fort remained under Cadillac's command until 1710. A census taken that
year shows six settlers cultivating the land, and twenty-nine soldiers,
traders, etc., occupying houses within the fort. De la Forest succeeded
Cadillac at the fort, 1710. Fort surrendered to the British, 1760.
Pontiac laid siege to the fort, 1763, but failed to capture it.
Transferred to United States, 1796. Captured by Brock, in War of 1812;
restored by treaty of Ghent. =Index=: =S= The most important of western
fortified posts, 51; Great Britain retains possession of, pending
settlement of certain questions, 55, 119; threatened by army under
Wayne, 133; handed over to United States, 142; River aux Raisins the
boundary of territory dependent on, during British occupation, 145. =Dr=
Defence of by Major Gladwin, 5; retained with other western posts as
security for proper treatment of loyalists, 231; handed over to United
States, 291. =Bk= Founded by La Motte Cadillac, its exciting history,
54; Brock determines to attack, 248; its strength and garrison, 249,
250; attacked, 251, 254; Hull surrenders with his whole army, 255;
important results of capture, 256. =MS= Under French regime, 11; in days
of North West Company, 12. =Hd= Company of 8th Regiment sent to, 137; a
source of anxiety, 145; De Peyster in command at, 146, 158;
reinforcements sent to, 153; Jehu Hay, lieutenant-governor of, in 1784,
158; doubtful subjects settle round, 161; difficulty of navigation to,
163; Haldimand's letter to Henry Hamilton, lieutenant-governor at, on
means for recovery of Illinois country, 167; unfortunate expedition
from, 168; Haldimand's letter to De Peyster on importance of, 260; boat
built at by North West Company, 262; Major Mathews, lieutenant-governor
at, in 1787, 332. =Bib.=: _Cadillac Papers_ (Mich. Pion. & Hist.
_Coll._, vol. 33 _et seq._); Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Lucas,
_Canadian War of 1812_.
=Detroit.= Brig. _See_ Adams.
=Devil's Hole.= =Bk= Near Fort Niagara, massacre of British troops at,
55.
=Devos, Frederick.= =Hd= Great-nephew of Haldimand, 312.
=Dewart, Edward Hartley= (1828-1903). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada
with his parents at age of six. Educated at local schools and at the
Toronto Normal School. Taught school for a time; entered the ministry of
the Methodist Church, 1851; editor of _The Christian Guardian_,
1869-1894. =Bib.=: Works: _Selections from Canadian Poets_; _Songs of
Life: A Collection of Poems_; _Essays for the Times_. For biog., _see_
Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Dewdney, Edgar= (1835- ). Born in Devonshire, England. Came to British
Columbia, 1859. Had charge of survey of site of New Westminster, and
other engineering works. First elected to provincial Legislature, 1869;
returned to Dominion House, 1872. Appointed Indian commissioner for
North-West Territories, 1879; and lieutenant-governor of North-West
Territories, 1881. Member of Dominion Cabinet as minister of interior,
1888-1892. Appointed lieutenant-governor of British Columbia, 1892.
=Index=: =D= Builds Dewdney trail, from Hope to Similkameen, 252-253.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Dickey, Robert Barry= (1811-1903). Born in Amherst, Nova Scotia.
Studied law, and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, and of New Brunswick,
1834. Sat in Legislative Council, Nova Scotia, 1858-1867. Appointed to
the Senate, 1867. Took an active part in the negotiations leading up to
the building of the Intercolonial Railway, and the Confederation of the
provinces. =Index=: =H= Delegate from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown
Conference, 177. =T= Delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to
Quebec Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Campbell, _History of
Nova Scotia_.
=Dickson, Walter Hamilton= (1806-1884). Born in Niagara. Called to the
bar of Upper Canada, 1830. Served during the Rebellion of 1837 as a
cavalry officer. Represented Niagara in the Assembly, 1841-1851; sat in
the Legislative Council of Canada, 1855-1867; appointed to the Dominion
Senate, 1867.
=Dieskau, Jean Armand, Baron de= (1701-1777). Of German descent; served
with distinction under Marshal Saxe. When it was made known to the court
at Versailles that the British had sent two regiments to America under
Braddock, the French decided to fit out an expedition on a larger scale,
and six regiments embarked for Canada under Dieskau, who was given the
rank of general. Immediately after assuming command, prepared to attack
the British and marched at the head of a body of men against Johnson.
Although his plans appear to have been well laid, his position was
betrayed through the action of the Indians. Severely wounded, made
prisoner and well cared for by the British. Taken to England, ruined in
health and fortune. Liberated at the conclusion of the war in 1763; and
returned to France. =Index=: =WM= Defeated and taken prisoner at Lake
George, 22. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _Fight with
France_.
=Digby, Robert= (1732-1815). Commanded the _Dunkirk_ at Quiberon Bay,
1759; second in command in Rodney's expedition for relief of Gibraltar,
1779; commander-in-chief in North America, 1781. =Index=: =Dr= Appointed
to chief naval command in America, 194. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Disney, Captain.= =Dr= Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36;
tried and acquitted, 38.
=Dissenters.= =S= Preponderance of, in Upper Canada, 159, 160. _See
also_ Presbyterian; Methodist.
=District Courts.= =Sy= Establishment of in Lower Canada, 255.
=Doak.= =W= Proprietor of _Loyalist_ newspaper, arrested and released,
75.
=Dobson.= =Bk= Brock's faithful servant, 11.
=Dodd, E. M.= =H= Solicitor-general and member of Executive and
Legislative Councils, Nova Scotia--makes statement as to ministerial
responsibility, 76; attempts to reconcile Joseph Howe and his colleagues
to the appointment of W. B. Almon to the Executive Council, 87. =Bib.=:
Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Dollard des Ormeaux, Adam.= A young officer of the garrison at
Montreal, who saved Montreal and the colony from probable destruction by
the Iroquois, in 1660. With sixteen companions and a few Indian allies,
he intercepted the Iroquois at the Long Sault Rapids, on the Ottawa, and
with a heroism seldom equalled in the world's history, this little band
gave their lives for their country's sake. The Iroquois, discouraged by
such unexpected resistance, abandoned the projected raid on the colony.
=Index=: =L= His heroic resistance to Iroquois at the Long Sault, 39,
69-72. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; _Jesuit Relations_, 1660; Faillon,
_Histoire de la Colonie Francaise_; Dollier de Casson, _Histoire de
Montreal_. The exploit has inspired several Canadian poems. _See_
Martin, _Marguerite_; Frechette, _Legende d'un Peuple_.
=Dollebeau, Father.= =Ch= In charge of mission at Miscou, 235; death of,
235.
=Dollier de Casson, Francis= (1636-1701). Born in Basse Bretagne. Served
with distinction as a cavalry officer under Turenne. Came to Montreal
and joined the Sulpicians in 1666. In 1669-1670 carried out with Galinee
an important exploration of the Great Lakes. Became superior of the
Seminary of Montreal, and later vicar-general of the diocese. =Index=:
=L= Labours with Galinee on the shores of Lake Erie, 11; gives account
of Dollard's exploit, 75; lays foundation stone of Montreal church, 89;
on evil effects of sale of liquor to the Indians, 175; at Quebec, 190.
=F= His history of Montreal, 34; depicts evils of liquor traffic, 335.
=Bib.=: _Histoire de Montreal_. For biog., _see_ Parkman, _Old Regime_;
_Exploration of the Great Lakes by Dollier de Casson and de Brehant de
Galinee_, ed. by Coyne.
=Dolu.= =Ch= Grand almoner of France, intendant, 129; his instructions
to Champlain, 132. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New
France_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.
=Domergue, Lieutenant.= =F= Killed at Laprairie, 313.
=Don de Dieu.= =Ch= Name of vessel in which Champlain sailed for Quebec
in 1608, 39; also one of vessels of Company of New France, 245.
=Dongan, Thomas, Earl of Limerick= (1634-1715). Colonial governor of New
York. Sent to America as governor, 1682. Resigned, 1688. Became Earl of
Limerick, 1698. =Index=: =F= Governor of New York, correspondence with
La Barre, 182; policy with Iroquois, 183; correspondence with
Denonville, 199-200; claims right to trade with Lake tribes, 203;
demands destruction of Fort Niagara, 218; advice to Indians, 219. =L=
Governor of New York, stirs up Iroquois, 185, 191. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.
