Lake Winnipeg and the interior. It was adopted at a very early date, the
more obvious route by way of Nelson River having proved impracticable.
The Hayes route runs up Hayes River to Oxford Lake, and thence by a
series of small lakes and rivers over the height of land and down the
Echimamish River to Little Playgreen Lake, and Lake Winnipeg. York
Factory stands at the Hudson Bay end of the route, and Norway House at
the entrance to Lake Winnipeg.
=Hazen, John Douglas= (1860- ). Born in Oromocto, New Brunswick.
Educated at the University of New Brunswick; studied law and called to
the bar of New Brunswick, 1883. Alderman of Fredericton and mayor for
two years. Elected to the House of Commons for St. John City and County,
1891; but defeated, 1896. Elected to the New Brunswick Assembly for
Sunbury, 1899; chosen leader of the opposition in the Assembly; premier
and attorney-general, 1908. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's
Who_.
=Hazen, Moses.= =Dr= Brings news of Arnold's attack on St. Johns, 34.
=Hd= A rebel spy, 130; mentioned by Haldimand in despatch, 132-133.
=Hazen, Robert Leonard= (1806-1874). Born in St. John, New Brunswick.
Studied law and called to the bar, 1832; sat for St. John in New
Brunswick Assembly, 1837-1848; in Legislative Council, 1848-1867; member
of Executive Council without portfolio, 1844-1854, and again, 1856-1857;
called to the Senate, 1867; judge of Vice-Admiralty Court of New
Brunswick, 1846-1874. =Index=: =W= On responsible government, 63-64;
appointed to Executive Council, New Brunswick, 72; resigns, 76; referred
to in Wilmot's speech, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110. =T= Member of
Gray-Wilmot ministry, 41. =Bib.=: _Parl. Comp._, 1873; Hannay, _History
of New Brunswick_.
=Hazen's Rangers.= =WM= In battle of the Plains, 257.
=Head, Sir Edmund Walker= (1805-1868). Fellow of Merton College, Oxford,
1830-1837; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1847; governor-general
of Canada, 1854-1861. Afterwards appointed a civil service commissioner
and elected governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. =Index=: =Md= Calls
upon Tache to form ministry, 80; suggests Bytown (Ottawa) as capital,
85. =E= Succeeds Elgin as governor-general, Dec. 19, 1854, 203; Elgin's
opinion of, 208; visits Elgin, 239. =B= Sends for George Brown to form
ministry--relations with, 101-105, 108. =R= Requests report on separate
school question from Ryerson, 234. =W= On reducing number of judges in
New Brunswick, 129, 130; and Wilmot, 131. =T= Judicial appointments, 31;
and Confederation question, 63. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can.
Por._ and _Last Forty Years; Dict. Nat. Biog._; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir
John A. Macdonald_; Mackenzie, _Hon. George Brown_.
=Head, Sir Francis Bond= (1793-1875). Served in Royal Engineers at
Waterloo; travelled in South America, 1825-1826; appointed
lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1835-1837; made privy councillor,
1867. =Index=: =Mc= Governor of Upper Canada, states his position on
responsible government, 22; Durham says he purposely invited rebellion,
23; his instructions on taking office, 263; makes public a confidential
despatch, 280; arrives in Canada, 291; his appointment, 291; states his
position, 293; appoints three executive councillors, 294; Council
resigns, 294; his views of responsibility, 295; censured by committee of
the House, 296; House adopts the report, 297; refuses supplies, 297; he
replies to address of deputation, 298; deputation's reply, 300; appoints
four new councillors, 300; schooled by Lord Glenelg, 301; joins Family
Compact, 302; dissolves the House, 303; refuses assent to money bills,
303; interferes in elections, 304; insults Glenelg, 304; denounces
Robert Baldwin, 305; quarrels with imperial commission of inquiry, 305;
refuses to obey Lord Glenelg, 307; W. J. Rattray on, 307; his success in
the elections, 308; unscrupulous influence in, 309; Lord Durham on, 309;
some of his addresses, 313; charged with undue influence in, 313;
sustained by partisan House, 314; refuses offer of troops, 353; invites
revolt, 354, 355; prepares to escape, 364; sends flag of truce, 368;
offers reward for Mackenzie's apprehension, 380; orders burning of
property, 381; seeks Mackenzie's extradition, 415. =Sy= Recall of, 109.
=BL= Comes as governor, 16, 32; his appointment, 35; his character, 36;
his arrival in Toronto, 37; relations with the Reformers, 37; appoints
Baldwin, Rolph, and Dunn to the Council, 38; their resignation, 41;
quarrels with Reform party, 41-42; dissolves Assembly and throws his
influence on Tory side in the elections, 41-42; wins the election, 42;
his Tory Parliament, 62; attitude towards colonial self-government, 64;
Draper a member of his Council, 77; compared to Bagot, 151. =R= His
instructions, 112; his conciliatory promises not fulfilled, 113; end of
his administration, 114; advances funds to Upper Canada Academy,
142-143. =E= An unfortunate choice as governor, 1; and the Upper Canada
Rebellion, 22. =Bib.=: Works: _Narrative_; _The Emigrant_; _Journeys in
the Pampas and Andes_; _Life of Bruce, the Traveller; Life of Burgoyne_.
For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Read,
_Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_ and _Rebellion of 1837_; Dent,
_Can. Por._ and _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Lizars, _Humours of '37_;
Fitz Gibbon, _A Veteran of 1812_; Robinson, _Sir John Beverley
Robinson_; Ryerson, _Story of my Life_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian
Constitutional Development_; Durham, _Report_; _Lord Glenelg's
Despatches to Sir F.B. Head_, London, 1839.
=Hearne, Samuel= (1745-1792). Came to Fort Prince of Wales on the
Hudson's Bay Company's ship _Prince Rupert_. Under instructions from the
Company, and after two abortive attempts, set forth in December, 1770,
on his memorable journey to the mouth of the Coppermine River, which he
reached in July of the following year. Returning by way of Great Slave
Lake, arrived at Fort Prince of Wales in June, 1772. Two years later
sent to the Saskatchewan, where he built Cumberland House. On his return
in 1775, appointed governor of Fort Prince of Wales, and still in charge
when the fort was captured by La Perouse in 1782. Brief accounts of his
journey published after his return from the Coppermine, and some of his
statements severely criticized by Alexander Dalrymple. The complete
account of the expedition did not appear until three years after his
death. =Index=: =MS= Sent inland by Hudson's Bay Company, 3; discovers
Coppermine River and Great Slave Lake, 3, 31; builds Cumberland House,
4; magnitude of his explorations, 31; his guide Matonabee, 32. =D= His
expedition to Coppermine River made on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company,
51; his discoveries known to Alexander Mackenzie, 53. =Bib.=: Works:
_Journey from Prince of Wales Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern
Ocean_, etc., 1769-1772 (Lond., 1795). New ed., edited by J. B. Tyrrell,
Champlain Soc., 1910; French trans. by M. Lallemant in 2 vols. (Paris,
1799). Also, abridged in Mavor's collection of _Voyages_, xxiv, 1-66.
Brief accounts of Hearne and his explorations will be found in Bryce,
_Hudson's Bay Company_; Willson, _Great Company_; Laut, _Pathfinders of
the West_ and _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for
the Western Sea_.
=Heath, General William= (1737-1814). =Dr= Commissioner on American side
for exchange of prisoners, 208. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog_.
=Heathfield, George Augustus Eliott, first Baron= (1717-1790). Defender
of Gibraltar. =Index=: =Hd= His marriage, 316. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=Heavysege, Charles= (1816-1876). Born in Liverpool, England. Came to
Canada, 1853. Settled in Montreal, and engaged in his trade of
cabinet-making. Afterwards connected with the staff of the _Witness_.
Author of a number of dramas, the most remarkable of which was _Saul_.
=Bib.=: For his works, _see_ James, _Bibliography of Canadian Poetry_.
For biog., _see_ Burpee, _Charles Heavysege_ (R. S. C., 1901); Rose,
_Cyc. Can. Biog._; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.
=Hebert, Anne.= Eldest daughter of Louis Hebert, Quebec; married to
Stephen Jonquest in the autumn of 1617, Father Le Caron officiating.
This was the first marriage in New France. =Index=: =Ch= Her marriage,
113; her death, 117.
=Hebert, Guillaume.= =Ch= Son of Louis, 146.
=Hebert, Louis.= Came from Paris to Acadia, 1604; mentioned there in
1610, and again in 1613-1614. Returned to France, and in 1617 came to
Quebec, becoming the first permanent settler in New France. Died 1627.
=Index=: =F= First regular settler at Quebec, 16. =Ch= Consents to
accompany Champlain to Canada, 111, 112; a valuable member of the
colony, 112; signs complaint of the inhabitants, 136; his family, 146;
previous life, 147; death of, 148; a native of Paris, 250; receives fief
of Sault au Matelot, 251. =Bib.=: Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old
Regime_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.
=Hebert, Guillemette.= =Ch= Wife of Guillaume Couillard, 146.
=Hebert, Madame.= =Ch= Mass celebrated in her house on restoration of
Quebec, 225.
=Heceta, Bruno.= Commanded Spanish expedition to North-West Coast, 1775.
=Index=: =D= Discovers mouth of Columbia, 14, 15. =Bib.=: Bancroft,
_History of the North-West Coast_.
=Helmcken, John Sebastian.= Born in England, 1832. Studied medicine and
admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, 1848.
Appointed surgeon at Vancouver Island by Hudson's Bay Company; first
magistrate appointed in the colony. As magistrate stationed at Fort
Rupert, where the miners were very unruly. In 1856 elected for Esquimalt
district to the first Legislature of the colony; took a very active part
in its deliberations; and became Speaker. Member of Executive Council,
1864-1871. Opposed Confederation in 1870. Sent to Ottawa the same year
as one of the delegates to negotiate terms of union. =Index=: =D=
Speaker of first Legislature of Vancouver Island, 210. =Bib.=: Morgan,
_Can. Men_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_.
=Henderson, Captain.= =Dr= With crews of two war vessels assists in
defence of Quebec, 112.
=Henderson.= =WM= Private of grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off the
field, 200.
=Hennepin, Louis.= Born in Ath, Belgium, about 1640. Entered order of
Recollets. Sailed for Quebec, 1675. Stationed at Fort Frontenac, 1676.
Accompanied La Salle to the West, 1678. From Fort Crevecoeur (Peoria,
Ill.), in 1680, descended the Illinois and explored the upper waters of
the Mississippi. Captured by the Sioux and carried to their country.
After eight months, rescued by Du Lhut (_q.v._), passed the winter at
Michilimackinac, and returned to Quebec, 1682. Apparently satisfied with
his adventures in the wilderness, returned to Europe, and settled in
Holland, where devoted himself to the preparation of a series of
narratives of his explorations, real and imaginary. Died there about
1706. =Bib.=: Works: _Description de la Louisiane_, etc.; _Nouvelle
Decouverte,_ etc.; _Nouveau Voyage_, etc. For biog., and bibliog.
details of Hennepin's works, _see_ Thwaites's edition of the _New
Discovery_, 1903. _See also_ Parkman, _La Salle_.
=Henri.= =Ch= Servant of Madame Hebert, murdered by Montagnais Indian,
164.
=Henrietta of France, Queen of England.= =Ch= Dowry of, 216.
=Henry IV, King of France= (1553-1610). Succeeded Henry III in 1589.
=Index=: =F= Assassination of, 11. =Ch= Assassinated, 64. =Bib.=:
Chambers, _Biog. Dict._
=Henry, Alexander, the Elder= (1739-1824). One of the pioneer fur
traders in north-western America. Born in New Jersey. Entered the fur
trade as a young man, 1760, or perhaps earlier. His _Travels and
Adventures_ open in that year and describe his experiences in the West
for the following sixteen years. Sailed for Europe in 1776, where he
made the acquaintance of Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal
Society, and had an opportunity of describing his adventures to Marie
Antoinette. Afterwards settled in Montreal as a merchant. =Index=: =MS=
Leaves Montreal for western fur country, 3. =Bib.=: _Travels and
Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories_, New York, 1809; new
ed., with biog. and other notes, by James Bain, Toronto, 1901. _See
also_ Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.
=Henry, Alexander, the Younger.= Nephew of preceding. Entered service of
North West Company about 1792. His _Journal_, the original manuscript of
which is in the Library of Parliament at Ottawa, and which was published
in 1897, with introduction and elaborate notes by Elliott Coues,
contains an account of his western travels and experiences, 1799 to
1814. Drowned near Fort George, at the mouth of the Columbia, May 22,
1814. =Bib.=: Works: _New Light on the Early History of the Greater
North-West_; _The Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry and David
Thompson_, ed. by Elliott Coues, New York, 1897. _See also_ Burpee,
_Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Henry, John.= =Bk= His mission to the New England states, 120; use made
of his letters, 120; referred to in message of Madison to Congress, 186,
187; sells his letters to United States government, 187. =Bib.=: _Cyc.
Am. Biog._
=Henry, Patrick= (1736-1799). American statesman. =Index=: =Dr= His
rhetorical exaggerations, 197. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Henry, William Alexander= (1816-1888). =H= Solicitor-general, Nova
Scotia--becomes provincial secretary, 1856, 157; resigns from
government, 164; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 177. =T= Delegate
from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to Quebec
Conference, 76. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Herald.= Newspaper published at Montreal. Established 1808. =Index=:
=BL= On debate on responsible government in Legislature, 1841, 94-95.
=Herald.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =BL= Account of scene
in Parliament, 1842, 126-127.
=Herbin.= =WM= Commands the Montreal militia with Prud'homme, 105.
=Heriot, George= (1766-1844). Born in Island of Jersey. Came to Canada,
and appointed a clerk in the ordnance department at Quebec, 1799; deputy
postmaster-general of British North America, 1800; and afterwards
postmaster-general. Served in the War of 1812; second in command under
De Salaberry at Chateauguay; major-general, 1841. =Bib.=: Works:
_History of Canada; Travels through the Canadas_. For biog., _see Cyc.
