=Fort Rupert= (=Fort Charles=). Built by Gillam, at mouth of Rupert
River, foot of James Bay, 1667. =Index=: =F= Captured by Troyes, 206.
=L= Captured from English, 204. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western
Sea_; Laut, _Canada_ and _Conquest of the Great North-West_.
=Fort Rupert.= North end of Vancouver Island. _See_ Fort McLoughlin.
=Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, coal mining at, 190. =Bib.=:
Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.
=Fort St. Frederic.= _See_ Crown Point. =Index=: =WM= At head of Lake
Champlain, 17; evacuated by Bourlamaque, 146. =Bib.=: Garneau, _History
of Canada_.
=Fort St. James.= On Stuart Lake, northern British Columbia. =Index=:
=MS= Governor Simpson there in 1828, 237-238. =D= North West Company
post, built on Stuart Lake, 98. =Bib.=: Morice, _Northern Interior of
British Columbia_.
=Fort St. Joseph.= =Bk= Stores despatched to, 202.
=Fort St. Louis.= On Illinois River, near site of present town of La
Salle. =Index=: =F= Built by La Salle, 160; seized by La Barre, 179.
=Fort St. Louis.= Quebec. _See_ Chateau St. Louis. =Index=: =Ch= A
school of religion and virtue, 258; erected on Cape Diamond, 157.
=Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Gagnon, _Fort et Chateau
St. Louis_.
=Fort St. Pierre.= =Ch= Founded by Nicolas Denys, in Cape Breton, 236.
=Bib.=: Denys, _History of Acadia_.
=Fort Selkirk.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built by Robert Campbell
on the Yukon River, 124. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Discovery of the Youcon_.
=Fort Simpson.= At mouth of Liard River. =Index=: =D= Built by Hudson's
Bay Company, at mouth of Liard River, 125. =Bib.=: Richardson, _Arctic
Searching Expedition_.
=Fort Simpson.= On coast of British Columbia, near Alaskan boundary.
=Index=: =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Naas River,
1831, 116; moved forty miles south, 1834, 120. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British
Columbia Coast Names_ (under _Port Simpson_).
=Fort Stanwix.= On Mohawk River, near Lake Oneida. =Index=: =Dr=
Unsuccessful attack on, 173. =Hd= Abandonment of by rebels, 151.
=Fort Stikine.= On Stikine River. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company
post, handed over by Russians, 121-122; Rae left in charge of, 122.
=Fort Taku.= =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, on Taku River, 121;
known as Fort Durham--erected 1840, 122; abandoned, 1843, 178-179.
=Fort Ticonderoga.= _See_ Ticonderoga. =Index=: =Dr= Fort seized by
American rebels, 82. =Hd= Carleton's raiders penetrate beyond, 149.
=Fort Umpqua.= =D= Founded in 1832 by Hudson's Bay Company, on route
from Fort Vancouver to San Francisco Bay, 132.
=Fort Vancouver.= On Columbia River. =Index=: =D= Established by
Hudson's Bay Company, in 1824, 47; depot of western department, 72;
described, 72, 110; built by John McLoughlin, 111, 113; its importance,
111; range of its operations, 111-112; agriculture at, 128; abandoned,
1849, 145. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Laut,
_Conquest of the Great North-West_.
=Fort Vincennes.= =WM= On Wabash River, 22.
=Fort Walla Walla.= Hudson's Bay Company post, on Columbia River.
=Index=: =D= Distributing point for Snake River country, 7.
=Fort Wayne.= =Bk= Expedition to, under Captain Muir, 274, 275.
=Fort William.= At mouth of Kaministiquia River, Lake Superior. =Index=:
=D= Headquarters of North West Company, 59. =MS= Replaces Grand Portage,
13; named after William MacGillivray, 100; Selkirk at, with the De
Meuron soldiers, 189. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_;
Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Fort William Henry.= On Lake George. =Index=: =WM= Siege and
destruction of, 37, 42-46; ensuing massacre, 47-52. =Bib.=: Parkman,
_Montcalm and Wolfe_.
=Fort Yale.= =D= Founded in 1848, by the Hudson's Bay Company, on Fraser
River, 186.
=Fort Yukon.= Built by Alexander Hunter Murray of the Hudson's Bay
Company, at the mouth of Porcupine River in 1847. John Bell had
descended the Porcupine to its mouth in 1844. Although Fort Yukon was on
Russian territory, the Company maintained it until the sale of Alaska to
the United States, when they were summarily ejected, 1869. The Company
thereupon moved up the Porcupine to the Ramparts, where they built
Rampart House, then supposed to be on British territory, but proved to
be west of the boundary. The fort was moved twelve miles up the river,
and in 1890 was again moved to the eastward. =Index=: =D= Built by
Murray (not Bell) near mouth of Porcupine River, 125. =Bib.=: Murray,
_Journal_ (Canadian Archives, 1910).
=Forts.= _See also_ Carillon, Chambly, Crown Point, Frontenac,
Kaministiquia, Miami, Michilimackinac, Niagara, St. Johns, Sorel, Three
Rivers, Ticonderoga, Western Forts.
=Foster, Captain.= =Dr= Captures American post at Cedars, 142; gives up
his prisoners under agreement with Arnold, 143.
=Foster, George Eulas= (1847- ). Born in Carleton County, New Brunswick.
Entered political life as member for King's County, New Brunswick, in
the Dominion House of Commons, 1882; minister of marine and fisheries,
1885; minister of finance, 1888-1896. Elected for York, New Brunswick,
1896; and for Toronto North, 1904. =Index=: =Md= Minister of finance in
Macdonald administration--moves amendment to Sir Richard Cartwright's
resolution on unrestricted reciprocity, 299. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_;
_Canadian Who's Who_.
=Foster, S. K.= =T= Candidate for St. John, New Brunswick, defeated, 25.
=Fothergill, Charles.= =Mc= Attacks Mackenzie in Upper Canada _Gazette_,
38; accuses Mackenzie of disloyalty, 99; moves to pay Mackenzie for
report of debates, 102, 103; dismissed from position of king's printer,
110. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.
=Foucher, Jean.= =Ch= Chief farmer at Cap Tourmente, informs Champlain
of destruction of establishment at Tadoussac, 176.
=Fouez.= _See_ St. Maurice River.
=Fournier, Telesphore= (1824-1896). Studied law, and called to the bar,
1846; one of principal editorial writers on _Le National_; elected to
the House of Commons for Bellechasse, 1870; minister of inland revenue,
in Mackenzie government, 1873; minister of justice, 1874;
postmaster-general, 1875. Appointed judge of Supreme Court the latter
year; resigned, 1895. =Index=: =C= One of the leaders of the Quebec
Liberals, 24; a popular speaker, 25; kept in opposition by radical
programme, 29. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._
=Fox, Charles James= (1749-1806). British statesman. =Index=: =Dr=
Thought Quebec Act should have been introduced in Commons, 66; discusses
Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 265. _S_ Discusses
Constitutional Bill in House of Commons, 9. =Bk= Death of, 80. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Russell, _Life of Fox_; Trevelyan, _Early Life of
Fox_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Constitutional Development_.
=France.= =F= Condition of, in 1675-1676, 150, 151. =Dr= Declares war
against Britain, 271; anger in, on conclusion of Jay Treaty, 287;
refugees from, permitted to enter Canada, 289; some dangerous characters
arrive from, 289; takes revenge on Britain in American Revolution, 269.
=Franchere, Gabriel= (1786-1856). Born at Montreal. Joined the Pacific
Fur Company, organized by John Jacob Astor, and sailed from New York for
the mouth of the Columbia, 1810. Returned overland, reaching Montreal in
September, 1814. Continuing in the fur trade, established at Sault Ste.
Marie in 1834; and later in New York. =Bib.=: _Relation d'un Voyage a la
Cote du Nord-Ouest de l'Amerique Septentrionale_, trans. by J. V.
Huntington. For biog., _see_ Morice, _Dict._; Bibaud, _Pan. Can._
=Franchise Act, 1885.= =Md= Its terms, 258-259; fiercely opposed by
Liberals, 259-260; repealed by Laurier administration, 260. =Bib.=:
Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier
and the Liberal Party_.
=Francois Xavier, Saint.= =L= Patron saint of Canada, 87.
=Franklin, Benjamin= (1706-1790). American statesman and philosopher.
=Index=: =Dr= Heads commission to enquire into affairs in Canada, 135;
his report, 136. =WM= Did not believe British colonies would revolt,
269. =Bib.=: _Autobiography_; _Complete Works_, ed. by Bigelow. For
biog., _see Cyc. Amer. Biog._; _also_ Larned, _Lit. Am. Hist._
=Franklin, Sir John= (1786-1847). Served at Trafalgar, in the
_Bellerophon_. Headed overland expedition of 1819-1822, from York
Factory by way of Great Slave Lake, to the mouth of the Coppermine, and
the Arctic coast; and second expedition, 1825-1827, in which he
continued his explorations of the northern coast of the continent.
Started on third expedition, by sea, 1845, to make North-West Passage.
The ships had to be abandoned, and Franklin and all his men perished in
the attempt to reach one of the remote northern posts of the Hudson's
Bay Company. =Bib.=: Works: _Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea,
1823_; _Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea_. For biog.,
_see_ Richardson, _Arctic Searching Expedition_; Rae, _Narrative_;
McClintock, _Narrative of the Fate of Sir John Franklin_; Osborn,
_Career, Last Voyage, and Fate of Sir John Franklin_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Franklin, Michael.= Born in England. Came to Halifax, 1752. Elected to
the Assembly, 1759; appointed to the Council, 1762; lieutenant-governor,
1766. Organized the militia of the province, 1776-1777: largely
instrumental in securing the peace of Nova Scotia during the
Revolutionary War. Appointed commissioner of Indian affairs. Died, 1782.
=Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Fraser.= =Dr= Appointed judge, 183.
=Fraser, Captain.= =Dr= His connection with the Walker case, 19, 36, 38.
=Fraser, Duncan Cameron= (1845-1910). Born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia.
Educated at Dalhousie University; studied law and called to the bar of
Nova Scotia, 1873. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1878, but
resigned same year to run for the Assembly. Again called to the
Legislative and Executive Councils, 1888. Sat in the House of Commons
for Guysborough, 1891-1904; appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of
Nova Scotia, 1904; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1906-1910.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Fraser, John James.= =T= Opposition candidate in York County, 86;
opposes Confederation, 87; afterwards governor of New Brunswick, 87;
defeated in York, 108. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Fraser, Captain Malcolm.= =Dr= Of Royal Emigrants, 112, 124; with Laws
on rear attack on Arnold, 130; in charge at Three Rivers, 144; repulses
Thompson's attack, 145. =D= Grandfather of Dr. John McLoughlin, 94;
brings Highland Regiment to Canada, 94; settles on St. Lawrence
seigniory, 95. =Bib.=: Wrong, _A Canadian Manor and its Seigneurs_.
=Fraser, Simon= (1776?-1862). Brought to Canada as a child from New York
state, his widowed mother settling near Cornwall. Joined the North West
Company in 1792, and ten years later became a _bourgeois_ or partner.
Served for a time at Grand Portage, and sent to the Athabaska district;
in 1805, when the Company decided to carry its operations beyond the
Rocky Mountains, put in charge of the new field. After establishing
trading-posts in New Caledonia, now northern British Columbia, set out
from Fort St. James on Stuart Lake, with Jules Maurice Quesnel, and a
party of voyageurs and Indians, upon the exploration of the great river
that bears his name. In 1811 promoted to the charge of the Red River
department, and offered knighthood as a recognition of his services in
the cause of exploration, but declined the honour. Was present at the
Seven Oaks affair, when Governor Semple of the Hudson's Bay Company lost
his life. Retired from the fur trade about the time of the coalition of
the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company. =Index=: =D= In
service of North West Company, 57; ordered to extend operations of
Company west of Rocky Mountains, 59; reaches Fraser River, 1806, 59;
builds forts on Stuart Lake and Fraser River, 59; ordered to explore
river to the sea, 60; his journey down the Fraser, 60-61; proves
Tacouche Tesse not the Columbia, 61; builds Rocky Mountain House and
other posts, 97-98; given command of Red River department, 1811, 98;
offered and declines knighthood, 98; dies, 1862, at age of 86, 98. =MS=
Sent to explore New Caledonia, 108; crosses Rocky Mountains, 1806, and
builds fort on Stuart River, 108; his journey down the Fraser, 108-110;
arrested by Selkirk at Fort William, 189. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of
the North-West Coast_; Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du
Nord-Ouest_; Morice, _Northern Interior of British Columbia_; Bryce,
_Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_;
Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.
=Fraser River.= Rises in Rocky Mountains, and flows into Strait of
Georgia. Its upper waters discovered by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793; and
first explored down to its mouth by Simon Fraser, 1808. The total length
of the river is 695 miles. =Index=: =D= Mackenzie on, 54; supposed to be
the Oregon, 54; native name Tacouche Tesse, 54; mistaken for the
Columbia, 59; Simon Fraser on, 60-61; described, 60-61; route of
fur-brigades changed to, from the Columbia, 186. =MS= Mackenzie on,
77-79; Fraser on, 108-109. =Bib.=: Fraser _Journal_ in Masson,
_Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_.
=Fraser's Highlanders.= =WM= Captain of, replies to French sentries in
French, 180. =Bib.=: Kelly, _The Fighting Frasers of the Forty-Five and
Quebec_.
=Frechette, Louis= (1839-1908). Practised law, and then journalism.