Biog._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Dorchester, Guy Carleton, first Baron= (1724-1808). =Dr= Birth and
parentage, 29; enters army, 29; lieutenant-colonel, 30; Wolfe's
friendship for, 30; military preceptor to Duke of Richmond, 30; Wolfe
secures him for quartermaster of Quebec expedition, 31; entrusted with
important tasks, 32; wounded at Battle of the Plains, 32; served under
Albemarle at siege of Havana, 32; appointed to succeed Murray at Quebec,
32; finds divisions in the country, 33; has difficulty with his Council,
34; forwards petition of Jesuits, 35; issues proclamation relinquishing
all fees, 35; his despatch on the subject, 36; has the Walker case on
his hands, 37; dismisses Irving and Mabane from the Council, 39; his
views in regard to English and French laws, 41, 43; on state of the
colony, 44-47; anticipates revolt of American colonies, 50; endeavours
to check legal abuses, 51; orders release of small debtors, 52; issues
new ordinance respecting administration of justice, 54, 55; opposed to
creation of House of Assembly, 55; his return to England, 57; becomes
governor-general on Murray's resignation, 1768, 57; absent in England
four years, 59; replaced by Cramahe, 59; his report on manufactures of
Canada, 59; took important part in framing Quebec Act, 63; his evidence
before House of Commons, 67; sails for Canada, 75; his marriage, 75;
sends troops to Boston on requisition of General Gage, 78; receives news
of Benedict Arnold's attack on St. John's, 83; forwards troops and
proceeds to Montreal, 85; calls out militia, 86; returns to Quebec, 89;
gives guinea to Canadian soldier, 89; hurries back to Montreal, 91;
applies to Gage for two regiments, 92; his despatch explaining fall of
St. John's and impossibility of defending Montreal, 103; reaches Quebec,
112; orders all to leave the city who would not help in its defence,
114; his courage and watchfulness, 124; his estimate of the killed in
the attack on Quebec, 131; great source of strength to his followers,
133; moves out to attack enemy, who took to flight, 138; makes search in
surrounding country for fugitives in distress, 139; makes arrangements
to pursue the retreating American army, 144; meets Burgoyne at Quebec,
144-145; his operations successful, 147; Lord George Germain's enmity
to, 149; plans to improve the defences of the country, 150-151;
re-establishes the Courts of Quebec, 151; defeats the Americans in naval
engagement on Lake Champlain, 153-157; refuses to attack
Ticonderoga--his reasons, 157-158; retires with army in winter quarters,
159; superseded in charge of next year's campaign by General Burgoyne,
163; his authority limited to Canada, 163; his bitter replies to
Germain's despatches, 164-166; indignant at transfer of command to
Burgoyne, he resigns, 169; no friction between him and Burgoyne, 174;
Burgoyne's testimony, 174; makes forced levy of militia to recruit
Burgoyne's army, 178; his correspondence with Hamilton in the West, 179;
his appointments to judgeships, 183; objects to appointment of Livius
and Owen as judges, 184; his protests against improper appointments,
185; calls out one-third of militia, 187; constitutes committee of
Council, 187; his last despatch to Germain, 188; returns to England,
189; sent to America as commander-in-chief and commissioner, 193;
arrives at New York, 195; instructed to make pacific representations to
Congress, 200; applies for recall on hearing that complete independence
is to be granted to the colonies, 203; his anxiety to protect the
Loyalists, 206; appoints commissioners for exchange of prisoners, 207;
the force under his command, 208; anxious to return home but urged to
remain at New York, 212; writes to governor of Nova Scotia on behalf of
the Loyalists, 214; his correspondence largely occupied with Loyalist
affairs, 218; his last despatch from New York, 219; supports petition of
Loyalist widows for pensions, 219; created Baron Dorchester, and accepts
governorship of Canada, 221; difficulties of his position, 221; his
acquaintance with Haldimand, 222; Shelburne's opinion of value of his
influence, 222; his reception at Quebec very cordial, 223; extent of his
commission, 224; brings out William Smith as chief-justice, 224; his
correspondence with Lord Sydney, 225; appoints committee to consider
state of the law, 225, 227; also committees on commerce, police, and
education, 226-230; negotiations with Silas Deane on subject of Chambly
Canal, 230; anxiety in regard to Indian question in the west, 231;
announces intention of visiting Nova Scotia, 235; recognizes necessity
for a more popular form of government, 237; visits Loyalists in western
Canada, 238; transfers Jesuit church at Montreal to Anglicans, 241; his
efforts to increase efficiency of militia, 243, 246; receives
propositions from Vermont and Kentucky looking to separation from other
American states, 244-247; declines to allow French minister to United
States to visit Canada, 248; receives draft of bill for better
government of province, 248; thought introduction of parliamentary
institutions premature, 258, 259; sends home lists of proposed
legislative councillors, 258; not pleased with Simcoe's appointment,
259; urges claims of Sir John Johnson, 259; sails for England, 269;
returns to Canada, 271; opens second session of Lower Canada
Legislature, 276; calls out militia, 277; fully expects war with United
States, 282; his speech to the Miami Indians, 282; speech not approved
by home government, 283; expresses desire to resign, 284; gets Alien Act
passed, 288; reports improved condition of affairs, 291; wages war on
fees and perquisites, 291; surrenders his own fees, 292; opposes holding
of appointments by absentees, 292; his relations with Simcoe, 293-296; a
believer in centralized power, 294; not being sustained by home
government, resigns, 297; points of difference with Simcoe, 302; meets
his last Parliament, 303; returns to England, 303; receives addresses of
regret, 303; his character, 304; his sympathy with French-Canadians,
305; saves Canada to the Empire, 306; wreck of the frigate in which he
sailed, 306; lands at Perce, proceeds to Halifax, and sails from there
to England, 306; his death, 307; his descendants, 307. =S= His
connection with the Constitutional Act, 2; not favourable to creation of
separate province of Upper Canada, 3; goes to England, 5; orders names
of Loyalists who declared themselves before treaty of 1783 to be
registered, 70; does not support Simcoe's views in regard to Indian
department, 127; controls military operations in Upper Canada, 131; his
bold speech to deputation of Indians, 133, 146; recommends Simcoe to
fortify post on the Miami, 134; proceedings not approved by home
government, 142; his resignation, 142; disapproves of Simcoe's plans for
defence of Upper Canada, 206; supersedes purchasing agent appointed by
Simcoe, 212; his relations with Simcoe, 228. =WM= Chief of staff to
Wolfe, 75; as governor of Canada, wins affection of Canadians, 75;
establishes fortified camp on island of Orleans, 108; lands near
Pointe-aux-Trembles and takes a number of prisoners, 125; wounded in
battle of the Plains, 199. =Sy= His Canadian policy, 67, 82. =Bk= His
defence of Quebec and liberal policy towards French-Canadians, 36. =E=
His character as governor, 1. =Hd= Leases St. Maurice forges, 62; his
failure to enlist Canadian militia, 111; governor of Canada, his defence
of Quebec, 112, 121; succeeded in military command by Burgoyne, 112;
resignation of, 113; Haldimand's opinion of, 119; Captain Schank writes
to, 159; pulls down houses during siege, 187; proposal to have him
supersede Haldimand at Quebec, 188; Haldimand writes to, 189; raises
Loyalist corps, 253; returns to Quebec as governor, with title of Lord
Dorchester, 314; his opinion of Dr. Mabane, 315; his relations with
Haldimand, 330-332. =W= Thomas Carleton, a brother of, 5. =Bib.=:
Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Lucas, _History of Canada_; Bradley,
_The Making of Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Constitutional
Development_; Shortt and Doughty, _Documents Relating to Constitutional
History of Canada_.
=Doreil.= =WM= Commissioner of war, goes to France, 62.
=Dorion, Sir Antoine Aime= (1818-1891). Educated at Nicolet College.
Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1842. Represented
Montreal in Legislature, 1854-1861. Formed administration with George
Brown, 1858. Defeated by Cartier in Montreal, 1861. Provincial secretary
in Sandfield Macdonald-Sicotte government, 1862. Succeeded Sicotte as
attorney-general, 1863. Minister of justice in Mackenzie government,
1873-1874. Chief-justice of Quebec, 1874-1891. =Index=: =Md= Opposes
political domination of the priesthood, 45-46; leader of the _Rouge_
party in Quebec, 64, 102; opposes Confederation, 115, 118, 142; moves
amendment on Intercolonial route, 152; refuses to act upon Pacific
Scandal Commission, 205. =C= Liberal leader, and disciple of Papineau,
25; his followers, and their revolutionary programme, 26; accepts policy
of representation by population, 28; his radicalism keeps him in
opposition, 29; offered seat in administration of 1858 by Cartier, and
declines, 106-107. =E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81; member of the
_Parti Rouge_, 108; becomes less radical in his views, 134. =B= Leader
of the _Rouges_--his character--friendly relations with George Brown,
80-81; consulted by Brown as to forming ministry, 101; enters his
government, 102, 105, 106; his part in converting George Brown to
Confederation, 132; moves resolution favouring union of the Canadas in
1856, 132; pledged to settlement of question, 132; opposed to coalition,
160; his speech against Confederation, 175-178, 207; his motion for
adjournment defeated, 185; opposed to Brown entering coalition ministry,
199. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty
Years_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.
=Dorion, Jean Baptiste Eric= (1826-1866). Brother of preceding. One of
founders of _L'Avenir_, 1848. Sat in the Legislature, 1854-1857, and
again in 1861. =Index=: =E= Member of _Parti Rouge_, 108. =C= A Liberal
leader in Lower Canada, 25; nicknamed _L'enfant terrible_, 25. =Bib.=:
Morgan, _Bib. Can._
=Dorland, Philip.= =S= Quaker, elected to Assembly, but, unable to take
oath, resigns, 81.
=Dosquet, Pierre-Herman= (1691-1777). Native of Lille, France; came to
Canada, 1721; on his return to France, 1725, consecrated bishop of Samos
and appointed coadjutor to Bishop Mornay. Later made bishop of Quebec.
While in Canada lived in the style of a seignior, much in contrast to
the simple life of Laval and of St. Vallier. Died in Paris. =Index:= =L=
Succeeds Mornay as bishop of Quebec, 12. =Bib.=: Tetu, _Eveques de
Quebec_; Casgrain, _L'Habitation de Samos_ (R. S. C., 1906).
=Double Majority.= =Md= Meaning of the term--attitude of public men
towards, 78-79; leading plank in platform of the Macdonald-Sicotte
government, 89. =B= Origin and meaning of the principle, 82; advocated
by John Sandfield Macdonald, 142; opposed by George Brown, 143; Duke of
Newcastle on, 143; and separate school question, 145. =BL= Beginnings of
the system, 258; Hincks's views on, 259; Baldwin opposed to, 352;
Turcotte and Hincks on, 352. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Pope,
_Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Mackenzie, _George Brown_.
