the
Central Presbyterian Church, Hamilton, 1857. =Index=: =R= Graduate of
Victoria College, 144; his tribute to Ryerson, 144-146; on staff of
Toronto Normal School, 174; inspector of schools, 253; his report on
union schools, 254-255, 257.
=Ormsby, Major.= =Bk= Brings up supply of ordnance from Quebec, 229.
=Osgoode, William= (1754-1824). Born in England. Educated at Oxford;
studied law, and called to the English bar, 1779. Appointed
chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1792; and chief-justice of Lower Canada,
1794. In 1801 resigned and returned to England. Osgoode Hall, Toronto,
the seat of the provincial law courts, is named after him. =Index=: =S=
Legislative councillor, 49; executive councillor, 79; chief-justice,
178. =Dr= Chief-justice of Lower Canada, 291. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.
Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Osler, William= (1849- ). Born in Bond Head, Ontario. Educated at
Toronto and McGill Universities; from 1874 to 1884 professor of medicine
at McGill University; from 1884 to 1889 professor of clinical medicine
in the University of Pennsylvania; Gulstonian lecturer at the Royal
College of Physicians, London, 1885; and professor of medicine at Johns
Hopkins University, 1889-1904; appointed regius professor of medicine at
Oxford, 1904. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_.
=Oswald, Richard= (1705-1784). =Dr= Sent to discuss matters with
Franklin, 192, 213. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Oswegatchie.= Former name of the town of Ogdensburg. =Index=: =Dr=
Captain Foster stationed at, 142. =Hd= Starting-point of many scouting
parties, 150.
=Oswego.= =Hd= British post at mouth of Oswego River, 25; battle at, 26,
40, 121; Haldimand returns to, from Niagara, 27; Indians around, 28;
derivation of name, 32; Amherst at, 33, 34, 35; Haldimand insists on
importance of suitably fortifying, 142; fear of rebels taking post, 150;
retaken, after falling into hands of enemy, by Major Ross, 157;
Loyalists at, 250; Haldimand's determination regarding defence of, 260.
=WM= Capture of, 34.
=Otis, Charles Pomeroy.= =Ch= Translator of Champlain's _Voyages_, 277.
=Otoucha.= =Ch= Huron village, 88.
=Ottawa.= Formerly Bytown. Founded about the year 1827, and named after
Colonel By, a Royal Engineer, who built the Rideau Canal, and whose
workmen formed the nucleus of the infant town. The name was changed to
Ottawa in 1854, and Queen Victoria, in 1858, selected the place as the
seat of government. In 1867 it became the capital of the new Dominion.
=Index=: =E= Selected as seat of government, and later as capital of the
Dominion, 79. =B= Selection of, as capital, opposed by George Brown,
100. _See also_ Bytown. =Bib.=: Edgar, _Canada and its Capital_;
Gourlay, _History of the Ottawa Valley_; Gard, _The Hub and the Spokes_;
Scott, _The Choice of the Capital_. _See also_ papers by Mrs. H. J.
Friel, M. Jamieson, F. G. Kenny, Eva Read, in Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of
Ottawa _Trans._, vol. 1; B. Sulte, _The Name of Ottawa_ in Ottawa Lit. &
Sc. Soc. _Trans._, 1898-1899.
=Ottawa Indians.= A tribe of the Algonquian family. First mentioned in
Champlain's narrative, 1615. The explorer met a party of these Indians
on French River. They were called the _Cheveux Releves_, because of
their peculiar method of dressing the hair. They occupied Manitoulin
Island from about 1615 to 1650; were attacked and dispersed by the
Iroquois the latter year, and settled West of Green Bay. They were keen
fur traders, and throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century
continued to bring down quantities of furs from the west to Montreal by
way of the Ottawa River. Fought under Pontiac in 1763; made peace with
Sir William Johnson at Niagara in 1764. A few thousand are now scattered
on reservations in Ontario. =Index=: =F= Keen for trade and cheap goods,
259; entertained at Quebec, 310. =Hd= Sioux offer to attack, 148.
=Bib.=: Pilling, _Bibliography of Algonquian Languages_; Champlain,
_Voyages_; Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes
of the United States_; _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites. _See also_
Sulte's papers in the Royal Society of Canada _Trans._, 1903 and 1904.
=Ottawa River.= A tributary of the St. Lawrence. Total length, 685
miles. Explored by Champlain in 1613 and 1615. Named after Ottawa
Indians. The river formed for many years the thoroughfare of explorers,
missionaries, and fur traders, from Montreal to the far West. It will
furnish the major portion of the route of the proposed Georgian Bay
Canal. =Index=: =P= Papineau's home at Montebello, 6. =Bib.=: Champlain,
_Voyages_; Sulte, _The Valley of the Grand River, 1600-1650_ (R. S. C.,
1898-1899); Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Keefer, _Montreal and the
Ottawa_; Stewart, _Georgian Bay Canal_.