Am. Biog._
=Hermione.= =Bk= British war vessel, mutiny of crew, 11.
=Hermitage at Caen. L= Laval passes three years at, 25.
=Hersault, Mme.= _See_ Camaret, Marie.
=Hertel, Francois.= =F= Commands Three Rivers war party, 235; his old
age, 235; leader in massacre of Salmon Falls, 251; joins De Portneuf in
attack on Fort Loyal, 251. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_.
=Hertel, Jacques.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144; arrives from France in 1613,
144.
=Hertel de Rouville=. =Dr= Appointed judge, 183.
=Hervey, William= (1732-1815). British soldier. Spent the eight years
1755-1763 in North America. =Bib.=: _Journals of the Hon. William Hervey
in North America and Europe from 1765 to 1814, with Order Books at
Montreal, 1760-1763._
=Hessians.= =Hd= Established near Cataraqui, 265. =Dr= Applications
from, for land grants, 218.
=Hey, William.= An English lawyer; succeeded William Gregory as
chief-justice of Quebec, 1766. Went to England, 1773, in connection with
the Quebec Act, and did not return to Canada until 1775. Left Canada
finally the same year, having been elected to the British House of
Commons for Sandwich, in 1774. Vacated his seat in 1776, and appointed a
commissioner of customs. Died, 1797. =Index=: =Dr= Chief-justice, not
favourable to Walker, 37, 39; called as witness in connection with the
Quebec Act, 63; evidence of, before House of Commons, 68; makes strong
appeal to British at Montreal, 88. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can_.; Lucas,
_History of Canada_; Bradley, _Making of Canada_; Egerton and Grant,
_Canadian Constitutional Development_; Shortt and Doughty,
_Constitutional Documents of Canada_.
=Hickson, Sir Joseph= (1830-1897). Born at Otterburn, England. After
some years' practical experience on various English railways, came to
Canada, 1862, as chief accountant of the Grand Trunk. Subsequently
promoted to the office of secretary of the company; general manager,
1874. Between that year and 1890, when he retired, succeeded in bringing
the Grand Trunk to the first rank among the railways of the continent.
=Higginson, Captain.= Private secretary to Sir Charles Metcalfe.
=Index=: =BL= His interview with La Fontaine--discusses constitutional
government, 172-173, 174, 175, 176.
=Highlanders.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 260.
=Hill, G. S.= =W= Member for Charlotte, in New Brunswick Assembly,
nominates Wilmot for speakership, 66.
=Hill, P. C.= =H= Member of first Nova Scotia government after
Confederation, 198.
=Hincks, Sir Francis= (1807-1885). =E= Appointed inspector-general by
Sir Charles Bagot, 31; on Metcalfe, 38; returned in elections of 1848,
50; becomes inspector-general in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53;
Ryerson's letter to, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical
statesmanship, 93; his influence on railway construction, 99, 100;
controversy with Howe, 101; his character and influence, 107; forms
ministry, 107-108; makes concessions to leaders of Clear Grits, 112;
inspector-general in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; Brown's attitude to,
114; and the Grand Trunk, 115; and the Clergy Reserves, 119; attacked by
Garneau, 123; bitterly attacked by Brown, 125; reorganizes government,
125-126; his government defeated, 127; relations with John Sandfield
Macdonald, 128; on the appeal to the country in 1854, 133; result of the
elections, 133-134; elected in two constituencies, 134; and the
speakership in 1854, 135-136; resignation of ministry, 136; leader of
the Liberals, 138; supports MacNab-Morin Liberal-Conservative
government, 140, 141; visits London, 1852, 156; his views on Clergy
Reserves, 163, 165, 166, 196; appointed governor of Barbados, 220;
becomes governor of British Guiana, 220, 222; made Commander of the
Bath, 222; his retirement from Imperial service, 1869, 222; receives
knighthood, 222; returns to Canada, and becomes finance minister in Sir
John Macdonald's ministry, 223; his final retirement from public life,
223; his character and his closing years, 223-224; writes his
_Reminiscences_, 224; his death at Montreal, 1885, 224. =Sy= Publisher
of _Examiner_, advocate of responsible government, 107; supports union
of provinces as leading thereto, 212; his attitude on Clergy Reserves
question, 247; supports useful legislation introduced by Sydenham, 296;
finds Lower Canada Conservatives much more liberal than the "Liberals,"
297; disapproves Baldwin's action, 298; a man of more political wisdom
than Baldwin, 299; supports Local Government Bill, 323; partially
adopts, as finance minister of the Dominion, Sydenham's idea of bank of
issue, 330; Sydenham's high opinion of his financial abilities, 333;
made inspector-general by Sir Charles Bagot, 333. =B= On Metcalfe's
policy, 18-49; opposed by George Brown--Brown's letters to, 48-49,
54-55; protests against attitude of Derby government in England on
Clergy Reserves, 59; his action in legislature, 59; and the University
of Toronto Bill, 63; Brown acknowledges his services for responsible
government, 67; warns George Brown that the logical conclusion of his
course in Parliament was dissolution of the union, 70; his ministry
defeated in June, 1854, 77; his retirement--supports MacNab-Morin
government, 77; his argument against representation by population, 84;
and the fight for responsible government, 261; his brief and troubled
reign, 262. =BL= Associated with Baldwin, 32; born in Cork, Dec. 14,
1807--came to Canada, 1830, 32; early years, 32; his marriage, 34;
manager of the Bank of the People, 34; friendship for Baldwin, 34;
commercial interests, 34-35; on Head's appointment, 36; secretary of
Constitutional Reform Society, 42; took no part in Rebellion of 1837,
44; establishes the _Examiner_, 58; supports Durham, 58; meets La
Fontaine and Morin in Lower Canada, 63; and enters into correspondence
with them, 63; elected for Oxford, 69; his address to the electors, 69;
his attitude in the Legislature of 1841, 85; explains reasons for
supporting Cavillier for speakership--challenges government to a vote,
87; presses government for a statement of policy on question of
responsible government, 91; supports Neilson's motion against Union Act,
96; his speech, 96-97; supports government's policy as to public works,
98-99; defends Municipal Government Bill, 102-103; charged with
desertion of his party, 102; repudiates charge, 103; explains his
position in the _Examiner_, 104; votes for Municipal Bill, 105; Bagot
makes him inspector-general, 118-119; address to his constituents,
119-120; his appointment criticized, 120, 121, 130; moves postponement
of debate, 131-132; remains in office in La Fontaine-Baldwin government,
133, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal,
167; on La Fontaine, 170; takes charge of fiscal and commercial
legislation in the Assembly, 178-179; contemporary account of him,
178-180; Gowan predicts his dismissal, 187; burnt in effigy at Toronto,
187; his measure for protection of agriculture against competition of
United States, 189; supports Baldwin, 214; severs his connection with
_Examiner_, 1842--returns to newspaper work--edits _Times_,
Montreal--establishes _Pilot_, 217-218; challenged to duel, 218; his
letters to London _Morning Chronicle_, 218, 219, 220; exposes
Wakefield's fallacies, 219-220; referred to by George Brown, 224; on
Metcalfe, 230; in political controversy, 1844, 238; beaten in Oxford,
253; remains out of Parliament until 1848, 253; protests against
election of his opponent, 253; on "double majority," 259; Draper's plan
discussed, 261, 262; on Elgin, 275-276; elected for Oxford during his
absence in Ireland, 279; inspector-general, 1848, 284; charged with
commercial and economic measures in the Legislature, 301; his
transportation policy, 301-302; advocates reciprocity, 302; Customs Act,
302; defends Rebellion Losses Bill, 317-318; requests Elgin to assent to
Tariff Bill, 321; his house attacked by mob, 324; his letter to the
_Times_, 327-330; strengthens Canada's credit in London market, 331; his
letters to _Daily Mail_, 332; reconstructs the Reform government, 335;
on the Reform party, 336; his letters and views on the Clergy Reserves,
347-348; his later career in Canada, Barbados, and Guiana, 358-359; his
death, Aug. 18, 1885, 359; his _Reminiscences_, 359. =H= Confers with
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia representatives on Intercolonial Railway,
142; goes to England to consult Imperial government, 142; quarrels with
Sir John Packington, 143; arranges for construction of Grand Trunk
Railway, 143; represents British North America at railway celebration,
Boston, 1851, 250. =R= Forms opposition party with Baldwin, La Fontaine,
and others, 122; his University Bill, 159-161; his opinion of the Roman
Catholic School Bill, 222; and separate schools, 224. =C= Urges Cartier
to enter Cabinet, 22. =Mc= On Welland canal, 265; befriends Mackenzie,
481; publishes _Examiner_, 483; his _Reminiscences,_ 483; his estimate
of Mackenzie, 484; becomes prime minister, 487. =Md= Forms ministry with
Morin, 1851, 47; finance minister--succeeds Rose, 136; his political
attitude, 136; defeated in election, 1872, 197; serves on Ontario
Boundary Commission, 255. =T= Goes to England on Intercolonial mission,
26, 54; becomes minister of finance, 1869, 130; resigns, 133. =Bib.=:
Works: _Canada and its Financial Resources_; _Political History of
Canada_; _Reminiscences of his Public Life_. For biog., _see_ Davin,
_The Irishman in Canada_; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_;
Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Pope,
_Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.
=Hind, Henry Youle.= Born in Nottingham, England, 1823. Travelled in
Mexico, 1846. Came to Canada, 1847, and appointed lecturer in chemistry
and natural philosophy at the Toronto Normal School, Toronto. Five years
later became professor of chemistry and geology in Trinity College.
Geologist to the Red River exploring expedition, 1857; and had charge of
the expedition of 1858 to explore the country between Red River and the
Saskatchewan. In 1860 carried out an exploration of a portion of
Labrador peninsula. In 1854 resigned his chair at Trinity, and undertook
a preliminary geological survey of New Brunswick; and in subsequent
years carried out similar work for the government of Nova Scotia. In
1876 engaged by the Newfoundland government to report on northern cod
banks, but abandoned this work to assist the Canadian government in
preparing their case for the Halifax Fisheries Commission. =Index=: =R=
On staff of Toronto Normal School, 174. =Bib.=: Works: _Narrative of the
Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857, and the Assiniboine and
Saskatchewan Expedition of 1858_; _Sketch of the Overland Route to
British Columbia_; _Explorations in the Interior of the Labrador
Peninsula_; _Eighty Years' Progress of British North America_ (by Hind
and others). For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._ and _Can. Men_; Rose,
_Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Hochelaga.= An Iroquoian town situated, in 1535, on Montreal Island.
The site is now covered by the city of Montreal. Cartier visited the
town in the year mentioned, and describes it as encircled by a triple
row of palisades, with galleries for the defenders. Within stood some
fifty large oblong lodges, each housing several families. In 1603, when
Champlain visited the place, nothing remained of the town, and Indians
of a different stock occupied the island. =Bib.=: Cartier, _Bref recit_,
etc.; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Fiske, _New France and New
England_.
=Hocquart, Gilles.= Intendant of New France. Son of Jean-Hyacinthe
Hocquart, chevalier, and seigneur d'Essenlis et de Muscourt. Held for a
time the office of commissary of marine, and in 1729 obtained from the
king a commission as commissary-general of New France. Arrived at Quebec
in 1729; and in 1731 succeeded Dupuy as intendant. After nearly twenty
years of service in New France, during which he devoted his energies
unselfishly to the welfare of the colony, returned to France in 1748,
and for some years filled the office of intendant at Brest. Appointed a
councillor of state, 1753. =Index=: =WM= Receives Montcalm at Brest, 2.
=Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle France_ (R. S. C., 1903);
Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_.
=Hodgins, John George= (1821- ). Born in Dublin. Came to Canada, 1833.
Educated at Upper Canada Academy, Victoria College, and Toronto
University. Appointed to department of education of Upper Canada, 1844;
secretary of provincial board of education; 1846; deputy superintendent
of education, 1855; deputy minister of education, 1876-1889; librarian
and historiographer of the education department since 1889. =Index=: =R=
Graduate of Victoria College, 144; Ryerson's right-hand man, 179, 202;
his estimate of children attending school in 1845, 189; objections noted
to School Act of 1870-1871, 205; his history of separate schools in
Upper Canada, 234; on Ryerson's last days, 295-296. =Bib.=: Works:
_Documentary History of Education in Upper Canada_; _Legislation and
History of Separate Schools in Upper Canada_. For biog., _see_ Morgan,
_Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Hodgson, Sir Robert= (1798-1880). Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward
Island. Educated at Windsor, Nova Scotia, and called to the bar of Nova
Scotia and of Prince Edward Island, 1819. Appointed judge of Probate and
attorney-general for Prince Edward Island, 1828; president of the
Legislative Council, 1840. Appointed chief-justice, 1852, and judge of
the Court of Vice-Admiralty, 1853; resigned both offices to accept the
lieutenant-governorship of Prince Edward Island, 1874. Held office until
1879. Died in Charlottetown. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Prince Edward
Island_.
=Holdernesse, Robert D'Arcy, fourth Earl of= (1718-1778). =WM= Wolfe's
letter to, 166. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Holland.= =S= Surveyor-general, Upper Canada, 178.
=Holland.= =Hd= Revolution in places William of Orange at head of
affairs, 7. =Bk= British expedition to, under Duke of York, 13-22.
=Holland House.= =Dr= Occupied by Montgomery, 123.
=Holmes, B. E.= One of leaders of the Liberal party in Lower Canada, 50.
=Index=: =BL= At farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 1851, 354.
=Holmes, Charles= (1711-1761). Third in command under Sir Charles
Saunders (_q.v._) before Quebec, 1759; commander-in-chief in West
Indies, 1760-1761. =Index=: =WM= In command of second British fleet, 75;
commands ships above Quebec, 152; movements of his fleet up and down the
river, 160, 163, 171. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Woods, _Logs of the
Conquest of Canada_ and _The Fight for Canada_; Parkman, _Montcalm and
Wolfe_.