=Double Ministries.= Brown-Dorion; Hincks-Morin; La Fontaine-Baldwin;
Macdonald-Cartier; Macdonald-Dorion; Macdonald-Sicotte; MacNab-Morin;
MacNab-Tache; Sherwood-Daly; Tache-Macdonald. _See under_ names of
individual ministers.
"=Double Shuffle=," 1858. =B= History of, 107-108. =Md= An ingenious
device resorted to by Macdonald, Cartier, and their colleagues, to avoid
the necessity of re-election, 85-87. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John
A. Macdonald_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Mackenzie, _George Brown_;
Biggar, _Sir Oliver Mowat_.
=Doucett, Joseph.= Lieutenant-governor of the Fort of Annapolis,
1717-1726. Member of the governor's Council.
=Dougall, John= (1808-1886). Born in Paisley, Scotland. Came to Canada,
1826, and took up mercantile pursuits. For a time editor of the _Canada
Temperance Advocate_; founded the _Montreal Witness_, 1826. Died in
Flushing, New York.
=Douglas, David= (1798-1834). Made extensive botanical collections on
the Pacific coast of North America, for the Horticultural Society of
London, 1824-1826. Crossed the continent from Fort Vancouver, on the
Columbia, to Hudson Bay; met Sir John Franklin there and returned with
him to England. Came out again to the Columbia River on a similar
mission, 1829, and went from there to the Hawaiian Islands, where he was
killed. The gigantic Douglas fir named after him.
=Douglas, Sir Howard= (1776-1861). Entered the army, 1794; commanded a
regiment at Quebec, 1797; served at Corunna and Flushing, 1809. After
discharging various military missions, appointed governor of New
Brunswick, 1823, holding the position until 1828. Lord high commissioner
of the Ionian Islands, 1835-1840. =Index=: =W= His efforts on behalf of
King's College, New Brunswick, 50-51. =T= His appearance described, 6.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Douglas, Sir James= (1803-1877). =MS= A man of Imperial mind, 225;
highest qualities as administrator, 225; with Dr. McLoughlin, 225;
marries daughter of William Connolly, 225; chief factor, 1840, 226;
governor of Vancouver Island, 1851, 225; knighted, 225; receives Simpson
at Fort St. James, 238. =D= Visits Etoline, Russian governor, 1842,
45-46; in New Caledonia, 59-60; character, 84-91; dearth of documentary
material for his life, 90; born Demerara, Aug. 15, 1803, 91; parentage,
92; educated in Scotland, 92-93; sails for Canada, 1820, and enters
service of North West Company, 93; meets John McLoughlin at Fort
William, 93; McLoughlin persuades him to join Hudson's Bay Company, 94;
accompanies McLoughlin to Columbia department, 94; McLoughlin's
friendship for Douglas, 94; his training under McLoughlin, 96; sent to
New Caledonia, 96; accompanies William Connolly over mountains, 99; with
Connolly at Fort St. James, 100; with John Tod at McLeod Lake, 100; his
activities there, 100-102; marries Amelia Connolly, 103; transferred to
Fort Vancouver, 1830, 103-110; family life there, 103; eldest daughter
marries Dallas, afterwards governor of Hudson's Bay Company at Winnipeg,
103; his work in New Caledonia, 104; his connection with Fort George
massacre, 105-109; receives Sir George Simpson at Fort St. James, 109;
at Fort Vancouver, 110; revises system of accounting at Fort Vancouver,
121; in charge of York Factory express, 1835, 121; in charge of party
that raised British flag above Fort Stikine, 1840, 121-122; builds Fort
Durham, 122; sent to dismantle Fort Durham, 122; moves Fort McLoughlin
to head of Vancouver Island, 122; sent to treat with Mexican governor,
1840, 126-127; succeeds McLoughlin as manager of Puget Sound
Agricultural Company, 132; severs his connection, 1859, on accepting
governorship of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, 132; becomes
chief trader, 1852, 135; chief factor, 1840, 133; founds Victoria, 1843,
146; examines site for fort on Vancouver Island, 176; commands
expedition charged with the building of the fort, 177; selects site,
178; proceeds next to dismantle Forts Taku and McLoughlin, 178; brings
Bolduc, first missionary, to Vancouver Island, 178; completes Fort
Camosun (Victoria), 179; returns to Fort Vancouver, 180; associated with
McLoughlin and Ogden on board of management of western department, 187;
succeeds McLoughlin in charge of western department, 1846, 187; succeeds
Blanshard as governor of Vancouver Island, 205; dual position of
Hudson's Bay Company officer and representative of crown, 207;
establishes representative government, 1856, 208-210; his inaugural
speech, 211-215; reports gold on Queen Charlotte Island, 220; issues
gold-mining licenses, 221; reports gold discoveries on Upper Columbia,
etc., 223; difficulties with the miners, 227; visits the camps, 227-228;
appointed governor of British Columbia, 229; retires from Hudson's Bay
Company, 229-230; full powers of government given him under instructions
of colonial secretary, 1858, 231; Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton's opinion of
him, 234-235; his administration of the government, 236; appoints
provincial officers, 240-241; second visit to the mining camps, 243-245;
proposes Queensborough as name of capital of British Columbia, 247;
settles Hill's Bar affair, 248; builds roads, 249-253; 257; his
resourcefulness, 249-250; plans for a transcontinental road, 253-254;
financial problems, 258-262; charged with extravagance, 261; his
prejudice in favour of Hudson's Bay Company, 263; defends their policy,
264-265; justice to the natives, 267; recommends church endowments,
270-271; conflict with Assembly over site of public buildings, 272-273;
governorship of Vancouver Island ends, 1863,--knighthood,--succeeded by
Arthur Kennedy,--retires from governorship of mainland of British
Columbia, 1864, 289; advocates union of British Columbia and Vancouver
Island, 295; public appreciation of his rule as governor, 304; leaves
British Columbia and sails for Europe, 308-309; his personal side, 309;
death, Aug. 1, 1877, 310; wife dies, 1891, 310; his character and
achievements as man, fur trader, and statesman, 342-354; compared with
McLoughlin, 351-353; personal appearance, 350-351. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.
Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Bancroft, _History of
British Columbia_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_.
=Douglas, Captain W. M.= =D= With Meares on North-West Coast, 1788, 27;
at Cook River, 27; arrives at Nootka from Cook River with cargo of
sea-otter, 28; sails for Sandwich Islands, 28; returns to Nootka, 28;
sails from Nootka to Queen Charlotte Islands, 29.
=Doutre, Joseph= (1825-1886). Born in Beauharnois, Quebec. Called to the
bar, 1847. Early became a leader of the Liberal party. One of the
founders of _Le Pays_, besides contributing to other newspapers. As a
result of one of his articles, fought a duel with Georges E. Cartier,
but without serious consequences. Joined the _Institut Canadien_ at
Montreal, and became the president, 1852. Took a leading part in
opposition to the Roman Catholic Church in the "Joseph Guibord Case."
Counsel for the Dominion government before the Halifax Fisheries
Commission. =Index=: =C= Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against
Dorion entering Cartier's administration, 106-107. =Bib.=: Works: _Les
Fiances de 1812_; _Le Frere et la Soeur_; _Les Sauvages du Canada_; _The
Constitution of Canada_. For biog., _see_ Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier
and the Liberal Party_.
=Doutre, R.= =E= Member of the _Parti Rouge_, 108.
=Douville, d'Agneau.= =Hd= Abandons French post at Toronto, 26.
=Dow, Dr=. =T= Candidate in York, New Brunswick, 108.
=Downshire, Wills Hill, first Marquis of= (1718-1793). Secretary of
state for colonies, 1768-1772. =Index=: =Dr= Approves Carleton's
recommendations, 51. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Doyle, Sir Charles Hastings= (1805-1883). Served in the army. Commander
of the forces in Nova Scotia, 1861-1868; lieutenant-governor of New
Brunswick, 1866-1867; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1867-1870;
commander of the forces in British North America, 1870-1874. =Index=:
=H= Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia; Sir John Macdonald his guest in
1868, 213, =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Campbell, _History of Nova
Scotia_.
=Doyle, Lawrence O'Connor=. =H= Contributed to _The Club_ in Howe's
_Nova Scotian_, 9; his wit, 35; offered seat in government, 103-104;
elected for Halifax, 106; member of Uniacke government, 110. =Bib.=:
Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_.
=Drake, Sir Francis= (1540?-1596). Sailed from Plymouth for the River
Plate, 1577; passed through the Straits of Magellan, 1578; plundered
Valparaiso, 1579, and explored the western coast of North America the
same year; returned to England, 1580, by way of the Cape of Good Hope.
Vice-admiral of the fleet in the defeat of the Spanish Armada off
Gravelines, 1588. Died on board his own ship off Porto Bello and buried
at sea. =Index=: =D= On Pacific coast, 7, 8; lays foundation of British
naval supremacy, 16; takes possession of Pacific coast for Queen
Elizabeth, 62; and the Spaniards, 147. =Bib.=: Southey, _Lives of the
Admirals_; Corbett, _Drake and the Tudor Navy_; Payne, _Voyages of the
Elizabethan Seamen to America_; Froude, _English Seamen in the
Seventeenth Century_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Draper, William Henry= (1801-1877). Born in London, England. In his
youth ran away to sea and served on an East Indiaman. Came to Canada in
1821 and taught school at Port Hope; subsequently studied law and began
practice at York. Elected to Assembly of Upper Canada for city of
Toronto in 1836, and made a member of the Executive Council. During the
Rebellion of 1837 acted as aide-de-camp to the lieutenant-governor. In
March, 1837, became solicitor-general, and in 1840 promoted to office of
attorney-general. After the union of the provinces retained in the
Executive Council as attorney-general of Upper Canada. It fell to his
lot to pilot the ministry through the stormy debates of the first
session, and to resist the attacks of Baldwin, Hincks, and their
fellow-Reformers. In September, 1842, saw the necessity of resigning and
gave way in order that the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry might be formed.