Represented Levis in the House of Commons, 1874-1878. Chiefly known as a
poet. Two of his poems were crowned by the French Academy, 1880, and he
was granted the first Montyon prize. =Index=: =Hd= His poem on Du
Calvet, 292. =Bib.=: Works: _Mes Loisirs; La Voix d'un Exile_; _Pele
Mele_; _Les Fleurs Boreales_; _Legende d'un Peuple_; _Les Feuilles
Volantes_; _Lettres Basile_; _Originaux et Detra-ques_; _Lettres sur
l'Education_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_;
Tache, _Men of the Day_; Chapman, _Le Laureat_; Sauvalle, _Le Laureat
Manque_.
=Fredericton.= Capital of New Brunswick. Situated on the west bank of
the St. John River. Founded by Sir Guy Carleton in 1785, and named by
him after the Duke of York. =Index=: =W= Popular demonstration at, 46;
education in, 85-86. =T= Abandonment of government house, 138-139.
=Bib.=: Hannay _History of New Brunswick_.
=Fredin, Jean.= =L= House of charity established by, 245.
=Free Trade.= =B= Its effect on Canadian invasion, 15, 31-32;
recommended by Reform convention of 1857, 217; advocated by George
Brown, 47, 233. =C= Peel's measure (1846) kills Canadian industries,
43-44; Cartier's views on, 115-116. =E= Protest from Canadian Assembly,
29; discussed in Legislature, 45; effects of, on Canada, 57-58. =T=
Unpopular in New Brunswick, 9.
=Freeman.= Newspaper published at St. John, New Brunswick. =Index=: =T=
Edited by T. W. Anglin, 85.
=Freemason's Hall, Niagara.= =S= First session of Upper Canada
Legislature held in, 83, 96; church services held in, 159.
=Fremin, Father Jacques.= =Ch= Jesuit, put in charge of Richibucto
mission, 235.
=French-Canadians.= =L= Aubert's description of, 118, 119; habits and
customs, 120-124. =Sy= Tenacious of their legal institutions, 69; become
disaffected, 70; inconsistency of British policy regarding, 71;
Constitutional Act increases their power of resistance, 72, 80; Lord
Durham on their aspirations for independent nationality, 94; favour
responsible government, but oppose union of the provinces, 117; opposed
to improving navigation of St. Lawrence and development of the upper
province, 206; regard Sydenham as enemy of their race, 233; Sydenham's
estimate of, politically considered, 305. =E= Resent terms of Union Act,
23-24; resent Durham's views on British domination in Canada, 23;
increase of their influence, 31. =Dr= Murray's description of, 25;
Carleton on their military strength, 45, 46; on their rapid increase,
47; his anxiety to win their allegiance, 50; indifferent to
representative government, 55, 61; their petition to the king, 61;
disappointing conduct of, 78; address king expressing satisfaction with
Quebec Act, 78; unwilling to enlist against Americans, 87, 150; British
government relies fully on their loyalty, 92; some insult their leaders
and insist on being disbanded, 99; tired of American occupation, 150;
Carleton's summing up of their attitude, 161; delusion of British
government on the subject, 178; petition against any further change in
their laws, 246; object to a House of Assembly, 246; Dorchester's
consideration for, 260; attempt to enroll them for militia service
causes riot, 278; more or less affected by revolutionary principles,
278; their attitude serious, 289; report on their state of feeling by
Jules de Fer, 301. =B= Durham and, 12; dissatisfied with terms of union,
15; Peel's distrust of, 16, 17; George Brown's relations with, 43,
48-49, 70, 71, 78-81, 101-102, 105, 123-127; restive about
Confederation, 166. =Bk= Prosperity of, under British rule, 35; their
loyalty recognized by Brock and President Dunn, 1807, 86, 87; distrusted
by Sir James Craig, 91, 404; Craig hesitates to issue arms to, 102, 103.
=Hd= Characterized, 42, 220-222; Haldimand's experience of, 51, 52;
satisfied with change of sovereignty, 53, 79; corps of, formed, 55-57,
139; object to introduction of English civil law, 59, 60; favoured by
Quebec Act, 101; their aversion to military service, 111; costume of,
114, 115, 240; fear of communication with rebels, 119, 134, 136, 140,
174, 297; Estaing's proclamation to, 123; affected by alliance of
France with revolted colonies, 126, 127, 128, 140; prisoners in Albany
take up arms for Congress, 130; averse to taxation, 173; restricted as
to disposal of produce, 177; Haldimand's policy towards, 180; his use of
corvees disliked by, 182; gratified by news of British defeats, 189;
Baroness de Riedesel's description of, 219-220; their attitude towards
Loyalists, 264, 271; continued attempts to undermine their loyalty,
273-282, 283; addressed by Congress, 276; MacLean pleads for, 306;
Dorchester's policy with, 314-315. =Md= Ignorance of national affairs,
347; Macdonald's influence with, 347-348. =WM= Their unfortunate
position, 131; two thousand desert the camp to protect their families,
152; placed on right of Montcalm's battle-line, 192; dislodge British
detachment from Borgia's house, 193, 195; in general defeat make brave
rally, 201-203; only those in vicinity of Quebec submit to the British,
237. =L= Pere Charlevoix on, 117; Aubert on, 118; Mere de l'Incarnation
on, 119; habits, dress, etc., of, 120 _et seq._ =Bib.=: Sulte, _Histoire
des Canadiens-Francais_; Garneau, _Histoire du Canada_; Bibaud,
_Histoire du Canada_; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; Davidson,
_Growth of French-Canadian Race_; Aubert de Gaspe, _Les Anciens
Canadiens_; Salone, _La Colonisation de la Nouvelle France: Etude sur
les Origines de la Nation Canadienne Francaise_; Greenough, _Canadian
Folk-Life_; Tanguay, _Dictionnaire Genealogique_; Sulte, _Origin of the
French-Canadians_ (R. S. C., 1905); Nicholson, _The French Canadian_;
Fiske, _New France and New England_; Lambert, _Travels in Canada_.
=French Colonization.= =WM= Principle of, 17; Parkman on, 19.
=French Language.= =BL= Imperial Parliament repeals clause of Union Act
making English the sole official language, 287; Elgin reads speech from
the throne in French as well as English, 287.
=French Priests.= =Hd= Attempts to introduce, 181, 187.
=French Revolution.= =Dr= Its effect in the United States, 272, 273;
principles of, disseminated in Lower Canada, 279. =Sy= Effects of, in
Britain, 11.
=Frobisher, Benjamin.= A partner of the North West Company. =Index=:
=Hd= Petition to Haldimand, 261. =Bib.=: _See_ the memorials of Benjamin
Frobisher and Joseph Frobisher, his brother, on the western fur trade,
in _Archives Report_, 1890, and particularly that of Oct. 4, 1784,
giving the early history of the North West Company; _also_
correspondence in _Archives Report_, 1888.
=Frobisher, Benjamin.= Probably, according to Masson, a son of Joseph
Frobisher. Entered service of North West Company, about 1798. Mentioned
as clerk of that Company, in 1804 and 1805, and took a violent part in
the troubles between the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. Captured
by Hudson's Bay men in 1819, carried to York Factory and imprisoned;
escaped, and in a desperate attempt to make his way back to one of the
North West Company posts, died of exhaustion at Cedar Lake. =Bib.=:
Wilcocke, _Death of Frobisher_ in Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du
Nord-Ouest_.
=Frobisher, Joseph.= A partner of the North West Company. Member of the
fur-trading firm of McTavish, Frobisher and Company. Built a fort on Red
River, and penetrated to the Churchill River, 1774, where, at Frog
Portage, he built a post. Gave the name of English River to the
Churchill. Accompanied Alexander Henry up the Saskatchewan in 1775.
Returned to Montreal, but retained a large interest in the fur trade
until 1798, when he retired. =Index=: =Hd= His petition to Haldimand,
261. =MS= Builds trading-post on Sturgeon Lake in 1772, 4. =Bib.=:
Henry, _Travels and Adventures_, ed. by Bain; Mackenzie, _History of the
Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages_.
=Frobisher, Sir Martin= (1535?-1594). Navigator. Made three voyages to
America in search of the North-West Passage, 1576, 1577, and 1578.
Vice-admiral in Drake's expedition to West Indies, 1586; led one of the
squadrons against the Spanish Armada; took part in Hawkins's expedition,
1590. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Frobisher, Thomas= (1744-1788). Partner of the North West Company. With
Joseph Frobisher, Alexander Henry, and Peter Pond, in the North-West,
1775. In that year, explored the Churchill River as far as Isle a la
Crosse Lake. =Index=: =MS= Builds trading-post at Sturgeon Lake, 1772,
4. =Bib.=: Henry, _Travels and Adventures_; Mackenzie, _History of the
Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages_.
=Frog Portage.= Or Portage de Traite, leading from the Saskatchewan
River, by way of Cumberland Lake, the Sturgeon-Weir River, Heron,
Pelican, and Woody Lakes, to the Churchill. It was discovered by Joseph
Frobisher, who built a temporary trading-post there in 1774. Two years
later Thomas Frobisher built a more substantial fort at the same place.
He was joined there in that year by Alexander Henry, and plans were
matured for intercepting the western Indians on their way down the
Churchill to trade at Prince of Wales Fort. Alexander Mackenzie says
that the Indians called the portage _Athiquisipichigan Ouinigam_, or the
Portage of the Stretched Frog Skin. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay
Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.
=Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de Palluau et de= (1620-1698). =F=
Particulars respecting his early life scanty, 61; enters army under
Prince of Orange at age of fifteen, 62; promoted to rank of _marechal de
camp_, 62; peace of Westphalia, 1648, releases him from military life,
63; marriage, and birth of son, 63; his wife separates from him, 63;
extravagant habits of, 64; commands Venetian troops in defence of Crete
against Turks, 64; leaves France for Canada, midsummer of 1762, 65;
endeavours to constitute "three estates" and summons an Assembly, 67;
action disapproved by king, 67; his instructions regarding the
ecclesiastical power, 69; friendly to Sulpicians and Recollets, 74;
plans a visit to Cataraqui, 74; conducts an expedition to Cataraqui,
76-84; invites Indians to conference at that place, 79; harangues them
and distributes presents, 81, 82; erects fort, 83; expedition not
approved by minister, 84; Frontenac defends it, 85; difficulties with
Perrot, governor of Montreal, and the Abbe Fenelon, 90-104; captures
twelve _coureurs de bois_, 99; sends Perrot and Fenelon to France with
report on case, 102; the king's reply, 103; enemies at court, 110;
honour paid to him in church curtailed by Laval, 112; attitude towards
ecclesiastical powers, 113; difficulty with bishop over issue of trading
permits, involving carrying of liquor to Indians, 116; king prohibits
permits, 116; visits Cataraqui (Fort Frontenac), 117; appeals against
king's decision, 117; instructed not to meddle with questions of
finance, etc., 120; authorized to grant hunting permits, 125; number to
be issued restricted, 128; dispute with Intendant Duchesneau as to
presidency of Sovereign Council, 133-140; censured by minister for his
contentious spirit, 135; again cautioned by king and minister, 136;
recalled, 143, 144; asks home government for soldiers, 145; summons
conference on Indian question, 146; arranges peace between Senecas and
Ottawas, 146; orders strengthening of fortifications of Montreal, 147;
relations with Du Lhut, 162; has Recollet confessor, Father Maupassant,
165; alleged disorders in his household, 165; commends Sulpicians, 168;
his recall a triumph for clerical opponents, 171; on return to France
makes light of La Barre's demand for troops, 173; reappointed governor
of Canada, 229; arrives at Chedabucto, 232; arrives at Quebec, 232; goes
to Montreal, 233; exaggerates number of killed in Lachine massacre,
227; tries to arrest destruction of Fort Frontenac, 233; organizes
raiding parties against English colonies, 234-236; brings out with him
from France survivors of Indians captured for the galleys, 237; sends
deputation to Iroquois, 237; sends reinforcements to La Durantaye, 241;
his address to the Lake tribes, 242; result of his raids on English
settlements, 253; improves fortifications of Quebec, 254; his relations
with the Sovereign Council, 254-257; goes to Montreal where anxiety
prevails, 257; his expedition to Lake Indians successful, 258; dances a
war dance, 260; protests to Massachusetts authorities against attack on
Pentagouet, 270; gets news at Montreal of approach of expedition against
Quebec, 282; replies to Phipps's demand for surrender, 288, 289;
recommends attack on Boston by sea, 316; describes ravages of the
Abnaki, 317; estimate of military losses in Canada, 318; expresses
himself as opposed to large expeditions, 320; orders De Louvigny at
Michilimackinac to send down Indians with their furs, 323; firm in
negotiations with Iroquois, 325, 338; complaints made against, 333-336;
gives theatrical representations at Quebec, 336; question of _Tartuffe_,
337; restores Fort Frontenac against instructions of minister, 341;
directs campaign against Iroquois, 350-353; reports his victory to the
king and asks for recognition, 353; receives cross of St. Louis, 354;
receives news of peace of Ryswick, 354; corresponds on question of
sovereignty over Iroquois with Earl of Bellomont, governor of New York,
355; his last despatch to home government, 357; illness and death,
357-359; his will, 358; no known portrait, 360; funeral sermon and
critical annotations thereon, 361. =L= Governor, erects fort at
Cataraqui, 84, 145; takes Recollets under his protection, 112; arrival
of, 143; his services and character, 144; supports La Salle, 149;
prejudiced against the Jesuits, 157; tries to arrest _coureurs de bois_,
160; imprisons Perrot, governor of Montreal, 160; takes offence at
sermon preached by Abbe Fenelon, 161; previously annoyed by sermon of
Jesuit Father, 161; demands copy of Fenelon's sermon, 162; difficulty
with De Bernieres, 162, 163; censured by the king, 164, 165; quarrels
with intendant, 167; recalled, 168; sends unfavourable reports regarding
clergy, 170; summons conference on liquor traffic, 172; reappointed
governor, 218; arrival of, 228; organizes three detachments to operate
against English colonies, 229; his answer to Phipps, 229; attacks the
Iroquois, 233; death of, 234. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_; Myrand,
_Frontenac et ses Amis_; Lorin, _Le Comte de Frontenac_; Legendre,
_Frontenac_; Brady, _Frontenac, the Saviour of Canada_.