=Ottawa, University of.= Established, 1848. Originally incorporated
under the title of "College of Bytown"; received the title of "College
of Ottawa," 1866. Pope Leo XIII raised it to the rank of a Roman
Catholic University, 1889. It suffered from a serious fire, 1903. The
university is conducted by the Oblate Fathers of Mary Immaculate.
=Otway's Regiment.= =WM= On British right, 189.
=Ouendats.= =Ch= General name given by French to four Huron tribes, 89.
=Ouentaron.= =S= Indian name of Lake Simcoe, 93. _See also_ Lake Simcoe.
=Ourouehate.= _See_ Big Mouth.
=Overman.= =Ch= Farmer of county of Renfrew, Ontario, discovers
astrolabe lost by Champlain, 76.
=Owen, Admiral.= =W= Member of New Brunswick Council, 69.
=Pabos.= =Hd= Haldimand acquires seigniory of, 50; sends his nephew
there, 73; not profitable, 111.
=Pacific Coast.= _See_ North-West Coast.
=Pacific Fur Company.= Organized by John Jacob Astor in 1810. Sometimes
known as the Astor Fur Company. Astor had made a fortune in the fur
trade, and formed the plan of extending his operations to the Pacific
coast, and building a post at the mouth of the Columbia. He suggested to
the North West Company that the project be undertaken jointly, but the
Company declining the offer, he induced several of its partners and
employees to join him. These men sailed to the Columbia by way of Cape
Horn, while another party went overland by the route followed by Lewis
and Clark. Astoria was built in 1811, at the mouth of the Columbia, but
the energetic competition of the North West Company, and complications
arising out of the War of 1812, defeated Astor's plans. =Index=: =D=
Logical sequel to journey of Lewis and Clark, 68; formed in 1810 by John
Jacob Astor, 68; made famous by Washington Irving, 68; character and
extent of its operations, 69-71; employees recruited in Montreal, 70;
expeditions sent out, 71. _See also_ Astoria. =Bib.=: Cox, _Adventures
on the Columbia River_; Ross, _Fur Hunters of the Far West_; Franchere,
_Voyage to North-West Coast of America_; Irving, _Astoria_.
=Pacific Scandal.= =D= Difficulties aroused by episode, 321. =C=
Cartier's connection with, 53-54, 105-106. =Md= History of, 199-211;
grew out of Pacific Railway project, 200; the two syndicates, 200;
government subsidies, 201; Huntington's motion for a committee to
investigate charges against Sir Hugh Allan and the government, 201-203;
motion defeated, 203; Macdonald's motion for select committee, 203-204;
Allan's letters and telegrams published, with other documents, 205;
royal commission issued, 206; Macdonald's letter to Dufferin, 207;
Mackenzie moves vote of censure, 208; Macdonald's defence, 208-209;
Donald A. Smith's speech, 210; Macdonald resigns, 210; his party
defeated at the elections, 211. =T= Tilley not involved in, 131. _See
also_ Macdonald, Sir John A.; Macpherson, Sir David L.; Cartier, Sir
Georges E.
=Pagan, William.= =W= Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 7.
=Pakington, Sir John.= _See_ Hampton.
=Palliser, Hugh.= Captain of the _Shrewsbury_ in 1759. =Index=: =WM=
British marines under, occupy Lower Town of Quebec, 235.
=Pallu.= =L= Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23.
=Palmer, Edward= (1809-1889). =T= Represents Prince Edward Island at
Quebec Conference, 77.
=Palmerston, Henry John Temple, third Viscount= (1784-1865). Born in
Hampshire, England. Educated at Harrow, Edinburgh, and Cambridge. First
entered Parliament, 1807; lord of the admiralty, 1808; secretary of war,
1809-1828; foreign secretary, 1830-1840 and 1846-1851; home secretary,
1852; prime minister, 1855; defeated, but returned to power, 1857; again
defeated, 1858, and once more prime minister, 1859; warden of the Cinque
Ports, 1861. =Index=: =E= Sends Elgin on mission to China, 212. =Sy=
Resigns from Duke of Wellington's Cabinet, 16. =T= On Intercolonial
Railway question, 55; on Confederation negotiations, 63-64. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Pambrun, Pierre Chrysologue.= Served in the Canadian Voltigeurs during
the War of 1812. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, and
sent to the Qu'Appelle district. Captured there by Cuthbert Grant, of
the North West Company, in 1816, and held prisoner for five days,
shortly before the Seven Oaks affair. Stationed at Stuart Lake, New
Caledonia, in 1824, and still in the same district in 1828 when Sir
George Simpson made his overland journey to the Pacific. In 1842 in
charge of Fort Halkett. =Index=: =D= At Stuart Lake, 99. =Bib.=: Bryce,
_Hudson's Bay Company_; Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Morice,
_History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia_.