In 1843 appointed to the Legislative Council, where he led the
opposition. On the resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry in
December, 1843, accepted office with Viger, and in the exciting election
held in the autumn of 1844 obtained a bare majority for the new
ministry. In January, 1845, resigned his seat in the Legislative Council
and elected to the Assembly for London. An unsuccessful attempt to
secure the support of the French-Canadian Reform section discredited him
with the Tories of Upper Canada, and in May, 1847, withdrew from the
Cabinet, and shortly afterwards resigned his seat in the Assembly.
Appointed puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Upper Canada,
and in 1856 made chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas. In July,
1863, succeeded Archibald McLean as chief justice of Upper Canada, and
in 1869 appointed president of the Court of Error and Appeal. Continued
to act in this position until his death. =Index=: =Md= Joins Metcalfe's
administration, 19; seeks seat in Assembly, 23-24; his administration,
24; recommends Macdonald for office of commissioner of crown lands, 26;
accepts judgeship and withdraws from public life, 27-28; commissioner to
represent Canada before Hudson's Bay Committee, 1857, 83. =BL= Appointed
attorney-general, Upper Canada, 1841, 76; his previous career, 77; his
character, 77; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; pledged to support the
administration, 81; succeeds in carrying on government, 85; in
discussion as to speakership, 88; his public policy, 90; defines his
position on question of responsible government, 91-92, 94; his nickname
of "Sweet William," 92; his successful policy, 95; difficulties with
French-Canadians, 96-97; realizes need for reconstruction of ministry,
115, 122; resigns office, 123; reads Bagot's letter to La Fontaine in
the Assembly, 124; his speech in the Assembly, Sept. 13, 1842, 127;
resigns, 132; appointed to Legislative Council, 177; opposes transfer of
capital to Montreal, 183; opposes Baldwin's University Bill, 197;
supports Metcalfe, 212; executive councillor, 216; referred to in George
Brown's speech, 224; visits Lower Canada, and reports to Metcalfe on
political situation, 236-263; forms ministry, 246; attorney-general for
Upper Canada, 247; secures narrow majority in elections, 1844, 250-251;
his political dexterity, 253-255; his University Bill, 256; his scheme
for obtaining French-Canadian support, 258-235; his policy, 266-267; his
government dying, 276; resigns and becomes puisne judge of Court of
Queen's Bench, 276; his University Bill, 293; his municipal legislation,
299; his Indemnification Bill of 1845, 307-308. =Sy= Solicitor-general,
introduces Union resolution in Upper Canada Legislative Assembly, 206,
213; brings in bill for settlement of Clergy Reserves question, 245;
made attorney-general, 252; appointed to same office under Union, 283.
=B= Becomes Metcalfe's chief adviser, 20; _Globe_ criticizes his attempt
to form a coalition, 27. =C= Forms ministry, 17. =E= Acknowledges
necessity of bringing French-Canadians into Cabinet, 31; forms ministry
under Lord Metcalfe, 35; his retirement, 43. =R= Ryerson's public
letters to, 100, 120; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126; presents case
for King's College before Legislature, 149; his Provincial University
Bill, 153; bill defeated, 155. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty
Years_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Read, _Lives of the
Judges_. For his own writings, _see_ Morgan, _Bib. Can._
=Dreuilletes, Gabriel= (1610-1681). Studied at Jesuit College, Toulouse.
In 1643 came to Canada and spent a year in study of Algonquian language.
Soon became proficient in that tongue and accompanied wandering bands on
their hunting trips. In 1646 went on an expedition to the Abnaki tribes
of Maine, who had become interested in Christianity through converts of
the Sillery mission. Remained with the Abnaki one year and then removed
to district of Tadoussac, where he spent three years among the
Montagnais. In 1651 again sent to the Abnaki to form an alliance with
the New England colonies against the Iroquois, but in this was
unsuccessful. Laboured for twenty years in missions of Sillery, Three
Rivers, and other posts. In 1661 had charge of the mission to the Cree
tribes, and in 1672 spent some time in the mission of Sault Ste. Marie.
Died at Quebec. =Index=: =L= One of the founders of the Sault Ste. Marie
mission, 11. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_ and _La
Salle_.
=Drew, Andrew= (1792-1878). Entered the navy, 1806. Took part in many of
the most important engagements during the war with France, including the
Walcheren expedition. Promoted to lieutenant for gallantry during the
fight between the _Eurotas_ and the French frigate _Clorinde_, 1814.
Promoted to commander for his brilliant defence of Cape Coast Castle
against the Ashantees, 1824. Retired and settled in Canada. During
Rebellion of 1837 offered his services to the government. Conducted the
capture of the _Caroline_, for which he received the thanks of the Upper
Canada Parliament and was appointed commander of the provincial marine.
A grant by the Assembly to provide seventy-five guineas for the purchase
of a sword of honour was not approved by the Legislative Council.
Remained in active service in Canada until 1839. Appointed to the
command of the _Wasp_ on the West India Station, where he discovered and
surveyed a dangerous rock which still bears his name, 1842. Appointed
naval storekeeper at the Cape of Good Hope, 1850. Raised to the rank of
admiral, 1862. Retired from active service and resided in England until
his death. =Index=: =Mc= In charge of the expedition which cut out the
_Caroline_, 420-421; thanked by the Upper Canadian Assembly, 423.
=Bib.=: Drew and Woods, _The Burning of the Caroline_; Dent, _Upper
Canadian Rebellion_; Lizars, _Humours of '37_; Read, _Rebellion of
1837_. _See also_ Caroline.
=Drewe, Rev. Edward.= =S= Accompanies Simcoe as chaplain, 47.
=Driscoll, Captain.= =Bk= Letter of, relating to death of Brock, 307.
=Drummond, Sir Gordon= (1771-1854). Son of Colin Drummond, at one time
deputy paymaster-general of the forces in Canada. Born at Quebec.
Entered the army, 1789, and rapidly promoted until in 1794 became
lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Liverpool Regiment. Saw distinguished
service in the Netherlands and in the West Indies; became colonel, 1798,
and commanded his regiment during the campaign in Egypt, assisting in
capture of Cairo and Alexandria. In 1805 given rank of major-general and
took command of a division in Jamaica. In December, 1808, transferred to
the staff in Canada, until 1811. Served for a time in Ireland; returned
to Canada as second in command to Sir George Prevost, 1813. Took a most
prominent part in the War of 1812. From December, 1813, to April, 1815,
president and administrator of Upper Canada, and during this period
succeeded in turning the tide of victory to the British forces. Defeated
the Americans at Niagara, July 28, 1814, and followed this up by
occupying Fort Erie in November. In recognition of his splendid services
during the war, gazetted a K. C. B. On the departure of Sir George
Prevost appointed administrator of Lower Canada, and assumed office Apr.
4, 1815. Had expressed a strong desire to return to England, as it was
understood that the appointment was to be only temporary. Accordingly
relieved by Major-General Wilson, and departed from Quebec, May 20,
1816. Obtained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1825. In 1827 made a G.
C. B. Died in London. =Index=: =Bk= Takes command of troops at Montreal,
115; commander of forces in Canada, 157. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._;
Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; Lucas, _Canadian War of
1812_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_.
=Drummond, Lewis Thomas= (1813-1882). Born in Londonderry, Ireland. Came
to Canada with his mother, 1825. Educated at Nicolet College; studied
law, and called to the bar, 1836. Elected to the Assembly for Montreal,
1843, but prevented from taking his seat by the dissolution of the
Assembly. Defeated in the general election that followed, but in the
same year elected for Portneuf. Held office in the La Fontaine-Baldwin
ministry as solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1848-1851, and became
attorney-general for Lower Canada in the Hincks-Morin government, 1851.
Held office under various administrations until 1856, when he resigned,
owing to a dispute over the leadership of the Assembly. Again took
office as attorney-general in the short-lived Brown-Dorion
administration, 1861, and as commissioner of public works in the
Macdonald-Dorion government, 1863. In the same year defeated for
re-election and retired from political life. Appointed a judge of the
Superior Court for Lower Canada, 1864. Retired, 1873. Died in Montreal.
=Index=: =E= One of the leaders of the Liberals in Lower Canada in 1851,
109; becomes attorney-general for Lower Canada in Hincks-Morin
government, 113; retains same portfolio in reconstructed ministry, 126;
and in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141; takes a leading part in settlement of
the Seigniorial Tenure, 186. =B= Enters George Brown's ministry, 102.
=Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Du Bois d'Egriseilles, Abbe J. B.= =L= Devotes his fortune to religious
work at Montreal, 135.
=Du Calvet, Pierre.= Under the French regime engaged in the fur trade,
and, having acquired considerable wealth, remained in the colony after
the conquest. In 1764 made a magistrate and justice of the peace.