=Fulford, Francis= (1803-1868). Educated at Oxford; ordained, 1828.
Consecrated first Anglican bishop of Montreal, 1850, and sailed for
Canada the same year. In 1860 metropolitan of the ecclesiastical
province of Canada. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._ and _Last Three
Bishops_; Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland_.
=Fuller, Thomas Brock= (1810-1884). Born in Kingston. Educated at the
Grammar Schools at Hamilton and York and at Chambly Theological
Seminary. Ordained priest, 1835; laboured in various parts of Canada;
archdeacon of Niagara, 1869; bishop of Niagara, 1875. =Bib.=: Dent,
_Can. Por._; Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada
and Newfoundland_.
=Fundy, Bay of.= Explored by De Monts and Champlain in 1604. Probably
visited a hundred years earlier by Basque and Breton fishermen, and
possibly by the Northmen several centuries before. Known to the
Portuguese as Baia Fundo (Deep Bay). Named by De Monts, La Baie
Francaise. The year 1604 witnessed not only the first exploration of
which any narrative survives, but also the first European, settlement
on the shores of the bay. _See also_ Acadia. =Bib.=: Champlain,
_Voyages_.
=Fur Trade.= =F= Burdensome restrictions on, 38, 154. =Ch= Short history
of, 119 _et seq._ =E= Under the French regime, 183. =Dr= Complicated
questions in connection with, 57. =Hd= Importance attached by Haldimand
to, 260-261. =S= In Upper Canada, 105-107. =D= Maintained supremacy of
British flag in far West, 37; of the Russians, stimulates adventure and
exploration, 38; forerunner of civilization, 49. =MS= Growth of, under
North West Company, 7; _coureurs de bois_ and _mangeurs de lard_, 14,
168; traders were men of intelligence and intellectual tastes, 27;
_bois-brules_, 167; predominance of Scottish element, 219; _mariage du
pays_, 263; Canada's debt to, 281-290; names of famous fur-traders given
to Canadian rivers, lakes, and towns, 282; fur-trader as pioneer of
settlement, 283-284; character of the traders, 288-289; stood for law
and order, 289. _See also_ Hudson's Bay Company; North West Company; X Y
Company; Pacific Fur Company; Company of New France, etc. =Bib.=:
Mackenzie, _History of the Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages_; Masson,
_Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Biggar, _Early Trading
Companies of New France_; Parkman, _Works_; Henry, _Travels and
Adventures; Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. by Coues; Harmon, _Journal_;
Franchere, _Narrative_; Larpenteur, _Forty Years a Fur Trader_;
Chittenden, _History of the American Fur-Trade_; Laut, _Conquest of the
Great North-West_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Willson, _The Great
Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Begg, _History of the
North-West_.
=Gabriel.= =Ch= French vessel seized by English, 222.
=Gage, Thomas= (1721-1787). Fought under Braddock at Monongahela, 1755,
and under Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, 1758. Took part in the campaign
for the conquest of Canada, 1759; made military governor of Montreal
after its capitulation, 1760. Succeeded Amherst, 1763, as
commander-in-chief, with headquarters at New York. Sailed for England,
1773, leaving Haldimand in command. Returned the following year, as
governor of Massachusetts. After the battle of Bunker Hill, 1775,
recalled. =Index=: =Dr= Requests Carleton to send him two regiments, 78.
=S= In command at Boston, 19. =Hd= At Ticonderoga, 19; his letters to
Haldimand, 22, 23; in command at Oswego, 28, 29; at Albany, 31, 33;
governor of Montreal after surrender, 40, 41; his opinion of Croix de
St. Louis wearers, 52; replaces Amherst at New York, 53, 57, 58, 60, 61,
66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 77, 79-81; visits England on leave of absence, 83;
correspondence with Haldimand, 89, 94, 95; resumes chief command in
America, 96-98, 121; his position in Boston, 101; intended retirement
of, 105; his lack of energy, 108; recall of, 110; Indian policy of, 147;
his reply to Washington's complaint as to treatment of prisoners, 249;
death of, 335. =Bib.=: _Letters of the Two Commanders-in-Chief, Generals
Gage and Washington_; _Detail and Conduct of the American War, under
General Gage_. _See also_ Mass. Hist. Soc. _Colls._, vols. 12, 14, and
34; and _Haldimand Papers_ (Canadian Archives). For biog., _see Dict.
Nat. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Gaillardin, Claud J. C.= (1810-1880). =F= French historian, referred
to, 152. =Bib.=: _Histoire de Louis XIV_.
=Gaillon, Michel.= =Ch= Member of Roberval's expedition, executed, 44.
=Galiano, Dionisio.= Accompanied Maurelle in 1792 to North-West Coast.
Carried out considerable surveys for the Spanish government, partly in
conjunction with Vancouver. =Index=: =D= Explores North-West Coast with
Valdez, 35; meets Vancouver, 35; journal published at Madrid in 1802,
36. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.
=Galinee, Rene de Brehant de.= A member of a noble family of Brittany;
came to Canada in 1668. With his fellow-Sulpician, Dollier de Casson
(_q.v._), carried out an important exploration in 1669-1670, from
Montreal up the St. Lawrence, and around the south shore of Lake Ontario
to Burlington Bay; thence to the Grand River, which they descended to
Lake Erie, where they wintered. In March, 1670, they continued their
journey along the north shore, passed through Lake St. Clair, and
coasting the south side of Manitoulin Island, reached Sault Ste. Marie,
where they found Marquette and Dablon. They returned to Montreal by way
of Lake Nipissing and the Ottawa. Galinee's narrative of the journey was
sent home to the king. He himself returned to France in 1671. =Index=:
=L= With Dollier, plants the cross on shores of Lake Erie, 11; arrives
from France as missionary, 105; on Lake Erie, 108; La Salle accompanies
him to Niagara, 148. =Bib.=: _Exploration of the Great Lakes,
1669-1670_: _Galinee's Narrative and Map_, ed. by James H. Coyne (Ont.
Hist. Soc., 1903).
=Gallatin, Albert= (1761-1849). American statesman. =Bk= United States
secretary of the treasury, 81, 108. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Adams,
_Writings of Albert Gallatin_; Adams, _Life of Gallatin_.
=Galleran, Guillaume.= =Ch= Recollet priest, 149.
=Gallicanism.= =L= Cause of difficulty between the court of France and
the pope, 184, 201.
=Galt, Sir Alexander Tilloch= (1817-1893). Son of John Galt (_q.v._).
Elected to the Legislature, 1849, for Sherbrooke. Dropped out of public
life for several years, but in 1853 again elected for Sherbrooke. Took
an active part in the movement leading up to Confederation; a member of
several administrations before and after Confederation; high
commissioner in Great Britain, 1880-1883. =Index=: =Md= Declines task of
forming a ministry, 86; becomes minister of finance in Cartier-Macdonald
administration, 86; speaks in favour of Confederation, 96; goes to
England with Cartier and Rose to secure approval of British government
to proposed union, 97; one of commissioners sent to England in 1865 to
confer with Imperial government on Confederation, defence, reciprocity,
etc., 120-121; minister of finance in first Dominion ministry, 134;
resigns, 1867, and succeeded by Rose, 136; introduces high tariff
(1859), 218; his protection policy supported by Macdonald, 219;
appointed high commissioner, 227. =T= Makes Confederation a Cabinet
question, 63; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74-75; to Quebec
Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; minister of finance in
first Dominion ministry, 129, 130. =B= Asked by Sir Edmund Head to form
government, declines, 106, 133; favours federal union, 106; takes
Cayley's place in Macdonald-Cartier government, 107; advocates in 1858
federal union of all British North American provinces, 132-133; pledges
Cartier government to federal union policy, 133; mission to England,
133; his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; his
connection with negotiations with George Brown as to Confederation, 152,
154-155, 160; goes to England on Confederation mission, 186. =C= Goes to
England with Cartier and Rose in connection with Confederation, 56-57;
refuses decoration of C. B., 126-127. =Bib.=: Works: _Canada from 1849
to 1859_; _Union of the British North American Provinces_. For biog.,
_see_ Taylor, _Brit. Am._: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_;
Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian
Constitutional Development_.
=Galt, John= (1779-1839). Came to Canada, 1824; returned to England;
came out again in 1826, remaining until 1829. Associated, in the Canada
Company, with William Dunlop, Thomas Talbot, and Samuel Strickland.
Founded towns of Guelph and Goderich. Town of Galt named after him.
_See_ Canada Company; Dunlop; Talbot; Strickland. =Bib.=: Works:
_Ayrshire Legatees_; _Annals of the Parish_; _Sir Andrew Wylie_; _The
Entail_; _Bogle Corbet_; _Stanley Buxton_; _Eken Erskine_; _The Lost
Child_; _The Member_; _The Radical_; _Laurie Todd_; _Life of Byron_;
_Lives of the Players_; _Autobiography_; _Literary Life and
Miscellanies_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._;
Lizars, _Days of the Canada Company_.
=Galt.= A town in Ontario founded by the Canada Company, about 1827.
Named after John Galt. Situated on the Grand River. =Bib.=: Lizars,
_Days of the Canada Company_.
=Gamache, Rene de Rohault, Marquis de.= =Ch= Endows Jesuit College at
Quebec, 228.
=Gannentaha.= =L= Mission at, miraculously escapes massacre, 65. =Bib.=:
Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_.
=Garakontie.= =L= Iroquois chief, conversion of, 65; edifying death of,
73.
=Garfield, James Abram= (1831-1881). Twentieth president of the United
States. =Index=: =B= Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864,
230-231. =Bib.=: Hinsdale, _Works of Garfield_; Gilmore, _Life of
Garfield_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Garneau, Francois-Xavier= (1809-1866). Studied law and practised as a
notary; afterwards clerk of the Legislative Assembly and city clerk of
Quebec; member of the Council of Public Instruction; president of the
_Institut Canadien_. =Index=: =P= Condemns Papineau's conduct in
rejecting Lord Goderich's offer, 77. =E= Attacks Hincks for suggesting
amendment to Union Act, 123; Hincks's denial, 123. =Hd= On the evils of
English law, 59; on Murray, 60; on Haldimand, 291, 292. =Bib.=:
_Histoire du Canada_, trans. by Andrew Bell. For biog., _see_ Casgrain,
_F.-X. Garneau_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._ and _Bib. Can._
=Garnier, Charles.= Accompanied Jogues and Chatelain to the Huron
mission, 1636; and, with the former, to the Tobacco Nation, near
Nottawassaga Bay, 1639-1640. Returned to the Huron mission, where, in
1649, died a martyr to his faith, slain by an Iroquois hatchet. =Index=:
=L= Death of, 5. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Lalemant,
_Relation des Hurons_, 1640.
=Garnier de Chapouin.= =Ch= Provincial of Recollets, appoints four
missionaries for Canada, 85.
=Garreau, Leonard.= Jesuit father. =Index=: =L= Death of, 11.
=Garry, Nicholas.= The Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company
having been amalgamated in 1821, Garry, then a director of the former
Company, was sent out to the North-West with Simon McGillivray, in that
year, to make the necessary arrangements. Garry's diary of this journey
is published in the Royal Society _Trans._, 1900. Subsequently deputy
governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1822-1835. Fort Garry was named
after him. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Gaspe.= _See_ Aubert de Gaspe.
=Gaspereau River.= A small tidal stream, flowing into the Basin of
Minas. Grand Pre, once a principal settlement of the Acadians, stands
upon its banks.
=Gates, Sir Thomas= (1596-1621). Governor of Virginia. =Index=: =Ch=
Grant to, by James I of England, 223. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Cyc.
Am. Biog._
=Gaudais-Dupont, Louis.= =L= Comes out as royal commissioner to take
over Canada from Company of New France, 41.
=Gaufestre, Jean.= =Ch= Recollet, returns to France, 209.
=Gavazzi Riots.= =E= Father Gavazzi's lectures, 124; cause riots in
Quebec and Montreal, 124-125; Clear Grits attack Hincks and the
government for failure to suppress riots, 125. =Bib.=: Gavazzi,
_Lectures and Life_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Hincks, _Reminiscences_.
=Gazette (Halifax).= Established 1752. First newspaper published in what
is now the Dominion of Canada. =Bib.=: Wallis, _Hist. Sketch of Can.
Journalism_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5.
=Gazette (Montreal).= Established 1778. =Index=: =C= Denounces
ministerial responsibility, 97. =Hd= Establishment of, 276. =BL=
Denounces La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 140. =Bk= Editor of, arrested
by order of the Legislative Assembly, 93. =Mc= Mackenzie's obituary in,
514. =Bib.=: Wallis, _Hist. Sketch of Can. Journalism_ in _Canada: An
Ency._, vol. 5.