=Holton, Luther Hamilton= (1817-1880). Entered public life, 1854, as one
of the members for Montreal; elected to Legislative Council, 1862;
resigned, 1863, and returned to the Assembly as member for Chateauguay,
which he represented to the time of his death; accepted portfolio of
commissioner of public works in the short-lived Brown-Dorion government,
1858; minister of finance in the Macdonald-Dorion administration,
1863-1864. =Index=: =E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81; associated with
_Parti Rouge_, 108; adopts less radical views, 134. =B= Enters George
Brown's ministry, 102; Brown's letter to, on Confederation, 131; on
English views of Canadian politics, 143; opposed to coalition, 160;
opposes Confederation scheme, 185; George Brown takes up question of
reciprocity with, 192; Brown urges that he be sent to Washington on
reciprocity mission, 192; opposed to Brown entering coalition ministry,
199, 200-203; George Brown writes of his determination to leave public
life, 245-246. =C= Countenances annexation movement in 1849, 44-45.
=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Mackenzie, _Hon.
George Brown_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Willison, _Sir
Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_; _Confederation Debates_.
=Holy Family.= =L= Devotion to, encouraged by Laval, 86; commended by
Leo XIII, 86.
=Holy Scapulary.= =L= Chapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84.
=Home Rule in Ireland.= =Md= Resolutions on, in Canadian Parliament,
1882, 277.
=Hope, Henry.= Lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1785-1789. =Index=: =Dr=
Lieutenant-governor and administrator, receives Carleton on his arrival
at Quebec, 222; death of, 249. =Bib.=: Shortt and Doughty,
_Constitutional Documents of Canada_.
=Hopkins, Caleb.= =B= A leader of the Clear Grits, 39. =E= One of the
leaders of the Clear Grits, 110.
=Hopson, Peregrine Thomas.= Early entered the army and advanced rapidly.
Commander-in-chief of Louisbourg, when the place was restored to the
French, 1649. Came to Halifax and appointed a member of the Council.
Governor of Nova Scotia, 1752; went to England, 1753. Raised to the rank
of major general, 1757. Commanded an expedition against the French West
India Islands, 1758; died before Guadaloupe, 1759. =Bib.=: Campbell,
_History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova
Scotia_, ed. by Akins.
=Hornwork.= =WM= A strong defence on left bank of St. Charles River,
207; panic among troops crowding into, 207.
=Hospital Nuns.= =WM= Take refuge in the General Hospital, 115.
=Hosta, Captain d'.= =F= Killed at Laprairie, 312.
=Hotel-Dieu Nuns.= =WM= Take refuge in General Hospital, and render
assistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237.
=Houeel, Louis, Sieur du Petit-Pre.= =Ch= Consulted by Champlain as to
obtaining missionaries for Canada, 83; assisted in forming Company of
New France, 168; made director, 170.
=House of Assembly.= =Hd= British government prepared to grant, 174;
Haldimand not favourable to, as matters stood, 195. =Dr= Of Lower
Canada, agitation for, by English residents, 55, 60; opposition to by
seigniors, 55; indifference of _habitants_, 55; Carleton's views on, 56;
not provided for in Quebec Act, 64; meeting of, 269. =W= In New
Brunswick, early character of, 6.
=Houssart.= =L= Devoted servant of Bishop Laval, 251; details furnished
by, 251-253.
=How, Edward.= Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1744. Took part in
the affair at Mines under Colonel Noble, 1747; severely wounded and
taken prisoner, but afterwards exchanged. Confidential agent of the
government in dealing with the Indians. Treacherously murdered by
Indians, it is said, at the instigation of Le Loutre. =Bib.=:
_Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.
=Howard, Joseph.= =Dr= Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36;
tried and acquitted, 38.
=Howard, Lady Maria.= =Dr= Carleton marries, 75; characteristics of, 77.
=Howe, George Augustus, third Viscount= (1724-1758). Came to Halifax,
1757, in command of 60th Regiment. Transferred to command of 55th same
year, and promoted brigadier-general. Accompanied Abercromby to Lake
George, 1758, and fell July 8, while leading his men in a skirmish at
Fort Ticonderoga. _See_ Abercromby; Ticonderoga. =Index=: =Hd= Killed at
Ticonderoga, 18, 21. =Bib.=: Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth
Colony_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _Fight for North
America_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Howe, John.= =H= Father of Joseph Howe; a United Empire Loyalist, 1;
his son's tribute to his memory, 1-2, 4; his marriages, 2; becomes
king's printer and postmaster-general, 3; educates his son, 3; his
character, 4; religious views, 279.
=Howe, Joseph= (1804-1873). =H= Born at Halifax, 1804, 1; his father,
John Howe, a United Empire Loyalist, 1, 2; his Southampton speech, 1851,
1, 2; his character, 3; his education, 3; a voracious reader, 3;
tributes to his father, 2, 4; learns trade of printer, 4; early poems,
5; establishes the _Acadian_, 6; buys _Nova Scotian_, 6; extends its
influence, 7; his _Rambles_, 8; his marriage, 8; _The Club_, 9;
friendship for Haliburton, 10; political writings, 10,11; develops
Liberal principles, 19, 20; attacks Halifax magistrates in his paper,
20; sued for libel, 1835, 21; pleads his own case, 22-25; his address to
jury, 25-28; wins case, 28; elected to represent Halifax in Legislature,
1836, 29; his principles of government, 29-31; physical and mental
characteristics, 31-33; his moral courage, 33; in Legislature, 1837,
36-44; debate on the resolutions, 41; moves address to crown, praying
for responsible government, 45; his speech in Legislature, 1838, 47;
advocates constitutional reform, but opposed to rebellion, 50, 51; his
patriotic action in Maine boundary dispute, 52, 53; letters to Lord John
Russell, 54, 55; his political principles, 59; moves want of confidence
in Executive Council, 62; moves address to queen praying for recall of
Sir Colin Campbell, 66; meets Poulett Thompson, 68; invited to a seat in
the Council, 69; defends his action in accepting office, 72-73;
re-elected for Halifax, 73; becomes Speaker of the House, 74; appointed
collector of customs at Halifax, 74; resigns speakership, 75; question
of ministerial responsibility, 75-76; his quarrel with the Baptists,
77-78; advocates compulsory education, 79-80; and a central,
undenominational college, 82; the election of 1843, 84-85; resigns from
the Cabinet, 86-87; attacks Lord Falkland through the newspapers, 90;
assumes editorial management of the _Nova Scotian_ and _Morning
Chronicle_, 90; his first editorial, 91; described by Annand, 92; he
lampoons Falkland in verse, 93; political tour of the province, 94; his
speech at Cornwallis, 95-96; complimentary addresses, 96-97; speeches in
the Legislature, 1845, 97-98; attacks Falkland in Legislature, 100-101;
justifies his action in letter to his constituents, 101-102; again
offered seat in the Council, 103; declines the offer, 104; moves his
family from Halifax to Musquodoboit, 104-105; wins the election of 1847,
106-107; his character, 109; becomes provincial secretary in Uniacke
government, 111; secures responsible government for Nova Scotia, 113;
his reply to the manifesto of the British American League, 114-115;
advocates railway from Halifax to Windsor, in 1835, 117; 120-121;
favourable to government ownership of railways, 120, 123; sails for
England to explain Intercolonial Railway project to the government, 125;
his letters on the subject to Earl Grey, 125-126; his Southampton
speech, 1851, 127-128; obtains Imperial guarantee of railway, 130-132;
secures co-operation of New Brunswick and Canada, 134-138; predicts
transcontinental railway, 135; given public dinners at Toronto and
Montreal, 138; elected for Cumberland County, 1851, 139-141; brings down
railway measures, 141; Intercolonial scheme blocked, 141-143; reverts to
his original policy of building railways in Nova Scotia as a government
work, 143; raises a provincial loan in England, 144; railway measures
passed by Legislature, 145; becomes chief commissioner of railways, 146;
visits United States to secure recruits for British army, 151-155;
defeated by Tupper in Cumberland, 1855, 156; returned by acclamation for
Hants County, 1856, 157-158; his open letter to Gladstone, 159; attacks
Irish Roman Catholics, 160-162; results in defeat of government,
163-167; Liberals returned to power in 1859, 168; and Howe becomes
premier, 169; appointed fishery commissioner for carrying out provisions
of Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 170; defeated, with his party, in
election of 1863, 171; opposes Confederation, 173; an Imperial
federationist, 174; declines to take part in Charlottetown Conference,
1864, 177; offered editorship of New York _Albion_, 182-183; his
articles against Confederation, 186, 189; outlines grounds of his
opposition, 190-191; continues the fight in London, 192; correspondence
with W.J. Stairs, 192-197; works up Anti-Confederation sentiment in Nova
Scotia, 199; his Bridgetown meeting, 200-202; sweeps the province in
both Dominion and Provincial elections, 202; fight for repeal of the
union, 203; meets Tupper in London, 205; hesitates as to further
agitation for repeal, 207-210; rebukes _Acadian Recorder_ for suggesting
violence to Sir John Macdonald, 210-212; meets Macdonald at Halifax,
213; correspondence with Macdonald, 215-216; interview with Annand,
217-218; refuses overtures of repealers, 219-223; conference at Portland
with A.W. McLellan, and Sir John Rose, 223-224; enters Dominion Cabinet,
1868, 225; re-elected in Hants, 226; visits Winnipeg, 1869, 227;
correspondence in relation to Red River Rebellion, 227; his character as
a statesman contrasted with that of Sir John Macdonald, 228-229; becomes
lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1873, 229; visits England and the
continent, 1838, 231; advocates ocean steamship service, 232-235;
challenged by Dr. Almon, 236; and by John C. Haliburton, 236; justifies
acceptance of the challenge in letter to his sister, 237-241; the duel,
241-242; letters to his wife and to the people of Nova Scotia, 242-244;
Sir Rupert D. George's challenge, 244; his practical interest in the
Micmacs, 245; opposes prohibition, 248-250; his speech at Boston, 1851,
250; his tribute to Edward Everett in 1857, 251; his Detroit speech of
1865 on trade relations, 252-254; acts as member of Prince Edward Island
Land Grants Commission, 254-255; as a man of letters, 257-270; his
poems, 260-268; oration at Shakespeare tercentenary, 264; his friendship
for Haliburton, 267; his social qualities, 271; secret of his
popularity, 272-274; his influence upon public men and public life,
277-278; his religious views, 279-280; his family, 282; as governor of
Nova Scotia, 283-284; his death, 284; funeral, 285-286; estimate of his
public work, 287-290; opposed to Pacific Railway policy in 1872,
299-300. =E= A consistent advocate of British connection, 22; on
parliamentary government, 51, 90; the father of responsible government
in the Maritime Provinces, 92; a constitutional agitator, 92; accuses
Hincks of breach of faith in Intercolonial Railway scheme, 101; on
Imperial honours and offices for distinguished colonials, 221; becomes
lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 221; a constructive statesman, 236.
=B= In Dominion government--relations with Sir John Macdonald, 203. =Sy=
Advocates responsible government, 107, 257; approves of Sydenham's
propositions, 261; editor of _Nova Scotian_, 110. =T= Goes to England in
Intercolonial matter, 55; second mission to England, 57; advocates
Confederation, 62, 63; discusses tariff with Tilley, 70, 71; quoted for
and against Confederation, 117. =Bib.=: Works: _Speeches and Public
Letters of Joseph Howe_, ed. by Chisholm; _Poems and Essays_. For biog.,
_see_ Fenety, _Life and Times of Joseph Howe_; Bourinot, _Builders of
Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_; Dent, _Can.
Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Howe, William, Viscount= (1729-1814). Brother of George Augustus,
Viscount Howe (_q.v._), and Admiral Lord Howe. Commanded light infantry
under Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Succeeded Gage as commander-in-chief in
America, 1775. Commanded forces at Bunker Hill. Defeated Washington at
White Plains, 1776, and at Brandywine, 1777. Recalled, 1778. Became
governor of Berwick, and later of Plymouth. =Index=: =Hd= Replaces Gage
as commander-in-chief, 110; his estimate of Loyalists, 268. =Dr= Orders
reinforcements to Quebec, 92; abandons Boston and occupies New York,
160; his weak conduct of campaign, 160; Germain's neglect to inform him
of his plan of campaign, 172. =WM= Calls for volunteers for first
landing at Wolfe's Cove, 176; captures posts at Samos and Sillery, 183.
=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Rhodes, _History of the United States_.
=Howland, Sir William Pearce= (1811-1907). Born at Paulings, New York.
Came to Canada in 1830. Represented West York in the Legislature,
1857-1868. Member of Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862, as minister of
finance; receiver-general, 1863-1864; postmaster-general, 1864-1866;
minister of finance, 1866-1867. Minister of inland revenue in first
Dominion Cabinet, 1867. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1868;
retired, 1873; knighted, 1879. =Index=: =Md= Minister of inland revenue
in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; defends his political attitude, 137;
becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 138; heads syndicate offering to
build Canadian Pacific Railway, 237. =B= Presents address to Elgin, 36;
his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; defends
his action in remaining in coalition ministry after Confederation, 202,
209; becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 202. =T= Invited to join
first Dominion ministry, 128; minister of inland revenue, 129. =Bib.=:
Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of
Upper Canada_.
=Howe's Pass.= _See_ Howse Pass.
=Howse Pass.= In Rocky Mountains; source of North Saskatchewan River.
Discovered by Duncan McGillivray, 1800. Named after Joseph Howse, of the
North West Company. =Index=: =D= Its discovery, 58.
=Hubert, Jean Francois.= Bishop of Quebec, 1788-1797. =Index=: =Dr=
Bishop of Quebec, his views on education, 227, 228; recognizes
reasonableness of not permitting priests to be brought from France, 257.