Vigorously opposed an ordinance of 1770 regulating the administration of
justice, and on several subsequent occasions clashed with the executive
authority. Suspected by Haldimand of having been in secret
correspondence with the United States, and arrested in September, 1780;
from November, 1780, to May, 1783, kept in confinement without the
opportunity of a legal trial. In 1784 went to England, where he
denounced Haldimand and sought redress before the British ministry. In
this connection published an "_Appel a la Justice de l'Etat_," setting
forth his personal grievances, but concluding with a carefully prepared
plan of government, which was considered as the basis for that adopted
in the Constitutional Act of 1791. Complaints were not favourably
received, and returned to Canada. In March, 1786, left New York for
London on board the _Shelburne_, which is supposed to have been lost
with all on board. =Index=: =Hd= Arrested on suspicion of treason,
279-280; evidence against, 281; his resentment against Haldimand, 282;
being released, enters action against him, 283; his memorial to Lord
Sydney, 284-288; his misstatements, 288; supported in his action against
Haldimand by Maseres, 290; demands a Legislative Assembly and the
_Habeas Corpus_ Act, 291; drowned at sea, 292; praised by Frechette,
292; blames Mabane for ill will of Haldimand, 305; serves writ against
Haldimand, 310. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Shortt
and Doughty, _Constitutional Documents of Canada_. For full titles of
his _Appel a la Justice de l'Etat_, and _The Case of Pierre Du Calvet_,
_see_ Morgan, _Bib. Can._ _See also_ Haldimand, Sir Frederick.
=Duchesne, Adrien.= =Ch= Surgeon, early settler, 145.
=Duchesne, David.= =Ch= Assisted in forming Company of New France, 168.
=Duchesneau, Jacques.= Intendant of New France, 1675-1682. His
commission invested him with the title of president of the Sovereign
Council, an office which had hitherto been filled by the governor. As
Frontenac, a man of dominant spirit, was then governor, interminable
disputes arose between him and the intendant touching questions of
precedence. Frontenac lost no opportunity of showing his resentment; and
the intendant sided with the bishop in the vexed question of selling
brandy to the Indians. Finally the quarrel came to the ears of the king,
and both governor and intendant were recalled. =Index=: =L= Appointed
intendant, 166; disagrees with Frontenac, 167; recalled, 168. =F=
Intendant, 108; his instructions, 109; claims to rank above bishop, 115;
causes king's prohibition of trading licenses to be registered in
Frontenac's absence, 117; asked to furnish particulars as to ill effects
of liquor traffic, 118; censured for interfering in matters beyond his
sphere, 120; his recommendations on the _coureurs de bois_ question,
127; dispute with Frontenac as to presidency of the Sovereign Council,
133-140; severely censured in despatch from minister, 134; accuses
Frontenac of manufacturing the news he sends to the minister, 142; his
son imprisoned for disrespect to Frontenac, 143; recall of, 143; makes
report on Acadia, 271. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in New World_;
Parkman, _Frontenac_; Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C.,
1903).
=Duclos, Captain.= =WM= Constructs and commands floating battery _Le
Diable_, 82, 87, 104.
=Dudley, Joseph= (1647-1720). =F= Provisional governor of Massachusetts,
264. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Dudouyt, Jean.= =F= Grand-vicar to bishop of Quebec, 111; sent to
France by bishop in connection with liquor question, 118; advice to
bishop, 171. =L= Director of seminary, 55; transfers his personal income
to seminary, 56; to administer diocese in case of necessity, 134; his
mission to France, 171; grand cantor of chapter of Quebec, 197; death
of, 219. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_.
=Dufferin and Ava, Frederick Temple Hamilton Blackwood, Marquess of=
(1826-1902). British commissioner to Syria, 1860; under-secretary for
India, 1864-1866, and for war, 1865-1867; governor-general of Canada,
1872-1878; ambassador to Russia, 1879; transferred to Constantinople,
1881; viceroy of India, 1884; ambassador to Italy, 1888; ambassador to
France, 1891; Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1891. =Index=: =D= Visits
British Columbia in connection with Confederation negotiations, 323.
=Bib.=: Works: _Journey from Oxford to Skibbereen_; _Letters from High
Latitudes_; _Inquiry into State of Ireland_; _Irish Emigration_;
_Speeches and Addresses_, ed. by Milton. For biog., _see_ Leggo,
_History of the Administration of Lord Dufferin in Canada_; Stewart,
_Canada under Lord Dufferin_; Black, _The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava_;
Lyall, _The Life of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava_; Dent, _Can. Por._;
_Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Dufort, Thomas.= =Mc= Agent of Papineau to Upper Canada, 345; sets out
for Michigan, 345; secures assistance in Michigan, 427.
=Dugas, Du Gua, or Du Guast, Sieur de Monts.= _See_ Monts.
=Duggan, Jeremiah.= =Dr= Citizen of Quebec, assists Americans, 120.
=Du Lhut, Daniel Greysolon= (1640?-1710). Took part in the campaign in
Flanders, and present at the battle of Seneffe, 1664. Came to Canada
latter year. Left Montreal for the West, 1678, and the following year
took possession of the country of the Sioux for France; explored the
country about Lake Superior, and gained unusual influence over some of
the western tribes; commanded at Fort Frontenac, 1696, and later at
Detroit; the city of Duluth named after him. =Index=: =F= Explorer,
discoveries of, 162; imprisoned on return to Quebec, 163; appointed post
commander among north-western tribes, 164; diverts trade from English
posts on Hudson Bay to Montreal, 164; under orders from La Barre
confiscates goods in La Salle's fort of St. Louis, 179; instructed to
rendezvous at Niagara, 181, 186, 187;, fortifies post at outlet of Lake
Huron, 202. =Bib.=: Margry, _Decouvertes et Etablissements des
Francais_; _Sieur Du Lhut_ (Minn. Hist. _Coll._, vol. 1); McLennan,
_Death of Duluth_ (R. S. C., 1903); _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites,
vol. 62; Roy, _DuLhut_ (Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 4); Colby, _Canadian
Types of the Old Regime_.
=Du Marche.= =Ch= Priest at Miscou, 234.
=Dumas, N.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.
=Dumas, Major.= =WM= Commands night expedition to destroy British
batteries at Pointe Levis, 113-115; commands Canadians in battle of the
Plains, 192, 195.
=Dumay, Captain.= =Ch= Champlain consults with, 133.
=Dumont's House.= =WM= Occupied in turn by British and French, 256, 258.
=Dumoulin.= =Ch= Murdered by Montagnais Indians, 164.
=Duncan, Adam= (1731-1804). Entered the navy 1755; commanded the _Royal
Exchange_, 1759-1760; commander-in-chief in the North Sea, 1759-1801;
defeated the Dutch off Camperdown, 1797. Raised to the peerage as
Viscount Camperdown. =Index=: =Bk= Gains victory off Camperdown, 12.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Duncan, Alexander.= =D= Sails for North-West Coast with Colnett, 22;
confirms discovery of Portlock and Dixon that Queen Charlotte Islands
are not part of mainland, 22.
=Duncan, Richard.= =S= Member of Legislative Council, 79.
=Duncan, William.= =D= Sent out from England, 1856, by Church of England
Missionary Society, 270; establishes native industrial community at
Metla Kahtla, 270; dispute with ecclesiastical authorities, and removal
to Alaska, 270. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_;
Arctander, _Apostle of Alaska: the Story of William Duncan_.
=Duncombe, Charles.= Medical doctor. Resided at Burford Plains, near
Brantford. Elected to the Legislature, 1824, and re-elected, 1836. After
the failure of the Rebellion, escaped to the United States. In 1843
returned to Canada, but remained only for a short time. =Mc= Complains
to Glenelg of Head, 315; deals with York election, 316; his letter
referred to a committee, 321; report of the committee, 322; assembles
his forces at Brantford, 425; retreats to Scotland village, 425;
increased by one thousand, 425; men disperse, 426; amnestied, 474.
=Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.
=Dundas, George= (1819-1880). Lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward
Island, 1859-1869. Afterwards lieutenant-governor of St. Vincent, West
India Islands, where he died.
=Dundas, Henry.= _See_ Melville.
=Dundas Street.= Also known as the Governor's Road. Built by Governor
Simcoe; connected London with the village of Dundas. Place and road were
named after the then secretary for the colonies. =Index=: =S= Name given
by Simcoe to his military road from Burlington Bay to site of present
city of London, 201. =BL= Its extent, 8.
=Dunfermline, James Abercromby, first Baron= (1776-1858). Sat in British
Parliament, 1807, 1812-1830 and 1832; Speaker of House of Commons,
1835-1839. =Index=: =Sy= Governor-generalship of Canada tendered to, 58.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog_.
=Dunkin, Christopher= (1811-1881). Born in London, England. Educated at
the Universities of London and Glasgow. Emigrated to America; studied at
Harvard University, and for a time tutor of Greek in that institution.
Came to Canada about 1836, and engaged in newspaper work. Appointed
secretary to the Education Commission, 1838, and subsequently secretary
to the Post-office Commission. Assistant-secretary for Lower Canada,
1841-1847; called to the bar, 1846. Unsuccessfully contested the county
of Drummond for a seat in the Legislative Assembly, 1844, but elected to
represent Drummond and Arthabaska, 1857. Defeated, 1861, but elected for
the county of Brome, 1862. Retained his seat until Confederation, when
elected by the same county to the House of Commons. At first an opponent
of Confederation, but afterwards a strong supporter. Provincial
treasurer of Quebec, 1867; entered the Dominion Cabinet as minister of
agriculture, 1869. Appointed a judge of the Superior Court of Quebec,
1871; held office until his death. Name associated with the Canada
Temperance Act, better known as the "Dunkin Act." =Bib.=: Dent's _Can.
Por._ and _Last Forty Years_.
=Dunlop, William= (1795?-1848). Born in Scotland. Served as a regimental
surgeon in War of 1812 and in India. Came to Canada in 1826, with John
Galt (_q.v._); and took part in the establishment of the Canada Company
(_q.v._). In Scotland, had been the intimate of John Wilson
("Christopher North," of _Blackwood's_), Maginn, and Hogg, and had done
some literary work, which he continued in Canada. Founded the Toronto
Literary Club, 1836. Represented Huron in the Legislature, 1841-1846.