=Gazette (Quebec).= Established 1764. =Index=: =Hd= First newspaper
printed in Quebec, 190; its news columns censored, 191; publishes
letters contained in an intercepted rebel mail, 225; advertisements in,
231-242; articles on moral themes, 246. =Sy= Its opposition to union of
the provinces, 194, 211, 212. =Bk= Falls under displeasure of
Legislative Assembly, 93. =Bib.=: Wallis, _Hist. Sketch of Can.
Journalism_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5.
=Gazette (Toronto).= =Mc= Mackenzie's newspaper, first published May 12,
1838, 433; last issue, 461. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.
=General Election=, 1841. =Sy= Rioting in connection with, 290, 291;
result of, 291.
=Genest, Edmond Charles= (1765-1834). =Dr= Minister of France to the
United States, 272; his intrigues in Canada, 273, 274. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.
Biog._
=Genevay, Jean Francois Louis.= =Hd= French secretary to Haldimand, 305;
receives bequest from Haldimand, 342; his tomb, 346.
=Geological Survey.= First suggested by Dr. Rae, in 1832. W. E.
(afterwards _Sir_) Logan was appointed provincial geologist, 1842, and,
the government having decided to carry out a geological survey of the
province, he took charge of the work the following year. The
establishment of the survey was largely the result of petitions
presented by the Natural History Society of Montreal, and the Quebec
Literary and Historical Society. The first report was for the year 1843.
Twenty years later, the reports 1843-1863 were summarized in a volume of
983 pages, _Geology of Canada_. The periods 1863-1866 and 1866-1869 were
each covered in a single report. Thereafter, annual volumes were
published. Two general indexes have been issued, one for the reports
1863-1884, and the second for 1885-1906.
=George IV= (1762-1830). King of England, son of George III and the
Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. In 1795 married the Princess
Caroline of Brunswick. In 1811 regent, and in 1820 succeeded George III.
=Index=: =W= Grants charter to King's College, Fredericton, 49. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._
=George, Sir Rupert D.= =H= Provincial secretary of Nova Scotia, 57;
dismissed from office, 111; challenges Joseph Howe to a duel, 244.
=Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Georgian Bay.= An arm of Lake Huron. Discovered by Joseph Le Caron, a
Franciscan, 1615. Champlain reached the shores of the bay the same year.
=Index=: =Ch= Champlain crosses, 88.
=Germain, Charles.= Appointed missionary to the Abnaki Indians on the
St. John River, 1845. Authorized agent of the government at Quebec for
the purpose of destroying British supremacy in Acadia. Assisted De
Ramezay in his plans for the attack on Mines, 1747. Removed to
Miramichi, 1757. After the fall of Quebec, took up the cause of the
British. Received a pension of L50 a year from the government at
Halifax, 1761. Retired to Quebec, taking with him a number of Indian
families. Died, 1779. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of
Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.
=Germain, Lord George.= _See_ Sackville.
=German and Swiss Colonists.= =Hd= In America, scheme to enroll, 9.
=German Troops.= =Hd= Commanded by Riedesel, 114; not adapted to work
required of them, 126, 136; reorganization of, 141; Haldimand not
satisfied with, 141; some settle near Cataraqui, 265; leave Canada, 293,
296.
=Germans and Dutch.= =Dr= Large admixture of, among United Empire
Loyalists, 240.
=Gerris, Sarah.= =F= Captured at Fort Loyal, exchanged for one of
Phipps's prisoners, 303.
=Gerry, Elbridge= (1744-1814). American statesman. =Index=: =Bk=
Governor of Massachusetts, 172. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Gerrymander.= _See_ Redistribution Bill.
=Gibault, Pere.= =Hd= Absolves French of the west from their allegiance
to Britain, 167.
=Gibbs, Thomas Nicholson= (1821-1883). Born in Terrebonne, Quebec.
Engaged in business pursuits at Oshawa. Defeated for election to the
Assembly for South Ontario, 1854, but successful, 1865. Elected to
represent South Ontario in the House of Commons, 1867, the defeated
candidate being George Brown. Secretary of state and minister of inland
revenue in the government of Sir John A. Macdonald, 1873. Appointed to
the senate, 1880.
=Gibson, David.= =Mc= Organizes shooting matches, 342; rebels meet at
his house, 360; opposes advance on Toronto, 362; his house burned, 375;
objects to Mackenzie's plans, 376; escapes, 380. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper
Canadian Rebellion_.
=Gibson, John Morrison= (1842- ). Educated at the University of Toronto;
studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1867. Elected to the
Ontario Assembly for Hamilton, 1879; provincial secretary, 1889;
commissioner of crown lands, 1896; attorney-general, 1889-1905;
lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1908. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_;
_Canadian Who's Who_.
=Giffard, Robert.= First seignior in New France. Mentioned at Quebec in
1627; returned to France, 1629; established at his Beauport seigneury,
1634; a member of the Council, 1646; syndic of Quebec, 1648; gave his
St. Gabriel property to the Jesuits, 1667. =Index=: =Ch= Landed with his
family by Kirke on St. Pierre Island, 174; comes to Canada with forty
colonists, 250; receives grant of land near Beauport, 251. =Bib.=:
Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.
=Gilbert, Thomas.= =W= Member for Queens, New Brunswick, an advocate of
old-time Toryism, 96. =T= Proposes to convert King's College into
agricultural school, 20, 21; his bill defeated, 91.
=Gillam, Benjamin.= Son of following. Commanded a trading expedition
from Boston to Hudson Bay in 1683, and built a fort some miles up the
Nelson River. Pierre Radisson captured the fort, and carried Gillam a
prisoner to Quebec, where he was promptly released by the governor.
Sailed for Boston, and arrested on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company
for poaching in their territory. Seems to have turned pirate a year or
two later; captured at Boston, carried to England with Captain Kidd, who
had been arrested at the same time, and hanged with his fellow pirate.
=Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.
=Gillam, Zachariah.= A New England skipper, sent out in 1668 by Prince
Rupert and his associates, to Hudson Bay, in command of the _Nonsuch_,
on a voyage of exploration and trade. Medard Chouart (_q.v._) sailed
with him, while Pierre Radisson (_q.v._) followed, in 1669, in the
_Waveno_. Gillam's journal of the voyage is quoted in Joseph Robson's
_Hudson's Bay_. Made several subsequent voyages to the bay, on behalf of
the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1684 his ship crushed in the ice at the
mouth of Nelson River, and he and several of the crew perished. =Bib.=:
Robson, _Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay_; Laut,
_Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western
Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Gillmor, A. H.= =T= Provincial secretary in Smith ministry, New
Brunswick, 91; a strong Liberal, 91.
=Gilmore, George.= =Hd= School teacher at St. Johns, 235.
=Ginseng.= =Hd= Gathered by Jesuits, for shipment to China, 148; brought
$5 a pound, 148; Indians engaged in trade, 148.
=Gipps, Sir George= (1791-1847). Born at Ringwould, England. Educated at
King's School, Canterbury, and at the Military Academy, Woolwich.
Entered the army, 1809; served throughout the Peninsular War; employed
in the West Indies, 1824-1829; appointed private secretary to the first
lord of the Admiralty, 1834; sent to Canada as commissioner, together
with Lord Gosford and Sir Charles Grey, to attempt to allay prevailing
discontent, 1835; knighted, 1835; governor of New South Wales,
1836-1846. =Index=: =P= Royal commissioner sent to Canada with Lord
Gosford and Sir Charles Grey, in 1835, 111. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._;
_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Lang, _New South Wales_.
=Girouard, Desire= (1836- ). Born at St. Timothee, Quebec. Educated at
Montreal College; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. For
some years sat in the House of Commons. Appointed judge of Supreme Court
of Canada, 1895. =Index=: =F= On loss of life in massacre of Lachine,
224; at La Chesnaye and other places, 226. =Bib.=: _Lake St. Louis and
Cavelier de la Salle._ For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Cyc. Am.
Biog._; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Girouard, John Joseph= (1795-1855). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and
called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1816. Elected to the Assembly, 1830;
a strong supporter of Papineau; took an active part in the Rebellion of
1837-1838; imprisoned at Montreal for six months. Resumed the practice
of law. Offered a portfolio on the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration,
but refused to accept office; took no further part in public life.
=Index=: =BL= Associated with La Fontaine in constitutional agitation in
Lower Canada, 49; commissionership of crown lands promised to, 124;
declines appointment, 134; referred to as a rebel in _Transcript_, 141;
attacked by Tory press, 150. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Christie,
_History of Lower Canada_.
=Gisborne, Frederick Newton= (1824-1892). Came to Canada from England in
1845. Joined the staff of the British North American Electric Telegraph
Association, 1847, and became general manager. In 1852, laid the first
submarine cable in America, joining New Brunswick and Prince Edward
Island; and in 1856, laid another to Newfoundland. Conceived the idea of
connecting Europe and America by a submarine cable, and succeeded in
enlisting the interest of Cyrus W. Field. The cable finally completed,
1858. Appointed superintendent of the Dominion government telegraph and
signal service, 1879. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Giscome Portage.= Leading from the Parsnip River to the Fraser, in
northern British Columbia. Named by an independent trader, Peter
Dunlevy, after his cook, about the year 1873. Both Mackenzie and Simon
Fraser crossed from the Parsnip to the Fraser, the former in 1793, and
the latter in 1806, but neither went by way of Giscome Portage, which
was not discovered until some years later. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for
the Western Sea_.
=Givins, James.= =Bk= Appointed aide-de-camp, 247.
=Gladstone, William Ewart= (1809-1898). British statesman. =Index=: =Sy=
Elected to Parliament for Newark, 22; defeated at Manchester, 48. =E=
His opinion of Lord Elgin, 7, 78; sympathy for Confederate States, 202.
=B= Defends free trade policy, 31; not in favour of Intercolonial
Railway, 143; on committee to discuss Confederation and defences of
Canada, 186. =BL= His speech on Rebellion Losses Bill, 326-327, 328; his
interview with Hincks, 328. =Md= Opposes Rebellion Losses Bill, 41;
withdraws claim against United States on account of Fenian Raids,
176-177. =T= Insists on sinking fund for Intercolonial scheme, 57.
=Bib.=: Works: _The State in its Relations with the Church_; _Gleanings
from Past Years_. For biog., _see_ Morley, _The Life of William Ewart
Gladstone_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Gladwin, Henry.= Joined the army, 1753; took part in the expedition
under Braddock; promoted to rank of major, 1759; in command at Detroit
during siege by Pontiac; served throughout the American Revolutionary
War; major-general, 1782. Died in England, 1791. =Index=: =Dr= Defence
of Detroit by, in Pontiac's War, 5. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Conspiracy of
Pontiac_; Moor, _The Gladwin Manuscripts_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Glandelet, Abbe Charles.= =L= Accompanies Laval to Canada, 141;
theologist of chapter of Quebec, 197. =F= Preaches against theatre, 336.
=Glassion, de.= =Dr= Superior of Jesuits, sends petition to the king,
through Carleton, 35.
=Glegg, Captain J. B.= Aide-de-camp to General Brock. =Index=: =Bk=
Carries summons for surrender of Detroit, 251, 255; carries despatches
to Quebec, announcing victory, 259. =Bib.=: Richardson, _War of 1812_,
ed. by Casselman; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Glen, John Sanders.= =F= Magistrate of Schenectady, life spared, 247.
=Glenelg, Charles Grant, Baron= (1778-1866). Born in Kidderpore, India.
Educated at Magdalen College, Cambridge, England, and called to the bar
at Lincoln's Inn, 1807. Member of the British House of Commons,
1811-1835. Appointed lord of the treasury, 1813; chief secretary for
Ireland and a member of the Privy Council, 1819; vice-president of the
Board of Trade and treasurer of the navy, 1823; president of the Board
of Control, 1830-1834, and colonial secretary, 1835. Created Baron
Glenelg, 1835. Resigned the secretaryship, 1839, and made land tax
commissioner. Died in Cannes. =Index=: =W= His incompetence and
procrastination, 42; on casual and territorial revenues of New
Brunswick, 61-62. =Sy= President of Board of Trade, 16; resigns, 16;
unequal to duties of colonial office, 57. =BL= Appointment of Head as
governor, 36; Head's letter to, 41. =H= Instructs Sir Colin Campbell to
grant a measure of responsible government to Nova Scotia, 44-45; Joseph
Howe's letter to, on ocean steamship service, 232. =Mc= Opposes
responsible government, 20; on colonial self-government, 73; refers
report of the Committee on Grievances to the king, 263; his reply to
report, 280; on Executive Councils, 302; schooled by Head, 304; Head
disobeys his orders, 307; on non-elective Legislative Council, 324.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Glengarry.= A county in Ontario, on the St. Lawrence. Named after the
famous glen in Inverness, Scotland. Many Scottish Highlanders left their
native country after the battle of Culloden in 1746, and emigrated to
America. They were all intensely loyal, and when the Revolution broke
out many moved north into Canada, settling on the Niagara frontier, the
bay of Quinte, and the banks of the St. Lawrence. From the latter
settlement sprang the present Glengarry County. In 1804-1805 Bishop
McDonell obtained several grants of land in the district for the
Highlanders of the disbanded Scottish Glengarry Regiment, and for
twenty-five years promoted the interests of the colonists. He raised, in
1812, the Glengarry Fencibles Regiment, which rendered valuable service
during the war. =Bib.=: Macdonell, _Sketches Illustrating the Early
Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada_.
=Glengarry Fencibles.= =Bk= Canadian Highland corps, 180.
=Glenie, James.= =W= Member for Sunbury, in New Brunswick Assembly,
1792-1809, 13; a pioneer reformer, 13.