=Panama Canal.= =Ch= Suggested by Champlain, 5; undertaken by De
Lesseps, 6.
=Panet, Jean Antoine= (1751-1815). Practised as an advocate and notary
in Montreal, represented Quebec in the Legislature, 1792, and presented
a petition from the citizens of Quebec for the abolition of slavery.
First Speaker of the Legislature of Quebec; appointed judge of the Court
of Common Pleas by Lord Dorchester, 1793, but resigned almost
immediately and re-elected to the Legislature of Lower Canada where he
sat until 1815; appointed a member of the Legislative Council, 1815.
=Index=: =Bk= Speaker of Lower Canada Assembly, his commission as
lieutenant-colonel of militia cancelled by Governor Craig, 105; elected
for Huntingdon and again made Speaker, 115. =Dr= Speaker of first Lower
Canada Assembly, 276; appointed to judgeship, 277. =C= Claims liberty of
the press, 95; sent to jail, 95. =P= Establishes _Le Canadien_, 28; name
struck off militia list by Sir James Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29;
released, 29; Speaker of Assembly succeeded by Papineau, 33. =Bib.=:
Bibaud, _Pan. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Panet, Jean Claude.= =Dr= Appointed judge, 183.
=Pangman, Peter.= Born in New England. Engaged in the fur trade west of
Lake Superior about 1780. With Peter Pond, John Gregory, and A. N.
McLeod, organized in 1784 a company in opposition to the North West
Company. Afterwards for some years in the service of the North West
Company. In 1793 retired from the fur trade, and purchased seigniory of
Mascouche in Lower Canada. =Index=: =MS= Associated with Pond and others
in opposition to North West Company, 11; sent to Saskatchewan, 14; his
share as partner of North West Company, 58. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay
Company_.
=Paper Currency.= =Bk= Issue of, in Upper Canada, 198. =Hd= Redemption
of, 58, =Dr= French, in circulation in Canada, 23; _habitants_ object to
American, 116, 135, 150. =Bib.=: Weir, _Sixty Years in Canada_.
=Papin.= =C= Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion
entering Cartier administration, 106-107.
=Papineau, Denis B.= =E= Brother of Louis Joseph Papineau, 35; Metcalfe
brings into Cabinet, 35; his lack of influence in Lower Canada, 44, 66.
=BL= Elected for Ottawa, 116; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 1844,
246; attacked, 246-247; elected for Ottawa, 1844, 252; introduces
question of French language, 255-256; Draper prepared to throw him over,
259, 260. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Papineau, Joseph.= =P= Represents Montreal in first Parliament, 1792,
4; his patriotism, 4; oratorical gifts, 4; services during American
invasion, 1775-1776, 5, 33; acquires seigniory of La Petite Nation, 5-6.
=Papineau, Louis Joseph= (1786-1870). =P= Tribune of the people, 1; a
melodious speaker, 1-3; compared with Cartier, 2; his parentage, 3-4;
services in War of 1812, 5, 33; his house at Montebello, 6; college
days, 32; enters Assembly, 1812, and immediately springs to front, 32;
succeeds Panet as Speaker, 1815, 33; studies history and constitutional
law, 33; his speeches, 34; leadership acknowledged, 34; his opinion of
the constitution of 1791, 34-38; insists on budget being voted item by
item, 42; sent to England to oppose proposed union of Upper and Lower
Canada, 1822, 44-53; attacks Dalhousie in the Assembly, 56; Bibaud on,
56; fight for control of the budget, and removal of political abuses,
56-64; criticized for accepting mission to England, 65-66; revolt
against his leadership, 66; friendship for Neilson, 67; difficulties
with his followers, 68-69; refuses offer of seat in the Council, 1822,
72; his unsuccessful fight for responsible government, 75; defeats
motion for adoption of Goderich's offer, 77; his action defended in
Durham's _Report_, 77; advocates reform of Legislative Council, 79; his
Montreal speech, 1834, 79-82; question of patronage, 84; his immoderate
attitude, 86; deserted by Neilson and other moderate men, 86; blames
government for ravages of cholera, 88-89; Ninety-Two Resolutions, 85-97;
becomes an annexationist, 97, 113; stormy scenes in the Legislature,
1835, 99; his outbursts of passion, 100; replies to Gugy's speech in
Assembly, 103-106; has Lord Aylmer's remarks about Ninety-Two