=Index=: =BL= Attacks proposed reconstruction of ministry, 1842, 132;
significance of his nickname of "Tiger," 132. _See also_ Canada Company;
Galt; Talbot. =Bib.=: _Statistical Sketches of Upper Canada_. For biog.,
_see_ Lizars, _Days of the Canada Company_ and _Humours of '37_; Dent,
_Last Forty Years_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_;
Morgan, _Bib. Can._
=Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of= (1732-1809). Royal governor of Virginia,
appointed 1771. Returned to England after the Revolutionary War, and in
1786 appointed governor of the Bermudas. =Index=: =Hd= His letter to
Haldimand, 92. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Dunn, John Henry.= Came to Canada in 1820, from England.
Receiver-general and member of Executive and Legislative Councils of
Upper Canada. Died in London, 1854. =Index=: =BL= Receiver-general,
appointed to Council by Head, 38-39; receiver-general, 1841, 76; a
moderate Reformer, 78; Baldwin's confidence in, 78; retains office under
La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 134; beaten in Toronto, 1844, 253. =Sy=
Made receiver-general of united province, 283, 332. =Mc= Appointed
executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty
Years_.
=Dunn, Oscar= (1844-1885). Journalist. =Index=: =C= His statements as to
Cartier's quarrel with Macdonald over terms of British North America
Act, 103. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Dunn, Robert.= =S= Presbyterian clergyman, performed marriage services
in contravention of the law, 164; second clergyman to settle in Niagara
district, 165; drowned in wreck of the _Speedy_, 165.
=Dunn, Thomas= (1731-1818). Engaged in mercantile life; came to Canada
shortly after the conquest. In 1764 appointed a member of the first
Legislative Council of Quebec. A member of the new Council formed under
Quebec Act, and one of the five selected by Carleton for the Special
Privy Council. On the passing of the Constitutional Act, appointed one
of the first executive and legislative councillors of the Lower
Province, and during five different periods acted as president of the
Legislative Council. On departure of Sir Robert Milnes, in 1805, assumed
the administration of the province and continued to act until the
arrival of Sir James Craig in October, 1807. Again in 1811, during the
interval between the departure of Sir James Craig and the arrival of Sir
George Prevost, entrusted with the administration. =Index=: =Dr=
Appointed judge, 183. =Bk= Becomes civil administrator with title of
president on departure of Sir R.S. Milnes, 69, 73; differences with
Brock, 77; confident of loyalty of French-Canadians, 86; calls out
one-fifth of militia, 94, 96; becomes administrator again on departure
of Craig, 157. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower
Canada_.
=Dunning, John.= _See_ Ashburton.
=Dunvegan.= A trading-post on the left bank of the Peace River, about
lat. 56 deg., and long. 118 deg. 40'. Built by A. R. McLeod for the North
West Company about the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was named
after the "cold, bleak, rock-built castle of the McLeods of Skye."
Daniel Williams Harmon stationed there, 1808-1810, and Simon Fraser
visited him there on his way east from exploring the river that bears
his name. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.
=Du Parc, Jean Godet, Sieur.= =Ch= Comes to Canada, 47; left in charge
of colony (1610), 60.
=Dupleix, General.= =WM= Abandonment of, by French government, 53.
=Duplessis-Bochart, Guillaume Guillemot.= Sent to Canada, 1632, by the
Company of New France. Led a trading expedition up the Ottawa River,
1636. Killed by the Iroquois at Three Rivers, 1651. =Index=: =Ch=
Presents pictures to church of Notre-Dame de la Recouvrance, 240; brings
out settlers, 252.
=Du Plessis Bonneau, Thomas, Sieur.= =Ch= Director of Company of New
France, 170.
=Duplessis de Ste. Helene, Mere Andre.= =L= Her piety, 92.
=Duplessis-Mornay.= _See_ Mornay.
=Duplessis, Pacifique.= Came to Canada with Champlain, 1615. Returned to
France, 1618. Came again, 1619, and died the same year. =Index=: =Ch=
Recollet missionary, 85; death of, 117. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in
the New World_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.
=Dupont, Nicolas.= =F= Member of Sovereign Council, 106. =L= Member of
Sovereign Council, 158, 166.
=Dupont.= =Ch= Name given by Champlain to the Nicolet River, 52.
=Dupont-Grave.= _See_ Pont-Grave.
=Duprat, Captain.= =WM= Brings word of impending attack on left of
French position, 138.
=Dupuis, Captain.= =L= Heads mission established at Gannentaha, 65, 67.
=Dupuy, Claude Thomas.= Intendant of New France, 1726-1728. Although a
man of some ability, was extremely pretentious and self-opinionated, and
became involved in constant quarrels with the governor and the bishop.
=Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903).
=Duquesne de Menneville, Michel Ange, Marquis de.= Appointed governor of
New France 1752, in succession to La Jonquiere. His policy was to
intercept communication between New England and the western Indians and
thus to restore the Indians to dependence on France. In the spring of
1753 sent a force of a thousand men under Morin to the Ohio district; a
fort was built at Presque Isle and another, Fort Le Boeuf, inland on
River Le Boeuf. Disease made ravages among the troops, and while 300
were left to garrison the forts, the remainder were compelled to return
to Montreal, and Duquesne's plans for a further advance were frustrated.
Nevertheless the Indians were brought into submission to the French.
Improved the organization of the government of the colony, and through
thorough discipline raised the efficiency of the colonial troops.
Succeeded in 1755 by the Marquis de Vaudreuil. =Bib.=: Parkman,
_Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _The Fight for Canada_; Fiske, _New
France and New England_.
=Durell, Philip.= Second-in-command, under Admiral Saunders, before
Quebec, 1759. =Index=: =WM= Instructed to cruise off St. Lawrence, 75;
makes some captures, 78; arrives at Ile-aux-Coudres, and establishes
camp, 88; his grandson captured, 90. =Bib.=: Wood, _Logs of the Conquest
of Canada_ and _The Fight for Canada_; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.
=Durham, John George Lambton, Earl of= (1792-1840). Entered British
Parliament, 1814, for county of Durham, and won recognition as an
advanced Reformer. Brought forward plan of parliamentary reform in 1821.
Raised to peerage, 1828. Member of Grey's ministry, 1830. Sent to St.
Petersburg on special mission, 1833. Ambassador to Russia, 1836. Sent to
Canada in 1838 to bring order out of the chaos of the Rebellion. His
famous Report followed. His policy in Canada excited much opposition
both in Great Britain and Canada. The House of Lords voted disapproval
of some of his acts, and he took the extraordinary step of returning to
England without either being recalled or obtaining the royal consent.
Nevertheless the wisdom of his recommendations has since been abundantly
justified. Died at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, soon after his return.
=Index=: =Mc= "A man ahead of his time," 6, 7; speech on the Reform
Bill, 14, 15; his report on the Constitutional Act, 55; on the position
of lieutenant-governor, 56; on the Legislative Council, 57; on the
Executive Council, 58, 63, 64; says Reformers are justified in demanding
responsible executive, 59, 67, 68, 69; points out powerlessness of
Assembly, 60; on the Family Compact, 62, 65; Clergy Reserves one of the
chief causes of Rebellion, 71, 72; on evils arising from Constitutional
Act, 75, 76; says representative government was guaranteed by
Constitutional Act, 76; his report justifies Reformers, 77; Stuart J.
Reid on the Report, 78, 79; analogy between Report and "Seventh Report
on Grievances," 79, 80; Union Act of 1840 based on Report, 80;
recommends responsible government, 81; authorship of Report, 82, 83; on
Head's interference in election, 309; on the causes of disaffection,
402; the remedy, 403. =Md= On representation by population, 71; on
federal union, 93-95. =T= His views on union, 61. =C= His inquiry and
report, 11-12; Poulett Thomson sent out to Canada to give effect to his
recommendations, 12; would merge French-Canadians in the Anglo-Saxon
race, 12; exposes frauds of Constitution of 1791, 13; in favour of
ministerial responsibility, 96. =H= His report before Nova Scotia
Legislature, 53; advocates Intercolonial Railway, 99. =P= On Papineau's
refusal to accept Lord Goderich's offer of control of the revenue, 77;
exiles leaders of Rebellion to Bermuda, 138; his action vetoed by
Imperial government, 139; vindicates his action in a parting
proclamation, 139; on the system of government in Lower Canada, 157;
denied access to Canadian documents in Paris archives, 165; his scheme
for union of the Canadas arouses opposition of French-Canadians, 170.
=R= Ryerson on, 115; Ryerson supports his recommendations, 117; his
Report, 120-122. =MS= Comes to Canada, 243; his Report, 243; appoints
Adam Thom to his staff, 245. =Sy= His lack of discretion, 57, 89; his
Report, 85, 89-97, 345; his Report welcomed by British party in Lower
Canada, 95; and Reformers of Upper Canada, 96; criticized in report of
the Upper Canada Assembly, 97-100; also in report of committee of
Legislative Council, 100-103; quoted against his own Report, 162. =B= On
causes of Rebellion in Lower Canada, 11, 53; his remedy for political
discontent, 12, 13; estimates numerical strength of Church of England in
Upper Canada, 52-53; his Report quoted, on land grants, 53-54; on
representation, 82-83; and Confederation, 129; his plan of legislative
union, 263. =BL= On political situation in Upper Canada, 17; and Lower
Canada, 17; in period of reconstruction, 50; sent to Canada, 53;
previous career, 53; his arbitrary methods in Canada, 54; attacked in
House of Lords, and his ordinance granting amnesty disallowed, 55; his
proclamation, 55; his recall, 55; his Report, 55-58; Imperial government
acts upon his advice, 59; his recommendations, 66; recommends
responsible government, 137, 273; John Stuart Mill on, 149; on the
duties of the governor, 161, 163; his Report quoted by Baldwin, 222; and
Elgin, 274; eulogized by Draper, 277. =E= His characteristics as a
statesman, 2; his daughter marries Lord Elgin, 14; sound principles laid
down in his Report indicated by Lord Elgin, 15; compared with Elgin, 15;
sums up nature of conflict in Lower Canada, 18; advocates ultimate
domination of English element, 23, 55; his views on representative
government, 25-26; on land grants to United Empire Loyalists, 144-145;
on Clergy Reserves, 148, 154-155; on American misconstruction of
conditions in Canada, 190-191; on economic conditions in Canada in
1838-1839, 191; suggests remedies, 192-193, 194, 195. =Bib.=: _Report on
the Affairs of British North America_; Haliburton, _Reply to the Report
of the Earl of Durham_; Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_; Egerton
and Grant, _Canadian Constitutional Development_; Garnett, _The
Authorship of Lord Durham's Report_; Christie, _History of Lower Canada;
Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dict. Eng. Hist._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can.