=Globe.= Newspaper published at Toronto; established, 1844. =Index=: =B=
Advocates responsible government, ix; its establishment, 9, 10; on
elections in Upper Canada in 1844, 25; criticism of Draper, 27; on
Toryism, 32; supports Elgin's attitude towards the Rebellion Losses
Bill, 36; attacks the Clear Grits, 40, 41; upholds British system of
responsible government, as superior to the American system, 42; gives
credit to French-Canadians for supporting Reform cause, 43; attitude
towards Roman Catholic questions, 44-46, 48; advocates secularization of
Clergy Reserves, 55; on free schools, 62; first issued as a daily, Oct.
1, 1853; its earlier history, absorbs _North American_ and _Examiner_,
1855, 74; its policy, 75; on the Quebec _Rouges_, 78-79; contains appeal
on behalf of fugitive slaves, 112; and the "no popery" agitation, 121,
123; advocates uniform legislation for Upper and Lower Canada, 130;
assails Separate School Bill, 145; Brown's pride in, 150, 247; effect of
Brown's position in Macdonald ministry, 209; contains R. B. Sullivan's
address on North-West Territories, 211; Brown's article on North-West,
1852, 213; letters of "Huron" on North-West, 215-216; advocates union of
North-West with Canada, 217, 218; attacks Canada First party, 236, 237,
238, 239, 241; Peter Brown writes for, 243; edited by Gordon Brown, 244,
245; reveals George Brown's views, 248, 249; its support of Wilson, 250;
attacks Mr. Justice Wilson, 250, 252, 253; the office of publication,
255; shooting of George Brown, 255-258. =E= Hostile at first to Clear
Grits, 111; edited by George Brown, 111. =BL= Established by George
Brown, Mar. 5, 1844, 223-224; its fighting policy, 224; attacks
Metcalfe, 225; denounces the Grits, 342; outcry against Roman
Catholicism, 343. =Mc= Justifies the Rebellion of 1837, 13; on
Mackenzie's expulsions, 254; on Mackenzie's retirement from public life,
498; Mackenzie's obituary, 511; on Mackenzie's personality, 523. =Md=
Founded by George Brown with his father, 52; on the Redistribution Bill,
275; on the elections of 1887, 282-283; supports commercial union, 295.
=Bib.=: Wallis, _Historical Sketch of Canadian Journalism_ in _Canada:
An Ency._, vol. 5; Buckingham, _George Brown and the Globe_ in _Canada:
An Ency._, vol. 5; Mackenzie, _Hon. George Brown_.
=Godard, Charles.= =S= Agent for government of Upper Canada, 178.
=Goddard, John.= =T= Elected for St. John, New Brunswick, 25.
=Gode, Nicolas.= =L= Land bought from, for church at Montreal, 88.
=Godefroy, Jean-Paul.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144.
=Godefroy, Thomas.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144.
=Goderich, Viscount.= _See_ Ripon.
=Goderich.= Town in Ontario, situated at mouth of River Maitland, Huron
County, Ontario. Founded by John Galt and Wm. Dunlop about 1827. =Bib.=:
Lizars, _Days of the Canada Company_.
=Gomara, Lopez de.= =Ch= Suggests a canal through Isthmus of Panama, 14.
=Gondoin, Nicolas.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.
=Gordon, Brigadier-General.= =Dr= Murder of, 152.
=Gordon, Arthur Hamilton.= _See_ Stanmore.
=Gordon, Robert.= =T= Member for Gloucester in New Brunswick Assembly,
votes against Liberals, 18.
=Gore, Sir Charles S.= Born in Scotland, 1793; the third son of the
second Earl of Arran. Entered the army, 1808; served throughout the
Peninsular War; ordered to Canada, 1814; returned to Europe and present
at the battle of Waterloo, 1815. Again came to Canada; in command of the
troops in Lower Canada during the Rebellion of 1837-1838; subsequently
knighted and advanced to the rank of lieutenant-general. =Index=: =C= At
St. Denis, 7. =P= In command of troops in Rebellion of 1837 in Lower
Canada, 128-129; marches on St. Denis, 130; second expedition against
St. Denis, 134. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower
Canada_.
=Gore, Sir Francis= (1769-1852). Served in the army; lieutenant-governor
of Bermuda, 1804; lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1806-1817.
=Index=: =Bk= Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 8, 78; his civil and
military service, 78; arms supplied to, 97; arrives at Quebec from the
west, 132; Brock's high opinion of, 143; goes to England on leave, 159.
=E= Postpones secularization of Clergy Reserves by proroguing
Legislature, 146. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_;
Kingsford, _History of Canada_.
=Gore District.= In Upper Canada; named after Governor Gore. =Index=:
=Sy= Resolutions in favour of responsible government adopted at meeting
of inhabitants, 125, 126.
=Gorham, John.= A native of Massachusetts. Stationed at Annapolis in
command of a body of provincial troops, 1845; sent to Boston to procure
aid against a threatened attack; induced to proceed to the siege of
Louisbourg under Pepperrell; appointed colonel. Returned to Annapolis
and placed in command of the Boston troops sent to Mines with Colonel
Noble. Afterwards commanded a body of Rangers raised in New England for
service in Acadia. A member of the Council of Nova Scotia. Returned to
Massachusetts, 1752. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of
Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Marshall, _Life of Pepperell_.
=Gosford, Archibald Acheson, second Earl of= (1775?-1849).
Governor-general of Canada, 1835-1838. =Index=: =P= His mission of
conciliation to French-Canadians, 110; hostility of Papineau, 110;
replaces Aylmer in 1835, 111; his character, 111-112; entertains
Papineau, 112-113; his appeal for reconciliation, in opening Parliament,
113; his secret instructions published in Toronto, 113; their terms,
114; session of 1836, 115-116; dismisses Parliament, 116; eve of the
Rebellion, 116-117; appoints Bedard judge, 117; proclaims martial law in
the district of Montreal, 137; returns to England, 138; on the official
class in Lower Canada, 158. =BL= His attempts to placate popular leaders
in Lower Canada, 45; compared to Bagot, 151. =C= His amnesty
proclamation, 9. =W= Conversation with William IV, 22. =Bib.=: Morgan,
_Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Gosselin, Abbe Auguste= (1843- ). Born at St. Charles de Bellechasse,
Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary and at Laval University. Ordained
priest, 1866; subsequently chancellor of the Quebec Diocese, and vicar
of the Basilica. Retired from the ministry to devote himself to
literary work, 1893. =Index=: =L= On Laval's absolution, 35; on
mandement creating Seminary, 49; on policy of Laval, 169; on great
extent of parishes in Laval's time, 195. =F= His opinion of Talon, 54;
on administration of La Barre, 172; on Laval's choice of de
Saint-Vallier, 191; on Frontenac's attitude towards religion, 359.
=Bib.=: Works: _Vie de Laval_; _Henri de Bernieres_; _Le Docteur
Labrie_; _Quebec en 1730_; _Mgr. de Saint-Vallier et son Temps_;
_D'Iberville; Jean Bourdon_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_;
_Canadian Who's Who_.
=Gouin, Sir Lomer= (1861- ). Born in Grondines, Quebec. Educated at
Sorel College and Laval University, Montreal; studied law and called to
the bar of Quebec, 1884. Elected to the Assembly for the St. James
division of Montreal, 1897; minister of public works in the Parent
administration, 1900; premier, 1905; knighted, 1908. =Bib.=: _Canadian
Who's Who_.
=Gourlay, Robert Fleming= (1778-1863). Born in the parish of Ceres,
Fifeshire, Scotland. Attended St. Andrews University. Took part in an
inquiry into the condition of the poor in Great Britain, and carried on
an aggressive agitation for a reform of the poor laws. Came to Canada,
1817, and settled at Kingston. Becoming convinced of the need of radical
changes in the land system of Upper Canada, attacked the administration
with so much energy that he was finally, after a grossly unfair trial,
expelled from the province. Returning to Scotland, devoted himself to
the preparation of his work on Upper Canada; lost most of his property
as the result of lawsuits; and imprisoned for a personal attack on Lord
Brougham in the lobby of the House of Commons. On his release, visited
the United States about 1836, and instrumental in dissuading Ohio
sympathizers from joining the movement under William Lyon Mackenzie. In
1842 his case brought before the Legislature of Upper Canada, and the
House decided that his arrest had been "illegal, unconstitutional and
without possibility of excuse and palliation, and the sentence declared
null and void." Did not, however, return to Canada until 1856, when he
was granted a pension of fifty pounds; this he refused because he
considered that his vindication had not been complete. Contested Oxford
County in 1860, but defeated; returned to Edinburgh, where he died.
=Index=: =Mc= Comes to Canada, 1817, 89; arouses public feeling, 89;
tried for libel at Kingston and again at Brockville, and acquitted at
both places, 89; tried under Alien Act, and ordered to leave province,
90; refuses and is committed to jail, 90; _habeas corpus_ proceedings
fail, 90; treatment in prison, 91; Chief-Justice Powell orders him to
leave province, 92; banished, 93. =BL= Exaggerated language of his
petition, 12. =E= Collects information on best means of developing
resources of Upper Canada, 147. =R= His statistics of education in Upper
Canada, 55; his imprisonment and banishment, 63, 67. =Bib.=:
_Statistical Account of Upper Canada_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can.
Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North
America_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Governors.= =Sy= Their powers and functions, and relations to the home
government on the one side and the colonial Legislatures on the other,
74-76.
=Gowan, Ogle R.= (1796-1876). Born in Ireland. Edited for some years the
_Antidote_, published in Dublin. Came to Canada, 1829, and settled in
the county of Leeds. At once took a leading place in the politics of
Canada. First elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1834,
and continued as representative, with brief intervals, until 1861.
Served in the militia during the troubles of 1837-1838; commanded the
right wing at the battle of the "Windmill" and severely wounded. For
twenty years grandmaster of the Orange Order. =Index=: =BL= His
interview with Metcalfe, and his letter, 187; challenges Hincks, 218;
loses his seat in Assembly, 279. =E= Insults Lord Elgin at Brockville,
79. =Bib.=: _Responsible or Parliamentary Government_. For biog., _see
Cyc. Am. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Goyer, Olivier.= =F= Recollet, preaches funeral sermon on Frontenac,
361.
=Goyogouins.= _See_ Cayugas.
=Graham, Sir James.= =Sy= His views on corn duties and Irish Church, 40.
=Grammar Schools.= =S= Simcoe's desire to establish, 169. _See_
Education.
=Grand Jury.= =Dr= Presentment of, 14; protested against by Murray, 15.
=Grand Portage.= Near western end of Lake Superior, about twenty miles
south of Fort William. As in the case of so many other historic Canadian
places, it is impossible to say who was the first white man to stand
upon this famous centre of the fur trade. Radisson came this way in
1662; Du Lhut in 1678; Noyon in 1688; La Nouee in 1717; but there is no
evidence that any of the four were actually at Grand Portage. It is
first mentioned in a memoir by Pachot, 1722; and the earliest
authenticated visit to the spot is that of La Verendrye, 1731. From that
time it grew steadily in importance until finally abandoned, 1801, in
favour of Fort William. The name was applied both to the trading-post on
the shore of Lake Superior, and to the portage thence to the Pigeon
River. =Index=: =MS= Described, 13; the portage, 13; as it is to-day,
13; in Mackenzie's day, 14; Mackenzie at, 54. =Bib.=: Mackenzie,
_History of Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages_; _Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed.
by Coues; Henry, _Travels and Adventures_; Carver, _Travels_; Masson,
_Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay
Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.
=Grand Pre.= A village on the shores of the Basin of Minas. Stands upon
or near the site of the old village of the same name, one of the
principal settlements of the Acadians. The scene of many conflicts
between the French and English; and of the final expulsion of the
Acadians. _See_ Acadians. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_
and _Montcalm and Wolfe_.
=Grand Trunk Railway.= =C= Entrusts Cartier with its legal business, 22;
Carrier's deep interest in its development, 48; line extended from
Quebec to Riviere du Loup, 49, 114. =BL= Construction of, up to 1848,
301. =B= Owners of said by Dorion to be the real authors of
Confederation, 176; Tache-Macdonald government condemned for
subsidizing, 176. =E= Early history of, 99, 100, 101, 115-116; Hincks's
connection with, 100, 115. =H= Hincks makes arrangements in England for
construction of, 143; terms and conditions not altogether satisfactory,
143. =Md= Early history, 45; financial difficulties, 90. =Bib.=: Brown,
_History of Grand Trunk Railway_; Lanning, _Historical Sketch of the
Grand Trunk Railway_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2.
=Grant, Alexander= (1734-1813). Administered the government of Upper
Canada as senior member of the Executive Council, on death of General
Hunter, 1805. =Index=: =Bk= Administers government of Upper Canada, 69.
=S= Member of Legislative Council, 49, 79; member of the Executive
Council, 80. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_.
=Grant, Cuthbert.= One of the leading traders of the North West Company
in the West, in the early days. With Peter Pond on the Athabaska, and
sent by him, 1786, to establish a post near mouth of Slave River; at
Fort Chipewyan, 1789; at Fort Qu'Appelle, 1793; with David Thompson on
the Assiniboine, 1797. Died, 1798 or 1799. =Index=: =MS= Partner of the
North West Company, 58; in charge of the Centre (Red River and
Assiniboine) country, 58. =Bib.=: _Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. by
Coues; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Grant, Cuthbert.= Son of foregoing. Scottish half-breed, in western fur
trade. Educated at Montreal, and entered service of North West Company.