Resolutions erased from journals of Assembly, 106, 109; bitter attack on
Aylmer, 107-108; and Craig, 109; becomes an irreconcilable, 110;
conflict with Lord Gosford, 110; criticized by Dr. Henry, 112; accepts
invitations to Government House, 112-113; refuses to vote supplies, 115;
the eve of the Rebellion, 116; moderate French, with the clergy, break
away from his leadership, 116-117; fails to secure support of
malcontents in other provinces, 118-119; his seditious speeches,
119-125; influenced by example of American Revolution, 121-122; at the
St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125-126; leaves Montreal for St. Hyacinthe,
127; charged with high treason, 128; leaves St. Denis on the eve of the
fight, 132; a price put on his head, 137; escapes to the United States,
137-138; extent of his responsibility for Rebellion, 143; denies having
advocated violence, 143; his speeches evidence against him, 144; his
letters, 144; and the government, 156; the people follow him blindly,
indifferent to political rights, 160-161; spends the period of his exile
in France, 163; letter to his brother, 164; returns to Canada in 1845,
165; historical studies in Paris, examines Canadian Archives there,
164-165; his pamphlet on the Rebellion, 165; again enters Parliament,
1847-1854, 166; relations with La Fontaine, 167-180; advocates
independence, 167; attacks La Fontaine, 170-172; La Fontaine's reply,
172-176; his hatred of all forms of compromise, 177; forms new party,
_Le parti democratique_, 1849, 178, 187; its leaders, 178; its
programme, 178; retires from public life, 180; his letters to Christie,
144, 180, 191, 194; criticism of the Act of 1840, 181-182; his
correspondence with his friends, 183; lectures before Canadian
Institute, Montreal, 1867, 183, 199; his portrait, 185; his character,
185; his father's influence, 186; merits and defects of his public life,
186-188; his correspondence with W. L. Mackenzie, 189; his home on the
Ottawa, 190; his social qualities, 190-191; home life, 192; friendly
attitude towards the English, 196; his letters, 197; his death, Sept.
23, 1870, 198; attitude towards the church, 198; opposed to
Confederation, 199; his love for his country, 200. =BL= Born in
Montreal, 19; political life, 19, 20; his connection with the Rebellion
in Lower Canada, 45, 46, 49; anxious to conciliate clergy, 47; Cuvillier
votes against his Ninety-Two Resolutions, 86; his correspondence with
Hume and Roebuck, 229; his life in exile, 288; La Fontaine secures his
pardon, 288; his return and election for St. Maurice, 288; his lost
leadership, 289; attacks La Fontaine and his policy, 289-290; La
Fontaine's reply, 290-292; for Radical party, 292; opposes
Redistribution Bill, 303; in the Assembly, 312; leads Radical party,
342; opposes La Fontaine, 342, 343; Elgin calls him "Guy Fawkes," 342;
attitude on Seigniorial Tenure, 350. =E= Causes of Rebellion, 17, 75,
76; his dangerous eloquence, 17-18; an agitator rather than a statesman,
20; fights for an elective Council, 21; mistaken attitude, 22; returns
from exile, 50, 91; elected to Parliament, 50; his career in Parliament,
50-51; Elgin's antipathy for, 56, 57, 72, 73; contrasted with Mackenzie,
91, 92; controls Legislature of Lower Canada, 97; opposes development of
St. Lawrence, 97, 98; forms _Parti Rouge_, 108, 109; factious opposition
to law increasing representation, 117; held responsible by Cartier for
amendment to Union Act, 122; his defeat and retirement from public life,
134; aftermath of Rebellion, 190. =Bk= Elected to the Lower Canada
Legislature, 117. =C= His influence on Cartier, 1, 5; his St. Charles
meeting, 3; standing as a statesman, 23; founds Democratic party, 26;
advocates reforms, but crosses limits of constitutional agitation, 96.
=Md= Heads Rebellion of 1837, in Lower Canada, 7; Cartier goes to United
States with, after defeat of rebels, 266; in struggle against political
domination of priesthood, 45. =Mc= Visited by Mackenzie, 288; addresses
meetings, 328; amnestied, 474. _See also_ Rebellion of 1837. =Bib.=:
Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Christie,
_History of Lower Canada_.
=Pardoe, Avern= (1845- ). =B= Librarian of Legislative Assembly of
Ontario, 255; a witness of the shooting of George Brown by Bennett,
255-256.