=Hubou, Guillaume.= =Ch= Early settler, remains in Quebec during English
occupation, 196, 208.
=Huddy, Captain Joshua.= =Dr= Hanging of, 198.
=Hudson, Henry.= Made four notable voyages: the first, in 1607, for the
Muscovy Company, in search of a north-eastern passage to China; the
second, in 1608, for the same Company, and in search of the same
passage; the third, in 1609, at the expense of the Dutch East India
Company, begun, like the two former, in search of a north-eastern
passage, but changed to a quest of a north-western passage; the fourth,
in 1610, in search of a north-western passage, the expense borne by
three English gentlemen. In his first voyage, explored the coast of
Spitzbergen; in the second, part of Nova Zembla; in the third, the
Hudson River; and in the last, Hudson Strait and part of the bay.
Wintered, 1610-1611, at the foot of James Bay, and on the return voyage
was set adrift with eight companions in a small boat, and never again
heard of. =Bib.=: Asher, _Henry Hudson, the Navigator_; Read,
_Historical Enquiry concerning Henry Hudson_; Laut, _Conquest of the
Great North-West_. _See also_ bibliog. list in Asher.
=Hudson Bay.= Explored by Henry Hudson, 1610, and named after him.
Explored by Sir Thomas Button, 1612; Jens Munk, 1619; Foxe and James.
1631. In 1668 the first trading-ship of the Hudson's Bay Company entered
the bay, and their first fort was built at the mouth of Rupert River.
=Index=: =F= English claim to, disputed by France, 204; La Barre
instructed to check English encroachments in, 205; expedition under De
Troyes captures English forts, 205; Iberville's exploits in, 342-350;
English possessions in, restored by peace of Ryswick, 349. =L=
Expedition against English forts in, 204; later exploits of Iberville
in, 233. =Bib.=: Asher, _Henry Hudson, the Navigator_; Gosch,
_Expedition of Jens Munk_; Christy, _Voyages of Foxe and James_; Coats,
_Geography of Hudson's Bay_; Robson, _Account of Six Years' Residence in
Hudson's Bay_; Dobbs, _Account of Countries Adjoining Hudson's Bay_;
Gordon, _Report on Hudson's Bay Expedition_; Wakeham, _Second Hudson Bay
Expedition_; Low, _Expedition to Hudson Bay_; Berrier, _Report on
Expedition to Arctic Islands_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_;
Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. _See also_ General Indexes to Reports of
Geol. Survey; Henry Hudson; Hudson's Bay Company.
=Hudson's Bay Company.= Organized by a number of English gentlemen, who
sent out a trading expedition to Hudson Bay, in the _Nonsuch_, in 1668.
This initial venture proved so successful that two other ships were sent
out in 1670; and the same year King Charles granted a charter
incorporating them as "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of
England trading into Hudson's Bay." For many years the operations of the
Company were confined to the shores of Hudson Bay, but the pressure of
competition eventually forced them inland, and at the height of their
power they had established trading-posts from Labrador to the Pacific,
and from California almost to the Arctic. In 1821, the rival North West
Company (_q.v._) was absorbed; and in 1869 the company surrendered to
Canada its territorial rights in British North America. =Index=: =F=
203; trading done and posts established by, 204; redress claimed by, for
losses inflicted by the French, 343. =Dr= Its territory not included in
Canada, 7. =B= Deputation of Red River settlers sent to England to
complain of misgovernment by, 212; Gladstone admits charter of Company
not valid, 212; _Globe_ on company's misgovernment of North-West
Territories, 213-214; attacked in series of letters in the _Globe_,
signed "Huron," 215-216; Toronto Board of Trade on, 216; George Brown
on, 219; Canada takes over North-West Territories, and compensates
Company therefor, 220-221. =MS= Early policy of, 1; attitude of natives
to, 2; opposition of Montreal traders (afterwards North West Company),
2, 3; sends Hearne inland, 3; averse to conflict with North West
Company, 5; builds posts in Assiniboine and Red River country, 5, 6;
absorbs North West Company, 8; policy towards natives, 51; sends George
Clarke to explore, 56; his incompetence, 56; then sends Philip Turner,
1791, 56; legal basis of its title, 143-145; Selkirk purchases tract of
land in Red River valley, 146; Parliamentary Report of 1857, 212; union
of the Companies, 213-214; takes over management of Selkirk colony, 222;
establishes Council of Assiniboia, 223; notable leaders after the union
of the Companies, 220-223; its influence on side of government, in
Rebellion of 1837, 242; its license to trade renewed, 271; the Report of
1857, 271; opposition to further renewal, 271; evidence taken by
committee, 272-278; committee's report, 279; defended by Sir George
Simpson before Parliamentary committee, 272-278. =D= Influence upon
development of Pacific coast, 4; operations typical of British colonial
policy, 11; established in the interior, 12; conserves British interests
in Western America, 17, 18; charged with neglecting to search for route
to Pacific, 51; absorbs North West Company, 1821, 73, 93; birth of, 73;
provisions of its charter, 73-74; its trade and explorations, 74; its
organization, 75-76; its Western department, 76-77; trade routes, 77-78;
its farms on Puget Sound, etc., 78; grist mills and other enterprises,
78; supplies Russians with flour, etc., 78; opens coal mines on
Vancouver Island, 78; influence of these industries on settlement, 79;
treatment of Indians, 79-81; trading-posts, 82; brigades and "York
boats," 82; famous officers of, 83-86; ambitious designs on Pacific
coast and beyond, 114; attempt to establish post on Stikine River,
119-120; permission obtained from Russians to build post on Taku River,
121; operations on Liard and Yukon, 123-125; invades California before
1830, 126; builds post at junction of Sacramento and Jesus Maria rivers,
126; establishes post on San Francisco Bay, 127; sells post and retires
from San Francisco Bay, 127; meets competition of American traders and
companies, 134-136; attitude towards Oregon settlers, 143-144; license
to trade of 1821 renewed in 1838, 191; its provisions, 192; acquires
Vancouver Island, 194; attitude towards settlement there, 194-195;
quarrels with settlers, 198-199; Report of Committee, 1857, 201-202;
license to trade in British Columbia revoked, 1858, 229; relations
towards British Columbia government, 1858, 233-234; Douglas's relation
towards, 263; defends its policy, 264-265; officers of Company at
Victoria, 265; influence with natives, 266-267; builds first Protestant
church at Victoria, 1855, 269. =C= Cartier and MacDougall sent to
England by Canadian government in 1869 to negotiate purchase of
Company's territories in North-West, 68; Company asks exorbitant price,
68; persuaded by Lord Grey to accept L300,000, 68. =Bk= Its voyageurs
assist in capture of Michilimackinac, 210. =Md= Its claims investigated,
83; terms upon which it agreed to transfer to the crown its rights to
North-West Territories, 156; protest against unauthorized proceedings in
Red River Settlement, 157. _See_ North-West Company; X Y Company; Fur
Trade; Selkirk. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Willson, _Great
Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for
the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_;
Ross, _Red River Settlement_; Hargrave, _Red River_; Begg, _History of
the North-West_.
=Huet, Paul.= =Ch= Recollet missionary, 87; sails for Canada as
assistant commissary, 112; accompanies Champlain to France, 116; returns
to Canada, 116; goes to Three Rivers, 149.
=Huguenots.= =Ch= Had larger share of trade, 110; proposal to exclude,
110; disagreements with Recollet missionaries, 150; their psalm-singing
on board ship objected to, 156; fanaticism of, 224; their doubtful
loyalty, 254; not permitted to settle in Canada, 255.
=Hugues.= =L= Priest, comes to Canada, 41.
=Hull, William= (1753-1825). Born in Derby, Conn. Educated at Yale
University, and called to the bar, 1775. Served with distinction during
the Revolutionary War; major-general of militia in Massachusetts and a
member of the federal Senate; appointed governor of Michigan, 1805;
commander of the north-western army of the United States, 1812.
Surrendered Detroit to General Brock, 1812; tried by court-martial, and
sentenced to be shot; sentence commuted. Resided at Newton, Mass., until
his death. =Index=: =Bk= Marches north, 203; crosses Detroit River and
occupies Sandwich, 208, 213; his proclamation to the people of Canada,
213, 217, 235; his baggage and stores captured, 218; his supplies under
Major Van Horne captured, 237; re-crosses river to Detroit, 238;
summoned to surrender, and refuses, 251; surrenders with his whole army,
255; sent to Montreal as prisoner of war, 261, 265; released on parole,
283; makes bad impression on English officers, 283; court-martialled,
sentenced to death, but sentence remitted, 283, 284. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.
Biog._; Campbell, _Life and Services of General William Hull_;
Cruikshank, _General Hull's Invasion of Canada in 1812_ (R. S. C.,
1907-1908).
=Humbert.= =W= Candidate in St. John County, opposes responsible
government, 64.
=Hume, Joseph= (1777-1855). Born at Montrose, Scotland. Studied
medicine; entered the service of the East India Company, 1797; returned
to England, 1808. Entered Parliament, 1812, but on account of his
independent principles compelled to resign his seat. Again elected,
1818, and continued a member of the House of Commons until his death. A
strong Radical in his opinions and effected many useful reforms.
=Index=: =BL= Correspondence with Mackenzie and Papineau, 229. =Mc= Lays
Mackenzie's petition before the House, 222; presents case against Upper
Canadian officials, 231; suggests independence of Canada, 250; his
"baneful domination" letter, 262-263; thanked by Mackenzie, 289;
predicts civil war, 326; letter to Mackenzie, on the Rebellion, and
question of amnesty, 475-479; urges amnesty for Mackenzie, 480. =Sy= An
associate of Sydenham's, 13; proposes reduction of corn duties, 39; his
speech on union resolutions in House of Commons, 122. =B= Attacks
Metcalfe's policy, 23. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Upper Canadian
Rebellion_.
=Humphreys, Captain.= =Bk= Captain of _Leopard_, fires on _Chesapeake_,
83.
=Hundred Associates.= _See_ Company of New France.
=Hundredth Regiment.= =Bk= Quartered in Quebec and Montreal, 74;
disaster to, by shipwreck, 74.
"=Hungry Year.=" =S= Year 1787, so called from failure of harvest, 65,
69.
=Hunt, Thomas Sterry= (1826-1892). Born in Norwich, Conn. Came to
Canada, 1847, at the invitation of Sir William E. Logan, to accept the
position of chemist and mineralogist to the Geological Survey, which he
held until 1872. Also occupied the chair of chemistry in Laval
University, 1856-1862; and in McGill University, 1862-1868. In 1872
professor of geology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Author of several scientific works, and a large number of papers
contributed to learned societies and scientific periodicals. Died in New
York. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Hunter, Peter= (1746-1805). =Bk= Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada
and commander of forces in British North America, 45; calls attention of
home government to lack of proper accommodation for provincial
government and Legislature, 50; a Scotsman, previously governor of
Barbados, 51; death of, 69. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper
Canada_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_.
=Hunter.= =Bk= British sloop, her boats capture United States schooner
_Cayahoga_, with stores of General Hull, 218.
=Hunter, Captain of.= =WM= Obtains information as to movements of French
provision boats, 172.
=Hunters' Lodges.= =Mc= Convention of, 440; attack on Prescott, 442.
=Hunting Permits.= =F= Issue of, sanctioned, 125; number to be issued
annually limited, 128; issue of, becomes a form of patronage, 129.
=Huntington, Herbert.= =H= Appointed to Executive Council, Nova Scotia,
47; sent as delegate to England, to urge concession of responsible
government, 51, 56; candidate for speakership, 1843, 75; advocates
non-sectarian education, 82; member of Uniacke government, 110; finance
minister, 112; acts as Joseph Howe's second in duel, 236. =Bib.=:
Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.
=Huntington, Lucius Seth= (1827-1886). Born at Compton, Quebec. Studied
law, and engaged in journalism, in the Eastern Townships. Elected to the
Legislature for Shefford, 1861; solicitor-general, 1863-1864. Advocated
independence of Canada. Became president of the Council, in the
Mackenzie government, 1874-1875; and postmaster-general, 1875-1878.
Defeated for Shefford, 1882, and retired from public life. Died in New
York. =Index=: =C= Brings charges against government in connection with
Pacific Scandal, 53. =Md= Prefers his charges in the House of Commons,
201-203. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Buckingham
and Ross, _Alexander Mackenzie_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A.
Macdonald_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.
=Huot, P. G.= =C= One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24.
=Huron Indians.= Name applied by the French to a confederacy of four
Iroquoian tribes. When French missionaries and explorers first went
among them, they occupied the country about Lake Simcoe and Georgian
Bay. They had been at enmity with the Iroquois for many years, and had
repeatedly ravaged their country. Finally the Iroquois determined to
make an end of the Hurons. They invaded their country in force in 1648,
and in 1650 had destroyed all their villages, killed most of the
inhabitants, and driven the remnant far to the westward. A few of the
Hurons escaped to Quebec, and settled at the mission of Lorette. In the
seventeenth century their population was estimated at from 20,000 to
35,000. In 1905 there remained a total of 832, in Canada and the United
States. =Index=: =F= Destruction of, by Iroquois, 26, 35; join
Frontenac's expedition to Cataraqui, 79; dread being abandoned to
Iroquois, 222. =L= Extermination of, by the Iroquois, 39; devotion
displayed by a band of, 64; desert Dollard at Long Sault, 70; burnt by
their enemies, 72. =Ch= Champlain visits country of, 88; their
cultivation of the soil, 89; their language very widely spoken, 90;
their mode of life, 94; customs and beliefs, 95-100. =Bib.=: Hodge,
_Handbook of American Indians_; Parkman, _Old Regime_.
=Huron, Lake.= Area 23,200 square miles. Discovered by Le Caron, 1615,
and first seen by Champlain the same year. The route of missionaries,
explorers, and fur traders lay along the north shore of the lake, or the
south shore of Manitoulin Island, to Michilimackinac and Sault Ste.