Led the half-breeds in the Seven Oaks affair. Some years later settled
near White Horse Plains, on the Assiniboine, and appointed Warden of the
Plains by the Council of Assiniboia. Became himself a member of the
Council. =Index=: =MS= Leader of the half-breeds at Red River--serves
notice on the colonists to leave the district, 174; brings a party of
_bois-brules_ down from Qu'Appelle to drive out the settlers, 180; and
the Seven Oaks affair, 180-182. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _Hudson's
Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.
=Grant, George Monro= (1835-1902). Born at Albion Mines, Nova Scotia.
Educated at University of Glasgow. Entered Presbyterian ministry in Nova
Scotia. Accompanied Sandford Fleming overland to British Columbia, 1872.
Principal of Queen's University, 1877, and built it up to the first rank
among Canadian universities. =Index=: =Md= Principal of Queen's
University--on ignorance in Maritime Provinces as to the West, 155;
opposes commercial union, 295; on character of Sir John A. Macdonald as
man and statesman, 329-330; one of Macdonald's strongest and most ardent
supporters, 340; but would not support him when he felt he was in the
wrong, 341. =Bib.=: Works: _Ocean to Ocean_; _Advantages of Imperial
Federation_; _Our National Objects and Aims_; _Religions of the World in
Relation to Christianity_; _Picturesque Canada_. For biog., _see_
Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Grant
and Hamilton, _Principal Grant_.
=Grant, Sir William= (1752-1832). Commanded volunteers at siege of
Quebec, 1775; attorney-general of Canada, 1776; chief-justice of
Chester, 1798; solicitor-general, 1799-1801; master of the Rolls,
1801-1817. =Index=: =Dr= Removed from judgeship, returns to England and
becomes Master of the Rolls, 184. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Grave, Jeanne.= =Ch= Daughter of Dupont-Grave, 47.
=Grave, Robert.= =Ch= Son of Dupont-Grave, accompanies Champlain on
voyage of discovery, 34.
=Graves, Samuel= (1713-1787). British admiral. =Index=: =S= Godfather of
Simcoe, 15; commands naval force at Boston, 19. =Dr= Refuses to send
transports to Quebec, 92. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Gray, John Hamilton= (1814-1889). Born in Bermuda. Entered political
life in New Brunswick in 1850, and became a leading member of the
provincial government. Took part in the negotiations leading up to
Confederation, and sat in the first Dominion Parliament as member for
the city of St. John. In 1872 appointed to the Supreme Court of British
Columbia. =Index=: =T= Elected for St. John County, 1850, 10; his
character and appearance, 13; deserts the Liberals, 13; joins the
government, 18, 23; his course condemned, 24; member for St. John
County, 30; becomes attorney-general, 41; delegate to Charlottetown
Conference, 73; and to Quebec Conference, 77; Confederation candidate in
St. John County, 85, 109; becomes Speaker of Assembly, 114; elected to
House of Commons, 1867, 131. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Gray, John Hamilton= (1811-1887). Born in Prince Edward Island. Entered
the army, 1831, and served for twenty-one years, retiring 1852.
Returning to Prince Edward Island, elected to the provincial
Legislature, and became premier in 1863. The following year presided at
the Charlottetown Conference, and also attended the Quebec Conference.
Made a C. M. G., 1871. =Index=: =T= Chairman of Charlottetown
Conference, 76; premier of Prince Edward Island, 77; delegate from
Prince Edward Island to Quebec Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Campbell,
_History of Prince Edward Island_.
=Gray, Robert= (1755-1806). American captain and explorer. =Index=: =D=
Voyage to North-West Coast in 1787, 23; at Nootka, 1788-1789, 24; second
voyage--enters mouth of Columbia River, May 11, 1792, 24; names the
river, 24. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Laut,
_Vikings of the Pacific_.
=Great Bear Lake.= In Northern Canada. Area 11,821 square miles.
Discovered by men of the North West Company, and a post established on
or near the lake about 1800. Fort Franklin built on south-west shore,
1825, where Franklin wintered with Richardson and Back. Fort Confidence
built by Dease and Simpson, 1873, at eastern end of Dease Bay, on the
lake. =Index=: =MS= Area of, 39. =Bib.=: Franklin, _Second Expedition_;
Simpson, _Narrative of Discoveries_; Bell, _Great Bear Lake_ (Geol.
Survey, 1899); Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.
=Great Lakes.= =WM= The domain of France, 18. _See also_ under names of
the individual lakes. =Bib.=: Curwood, _The Great Lakes_; Channing,
_Story of the Great Lakes_.
=Great Mohawk (Grand Agnie).= =F= Christian Mohawk leader, 246.
=Great Portage.= =Hd= Trade route to the interior, 163. _See_ Grand
Portage.
=Great Slave Lake.= In Northern Canada. Area 10,719 square miles.
Discovered by Samuel Hearne (_q.v._), in 1771. A post built there, 1786,
by Leroux and Grant, of the North West Company. Three years later
Alexander Mackenzie passed through the lake on his way to the mouth of
the Mackenzie River. Visited later by many other explorers and fur
traders, this being on the route to the far North and North-West.
=Index=: =MS= Discovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31; Leroux builds post on,
18; Mackenzie on, 35, 36, 48, 49; forts on, 54-55. =Bib.=: Hearne,
_Journey to Coppermine_; Mackenzie, _Voyages_; Burpee, _Search for the
Western Sea_.
=Great Western Railway.= Charter granted 1834, and renewed 1845.
Absorbed by the Grand Trunk in 1882. Ran from Hamilton to the
international boundary opposite Detroit. =Index=: =E= Construction
stimulated by provincial guarantee, 1849, 99. =Bib.=: Trout, _History of
Canadian Railways_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2.
=Greeley, Horace= (1811-1872). American journalist. =Index=: =Mc= Editor
of New York _Tribune_, 472; Mackenzie's friend, 473; his influence with
Mackenzie, 474. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Green, Benjamin= (1713-1772). Accompanied the expedition against
Louisbourg as secretary, 1745; remained there as government secretary
until 1749; removed to Halifax, and appointed a member of the Council of
Nova Scotia. Treasurer of the province for many years. Administrator of
the government, 1776. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of
Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.
=Greene, Nathanael= (1742-1786). =Dr= American general, watches Leslie's
army in South Carolina, 197; destitute condition of his force, 204.
=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Greenway, Thomas= (1838-1909). Born in Cornwall, England. Came to
Canada with his parents, 1844. Educated at the public schools of Huron
County, Ontario. Engaged in business for ten years at Centralia.
Defeated on two occasions for election to the House of Commons, but
elected, 1875; did not offer for re-election. Removed to Manitoba, 1878,
and engaged in farming. Elected to the Assembly, 1879; leader of the
Liberal opposition, 1887; premier, 1888; his government defeated, 1899.
Elected to the House of Commons, 1904. Appointed a member of the
Dominion Railway Commission, 1898. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of the
North-West_; Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Gregory, John=. Born in England. Came to Montreal, and engaged in the
fur trade. Associated with A. N. McLeod, Alexander Mackenzie, Peter
Pangman, and others, in opposition to the North West Company. =Index=:
=MS= In opposition to North West Company, 10, 11; his share as partner
of North West Company, 58. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Gregory, William=. The first chief-justice of the province of Quebec.
His commission bears date August 24, 1764; succeeded by William Hey,
September 25, 1766.
=Grenville, George Leveson-Gower, second Earl= (1815-1891). Entered
Parliament, 1836; secretary for foreign affairs, 1851-1852, 1870-1874,
1880-1885; colonial secretary, 1868-1870 and 1886. =Index=: =Md=
Colonial secretary, his part in the transfer of North-West Territories
to Canada, 157. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron= (1759-1834). Entered Parliament,
1782; paymaster-general, 1783; Speaker of the House of Commons, 1789;
created Baron Grenville, 1790; secretary for foreign affairs, 1791;
first lord of the treasury, 1806. =Index=: =Dr= Succeeds Sydney in
colonial office, 248; sends out draft bill for better government of the
province, 248. =S= Sends draft of Constitutional Act to Lord Dorchester,
2. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Grenville, Thomas= (1755-1846). =Dr= Accompanies Oswald to Paris to
discuss terms of peace, 192. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Grey, Charles, second Earl= (1764-1845). Distinguished British
statesman, noted particularly for his connection with the first Reform
Bill. =Sy= Becomes prime minister, 25; resigns, 45. =Mc= W.L.
Mackenzie's opinion of, 221; favours amnesty for Mackenzie, 478;
Mackenzie's letter to, 479. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Grey, _Life of
Lord Grey_.
=Grey, Henry George, third Earl= (1802-1894). Secretary for the
colonies, 1830-1833; secretary for war, 1835-1841; succeeded to the
earldom, 1845; again secretary for the colonies, 1846-1852. =Index=: =E=
Colonial secretary, 13; on Metcalfe's mistaken policy, 36; Elgin's
letters to, 54-55; persuades Elgin to retain governor-generalship, 77;
and the Clergy Reserves, 164-165. =BL= Colonial secretary--his attitude
towards Canada, 267-272; Baldwin's reference to, 268-269; sanctions
representative government, but with a reservation, 273; his instructions
to Elgin, 274; Elgin's letter to, 285. =Md= Friendly attitude towards
responsible government, 33; his despatch to Sir John Harvey on
responsible government, 33; text of the despatch, 47-50. =W= His
despatch on money grants, 1847, 96; on colonial administration, 113;
disallows Hemp Bounties Bill, 118. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Grey, Albert Henry George Grey, fourth Earl= (1851- ). Born Howick,
England. Educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge.
Member of British House of Commons, 1880-1886; administrator of
Rhodesia, 1896-1897; director of British South Africa Company,
1898-1904. Succeeded Lord Minto as governor-general of Canada, 1904.
=Bib.=: _Hubert Hervey: a Memoir_. For biog., _see Who's Who_.
=Grey, Sir Charles Edward= (1785-1865). Educated at Oxford University;
called to the bar, 1811; commissioner in bankruptcy, 1817; judge of the
Supreme Court of Madras, 1820; knighted, 1820; sent to Canada as one of
three commissioners to investigate causes of prevailing discontent,
1835; elected to the House of Commons, 1838; governor of the Barbados,
1841-1846; governor of Jamaica, 1847-1853. =Index=: =P= Royal
Commissioner, sent to Canada with Lord Gosford and Sir George Gipps in
1835, 111. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Greywell Hill.= =Dr= Hampshire residence of Lord Dorchester, 307.
=Grisler, Charles.= =S= Shot for desertion, 73.
=Griffon.= =F= Vessel built by La Salle and lost in Lake Michigan, 159.
=Grignan, de.= =F= Son-in-law of Mme. de Sevigne, a candidate for
governorship of Canada, 65.
=Grondines.= =WM= French vessels retreat to, 152.
=Groseilliers.= _See_ Chouart.
=Guelph.= A city of Western Ontario, situated on the Speed River, in the
county of Wellington. Founded by John Galt (_q.v._), 1827. =Bib.=:
Lizars, _Days of the Canada Company_.
=Guernsey.= =Bk= Island of, birthplace of Brock, 1-6.
=Guerriere.= =Bk= British ship taken by the _Constitution_, 284.
=Guers, Jean-Baptiste.= =Ch= Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 1620, 121.
=Gugy, Conrad= (1730-1786). Born at the Hague; son of a Swiss officer in
the Dutch service. Educated for the engineers; disposed of his
commission and settled in Quebec. Subsequently secretary to Sir
Frederick Haldimand and a member of the Legislative and Executive
Councils. =Index=: =Hd= Swiss, Haldimand's secretary, 62; his tomb, 345.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Gugy, Conrad Augustus.= Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan.
Served for a time in the army; afterwards studied law and called to the
bar of Lower Canada. Elected a member of the Assembly. Led the troops at
the assault of St. Eustache. Subsequently adjutant-general and
commissioner of police. =Index=: =P= Defends the government in the
Assembly, 1835, 101-102; on French-Canadian grievances, 103; a major in
the militia, 103; serves with Colborne at St. Eustache in 1837, 103;
advocates native-born ministry, 196. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._;
Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Guienne Regiment.= =WM= Soldier of saves Captain Ochterlony, mortally
wounded, from being scalped, 142; Wolfe wishes to reward him, but reward
declined by Vaudreuil, 145; ordered to Heights of Abraham, 160; unwise
withdrawal of, from Plains of Abraham, 184; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257.
=Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_;
Bradley, _Fight with France_.
=Guilbault.= =Ch= Merchant, assists in taking Fort St. Pierre, 236.
=Guilford, Frederick North, second Earl of= (1732-1792). Entered
Parliament, 1754; chancellor of the exchequer 1767; premier, 1770;
resigned in 1783. =Index=: =Dr= On Quebec Act, 66; defeat of his
government, 191. =Hd= His difficulty with settlers at Vincennes, 92;
burnt in effigy, 97; Haldimand's letters to, 259, 265; his idea of a
military settlement in the Eastern Townships, 264. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=Guines, Modiste.= =Ch= Recollet, 115.
=Guise, Captain.= =D= His voyage to North-West Coast for sea-otter, 22.
=Gunn, Donald= (1797-1878). Born in Falkirk, Scotland. Entered the
service of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1813. Left the service, 1823, but
continued to reside in the Red River Settlement. Appointed one of the
judges of the Court of Petty Sessions, and for a time president of the
Court. Appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Manitoba, 1870.
=Bib.=: Begg, _History of the North-West_.
=Gurnett, George.= =Mc= Brought to the bar, 152; editor of the
_Courier_, 165; style of, 165.
=Guyard, Marie.= _See_ Marie de l'Incarnation.
=Guyon, Jean.= =Ch= Mason, accompanies Robert Giffard to Canada, 252.