Por._; Reid, _Life and Letters of Lord Durham_.
=Dutch Colonists.= =Ch= Their relations with the Iroquois, 52. =Dr=
Admixture of, among United Empire Loyalists, 240. =Bk= Emigration of,
from Pennsylvania to Upper Canada, 49.
=Duval, Jean.= =F= Executed for conspiracy against Champlain, 8. =Ch=
Locksmith, accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; leads conspiracy to
assassinate him, 42; executed, 43. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of
France_.
=Duval, Jean Francois Joseph= (1801-1881). Born in Quebec. Studied law
and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1823. Represented Quebec in the
Assembly, 1830-1834. Appointed to the bench, 1839; judge of the Superior
Court, 1852; judge of the Queen's Bench, 1855; chief justice of the
Queen's Bench, 1864; retired, 1874. Died in Quebec. =Index=: =E= Member
of Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Du Verger, Father.= =Ch= Promotes Recollet mission to Canada, 83.
=Du Vernet.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144.
=Du Vignau, Nicolas.= =Ch= His alleged discoveries, 74-77, interpreter,
144. =Bib.=: Champlain, _Voyages_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.
=Earthquake of 1663.= Known in Canadian history as the "Great
Earthquake." The most extravagant accounts have come down as to the
circumstances attending this earthquake, but it was undoubtedly the most
serious disturbance of the earth's crust, in Canadian territory, of
which we have any record. It affected chiefly the valley of the St.
Lawrence from Montreal to the gulf, a region more susceptible to seismic
disturbance than any other in Eastern Canada. Kingsford cites
contemporary reports of similar phenomena in 1638 and 1766. =Index=: =F=
Described by Avaugour, 46-47. =L= Lalemant's account of, 42-45; Marie de
l'Incarnation on, 45; conversions resulting from, 45-46. =Bib.=:
Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_; Lalemant, _Relation,
1663_; Ragueneau, _Vie de Catherine de St. Augustin_; Marie de
l'Incarnation, _Lettres_; Parkman, _Old Regime_; Kingsford, _History of
Canada_.
=Eastern Townships.= =Hd= Proposition to settle with disbanded
Loyalists, 264. =Dr= Settled by British Americans, 289; mixed population
of, 288. =Bib.=: Day, _Pioneers of the Eastern Townships_; Day, _History
of the Eastern Townships;_ Thomas, _History of the Eastern Townships_.
=Easton, James.= =Dr= American officer, demands surrender of Carleton at
Sorel, 113. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Eau, Chevalier d'.= =F= Goes on embassy to Iroquois, 262.
=Echemin Indians.= A tribe closely resembling the Micmacs of Nova
Scotia, and inhabiting in the seventeenth century what is now eastern
Maine and New Brunswick. They lived by hunting and fishing. =Index=:
=WM= Enemies of the English, 16.
=Edgar, Sir James David= (1841-1899). Studied law, and called to the bar
of Upper Canada, 1864. Elected to House of Commons, 1872. Sent on
political mission to British Columbia, in connection with Canadian
Pacific Railway. Returned to Parliament, 1884; elected Speaker of the
House of Commons, 1896. =Index=: =Md= Sent to British Columbia by
Mackenzie government, 234. =D= Sent to Victoria, 1874, as special agent
of Dominion government, in connection with Canadian Pacific Railway,
320. =Bib.=: Works: _This Canada of Ours and Other Poems_; _The White
Stone Canoe_; _Canada and its Capital_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can.
Men_.
=Edmonton.= Capital of province of Alberta. Situated on the North
Saskatchewan. Occupies site of Edmonton House, of the Hudson's Bay
Company, and, at a still earlier date, Fort Augustus, of the North West
Company. Later was built by Hughes, and known at one time as Fort des
Prairies. =Bib.=: Cameron, _The City on the Saskatchewan_.
=Edmonton House.= =MS= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6.
=Education.= =Md= University endowment in Upper Canada, 28-30;
Macdonald's connection with separate school question, 82, 84; compulsory
education established, 116. =W= State of, in New Brunswick, 83; Wilmot's
interest in, 83; grammar schools, 85-86; college of New Brunswick, 86;
Madras System, 86-87; lack of public interest in schools, 88-90;
Wilmot's views on education, 90-91. =T= Improvement in school system,
20; King's College, 20-22. =WM= Limited to a few, but excellent, 23. =R=
In Upper Canada, 51-59; petitions, 54-55; Common School Bill, 1816,--its
provisions, 56-57; Board of Education, 58; provisions of amending Act,
1824, 58; the university question, 133-162; the common school system,
163-213; separate school question, 215-245; grammar or high schools,
247-268. =E= Gradual improvements in common school system after 1841,
87-89; Mrs. Jamieson on the Upper Canadian schoolmaster, 87; Lord
Elgin's interest in educational problems, 88. =BL= System of common
schools provided for in government programme, 1841, 89; Act passed, 105;
previous legislation for higher education, 105-106; for elementary
schools, 106-107; terms of new Act of 1841, 107-108; school laws of
1843,189-190; Baldwin's University Act, 190; history of the university
movement in Upper Canada, 191-197; under second La Fontaine-Baldwin
ministry, 281, 286, 292, 338-339. =Sy= Demand that Clergy Reserves
should be applied to purposes of, 240-242. =S= Simcoe's efforts in cause
of, 166. =C= In the clerical colleges of Quebec, 3-5; Lord Elgin on, 5;
Cartier's work for, in Lower Canada, 114; in Quebec, 37-38. =Dr=
Committee on, appointed, 226; conflicting views on, 227-229. =H= In Nova
Scotia,--Joseph Howe advocates compulsory education, 79; and an
undenominational provincial university, 82; again introduces his measure
for public schools, 115. =B= George Brown's views on, 47, 59, 61, 62-64,
75, 121-123, 145; separate school question, 121-123, 144-145. =Hd= In
the early days of British rule, 233-236. _See_ Ryerson, Egerton;
Strachan, John; Simcoe, John Graves; Grammar Schools; Universities;
Public Schools; Libraries; Manitoba School Question; Separate Schools.
=Bib.=: _Canada: An Ency._, vols. 2, 3, and 4; Chauveau, _L'Instruction
Publique_; Dawson, _Fifty Years' Work in Canada_; Hodgins, _Documentary
History of Education in Upper Canada_; Ryerson, _Story of my Life_;
Meilleur, _L'Education du Bas-Canada_; Millar, _Educational System of
Ontario_; Ross, _Universities of Canada_; _Education in the Canadas_
(Archives Report, 1899).
=Edward VII= (1841-1910). Succeeded to throne, 1901. =Index=: =E= His
visit to Canada in 1860, 7. =Md= Visits Canada in 1860, and opens
Victoria bridge, 87. =Bib.=: _Dict. Eng. Hist._; Morgan, _Tour of Prince
of Wales through Canada_; Gough, _The King's Visit to Canada_.
=Edward and Annie.= =MS= The vessel which brought the Red River settlers
from Stornoway to Hudson Bay, 150-151.
=Effiat, Duc d'.= =Ch= Second in list of Hundred Associates (Company of
New France), 170.
=Eldon, John Scott, first Earl= (1751-1838). British statesman. =Index=:
=Sy= Resigns from Cabinet, 16. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Election Frauds.= =B= In Russell County and Quebec City in 1857,
99-100, 106.
=Election Laws.= =BL= Bill introduced, 99; rejected by Council, 100; La
Fontaine-Baldwin government brings in a broader measure, 144; its terms,
144-145; opposition of Conservative press, 145-146; electoral reform
measures, 286.