Marie, at the western end.
=Huskisson, William= (1770-1830). British statesman. =Index=: =Sy=
Criticizes British commercial policy, 12; president of Board of Trade,
15; colonial secretary, 16; resigns, 16; commends Poulett Thomson's
speech on Navigation Acts, 17; his proposals in regard to silk industry,
18; death of, 25. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Hutcheson, Major.= =Hd= Haldimand's secretary, 108, 110, 112; in charge
of Louis Haldimand, at Boston, 294.
=Hutchinson, Richard.= =T= Of Miramichi, member of Smith government, New
Brunswick, represents lumber interests, 91, 92.
=Hutchinson, Thomas= (1711-1780). =Hd= Governor of Massachusetts,
quoted, 84. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'= (1661-1706). Third son of Charles
Le Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil. Entered the French navy, returning to
Canada in 1683. Three years later accompanied De Troyes in the
expedition against the English on Hudson Bay, and took part in the
capture of Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Returned to Quebec in
1687; and the following year was again on the bay. In 1689 captured the
_Hampshire_, and brought her to Quebec with her cargo of furs. In 1690
took part in the raid on Schenectady; and the same year captured Fort
Severn on Hudson Bay. In 1694 sailed to the bay with a French fleet, and
captured Fort Nelson. Two years later captured Pemaquid; and, sailing to
Newfoundland, captured St. John's and raided the villages along the
coast. In 1697 again sailed to Hudson Bay, defeated a superior fleet,
and recaptured Fort Nelson. The following year sailed from Brest in
command of an expedition to discover the mouth of the Mississippi and
plant a colony there, in both of which he was successful. The remaining
years of his life spent in building up the colony of Louisiana. =Index=:
=F= Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 206; joins war party against
Schenectady, 235; arrives from Hudson Bay with two captured vessels,
325; takes Fort Pemaquid, 331; exploits in Hudson Bay, 342-350; sails
for France, and returns with two French ships, 343; captures Fort
Nelson, 345; sails for France, 346; attacks English settlements in
Newfoundland, 346; takes St. John's, 347; in his ship _Pelican_
successfully engages three English vessels, 349; sails for France, 349.
=L= Commands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, 204; his exploits
in Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, 232; subsequent services and death of,
233. =Bib.=: Reed, _First Great Canadian_; Parkman, _Half Century of
Conflict_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Colby, _Canadian
Types of the Old Regime_; Desmazures, _Histoire du Chevalier
d'Iberville_; Gayarre, _History of Louisiana_; Margry, _Decouvertes des
Francais_; Wallace, _Louisiana under the French_; Martin, _History of
Louisiana_; Bacqueville de la Potherie, _Histoire de l'Amerique
Septentrionale_; Jeremie, _Relation du Detroit et de la Baye d'Hudson_
(Bernard, _Recueil de Voiages au Nord_). _See also_ bibliography at the
end of Reed's work.
=Ihonatiria.= =Ch= Jesuit mission to Hurons founded at, 228.
=Ile a la Crosse.= Lake and trading-post. The lake is on the upper
waters of the Churchill River, in about long. 108 deg. Its name is derived
from the Indian game of lacrosse, which was very popular there. The
first trading-post was built on a peninsula on the western side of the
lake by Thomas Frobisher in 1776. Other forts were built there later by
the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, the lake being a
strategic point in the western fur trade.
=Ile-aux-Coudres.= On north shore of the St. Lawrence, above Murray Bay.
=Index=: =WM= Arrival of British advance squadron at, 83; camp
established on, 89; capture by Canadians of two British officers on, 89.
=Ile-aux-Noix.= =WM= Fortified post on Lake Champlain frontier, 146,
158, 233.
=Ile Jesus.= At the junction of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence.
=Index=: =L= Seigniory of Beaupre exchanged by Laval for, 58; obtained
by Laval in exchange for Island of Orleans, 138.
=Ile Perce.= =L= Recollet mission at, 111.
=Ile Royale.= A large island in Lake Superior, United States territory.
Mentioned in Carver's _Travels_ and other early narratives.
=Illinois Indians.= Of Algonquian stock. First mentioned in the Jesuit
_Relation_ of 1660 as living south-west of Green Bay. They ranged
throughout the country between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, and
down the west bank of that river as far as the Des Moines; and have been
described by Allouez, Marquette, Hennepin, Rasles, and other early
French explorers. Harassed on one side by the Sioux and Foxes, and on
the other by the Iroquois, their numbers were reduced from six or eight
thousand, at the end of the seventeenth century, to less than two
thousand about 1750. The murder of Pontiac by one of their warriors
brought upon them a war of extermination. To-day only a handful remain,
in Oklahoma. =Index=: =F= Allies of the French against the Iroquois,
144. =L= La Salle forms alliance with, 148. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of
American Indians_.
=Immaculate Conception.= =L= Church at Quebec placed under patronage of,
85. =Ch= Church of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance consecrated under name
of, 240; feast of, observed by people of Quebec, 240.
=Immigration.= =Mc= To colonies in 1820, state of, 88. _See also_ Irish
Immigrants.
=Imperial Conference.= Held in London, 1887. Canada was represented by
Sir Alexander Campbell and Sandford Fleming. Among the questions
discussed were those of inter-Imperial defence and trade, the Pacific
cable, etc. Another conference was held in Ottawa in 1894 (_see_
Colonial Conference, 1894); and another in London in June, 1896, Canada
being represented by Sir Mackenzie Bowell and Sandford Fleming. At an
adjourned meeting in October, 1896, Sir Donald Smith and Hon. A.G. Jones
represented the Dominion, Mr. Fleming being present in an advisory
capacity. On the occasion of Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee, 1897,
another conference was held in London, Joseph Chamberlain presiding, and
the self-governing colonies being represented by their premiers. Again,
in 1902, the colonial premiers met in London, under the presidency of
Joseph Chamberlain. The London Conference of 1907, presided over by Lord
Elgin, discussed various Imperial questions, but was chiefly memorable
because of the decision to hold similar meetings every four years, and
to provide a permanent bureau at London devoted specifically to the
interests of the Empire.
=Imperial Federation.= Advocated by Thomas Pownall, governor of
Massachusetts Bay, in 1764. He proposed a scheme by which "Great Britain
may be no more considered as the Kingdom of this Isle alone, with many
appendages of provinces, colonies, settlements, and other extraneous
parts, but as a grand marine dominion, consisting of our possessions in
the Atlantic and in America united into one Empire." Subsequently
proposed by Joseph Howe, in 1855, and again in 1863; also by Thomas
Chandler Haliburton and other Canadian statesmen and writers. =Index=:
=B= Elgin's conception of, 33; advocated by Edward Blake, 240. =H=
Joseph Howe a pioneer in the movement for, 174. =Bib.=: Denison,
_Struggle for Imperial Unity_; Macphail, _Essays in Politics_; Brassey,
_Imperial Federation and Colonization_; Ewart, _Kingdom of Canada_,
_Imperial Federation_, etc.; Parkin, _Imperial Federation_; Young, _A
Pioneer of Imperial Federation in Canada_; Milner, _Speeches in Canada_;
_The Empire and the Century_; Argyll, _Imperial Federation_.
=Imperial Federation League.= Formed in Canada at a meeting in Montreal,
in May, 1885. A conference to the same end had been held in London, in
July, 1884. The league in Canada changed its name, in 1896, to the
British Empire League in Canada, at the suggestion of Sir Charles
Tupper. _See_ Denison.
=Incarnation, Marie de L'.= _See_ Marie de L'Incarnation.
=Inches, Dr.= =T= Attends Sir Leonard Tilley in his last illness, 145.
=Independence.= =B= George Brown writes Macdonald of widespread
sentiment in England in 1864 in favour of British American colonies
securing complete autonomy, 167; and the Canada First party, 236, 237,
238, 239; advocated by Goldwin Smith, 238, 239. =P= Advocated by
Papineau, 167. =Mc= Declaration of, July, 1837, its history, 330; work
of Rolph and O'Grady, 330; object of Association of Canadian Refugees,
449.
=Indians.= =Ch= Superstitions of, 10, 12; council held to consider best
policy to adopt in dealing with them, 108-111; murders committed by,
115; their great esteem for Champlain, 159; difficulty of educating
their children, 233. =S= Their general friendliness to Upper Canada
settlers, 62; their good conduct rewarded, 62; lands allotted to on
Grand River, 74; schools and churches provided for, 74; Simcoe's
estimate of, 75; engagements made with, faithfully kept, 76; their lands
encroached upon by Americans, 119; their defeat of expedition under St.
Clair, 121; great council of, 122, 124; failure of negotiations with
American commissioners, 123-125. =WM= Generally friendly to France, 17;
appearance of, on field of battle, 31; swell army of Montcalm at Fort
Carillon, 38; their habits in camp, 39; Christian Indians different from
the pagans, 39; attack British boats, 40; general meeting of, called by
Montcalm, 40-42; repulse British force on left bank of Montmorency, 129;
scalp the wounded after battle, 142; paid well for prisoners, but less
amount for scalps, 150; fly from battlefield, 202; form part of Levis's
army, 245; in battle of Ste. Foy, 265. =Hd= Their lands secured by
treaty, 12; allies of the French, 13, 16, 21; help Pouchot at Niagara,
25; Sir William Johnson's following of, 28, 29; irregular traffic with,
prohibited, 32, 54; fears of an uprising among, 55; impressed by
enlistment of French-Canadians under British flag, 57; in Florida, 66,
71, 73; Haldimand's treatment of, 91-93, 131, 145, 146, 147, 150, 153,
157, 258-259, 266, 347; uncertain allies, 126, 137, 170, 260; rebels try
to gain for France, 127-128, 134, 136, 279; indignant at terms of peace
between Britain and colonies, 256-257; American cruelty towards, 307.
=F= Menacing attitude of, 17; defrauded by traders, 18, 154; not readily
receptive of Christian doctrine, 167. =Dr= Those with Burgoyne worse
than useless, 178; ignored in treaty of peace between Britain and
American colonies, 231; their lands invaded by frontiersmen, 233;
attacked by American troops, 234; trouble with western tribes, 249, 262,
276. =L= Violent effects of intoxicating liquor upon, 36, 37; three of
the nations sue for peace, 53; conversion of, very precarious, 62;
difficult to civilize them, 63, 126; sincere devotion of many, 64. _See_
Abnaki; Algonquian; Cree; Creek; Delaware; Dene; Etchemin; Huron;
Illinois; Iroquois; Micmac; Ottawa; Tete de Boule. =Bib.=: Hodge,
_Handbook of American Indians_; Brinton, _The American Race_; Bancroft,
_Native Races of the Pacific States_; Catlin, _Manners, Customs, and
Condition of the North American Indians_; Drake, _Aboriginal Races of
North America_; Lafitau, _Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains_; Maclean,
_Canadian Savage Folk_; Morgan, _Houses and House-Life of the American
Aborigines_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes of the United States_.
=Indian Department.= =S= In Upper Canada, independent of the governor,
126-127.
=Indian Posts in West.= =Dr= Temporary retention of, by Great Britain,
231.
=Inflexible.= =Dr= Largest vessel of flotilla on Lake Champlain, 154.
=Inglis, Charles= (1734-1816). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to America;
taught school in Pennsylvania for a time, and then took holy orders. In
1764 became assistant to Dr. Auchmuty, rector of Trinity Church, New
York, and in 1777 succeeded him as rector. His sympathies being with the
mother country, removed to Nova Scotia after the Revolution, and thence
to England. First bishop of Nova Scotia, with jurisdiction over
practically all British North America, 1787. One of the notable events
of his episcopate was his establishment of King's College, Windsor. In
1793 his huge diocese divided by the creation of the diocese of Quebec,
of which Jacob Mountain (_q.v._) became first bishop. =Index=: =Dr=
Appointed bishop of Nova Scotia with jurisdiction over Quebec, 241.
=Bib.=: Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland_.
=Inglis, John.= =MS= Opposes sale by Hudson's Bay Company of land in Red
River valley to Selkirk, 146.
=Ingraham, Captain.= =D= Explores coast of Queen Charlotte Islands in
1791, 25; describes geography and natural history of the islands and
language, manners, and customs of the natives, 25.
=Innocent XI, Pope= (1611-1689). Benedetto Odescalchi; elected pope,
1676. =Index=: =L= Misunderstanding with Louis XIV, 20.
=Institut Canadien.= A literary and scientific society, founded at
Montreal in 1844, and incorporated in 1852. It included among its early
members most of the leaders of the more progressive and independent
element in Quebec political life, among them A. A. Dorion, Eric Dorion,
Joseph Doutre, Rodolphe Laflamme, and Wilfrid Laurier. The success of
the parent society led to the founding of similar Instituts throughout
the province. Although popular among the laity, these societies
encountered the determined opposition of the Roman Catholic Church, led
by Bishop Bourget of Montreal. The outside societies yielded to clerical
pressure, but the Montreal Institut stood upon its rights. The fight
went on for many years, but finally most of the Roman Catholic members
dropped out, and the books and papers were transferred to the Fraser
Institute. =Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal
Party_.
=Intendant.= An office created originally by Richelieu, in France, and
transferred to New France. The first intendant of Canada was Robert,
appointed in 1663, who was succeeded two years later by the ablest
occupant of the office, Jean Talon. The intendant was charged with the
supervision of practically all the civil affairs of the colony,
including the administration of justice, but his most important
function, from the point of view of the court, was to act as a virtual
spy upon the acts of the governor. Inevitably, harmony was impossible
between these two officials, and the history of New France is punctuated
with their perpetual quarrels. =Index=: =F= Jean Talon appointed as, 51;
office revived, 105; Jacques Duchesneau appointed, 108; Jacques de
Meulles, 171; Jean Bochart de Champigny, 207. _See also_ under names of
individual intendants. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle France_
(R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, _Old Regime_; Munro, _The Office of Intendant
in New France_ in _The American Historical Review_, October, 1906.