=Guyon, Jean.= =L= Canadian priest, accompanies Laval to France, 199;
death of, 219.
=Gwillim, Elizabeth Posthuma.= =S= Married to Simcoe, 40; descent and
characteristics, 40.
=Habeas Corpus Act.= =Hd= Not in operation in Haldimand's time, 275;
demanded by Du Calvet, 291. =Bib.=: Shortt and Doughty, _Constitutional
Documents relating to Canada_; _Dict. Eng. Hist._
=Habitants.= The peasants of Quebec. =Index=: =Dr= More independent than
peasantry of France, 12; raised to dignity of jurymen, 40; their
objection to juries, 68. =WM= Superior to peasantry of France, 23. =C=
Home life and hospitality, 118-119. =Bib.=: Greenough, _Canadian
Folk-Life_; Frechette, _Christmas in French Canada_; Morgan and Burpee,
_Canadian Life in Town and Country_; Fiske, _New France and New
England_; Lambert, _Travels in Canada_.
=Habitation de Quebec.= The first building in Quebec. Erected by
Champlain, 1608. Stood about where the church of Notre Dame des
Victoires stands to-day. An illustration of the _Habitation_ is in
Champlain's _Voyages_. _See also_ Chateau St. Louis. =Index=: =Ch=
Constructed by Champlain, 41; description of, 44. =Bib.=: Champlain,
_Voyages_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.
=Hagarty, Sir John Hawkins= (1816-1900). Born in Dublin. Educated at
Trinity College there. Came to Canada, 1834. Studied law, and called to
the bar of Upper Canada, 1840. Appointed puisne judge of the Court of
Common Pleas, 1856; transferred to the Court of Queen's Bench, 1862;
appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1868;
chief-justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1878; chief-justice of
Ontario, 1884. Served as administrator of the province, 1882. Retired
from the bench, 1897. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Hagerman, Christopher Alexander= (1792-1847). Born in Adolphustown,
Ontario. Educated at Kingston; studied law and called to the bar of
Upper Canada, 1815. Served during the War of 1812-1814 with the militia,
being for a time aide-de-camp to the governor-general. Collector of
customs at Kingston, and member of the Executive Council, 1815. Elected
a member of the Assembly, 1819. Appointed temporarily judge of the
King's Bench, 1828; solicitor-general, 1829. Removed from office by the
colonial secretary on the representations of William Lyon Mackenzie;
subsequently restored. Appointed attorney-general, 1837; puisne judge of
the Court of Queen's Bench, 1840. =Index=: =Mc= Solicitor-general,
accuses Mackenzie of libel, 208; dismissed from office, 232; goes to
England, 233; restored to office, 234; threatens House with vengeance of
troops, 298. =Sy= Attorney-general, opposes union of provinces, 207,
208; made judge, 252. =BL= Brands Mackenzie as "a reptile unworthy of
the notice of any gentleman," 15; removed from office of
solicitor-general, 15; restored, 16; succeeded in 1840 by Draper, 77.
=Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_
and _Last Forty Years_; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Halard, Jacques.= =Ch= Brings out stores for De Caen, 136.
=Haldemans of Pennsylvania.= =Hd= Cousins of Sir Frederick Haldimand,
87, 343.
=Haldimand, Antoine Francois.= =Hd= Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand,
settled in England, 72, 88, 105; goes bail for his uncle, 311; very
successful in business. 311; his intimate relations with his uncle,
312, 332, 338, 341, 342.
=Haldimand, Barthelemi.= =Hd= Uncle of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2; a
philanthropic fighting Calvinist, 2.
=Haldimand, Bertrand.= =Hd= Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 311, 340.
=Haldimand, Francois-Lois.= =Hd= Father of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2.
=Haldimand, Francois-Louis.= =Hd= Brother of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2,
312, 343.
=Haldimand, Sir Frederick= (1718-1791). =Hd= Descent and birth, 1-3;
antagonism to French nation, 3; joins Prussian army, 3; previous
military service, 5; present at battle of Mollwitz, 6; his admiration
for the king of Prussia, 6; recommended to command of second battalion,
Royal American regiment, 9; stationed at Philadelphia, 11; sent to
Albany and afterwards to southern colonies to recruit, 13; but slightly
acquainted with the English language, 15; popular in the military
profession, 15; resemblance to George Washington, 15; exchanges to
fourth battalion of Royal Americans, 17; joins expedition against
Canada, 17; wounded at Ticonderoga (Carillon), 21; in correspondence
with General Gage, 22, 23; in command at Fort Edward, 22; marches to
Oswego, 25; repulses attack of French under La Corne de St. Luc, 26;
yields precedence at Niagara to Sir W. Johnson, 27; returns to Oswego,
27; builds block-houses, 32; makes vegetable gardens for benefit of his
troops, 33; joins in attack on Fort de Levis, 36; ordered to take
possession of one of the gates of Montreal, 38; demands the French
flags, 39; remains two years at Montreal under Gage, 40; succeeds Burton
at Three Rivers, 42; promoted to rank of colonel in British army, 42;
becomes British subject, 42; divides government of Three Rivers into
four districts, 43; his proclamations, 45; his relations with Murray,
49; with his nephew, 50; his land purchases, 50, 51; on Burton's return
to Montreal, 53; again at Three Rivers, 53; suppresses irregular trading
with Indians, 54; difficulties of his position, 60; obtains leave of
absence and visits England, 61; transferred to Florida, 63; unpleasant
relations with Governor Johnstone, 65, 73; improves conditions for the
troops, 66-69; lays out gardens, 71; tries to promote agriculture among
Indian tribes, 72; surveys Mobile River and Bay, 77, 78; transferred to
St. Augustine, 78; his farm of _Mon Plaisir_, 78; sent back to
Pensacola, 80; his position pecuniarily burdensome, 82, 87; made major
and placed in command at New York, 83; his attitude in relation to
colonial trouble, 84, 85; visits relatives in Pennsylvania, 87;
relations with Governor Tryon, 89; his views on employment of troops in
Indian and civil disturbances, 89, 90, 92; foresees civil war, 98;
summoned by Gage to Boston, 102; his property in New York stolen or
destroyed, 103; recalled to England, 105; his reception there, 106; made
inspector-general of forces in West Indies, and raised to rank of
general in America and lieutenant-general in the army, 107; receives
L3000 to cover past outlays, 107; appointed governor of Canada, in
succession to Carleton, 113; visits Yverdun, 113, 116; his reception at
Quebec, and at Montreal, 117, 119; receives news of a treaty between
France, Spain, and the revolted colonies, 124; fortifies post on
Carleton Island, 124; his distrust of French-Canadians, 127, 128; issues
letters of marque, 130; improves mail service with England, 131; his
report to Lord George Germaine, 132-143; his policy with the Indians,
147, 259; opens letter addressed by Guy Johnson to Germaine, 155;
reprimanded, 156; his efforts to keep peace between rival officers,
157-159; prohibited trading by officials, 162; on the value of Indian
allies, 164; negotiates with Washington for Henry Hamilton's release
from prison, 169; his later opinion of Indians in battle, 170;
disapproves the savagery of Butler's Indians, 170; suspends Allsopp,
member of Council, for sedition, 175; surrounded by spies, 175;
disagreements with Council, 176-178; prohibits exportation of grain,
177; befriends Ursuline nuns, 179; his rules of conduct, 179; sends back
two priests from France, 181; strengthens fortifications of Quebec, 183;
causes canals to be made at Coteau du Lac and Cascades, 185; visit to
Montreal and benefactions to its institutions, 186; greatly mortified by
despatch hinting that, in case of extreme danger, Carleton might be sent
to take command, 188; desires to resign his post, 189; concerned at
sympathy of leading French-Canadians with the French in the war, 190;
takes census, 190; founds library at Quebec, 190; exercises a certain
censorship of press, 191; his proclamations, 192; consents to remain in
Canada till conclusion of peace, 194; his cautious attitude in
connection with the Vermont question, 200, 208, 211, 212; breaks off
negotiations, 217; his instructions regarding vaccination, 230;
exercises fatherly care over his officers, 236; his opinion of Canadian
horses, 245; his resemblance in character to Washington, 250; receives
Baron Steuben at Sorel, 259; declines to surrender western forts, 260;
assists the North West Company, 261; his advice to home government
respecting western posts, 262; opposed to idea of military settlement in
eastern townships, 264; efforts on behalf of Loyalists, 265; the founder
of Ontario, 271; his unpopularity, 273; has to grapple with treasonable
intrigues, 273-282; admissions in his favour by French-Canadian
authorities, 291, 292; the kindness of his disposition, 293-296;
godfather to two of Baron Riedesel's children, 296, 299; his physical
ailments, 299; his garden at Quebec, 299; his regard for the Riedesels,
299-304; his departure from Canada, 309; arrested at suit of Du Calvet,
310; bailed by his nephew, 311; receives Order of the Bath, 313, 322;
promoted to be general in America, 313; his papers in the Archives in
Ottawa, 319; Dr. Brymner's opinion of, 320; his diary, 321; the king's
high regard for him, 321, 322; the queen's, 322, 336; characteristics,
323-329; his opinion of Lord Amherst, 326; on friendly terms with Lord
Sydney, 326; his hospitality to Canadians, 327; meets Sir Guy Carleton,
in London, 330; his opinions of various persons, 332, 333; notes from
his diary, 333-340; poor opinion of the French, 335; goes to
Switzerland, 336; returns to London, 337; his death, 340; his will,
340-343; memorial tablet to, in Westminster Abbey, 346; his devotion to
British interests, 347. =Bk= His able administration of the government
of Canada, 37; first canals made under his orders, 48. =Dr= His valuable
papers, 7; news received of his appointment as governor, 183; his
unwillingness to accept post, 183; arrival of, 189; exchange of
prisoners made by, 207. =E= Constructs St. Lawrence canals, 97. =Bib.=:
Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Lucas, _History of Canada_; Bradley,
_The Making of Canada_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Haldimand Papers_ (Canadian
Archives).
=Haldimand, Frederick.= =Hd= Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 17;
serves in his uncle's battalion, 49; runs into debt, 50; drowned, 61,
294; Haldimand's affection for, 62.
=Haldimand, Henry.= =Hd= Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 311; his
death, 312.
=Haldimand, Honnete Gaspard.= =Hd= Grandfather of Sir Frederick
Haldimand, 2, 17, 72, 311.
=Haldimand, Jean Abraham.= =Hd= Younger brother of Sir Frederick
Haldimand, 2, 17, 72, 88, 311.
=Haldimand, Jean-Lois.= =Hd= Uncle of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2, 4.
[Illustration: Halifax and Harbour from Dartmouth about 1760 Drawn on
the spot by Richard Short]
=Haldimand, Justine.= =Hd= Sister of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 3; death
of, 338.
=Haldimand, Louis.= =Hd= Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 88; his
arrival and reception in Boston, 109; promoted, 110, 294; his debts,
312.
=Haldimand, Pierre.= =Hd= Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, joins him
in Florida, 72; placed in charge of seigniory of Pabos, 73, 111;
appointed ranger of the woods, 294; death of, 294.
=Haldimand, William.= =Hd= Grand-nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand; and
director of Bank of England, 343.
=Haldimand Papers.= =Hd= In Canadian Archives, 319, 320.
=Haliburton, Thomas Chandler= (1796-1865). Born at Windsor, Nova Scotia.
Educated at the Grammar School and at King's College there. Called to
the bar and practised for a time at Annapolis. Represented the county of
Annapolis in the Nova Scotia Legislature, and in 1829 appointed district
judge of the Court of Common Pleas. In 1841 transferred to the Supreme
Court. Resigned in 1856, and removed to England, where three years
later, entered Parliament as member for Launceston. Died at his home,
Gordon House, on the Thames. =Index=: =H= Contributes to _Nova Scotian_,
9; his _History of Nova Scotia_ published by Joseph Howe, a financial
failure, 10; friendship for Howe, 10; sails for England with Howe, 267;
Howe's poetical toast to, 267-268. =Md= Advocates Confederation, 96.
=Bib.=: Works: _An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia_;
_The Clockmaker, or The Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick of
Slickville_; _Bubbles of Canada_; _Reply to the Report of the Earl of
Durham_; _Letter-bag of the Great Western, or Life in a Steamer_;
_Attache, or Sam Slick in England_; _Old Judge, or Life in a Colony_;
_English in America_; _Traits of American Humour_; _Wise Saws and Modern
Instances_; _Americans at Home_; _Nature and Human Nature_; _Address on
the Present Condition, Resources, and Prospects of British North
America_; _Season Ticket_. Brief biographies are found in _Dict. Nat.
Biog._; Morgan, _Bib. Can._; Allibone, _Dict. Eng. Lit._; Calnek and
Savery, _History of the County of Annapolis_; Chasles, _Etudes sur
Litterature des Anglo-Americains_; Crofton, _Haliburton: a Centenary
Chaplet_. _See also_ last-mentioned volume for a bibliography of the
various editions of his works and a list of articles, in books and
magazines, on the man and his works; _also_ A. H. O'Brien's exhaustive
bibliography, in R. S. C., _Trans._, 1909.
=Halifax.= A seaport, and the capital of Nova Scotia; founded in 1749
and named after the Earl of Halifax, then president of the Board of
Trade. The first settlers were brought out from England in that year by
Governor Cornwallis, in thirteen transports; following year made the
capital of the province (then including New Brunswick), instead of
Annapolis; in 1842 incorporated as a city; became, with its
fortifications, observatory stations, harbour mines, etc., one of the
fortresses of the Empire and the chief British naval station in North
America; garrisoned by Imperial troops until 1905, when they were
withdrawn and replaced by a Canadian garrison. =Index=: =H= Birthplace
of Joseph Howe, 1; the North-West Arm, 1; Melville Island, 5; newspapers
(_see_ _Chronicle_; _Acadian_; _Nova Scotian_); municipal government in,
in 1835, 20; Howe's trial for libelling magistrates of the city, 21, 29;
represented by Howe and Annand, 1836, 29; bill for incorporation of, 69;
Howe re-elected for, 73; James MacNab elected for, 106; railway
communication with Windsor, 118. =Bib.=: MacMechan, _Halifax in Books_,
a collection of pen-pictures of Halifax and its people by many writers
from Edmund Burke to Rudyard Kipling, and including Marsden,
_Narrative_; Tom Moore, _Letters_; McGregor, _Maritime Colonies of
British America_; Moorsom, _Letters from Nova Scotia_; Sleigh, _Pine
Forests_; Mrs. Williams, _Neutral French_; Marryat, _Frank Mildmay_;
Dickens, _American Notes_; Johnston, _Notes on North America_; Cozzens,
_Acadia_; Sladen, _On the Cars and Off_; Haliburton, _Nova Scotia_;
Thomas B. Akins, _History of Halifax_ (Nova Scotia Hist. Soc. _Trans._,
vol. 8); Mackay, _Sketch of City of Halifax_, in _Canada: An Ency._,
vol. 5; Regan, _Sketches and Traditions of the North-West Arm_;
_Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.
=Halifax Award.= The treaty of Washington having provided for a
commission, to settle the compensation due Canada by the United States
for the use of her fisheries, in 1877 the United States appointed E.H.
Kellogg, Canada appointed Sir Alexander Galt, and these two agreed upon
M. Delfosse, Belgian minister to Washington, as a third. The commission
met at Halifax, and after long and careful deliberation, decided that
Canada should be paid $5,500,000, the American commissioner protesting.
The award was paid, after some delay. _See_ Washington, Treaty of.
=Bib.=: _Record of the Proceedings of the Halifax Fisheries Commission_,
1877.
=Hall, Major George D.= =Sy= Appointed military secretary and
aide-de-camp, 152.
=Halliburton, Sir Brenton= (1773-1860). =H= Chief-justice, of Nova
Scotia, presides at trial of Joseph Howe for libel, 24; contest for his
office, 168; his son challenges Howe, because of supposed insulting
references to the father, 236. =Bib.=: Hill, _Memoir of Sir Brenton
Halliburton_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Halliburton, John Croke= (1806-1884). Eldest son of Sir Brenton
Halliburton, chief-justice of Nova Scotia. Called to the bar, 1829;
appointed deputy-clerk of the Legislative Council, 1830, and clerk,
1838. In early life challenged Joseph Howe to a duel, but neither of the
duellists injured. =Index=: =H= Challenges Joseph Howe, 236; the duel,
236-244.
=Haly, Sir William O'Grady= (1811-1878). Entered the army, 1828. Served
with distinction in the Crimea and in India. Created K.C.B., 1855.
Appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in British North America,
1873. Acted as administrator of the government of Canada during the
absence of Lord Dufferin, 1875. Attained the rank of general, 1877. Died
in Halifax.
=Hamilton.= City of Ontario, on Burlington Bay, west end of Lake
Ontario. Laid out and settled, 1813, by George Hamilton, from whom it
takes its name. =Index=: =BL= Early municipal government of, 298, 300.
=Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer_.
=Hamilton, Alexander= (1757-1804). American statesman. =Index=: =Dr=
Anxious to keep on good terms with Britain, 286; Talleyrand's opinion
of, 287. =Bib.=: Hamilton, _Life of Alexander Hamilton_. For further
biog., and bibliog. of works by and of him, _see Cyc. Am. Biog._ and
_Lit. Am. Hist._
=Hamilton, John= (1801-1882). Born in Queenston, Ontario. Removed to
Kingston, 1840. Throughout his life largely interested in inland
navigation, and the first to introduce iron vessels on Canadian waters.
Sat in the Legislative Council of Upper Canada, 1831-1841; in the
Legislative Council of Canada, 1841-1867; and in the Senate from 1867
until his death. On the completion of his fiftieth year of continuous
service in the Upper Chamber, presented with an address of
congratulation by his fellow-senators.
=Hamilton, Henry.= Lieutenant-governor of Detroit during Revolutionary
War; captured at Vincennes, 1779, and imprisoned. Retired from the army,
1783; lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1784-1785; governor of Bermuda,
1790-1794. Died in Antigua, 1796. =Index=: =Hd= Governor of Detroit,
occupies Vincennes on Wabash, 167; captured and imprisoned by
Americans, 168; made lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 314. Died, 1796.
=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Shortt and Doughty, _Constitutional Documents
of Canada_.
=Hamilton, Paul= (1762-1816). =Bk= United States secretary of the navy,
173. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Hamilton, Pierce Stevens= (1826-1893). Studied law, and called to the
bar, 1851. Entered journalism, and edited _Acadian Recorder_, 1853-1861.
Appointed chief commissioner of mines for Nova Scotia. An early advocate
of Confederation. =Index=: =B= Advocates Confederation, 129. =T= His
views on union of the colonies, 65-66. =Bib.=: Works: _Union of the
Colonies of British North America_; _Feast of Ste. Anne and other
Poems_.
=Hamilton, Robert.= =S= Member of Legislative Council, 79; accused by
Simcoe of "republicanism," 97; visits England and takes legal advice
respecting land matters in Upper Canada, 103; his house at Queenston,
179; entertains Prince Edward, 184; appointed lieutenant of county of
Lincoln, 198.
=Hammond, George= (1763-1853). =S= British minister at Philadelphia,
consulted by Simcoe on the situation, 134, 144. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=Hampton, Sir John Somerset Pakington, first Baron= (1799-1880). Sat for
Droitwich in British Parliament, 1837-1874; secretary for war and
colonies, 1852; first lord of Admiralty, 1858 and 1866; secretary for
war, 1867-1868. =Index=: =E= Opposes the secularization of Clergy
Reserves, 165, 166, 167. =B= And the Clergy Reserves, 59. =Bib.=: _Dict.
Nat. Biog._
=Hancock.= =Bk= Private of 41st, first man killed in War of 1812, 236.
=Hancock's House.= =S= Skirmish at, 24.
=Handy, Henry S.= =Mc= Commander of "patriot" army, 427; quarrels with
"General" Sutherland, 427; occupies Sugar Island, 428; put to flight,
428; forms new plot to revolutionize Canada, 437; its extent, 438;
failure of, 439. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.
=Hanington, Daniel= (1804-1889). Sat for over half a century in one or
other of the branches of the New Brunswick Legislature. Elected to
Assembly, 1834, for Westmoreland, which he represented up to 1862. A
member of the Executive Council under Sir Edmund Head; Speaker of the
Assembly for several years; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1867,
and president of that body, 1883-1886. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_;
Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Hanington, Daniel Lionel= (1835-1909). Born at Shediac, New Brunswick.
Called to the bar, 1861; in 1870 entered the New Brunswick Assembly,
representing Westmoreland until 1874; and reelected, 1878; member of the
Executive Council, 1878; premier of the province, 1882; resigned, 1883.
In 1892 appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick.
=Index=: =T= Elected Speaker of New Brunswick Assembly, 30. =Bib.=:
Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Hanks, Captain.= =Bk= Surrenders Michilimackinac, 211; killed at
Detroit, 255.
=Hanna, James.= =D= Voyage of 1785, 22; on enormous profits of sea-otter
trade, 22.
=Hanna, Michael= (1821-1882). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1839, and
completed his studies at St. Mary's College. Ordained to the priesthood,
1845. Held various charges in Nova Scotia. Subsequently became
vicar-general of the diocese of Halifax and archbishop, 1877. Died in
Halifax.
=Harding, James A.= =T= Returned for St. John, 25, 30, 43.
=Hardy, Arthur Sturgis= (1837-1899). Born at Mount Pleasant, Ontario.
Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1865; practised his
profession at Brantford; Q. C., 1876. Elected to the Ontario
Legislature, 1873; provincial secretary, 1877; commissioner of crown
lands, 1889; premier, 1896. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Biggar, _Sir
Oliver Mowat_.
=Hargrave, James.= Chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company. =Index=:
=MS= In charge of York Factory, 226; correspondence with Rev. Wm.
Cochrane, 227; made chief trader, 1833, and chief factor, 1844, 227;
Simpson's letters to, 261-262. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Harlay, de.= =L= Archbishop of Rouen, desires ecclesiastical
jurisdiction over Canada, 133; called to the see of Paris, 134; desires
to bring diocese of Quebec under his jurisdiction, 184.
=Harmon, Daniel Williams.= Born in Vermont. Entered service of North
West Company, 1800, at Montreal, and left immediately for the western
fur country. Returned to the east in 1819, bringing with him his
_Journals_, covering this period, which were edited by Daniel Haskel, of
Burlington, Vt., and published at that place in 1820; reprinted in New
York, with a brief introduction, 1903. Returned to the West, and
remained there several years, finally settling with his native wife and
family on the shores of Lake Champlain. One of his daughters conducted a
private school in Ottawa for many years. =Index=: =D= Stuart's
lieutenant in New Caledonia, 98. =Bib.=: _Journal of Voyages and Travels
in the Interior of North America_. For biog., _see_ Bryce, _Hudson's Bay
Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for
the Western Sea_.
=Haro, Gonzalez Lopez de.= =D= Finds Russian establishments, 38. =Bib.=:
Bancroft, _North-West Coast_.
=Harrison, Robert Alexander= (1833-1878). Studied law, and appointed to
crown law department of Upper Canada, 1854. Retired, 1859, and practised
in Toronto. Member for Toronto in first Dominion Parliament, 1867-1872.
Chief-justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, Ontario, 1875-1878. One of
the arbitrators in Ontario boundary dispute, 1878. Author of many legal
works; and edited _Poker_, a humorous paper, 1859-1860. =Index=: =B= His
connection with the contempt of court suit against George Brown,
249-254. =Md= Chief-justice, serves on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255.
=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Harrison, Samuel Bealey.= =Sy= Provincial secretary for Upper Canada,
283; his resolutions on responsible government, 310, 311. =BL=
Provincial secretary for Upper Canada, 1841, 76; a moderate Liberal, 78;
Baldwin's confidence in, 78; retains office under La Fontaine-Baldwin
administration, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his
dismissal, 167; member for Kingston--opposes transfer of capital to
Montreal, and resigns as provincial secretary, 182; Gowan predicts his
dismissal from office, 187. =Mc= Moves resolution for responsible
government, which carries, 408. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Harrison, T. T. J.= =Mc= His account of the Haldimand election, 487.
=Harrison, William Henry= (1773-1841). Ninth president of the United
States. =Index=: =Bk= United States general, his Tippecanoe exploit,
174-176. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Harvey, Sir John= (1778-1852). Entered the British army, and saw active
service in Holland, France, at the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, India, and
Egypt. In 1812 deputy adjutant-general of the army in Canada, and
defeated the American generals Chandler and Winder at Stoney Creek. Took
part in the battles of Lundy's Lane, Fort Erie, and Chrystler's Farm. In
1815 aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington, and fought at Waterloo. In
1837-1841 governor of New Brunswick; governor and commander-in-chief of
Newfoundland, 1841-1846; and governor of Nova Scotia, 1846-1852. Buried
at Halifax. =Index=: =Md= Governor of Nova Scotia, Grey's despatch on
responsible government, 33; text of the despatch, 47-50. =BL= Earl
Grey's despatch to, on responsible government in Nova Scotia, 269-272.
=H= Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 103; his broad views
on responsible government, 112-113; his correspondence with Earl Grey as
to proposed Intercolonial Railway, 124; his death, 143. =W= Succeeds Sir
Archibald Campbell as lieutenant-governor, 47; assents to Civil List
Bill, 47; on tenure of public office, 57, 113; his connection with the
Aroostook War, 135. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Lucas, _Canadian War of
1812_; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_; Campbell, _History of Nova
Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.
=Hatheway, George L.= =T= Chief commissioner of the Board of Works, New
Brunswick, 86; deserts the government and runs as opposition candidate
in York, 86; deserts Anti-Confederates, in 1866, 108.
=Haultain, Frederick William Gordon= (1857- ). Born in Woolwich,
England. Educated at Montreal High School, Peterborough Collegiate
Institute, and the University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Ontario,
1882; removed to the North-West Territories and settled at Fort McLeod,
1884. Elected to the North-West Council, 1887, and to the first
Territorial Assembly, 1888. Member of the Advisory Council, 1888;
Territorial premier, 1897; held office until the formation of the
provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, 1905. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of
the North-West_; Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Haviland, T. H.= (1822-1895). Born at Charlottetown, Prince Edward
Island. Studied law and called to the bar of Prince Edward Island, 1846;
elected to the Assembly for Georgetown the same year; member of the
Legislative Council, 1870; colonial secretary in the provincial
government, 1859-1862, 1866-1867, 1870-1872; solicitor-general, 1865;
Speaker of the Assembly, 1863-1864; provincial secretary, 1873-1876;
called to the Senate, 1873; lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island,
1879. =Index=: =T= Delegate from Prince Edward Island to Quebec
Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._
=Hawke.= =B= His evidence on land grants in Upper Canada, 53-54.
=Hay, Charles.= =Hd= Imprisoned on charge of treason, 279.
=Hay, Jehu.= =Hd= Lieutenant-governor of Detroit, 158.
=Hay, Robert.= =Mc= Generosity of, 505.