=Intendant's Palace.= =Bk= In Quebec, completely destroyed in siege of
1775, 90.
=Intemperance.= =S= A prevailing vice in Upper Canada, 71, 72. _See_
Liquor question; Brandy question.
=Intercolonial Railway.= Surveys proposed by the government of Canada in
1863. Three engineers were to be appointed, one by the Imperial
government, one by Canada, and one by the Maritime Provinces. They all
nominated the same man, Sandford Fleming, by whom the surveys were
accordingly carried out. The railway was made a condition of the union
of the Maritime Provinces with Canada, and the work of construction was
pushed forward, the line being formally opened July 1, 1876. In 1871 the
Prince Edward Island Railway was begun, and in 1873 it became a portion
of the Intercolonial system. Other extensions and branches were built or
acquired, the line finally running from Sydney and Halifax to Montreal.
=Index=: =Md= Negotiations for, begun, 45, 117; arranged for, by British
North America Act, 151; difficulty in selecting route, 152,153; northern
route finally adopted, 153. =E= Project to combine with Grand Trunk,
100; history of negotiations after failure of larger scheme, 100-101.
=H= Recommended in Durham's Report, 118; company formed in London,
118-119; "Robinson Line" surveyed, 119; Joseph Howe's connection with
(_see_ under Howe); new route proposed, 141-143; Imperial guarantee
refused, 143. =BL= Brought under consideration, 1849, 287; Hincks on,
332. =B= Members of British government in 1862 favourable to, except
Gladstone, 143; George Brown a convert to the scheme, 166; opposed by
Dorion, 175. =C= Cartier advocates roundabout route, for military and
political reasons, 49-50; Major Robinson's report, 49. =T= Proposal to
build through St. John Valley, 26; delegates consult British government,
26; arrangements made with Jackson. 27; British government refuses to
guarantee interest, 45; St. John to Shediac line, 46-47; history of,
53-58, 90, 111-112, 116, 119, 122. =Bib.=: Fleming, _The Intercolonial_;
Fleming, _Historical Sketch of the Intercolonial Railway_ in _Canada: An
Ency._, vol. 2.
=Interpreters.= =Ch= Brule, Marsolet, _et al._, 144.
=Irish Immigrants.= =E= Measures for their relief, 1847-1848, 46-47;
bring plague to Canada, 47-48; prominent victims, 48; Elgin persuades
British government to reimburse Canada for expenses incurred in relief
work. 48-49.
=Iroquet.= Algonquian chief. =Index=: =Ch= Urges Champlain to attack the
Iroquois, 48; his son meets Champlain, 51; a leader of the Hurons, 69;
chief of the Petite Nation--captures small party of Iroquois, 102;
adopts an Iroquois prisoner as his son, 104. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old
Regime_.
=Iroquois.= A confederation of tribes, at first five, the Cayuga,
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca, to which the Tuscarora was added
after 1726, as well as the remnants of many other tribes. They were
known to the English colonists as the Five Nations, and later as the Six
Nations. They called themselves _Ongwanonsionni_, "we are of the
extended lodge." When they first came into contact with Europeans, they
occupied the country between Lake Champlain and the Genesee River, and
this remained their home territory, but they ranged far and wide,
carrying their conquering raids eastwards to the Kennebec, westwards to
Lake Michigan, north to the Hudson Bay watershed, and south to the
Tennessee. They numbered about 16,000 in 1677, and after dropping to
10,000 in the next century, they returned to their original strength at
the opening of the twentieth century. About two-thirds are on
reservations in Canada; the remainder in New York. =Index=: =F=
Champlain joins Hurons and Algonquians in attacking, 9, 10, 14; nearly
exterminate Hurons, 26, 35; demand establishment of French colony in
their country, 40; their confederacy, of what tribes composed, 41;
attack remnant of Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; checked at Long Sault
on the Ottawa by heroism of Dollard and his companions, 44; Governor
Courcelles marches against, 52; similar expedition led by Tracy, 53;
invited by Frontenac to conference, 79; consent to make a peace
including Indian allies of French, 82; under La Barre's administration,
seize canoes of French traders, 181; La Barre's expedition against, 183;
Denonville's, 207-214; capture of a number of peaceful Iroquois for
king's galleys, 215; reprisals, 218, 219; massacre of Lachine, 224; send
envoys to meet Frontenac, 238; native eloquence, 239; worsted in
skirmish on Ottawa River, 243; Mohawk opinion of Schenectady massacre,
248; ill-treat embassy from Frontenac, 262; renew their attacks, 307;
party of, destroyed at Repentigny, 308; three prisoners burnt alive,
309; another party surprised and destroyed, 319; expedition against
(Mohawks), 321; peace negotiations, 337; Onondaga orator, Teganissorens
(Decanisora), 338; Frontenac's campaign against, 350. =Ch= Champlain
assists his Indian allies against, 49; originally settled on the St.
Lawrence, 50; form great confederation of five tribes, 50; attacked by
Montaignais, assisted by Champlain, near mouth of Richelieu River, 62;
again, by Hurons, assisted by Champlain, on the Oswego River, 102; make
an attack near Quebec, 139; embassy sent to, 163. =Hd= Destroy mission
at Three Rivers, 43; in general alliance with British, 148; country of,
pillaged by Butler's Rangers, 151. =WM= Traditional foes of the French,
16. =L= Destroy Huron mission, 5; converted settlements of, 9; their
extermination of the Hurons, 39; heroic resistance offered to, at the
Long Sault, 72; depredations committed by, 191; La Barre's expedition
against, 193; threatening attitude of, 213; Denonville's expedition
against, 215; negotiations with, 216; descend on Lachine, 225; ravage
surrounding country, 227; Frontenac marches against, 233. =Bk= Their
lands encroached upon by Americans, 149; attacked by United States
troops at Tippecanoe, 174-176; their bitter sense of wrong, 177; obtain
grant of land on the Grand River, 189; effect on, of Hull's advance
into Canada, 214; greatly impressed by the capture of Detroit, 263.
_See_ Senecas; Mohawks; Onondagas; Cayugas; Oneidas. =Bib.=: Hodge,
_Handbook of American Indians_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_; Morgan,
_League of the Iroquois_; Colden, _History of the Five Nations_;
McKenzie, _The Six Nations Indians in Canada_; Hale, _Iroquois Book of
Rites_; Parkman, _Old Regime_, _Jesuits in North America_, _Frontenac_,
and _Half Century of Conflict_; Fiske, _New France and New England_.
=Irving, Jacob AEmilius= (1797-1856). Born at Charleston, South Carolina.
Entered the army at an early age; severely wounded at Waterloo;
presented with freedom of Liverpool for gallant conduct during the
French war. Came to Canada, 1834; served during the Rebellion of 1837;
appointed first warden for the district of Simcoe; appointed to the
Legislative Council of Canada, 1843. =Index=: =BL= Appointed to
Legislative Council, Upper Canada, 177. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Irving, Paulus AEmilius= (1714-1796). Served under Wolfe at Quebec;
administered government of Canada, 1765; appointed lieutenant-governor
of Guernsey, 1771; and afterwards governor of Upnor Castle, Kent.
=Index=: =Dr= Becomes administrator, 23; protests, as member of Council,
against position taken by Carleton, 34; dismissed from Council, 39.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Isbister, Alexander K.= (1820-1883). Born in the territories of the
Hudson's Bay Company; employed by the Company, 1838-1840, in the
Mackenzie River district. Went to England, about 1841; educated there,
and practised law in London. A half-breed himself, he ably pressed the
cause of the Indians and half-breeds upon the attention of the British
government. Also gave evidence before the parliamentary Committee of
1857. For some years master of the Stationers' School in England and
Dean of the College of Preceptors. Left a large sum of money to found
scholarships in connection with the University of Manitoba. =Index=: =B=
A native of the North-West Territories--his good work on behalf of the
Red River Settlement, 212; Brown's high opinion of, 212; suggests
annexation by Canada of western territory, 213. =Bib.=: _Report on
Hudson's Bay Company_, 1857; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Isis.= =Dr= British war vessel, arrival of, 137.
=Isle aux Noix.= On the Richelieu River. =Index=: =Hd= Fortifications
of, 125, 133; Sherwood and Ira Allen in conference at, 204; refugees
transported to, 250.
=Jack, William Brydone= (1819-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at St.
Andrews University. Came to New Brunswick as professor of mathematics at
King's College, 1840. When King's College received its charter as
University of New Brunswick in 1861, appointed president. Retired from
office, 1885.
=Jackson.= =T= British Member of Parliament, and capitalist, his company
offers to build railways in New Brunswick, 26; visits the province, 27;
agreement with government, 27.
=Jackson, Francis James= (1770-1814). British diplomatist. =Index=: =Bk=
Succeeds W. Erskine as British minister at Washington, 122. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Jackson, Sir Richard Downes.= Served in Peninsular campaign;
commander-in-chief of forces in Canada. Administrator, 1841-1842. Died
at Montreal. =Index=: =BL= Carries on government after Sydenham's death,
113. =Sy= Commander of forces, appointed administrator for Lower Canada,
194. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Jacob, Dr.=, of Salisbury. =Sy= Maternal grandfather of Sydenham, 4.
=Jacques.= =Ch= English vessel seized by French, 221.
=Jacques Cartier River.= A tributary of the St. Lawrence, north shore,
above Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Retreat of French army to, 212, 216, 217;
retreat described as disorderly flight, 217.
=James Bay.= Southern extension of Hudson Bay, discovered in 1610, by
Henry Hudson who wintered there, 1610-1611, with the _Discovery_. The
bay was named after Captain Thomas James of Bristol, who explored the
west coast in 1631.
=Jameson, Anna Brownell= (1794-1860). Author. Married Robert Jameson,
afterwards vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity of Upper Canada.
=Index=: =E= On Upper Canadian schoolmasters, 87; compares conditions on
both sides of boundary, to the detriment of Canada, 191-192. =Bib.=:
Works: _Diary of an Ennuyee_; _Characteristics of Women_; _Visits and
Sketches_; _Essays_; _Sacred and Legendary Art_; _Legends of the
Madonna_; _History of Our Lord_; _Early Italian Painters_; _Sketches in
Canada_; _Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada_. For biog., _see_
Dent, _Can. Por._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Jameson, Robert Simpson.= A member of the English bar. Reporter in Lord
Eldon's Court, 1824. Married Anna Brownell Murphy, 1826. Judge in the
Island of Dominica, 1829; retired, 1833, and returned to England.
Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada by the Imperial government,
1833, and took up his residence at York. Called to the bar of Upper
Canada, 1833. Member of the Assembly, 1835-1837. Appointed
vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity. Died in Toronto, 1854. =Bib.=:
Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Jamet, Father Denis.= =Ch= Recollet missionary and commissary of the
order in Canada, 85; returns to France, where he remains, 111, 112.
=Jarvis, F. S.= =Sy= Gentleman usher of black rod, 334.
=Jarvis, William.= =S= Recommended by Simcoe as clerk of Council, 46;
provincial secretary, 79, 178.
=Jarvis, W. B.= =Mc= Loyalists retreat under, 373.
=Jay, John= (1745-1829). American statesman and jurist. =Index=: =Dr=
Negotiates treaty with Great Britain, 283, 286. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Jay's Treaty.= Between Great Britain and the United States; negotiated
Nov. 19, 1794. Provided for the evacuation by Great Britain of the
western posts; the settlement by commission of pecuniary claims between
the two countries; the appointment of a joint commission to determine
the identity of the St. Croix River; and closer commercial relations.
Negotiated by John Jay on behalf of the United States, and Lord
Grenville representing Great Britain. =Index=: =S= Between Britain and
the United States, 142. =Dr= Copies of, circulated in Canada, 290;
ratified, 291. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=Jefferson, Thomas= (1743-1826). Third president of the United States.
=Index=: =Dr= His hostility to Great Britain, 273, 274, 281; his defeat
for the presidency, in 1797, 298. =Bk= Purchases Louisiana from France,
41, 42; his embargo on United States ships trading to British ports, 85,
108; withdraws embargo, 114; confident of easy conquest of Canada, 259,
285. =D= His influence in determining policy of United States as to the
Pacific coast, 64-66; sends Lewis and Clark overland to Pacific, 66.
=Bib.=: His _Works_, ed. by Henry A. Washington, were published by order
of Congress, in 9 vols., 1853. _See also_ Randolph, _Memoirs,
Correspondence and Miscellanies of Jefferson_. For biog., _see_ Randall,
_Life of Jefferson_; Tucker, _Life of Thomas Jefferson_; Parton, _Life
of Thomas Jefferson_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Jemseg.= On Jemseg Creek, Queen's County, New Brunswick. =Index=: =F=
For a time headquarters in Acadia, 270.
=Jenkins, William.= =T= Teacher in Gagetown Grammar School, New
Brunswick, 5; conducts large school in Quebec, 6; visited by Sir Leonard
Tilley in 1858, 6; dies in 1863, 6.
=Jersey Volunteers.= =Dr= Loyalists, 202.
=Jervis, John.= _See_ St. Vincent.
=Jesuits' Estates Act.= Passed by the Mercier government in Quebec,
1888. Following the suppression of the Society of Jesus by the pope, in
1773, the property of the order in Canada became vested in the crown,
and was set apart for purposes of education in the province of Quebec.
By the British North America Act, it was vested in the provincial
government. The Mercier Act authorized payment of $400,000 as
compensation to the Jesuits for the lands confiscated by the crown. An
agitation in Ontario for disallowance of the Act, was followed by a
formal motion in the Dominion House, by Colonel O'Brien, but only
thirteen members voted for disallowance. =Index=: =Md= Origin, 286;
claimed by Society of Jesus, 286; Act passed by Quebec Legislature
authorizing payment for lands Jesuits held before the conquest, 286,
287; motion favouring federal disallowance, proposed, 288, 289; motion
defeated, 289; agitation ends by formation of Equal Rights Association
and later by the Protestant Protective Association, 289. =Dr= Proposal
to apply revenues of, to educational purposes, 230; General Amherst's
claim to, 230. =BL= Revenue from, 18. =Bk= Appropriation of property a
grievance with French-Canadians, 77. =Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid
Laurier and the Liberal Party_; Grant and Hamilton, _Principal Grant_;
Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.
=Jesuit Missions.= =L= Zeal of the missionaries compared with that of
the Apostles, 61; among the Iroquois, 64-67; wide extension of, 103; to
the Algonquians, destroyed by drunkenness, 175. =F= Pure lives of
missionaries produces good effect, 168. _See_ under names of individual
missionaries. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_. _See also_
Jesuits.
=Jesuit Relations.= _The Relations_ were published in Paris, by the
provincial of the order, in small annual volumes. The original
narratives were written in Canada, or in one or other of the remote
mission fields, by the devoted missionaries, and are invaluable as a
record of the condition and character of the various Indian tribes in
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. =Index=: =Ch= Promoted
immigration to Canada, 250; describe religious condition of the colony,
256-258; also last days of Champlain, 262, 263. =F= Parkman on, 30;
Rochemonteix on, 30; Marie de l'Incarnation on, 30; their influence in
securing support for the missions, 30-31. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations and
Allied Documents, 1610-1791_, ed. by Thwaites, Cleveland, 1896-1901, 73
vols.; _Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec, 1858, 3 vols.
=Jesuits.= The first missionaries of the order, Lalemant, Masse, and
Brebeuf, arrived in Canada in 1625. Work among the Algonquians began
that year; and among the Hurons in 1626. The mission to the Iroquois
dates from 1642. With the Iroquois mission are particularly associated
the names of Jogues, Le Moyne, Ragueneau, Fremin, and De Carheil; and
with the mission to the Hurons, those of Brebeuf, Lalemant, Chabanel,
Garnier, and Chaumonot. _See also_ under names of individual
missionaries. =Index=: =Hd= Their mission at Three Rivers, 43; an
unworthy member of the order, 48-49; suspected of sympathy with rebels,
130, 181; engage in the ginseng trade, 148; vestibule of their church
turned into theatre, 306-307. =F= Arrival of, 17; return after
restoration of Canada to France, 25; Frontenac's attitude towards, 113;
their missions, 166. =L= Their devotion to the cause of missions, 4, 5;
recommend Laval as vicar apostolic, 26; re-establish mission in Iroquois
country, 73; place church at Quebec under patronage of Immaculate
Conception, and St. Louis, 85; works of piety instituted by, 86. =Dr=
Expelled from France, controversy respecting their property in Canada,
23; petition the king for restoration of their property, 35. =Ch=
Recollets decide to ask assistance of, 150; not favoured by the traders,
152; arrival of, at Quebec, 153; their convent robbed by English, 196;
embark for Tadousac on board Kirke's ship, 196; sail for France, 206;
take charge of Quebec mission on restoration of the country to France,
225; establish their convent of Notre Dame des Anges, 227; their convent
at Quebec, 228, 229; give banquet to Emery de Caen, temporary governor,
228; found missions at Three Rivers and in Huron country, 228; also at
Miscou and Cape Breton, 229. =D= As factors in spread of civilization in
America, 2-3. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents_, ed. by
Thwaites; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Rochemonteix, _Les
Jesuites et la Nouvelle France_; Kip, _Early Jesuit Missions_; Campbell,
_Pioneer Priests of North America_.
=Jette, Sir Louis= (1836- ). Studied law, and called to the bar, 1857.
Practised in Montreal. Entered public life in 1872 as member for
Montreal East, defeating Sir Georges E. Cartier. Appointed puisne judge
of Supreme Court of Quebec, 1878; and the same year became professor of
civil law in Laval University; later dean of the faculty. Member of the
commission for revision of the civil code of Quebec, 1887; and of the
Alaskan Boundary Commission. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec,
1898, and for a second term in 1903. Chief-justice of the Superior Court
of Quebec, 1909. =Index=: =C= One of the founders of _Le Parti
National_, and its organ _Le National_, 29-30; defeats Cartier in
Montreal East, 84. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Jews.= =Bk= Resolution of Lower Canada Assembly excluding, 104; further
discussion of question, 116.
=Joannes.= =WM= Town mayor of Quebec, strikes insubordinate officers,
230; protests against order to propose capitulation, 230, 231; goes to
British camp with articles of capitulation, 231, 232.
=Jogues, Isaac= (1607-1646). Born at Orleans, France. Entered the
Society of Jesus, and sailed for Canada in 1636. Set out almost
immediately for the Huron mission. From there sent to the Tobacco
nation; and in 1641 visited the Chippewas at Sault Ste. Marie, and stood
upon the shores of Lake Superior. Went to Quebec the following year, and
on the return journey captured by a party of Mohawks and carried off to
the Iroquois country. After being repeatedly tortured, escaped at Fort
Orange, with the help of the Dutch governor, and sailed for France,
arriving at Rennes in 1643. After an interview with the queen regent,
Anne of Austria, returned to Canada the following year, and sent as an
ambassador to the Mohawks, 1646. Concluded a treaty of peace, and
returned to Quebec. Sept. 27 of the same year, again set out for the
Iroquois country, this time as a missionary. The attitude of the Indians
had changed, and on Oct. 18 he was tomahawked as he entered one of the
lodges at Tionnontoguen. =Index=: =Ch= Professor in college of Rouen,
207. =L= Sufferings and death of, 5, 62. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Pioneer
Priests of North America_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Martin,
_Isaac Jogues_; Withrow, _Adventures of Isaac Jogues_ (R. S. C., 1885).
=John and Thomas.= =F= Vice-admiral's ship in Phipps's squadron, 281.
=Johnson, Guy= (1740-1788). Deputy to Sir William Johnson, as
superintendent of Indian affairs, and succeeded latter in office after
his death. Served under Amherst against the French, in 1759. At the
opening of the Revolutionary War, abandoned his home in Amsterdam, New
York, and brought his family to Montreal, and later went to England.
Returned in 1776, and served in New York. Also with Brant in the Mohawk
Valley, two years later. His estates confiscated by the New York
Assembly, 1779. =Index=: =Hd= His letter to Lord George Germaine, 155;
removed from his position of Indian agent, 156. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Johnson, John.= =T= Returned for St. John, 25.
=Johnson, John M.= (1818-1868). =T= Solicitor-general, New Brunswick,
32-33; member of Fisher ministry, postmaster-general, 43;
attorney-general, delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected for
Northumberland as Confederation candidate, 107; goes to England as
Confederation delegate, 120; his views on County Courts, 125. =Bib.=:
Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Johnson, Sir John= (1742-1830). Son of Sir William Johnson (_q.v._).
Appointed major-general of militia, 1774. Fled to Canada, 1776, and
served under St. Leger against Arnold the following year. After the
close of the Revolutionary War, became superintendent-general of Indian
affairs in British North America. =Index=: =Dr= Commissioned to raise
regiment, 151; advises Dorchester in regard to Upper Canada, 258; his
claims to be first governor of that province, 259; Indian agent in Upper
Canada, 302. =S= Disappointed at not being made governor of Upper
Canada, 99; head of Indian department, 127. =Hd= Made Indian agent, 156;
raises King's Royal Regiment of New York, 156; Haldimand's instructions
to, in regard to smallpox, 231; his consent necessary to marriage, 237;
Haldimand stands sponsor to child of, 296; MacLean's opinion of, 308.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Myers, _The Tories or
Loyalists in America_.
=Johnson, Sir William= (1715-1774). Born in Ireland. Came to America, in
1738, to take charge of the estates of his uncle, Sir Peter Warren.
Appointed Indian agent in 1744, and obtained unrivalled influence over
the Six Nations. In 1755 became superintendent of the affairs of the Six
Nations. The same year made major-general and commander-in-chief of the
expedition against the French. Defeated Dieskau at Lake George, and
received the thanks of Parliament, a baronetcy, and a vote of L5000.
Served with Abercrombie in 1758, and in 1759 captured Niagara from the
French. Accompanied Amherst to Montreal in 1760. Mainly instrumental in
settling and developing the Mohawk Valley. =Index=: =Dr= Quiets
discontent of Six Nations, 5, 6. =Hd= Takes possession of Fort Niagara,
26; takes precedence of Haldimand, 27; his influence with Six Nations
Indians, 27; his Indians not allowed to attack La Galette, 28; retires
for the winter, 29; leaves Oswego for Montreal, under Amherst, 35; his
opinion on enlistment of Canadian corps, 57; takes Niagara, 121; his
Indian widow, 154; death of, 155; Indians' opinion of, 157; leave
granted to, to hold western posts for England, 257. =WM= Captures Fort
Niagara, 146. =Bib.=: _Language, Customs, and Manners of the Six
Nations_ (Phil. Soc. of Phila. _Trans._, 1772); _Correspondence_ (Doc.
Hist. N. Y.); Reid, _Story of Old Fort Johnson_. For biog., _see_
Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Stone, _Life of Sir William Johnson_; Buell, _Sir
William Johnson_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Parkman, _Montcalm
and Wolfe_ and _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Johnson-Clarendon Treaty.= =Md= Attempt to settle Alabama question by,
167; United States Senate refuses to ratify treaty, 167. =Bib.=:
Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=Johnston, Hugh.= =W= Appointed to Executive Council, New Brunswick,
1843, 72; resigns, 1845, 76; retires, 1848, 116.
=Johnston, Sir W.= =C= Chief-justice of Quebec, 119; his views on
French-Canadian cooking, 119.
=Johnstone, Chevalier.= =WM= Aide-de-camp to Levis, 139; his redoubt
evacuated, 140; with Montcalm on night preceding battle, 175; his
opinion of Bougainville, 177; on brave rally of Canadians, 203; on
demoralization of French troops, 207; on Vaudreuil and proposed
capitulation, 209; on the flight to Jacques Cartier, 217; on battle of
Ste. Foy, 261, 263, 264. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.
=Johnstone, James William= (1793-1873). Born in Jamaica. Came to Nova
Scotia, studied law in Annapolis, and practised in Kentville and
Halifax. Appointed solicitor-general and a member of the governor's
Council, and became the recognized leader of the Conservative party in
Nova Scotia. Resigned his seat in the Council in 1843 to contest
Annapolis for the Assembly, and represented the county until 1864, when
appointed judge in Equity. On the death of Howe in 1873 made
lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Died in England the same year.
=Index=: =H= Appointed solicitor-general, 1834, 57; becomes member of
Executive and Legislative Councils, 1838, 57; leader of party opposed to
responsible government, 58; his birth, ancestry, and character, 58; Sir
Colin Campbell's chief adviser, 71; obnoxious to the Liberals, 71;
opposes Howe's views as to responsibility of ministers to the Assembly,
75; makes public declaration as to dual responsibility of ministers, to
the governor and the Legislature, 76; joins the Baptists, 77-78; defends
denominational schools, 83; the election of 1843, 85-86; W. B. Almon
called to Executive and Legislative Councils, 86-87; secures majority in
new Legislature, 87; contest with Howe, 89-90; makes speech against
Howe, 98; carries measure for simultaneous polling, 104; resigns with
his government, 1848, 107; member of Railway Convention at Portland,
1850, 121; opposes government railways, 144; moves vote of want of
confidence, 165, 167; forms new government, 167; his party defeated in
elections of 1859, 168; the chief-justiceship, 168; leader of the
opposition, 171; becomes attorney-general in 1863, and judge in Equity,
1864, 172; favours Confederation, 174; introduces bill prohibiting sale
of intoxicants to Indians, 247-248. =T= Advocates Confederation in Nova
Scotia Assembly, in 1854, 62. =Bib.=: Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova
Scotia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova
Scotia_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; Rose, _Cyc. Can.
Biog._
=Johnstone's Redoubt.= =WM= French position on Beauport shore, 133, 136,
140.
=Joint High Commission, British-American=, 1898-1899. Met in Quebec,
Aug. 23, 1898, and again in Washington, Nov. 10. The meetings continued
until Feb. 20, 1899, ending in a disagreement. Canada was represented by
Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Sir Richard Cartwright, Sir Louis Davies, and John
Charlton; the United States by Gen. J. W. Foster, Hon. George Gray, Hon.
C.W. Fairbanks, Hon. John A. Kasson, Hon. N. Dingley, and T. Jefferson
Coolidge; and Newfoundland by Sir J. S. Winter and Hon. A. B. Morine.
Lord Herschell acted as chairman. Among the questions discussed were
reciprocity, the Atlantic fisheries, the Alaskan boundary, the seal
fisheries, war vessels on the Great Lakes, the bonding privilege, alien
labour laws, and mining rights. =Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier
and the Liberal Party_.
=Jolliet, Louis= (1645-1700). Born at Quebec; son of a wagon-maker in
the employ of the Company of New France. Educated by the Jesuits, and
took minor orders, but renounced his clerical vocation to engage in the
fur trade. Sent by Talon to discover copper-mines on Lake Superior, and
met La Salle on his return journey, 1669, near the site of the city of
Hamilton. In 1673 set out with Jacques Marquette (_q.v._) to discover
the Mississippi. Leaving Michilimackinac on May 17, they coasted the
north shore of Lake Michigan, to the foot of Green Bay, ascended Fox
River to Lake Winnebago, and descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi,
which they reached a month after leaving Michilimackinac. Descended the
great river, passing the mouths of the Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and
Arkansas, and turned back from a village of the Arkansas Indians on July
17; returning to Lake Michigan by way of the Illinois. Jolliet was
unfortunate enough to lose the records of his journey at the foot of the
Lachine rapids, almost within sight of Montreal. Made a journey to
Hudson Bay in 1679; and the following year received a grant of the
Island of Anticosti, where he settled with his family. In 1694 explored
the coast of Labrador. On his return made royal pilot for the St.
Lawrence, and hydrographer of the colony. =Index=: =F= Discoverer of
Mississippi, 155. =WM= Descends Mississippi, 19. =L= Follows course of
Mississippi, 11; abandons priestly career and becomes explorer, 59; his
exploration of Mississippi, 146; his burial, 147. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La
Salle_; Faillon, _Colonie Francaise en Canada_; Margry, _Decouvertes et
Etablissements des Francais_; Gagnon, _Louis Jolliet_. _See also_
Marquette.
=Jolliet, Zachary.= =F= His December journey from Michilimackinac to
Quebec, 240.
=Joly de Lotbiniere, Sir Henri Gustave= (1829-1908). Studied law and
called to the bar, 1855. Elected to Assembly for Lotbiniere, 1861. Took
a prominent part in opposition to Confederation. In 1867 elected for
both Dominion and Quebec Houses, and sat in both up to 1874. Led
opposition in Assembly until 1878, when he was called upon to form a
ministry. His government defeated in 1879, and in 1885 dropped out of
public life for a time. Returned for Portneuf in 1896, and became
controller of inland revenue; the following year called to the Cabinet
as minister of inland revenue. Appointed lieutenant-governor of British
Columbia, 1900. =Index=: =Md= Liberal leader in Quebec, sustained in
provincial election by majority of one, 249; his connection with the
Letellier case, 249. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._;
Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Jones, Alfred Gilpin= (1824-1906). Born at Weymouth, Nova Scotia, of
United Empire Loyalist stock. Built up great shipping industry at
Halifax. Entered public life as an opponent of Confederation.
Represented Halifax in Dominion House 1867-1872, 1874-1878. Became
minister of militia, 1878. Defeated in general election of that year,
and again in 1881; elected in 1887, but defeated in 1891.
Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia 1900-1906. =Index=: =H= Asked by Howe
to attend conference with Sir John Rose, on financial situation, 223;
his reasons for declining, 224; leader of Anti-Confederate party in Nova
Scotia, 224. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc.
Can. Biog._
=Jones, John Paul= (1747-1792). Born in Scotland; son of John Paul, of
Arbigland; assumed name of Jones. Entered American navy, 1775. Captured
the _Serapis_, 1779. Entered Russian naval service, 1788, with rank of
rear-admiral. Died in Paris. =Index=: =Hd= Mentioned in Haldimand's
correspondence, 245. =Bib.=: Sherbourne, _Life of Paul Jones_;
Mackenzie, _Life of Paul Jones_; Hamilton, _Life of Paul Jones_; _Cyc.
Am. Biog._
=Jones, Jonas= (1791-1848). Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan.
Served as an officer of militia during the War of 1812-1814, attaining
the rank of colonel. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1815. Elected to
the Assembly for Leeds and Grenville, 1821, 1825, and again in 1832. A
strong supporter of the union of Upper and Lower Canada. Appointed a
puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives
of the Judges_.
=Jones, Peter.= =R= His visit to England in 1831, 90.
=Jonquest, Etienne.= =Ch= Marries Anne Hebert, 113; death of, 117.
=Jordan, John.= =W= Member for St. John in New Brunswick Assembly, 105;
referred to in Wilmot's speech, 105. =T= Defeated in St. John County in
1850, 11.
=Joseph, Saint.= =L= Chapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84;
patron saint of Canada, 87. =Ch= Jesuit mission in Huron country, 93;
French colony placed under patronage of, 150.
=Jotard.= =Hd= Editor of Mesplet's publications, 277.
=Journal de Quebec.= =C= Cauchon writes for, 24; praises Cartier in, 88.
=Journal Tenu a l'Armee.= =WM= Quoted, 169; severe criticism of
Montcalm, 205; Canadians praised, 196; quoted as to loss on French side,
205.
=Juan de Fuca.= =D= His real name Apostolos Velerianos, 9; expedition to
North-West Coast, 9; authenticity of his _Voyage_, 9, 19; his name
rescued from oblivion, 23. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast
Names_.
=Juan de Fuca Strait.= Between Vancouver Island and United States
mainland. =Index=: =D= Its discovery, 9, 14, 19; rediscovered by
Kendrick, 25. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.
=Jubilee.= =Ch= Granted by pope, celebrated in Quebec, 1618, 114.
=Juchereau, Jean.= =Ch= A settler from La Ferte Vidame, in Thimerais,
252.
=Juchereau, Mere.= =F= Reports repulse of some of Phipps's men at
Riviere Ouelle, 291; on flag incident, 296; on divine protection of
Quebec, 301. =L= On Laval's patience in trial, 240.
=Juchereau de St. Denis.= =F= Wounded in skirmish on Beauport flats,
294.
=Judah, Henry Hague= (1808-1883). Born in London, England. Came to
Canada, and called to the bar, 1829. Represented Champlain in the
Assembly, 1843-1844. Appointed one of the Commissioners under the Act
abolishing the Seigniorial Tenure, 1854. =Index=: =E= Commissioner under
Federal Tenure law, 186.
=Judges.= =Bk= Bill for exclusion of, passed by Lower Canada Assembly,
but thrown out by Council, 104; further discussion of question, 116;
instructions from Great Britain regarding, 117, 126; Act of Exclusion
passed, 145.
=Judicature.= =E= Measures relating to, passed by second La
Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86-87; =S= Act for establishing Superior
Court for Upper Canada passed, 92; amended, 94. =Sy= Bill passed by
Special Council, 255. =BL= Revisions of system, 286, 300-301; terms of
the Act, 292, 302-303, 339.
=Jurisdiction, Question of.= =L= In New France, 163.
=Justices of the Peace.= _See_ Magistrates.
=Kaministiquia, or Kaministikwia, Fort.= At mouth of river of same name,
north-west shore of Lake Superior. Built by Zacharie Robutel de La Nouee,
in 1717. La Verendrye wintered there in 1731, while making preparations
for his western explorations. The site abandoned in favour of Grand
Portage, which became for many years, under both French and British
rule, the jumping-off place for the western fur country. Fort William
was afterwards built on or near the site of the old French fort.
=Kane, Paul= (1810-1871). Born in Toronto. Received his first training
under Drury, the drawing-master at Upper Canada College. Spent the years
1836-1840 in the United States; and then sailed for Europe, where he
studied art in Italy and throughout the continent. Returned to Toronto
in 1845, and shortly after set out on a tour of the western territories
of the Hudson's Bay Company. Visited many of the tribes, from Lake
Superior to the Pacific, and brought back with him in 1848 several
hundred sketches, from which he painted a series of oil pictures of
Indian life and western scenery. Some years after, published a narrative
of this journey, illustrated from his own sketches. =Bib.=: _Wanderings
of an Artist among the Indians of North America_. For biog., _see_
Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.
=Kaye, John W.= =BL= Quoted on Metcalfe, 156, 158; on La Fontaine and
Baldwin, 169-171; on Metcalfe, 176, 186, 236, 237. =B= Defends
Metcalfe's attitude towards political parties in Canada, 24. =Bib.=:
Works: _Life and Correspondence of Lord Metcalfe_; _Administration of
East India Company_; _Lives of Indian Officers_; _Life of Sir John
Malcolm_.
=Keefer, Thomas Coltrin= (1821- ). Born at Thorold, Ontario. Engaged in
the enlargement of the Welland Canal, 1841-1845, and then transferred to
the Ottawa River works, 1845-1849. Made a survey of the St. Lawrence
rapids, 1850; and prepared the report and plans which resulted in the
building of the Victoria bridge at Montreal. Instrumental in securing
the deepening of the St. Lawrence channel and the adoption of the
standard gauge on Canadian railways. Served as Canadian commissioner at
the London exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, and the Paris exhibition of
1878, and also on the International Deep Waterways Commission. Author of
a number of articles and papers on engineering and public questions.
=Bib.=: Works: _Philosophy of Railways_; _Canals of Canada_; _Report on
Victoria Bridge_; _Canadian Waterways_. _See also_ in Bourinot's
bibliography (R. S. C., 1894). For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_;
Dent, _Can. Por._
=Kempt, Sir James= (1764-1854). Commanded brigade in Peninsula, 1812;
and division at Waterloo, 1815; governor of Nova Scotia, 1820-1828; and
governor of Canada, 1828-1830. Made a privy-councillor, 1830;
master-general of ordnance, 1834-1838; general, 1841. =Index=: =BL= His
efforts at conciliation, 20. =P= Succeeds Lord Dalhousie as governor,
70; his attitude towards Canadians, 70; his report, 1829, on the
political situation in Lower Canada, 71. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._;
_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Kendrick, Captain John.= American seaman. Trading on North-West Coast,
1787-1793. Killed in Sandwich Islands, 1793. =Index=: =D= Voyage to
North-West Coast in 1787, 23; at Nootka, 24; credited with rediscovery
of strait of Juan de Fuca, 25.
=Kennebec River.= A river of the state of Maine, rising in Moosehead
Lake; about 200 miles long. =Index=: =Dr= Arnold's march up, 107.
=Kennedy, Captain.= =B= Agitates through newspapers and Toronto Board of
Trade importance of acquiring and settling North-West Territories, 216;
writes Lord Elgin on same subject, 216.
=Kennedy, Sir Arthur Edward= (1810-1883). Governor of Vancouver Island,
1863-1867. Subsequently governor of Queensland. Died in Brisbane.
=Kennedy, William Nassau= (1839-1885). Born at Darlington, Ontario.
Served as a lieutenant in the Ontario Rifles with the Red River
Expedition, 1870. Settled in Winnipeg, and appointed registrar of deeds,
1872. A member of the North-West Council, 1873; mayor of Winnipeg,
1875-1876. Organized the Winnipeg Field Battery and subsequently
colonel of the 90th Rifles. Accompanied the Canadian _Voyageurs_ to
Egypt, as paymaster of the contingent, 1885. Served through the
campaign, but died at London on his way home to Canada.
=Kennedy's Regiment.= =WM= On British right, 189.
=Kenny, Sir Edward= (1800-1891). Born in Kerry County, Ireland.
Emigrated to Nova Scotia. Summoned to the Senate at Confederation.
Became receiver-general in federal ministry, 1867-1869; president of the
Privy Council, 1869-1870. For a time acting lieutenant-governor of Nova
Scotia. Vacated his seat in the Senate, 1876. =Index=: =Md=
Receiver-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; represents Irish Roman
Catholics, 135. =T= receiver-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 129. =H=
Member of first Dominion Cabinet, 198.
=Kent and Strathern, Edward Augustus, Duke of= (1767-1820). Fourth son
of George III and father of Queen Victoria. Sent to Canada, 1791; served
in West Indies, 1794; returned to Canada, 1796; commander-in-chief of
forces in British North America, 1799-1800; governor of Gibraltar,
1802-1803; field-marshal, 1805. =Index=: =S= Commands 7th Fusiliers in
garrison at Quebec, 47; visits Simcoe at Navy Hall, 183; visits Niagara
Falls, 183; is entertained by Robert Hamilton at Queenston, 184. =Dr=
Arrival of, 270; popularity of, 275; service at Halifax, 276. =MS=
Stationed in Canada, 98; his friendship for Alexander Mackenzie, 98.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Kent Lodge.= Near Quebec. =Index=: =Hd= Formerly Montmorency House,
Haldimand's summer residence, 345.
=Kentucky.= =Dr= Movements on foot in, for separation from other
American states, 247, 249.
=Kerr.= =T= Elected as Confederation candidate for Northumberland, N.
B., 107; moves the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115.
=Kerr, D. S.= =W= Council for Doak and Hill in libel case, 75.
=Kerr, W. J.= =Mc= Attempts Mackenzie's assassination, 218; tried and
convicted, 220.
=Ketchum, Jesse.= =Mc= Elected to the Assembly, 150; delivers rejoinder
to governor, 300.
=Kicking Horse Pass.= Through Rocky Mountains, north of lat. 51 deg.,
length 104 miles, and elevation at watershed 5300 feet. This pass is
followed by the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was
explored and named by Dr. Hector, of the Palliser expedition, in 1858.
=Killaly, H. H.= Represented town of London in first Parliament after
the union of 1841; chairman of the board of public works, 1841-1844, and
1844-1846. =Index=: =Sy= Made president of board of works for united
province, 333. =BL= Commissioner of public works, 1841, 76; a moderate
Liberal, 78; remains in office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government,
133, 134. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Killian, Doran.= =T= Recruits Fenian army in New York, 105; his force
arrives at Eastport, 105.
=King, Dr.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 389.
=King, Rev. Wm.= =B= Moving spirit in negro settlement in Upper Canada,
113.
=King's American Regiment.= =Dr= Commanded by Fanning, 202.
=King's College (New Brunswick).= =W= Charter granted by George IV,
1828, 49; endowed by New Brunswick Legislature, 49; controlled by Church
of England, 49-50, 51; proposed amendments to charter, 51-56; amendment
bill finally passed, 56; becomes University of New Brunswick, 86;
originated in College of New Brunswick and chartered, 1800, 86. =T=
Proposal to convert into agricultural school, 20; cause of its
unpopularity, 21, 48; terms of the Act of 1859, 48-49. _See_ New
Brunswick, College of; New Brunswick, University of.
=King's College (Nova Scotia).= An academy opened at Windsor, Nova
Scotia, 1788. The following year an Act passed for "the permanent
establishment and effectual support of a college at Windsor," and L400
per annum granted towards its maintenance. Under this act, King's
College opened in 1790. Received royal charter, 1802. =Index=: =H=
Founded by Church of England, 81. =E= Directly under control of Church
of England, 93. =Bib.=: Partridge, _University of King's College_ in
_Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4; Akins, _Brief Account of the Origin of
King's College_; Hind, _University of King's College_.