=Elgin, James Bruce, eighth Earl of= (1811-1863). =E= His qualities as a
statesman, 3-4; his success in Canada, 4; his lineage, 5-6; his personal
character, 6-8; education, 6; his contemporaries at college, 7; enters
Parliament, 8; accepts governorship of Jamaica, 9; death of his first
wife, 9; his successful administration in Jamaica, 10-12; returns to
England, 1846, 13; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, 13; his
second marriage, 14; influence of Durham, 15; contrasted with Durham,
15; his arrival in Montreal, 1847, 16, 26, 40, 41; views on the
political situation, 41-43; obtains from Imperial government
reimbursement of plague expenses, 48; his tour through Upper Canada, 49;
on agricultural associations, 50; dissolves Parliament, 50; calls upon
La Fontaine and Baldwin to form administration, 52; comments on
character of new government, 52-53; his letters to Lord Grey, 54-56;
views on the French question, 55-56; his antipathy to Papineau, 56; on
economic conditions, 57-58; on annexation sentiment, 58; on
inter-imperial trade, 58-59; his course in connection with Rebellion
Losses Bill, 71-78; attacked by mob, 74; Imperial government approves
his action in signing bill, 78; second visit to Upper Canada, 79; raised
to peerage, 80; condemns Annexation Manifesto, 81; on causes of
commercial depression, 82; urges reciprocity with United States, 82,
101, 107; vindication of his policy on Rebellion Losses Bill, 83-84;
views on education, 88-89; his admiration for Baldwin, 104; on
parliamentary representation, 118-119; on an elective Upper House,
120-121; visits England in 1853, 123; tribute from United States
minister in London, 123-124; visits Washington and negotiates
Reciprocity Treaty, 124; resents John Sandfield Macdonald's rebuke, 129;
on the appeal to the country in 1854, 132, 133; opens fifth Parliament,
135; advises repeal of Imperial Act of 1840, 164-165, 167; on the
attitude of the Church of England in Canada, 169; his efforts to kill
annexation sentiment, 189-190, 194, 195; his efforts to secure
reciprocity, 196; visits United States and negotiates treaty, 197; signs
treaty June 8, 1854, 198, 201; succeeded as governor-general by Sir
Edmund Head, Dec. 19, 1854, 203; parting address from Legislature, 203;
his reply, 204-205; his last speech in Quebec, 205-208; returns to
England, 209; views on colonial self-defence, 209-212; accepts mission
to China, 212; his part in suppressing Indian Mutiny, 213; negotiates
treaty of Tientsin, 214; official visit to Japan, 214; negotiates treaty
of Yeddo, 214; returns to England, 215; British apathy as to colonies,
215; becomes postmaster-general in Palmerston government, 215; Lord
Rector of Glasgow University, 215; his second mission to China, 215;
governor-general of India, 216; his tour in Northern India, 218; holds
Durbar at Agra, 218; suppresses Nahabu outbreak, 218; illness and death,
Nov. 20, 1863, 218-219; his views on Imperial honours, 222; his
principles of self-government, 227; on British connection, 229, 231; on
the status of a constitutional governor, 231-232; beneficial results of
his policy, 233, 235; on colonial self-government, 239-240; on the
American political system, 257-258. =B= On causes of depression in
Canada, 32; his far-sighted statesmanship,--views on imperial unity, 33;
introduces self-government in Canada, 33; and the Rebellion Losses Bill,
34-38. =Md= Succeeds Cathcart as governor-general, 26; upholds
responsible government, 32-33; gives assent to Rebellion Losses Bill,
36-38; mobbed in Montreal, 38; sober second judgment of the people
justifies his action in approving the bill, 41; his action approved by
British government, 42; effects Reciprocity Treaty with United States,
45, 98, 216. =T= Brings about Reciprocity Treaty, 29. =BL= Mentioned,
75; attitude to responsible government, 138; chosen by Liberal
government as governor-general, 272; his character, 272; his grasp of
the colonial situation, and attitude towards responsible government,
273; first to apply successfully the principle, 273; liberally
interprets his instructions, 274; marries Durham's daughter, 274; a
thorough believer in Durham's doctrines, 274; his statesmanlike grasp of
the true attitude of the governor, 274-275; enters Montreal, January,
1847, 275; Hincks on, 275-276; Draper on, 277; dissolves Parliament,
Dec. 6, 1847, 278; his solution of the Canadian question, 282-283; calls
Parliament at Montreal, Feb. 25, 1848, 283; sends for La Fontaine to
form ministry, 284; his high opinion of second La Fontaine-Baldwin
ministry, 285; interview with Baldwin and La Fontaine, 285-286; brings
session to a close, 286; on commercial depression in Canada, 301;
consents to Rebellion Losses Bill, 321; mobbed in Montreal, 305, 322,
324; his attitude towards the bill, 332-334; loyal reception to in
Toronto, 338. =R= Concedes full measure of responsible government, 126.
=C= On education in Quebec, 5; urges Cartier to enter Cabinet, 22; and
the Rebellion Losses Bill, 32; his letter to Lord Grey on the state of
the country in 1849, 44; most enlightened and most popular governor
before Confederation, 98; aids cause of responsible government, 98. =H=
Attends public dinner to Joseph Howe at Toronto 1851, 138; represents
British North America at Boston railway celebration, 1851, 250. =Mc=
Assents to Amnesty Act, 480. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can.
Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Walrond, _Letters of
Lord Elgin_; Wrong, _The Earl of Elgin_; Le Moine, _Le Comte d'Elgin_
(R. S. C., 1894).
=Eliott, G. A.= _See_ Heathfield.
=Elisa, Francisco.= Commanded Spanish expedition to Nootka, 1790.
Carried on extensive explorations in 1791, returning to Monterey the
following year. =Index=: =D= His attempt to explore Juan de Fuca Strait
in 1790, 26; sends Fidalgo to examine northern coast same year, 26.
=Bib.=: Bancroft, _North-West Coast_.
=Ellice, Edward= (1781-1863). =P= Seignior of Beauharnois, suggests to
colonial secretary union of Upper and Lower Canada, 47; his design
revealed, 49; meets Papineau, 53. =MS= Opposes sale of Red River land to
Selkirk by Hudson's Bay Company, 210-212; quoted on Dr. John McLoughlin,
220; before Hudson's Bay Company Committee, 272. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=Elliott, Colonel.= =Bk= Indian superintendent at Amherstburg, 151; in
charge of Indians in western district, 230.
=Elliott.= =Dr= Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207.
=Elmsley, John= (1762-1805). Born in England. Succeeded William Osgoode
as chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1796, and again as chief-justice of
Lower Canada, 1802. At the same time became a member of the Executive
Council. In February, 1803, appointed president of the Legislative
Council--a position he held until his death. =Index=: =S= Becomes
chief-justice, 178. =Bk= His death, 69. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._;
Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Embargo.= =Bk= On United States ships, 83, 108; benefits Canadian
trade, 109, 115; disastrous effects of, both in United States and in
England, 110, 111; withdrawn, 114.
=Emigration.= =Sy= Sydenham's views on, 321; grant by British government
in aid of, 322.
=Emulous.= =Bk= British ship, prizes taken by, 224.
=End, William.= =W= Votes against address of New Brunswick Assembly, 46;
referred to by Wilmot, 95; moves amendment in regard to money grants,
97; interrupts Wilmot's speech, 108, 109.
=Endemare, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, goes to Fort Ste. Anne in Cape Breton,
237.
=England.= =Bk= At war with republican France, 8; its invasion
threatened, 10; mutiny in the fleet and insubordination in the army, 11;
isolation of, 23; makes peace of Amiens, 30; declares war with France,
44; threatened by Napoleon, 71; the Berlin Decrees directed against, 81;
without an ally in Europe, 82; orders-in-council in reply to Berlin
Decrees, 93, 106, 111, 120; intense anxiety in, as to war in Peninsula
(1811), 140; prostration of trade, 167; neglect of military protection
of Canada (1812), 184; its main force necessarily concentrated on
struggle in Europe, 269.
=English Colonies.= =F= Goods cheap in, 154; pay better price for furs,
154, 175, 201; political confusion prevailing in, after downfall of
James II, 263. =WM= Colonists sell goods to Indians on more advantageous
terms than the French, 21.
=English Colonization.= =WM= Egoism the principle of, 17; Parkman on,
20; demoralizing effect of, 20. =Bib.=: Fiske, _New France and New
England_.
=English Law.= =Hd= Introduction of, by the royal proclamation, 59. =Dr=
Sometimes inconsistently invoked by those who in general objected
thereto, 40.
=English Settlers in Canada.= =Dr= Position taken by, 9; find French
laws irksome, 12; Murray's description of, 14, 24, 26; send delegate to
England, 16; petition for Murray's recall, 17; described by Carleton,
47; object to Carleton's ordinance of 1770, with respect to
administration of justice, 55.
=Enos, General Roger= (1729-1808). =Hd= In command of Vermont troops,
211; proposes to settle two Canadian townships, 266. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.
Biog._
=Epidemics.= =L= Ravages of, 239. _See_ Smallpox.
=Equal Rights Association.= Formed in Toronto, in 1889, to secure the
disallowance of the Jesuits' Estates Act, and generally to oppose what
was described as the "political encroachments of ultramontanism." Among
the principal founders were D'Alton McCarthy, William E. O'Brien, and
Clarke Wallace. =Index=: =Md= Grew out of agitation over Jesuits'
Estates question, 289.
=Erie Indians.= A large tribe, of Iroquois stock, inhabiting in the
seventeenth century the country between Lake Erie and the Ohio. After a
long war, the Eries were practically wiped out by the Iroquois, in 1656,
the few survivors being adopted into the Iroquois confederacy. =Bib.=:
Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_.
=Erie, Lake.= Area 10,000 square miles. Discovered by Brebeuf and
Chaumonot, 1640. It is possible that the lake may have been first seen
by white men at a still earlier date, when the Franciscan friar, La
Roche Dallion, visited the Neutral nation, 1626, but there is no direct
evidence. The lake is mentioned under its present name in Lalemant's
_Relation_ of 1641, as well as in that of Ragueneau, 1648. La Salle's
_Griffon_ was the first ship to sail its waters, 1679. First clearly
shown on Sanson map of 1650. =Bib.=: Chaumonot, _Vie_; Harris, _Early
Missions_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_.
=Ermatinger, Francis.= =D= His expedition to Sacramento in 1841, 132.
=Bib.=: Simpson, _Journey round the World_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay
Company_.
=Erskine, David Montagu, second Baron= (1776-1855). =Bk= British
minister at Washington, premature announcement of, with respect to
orders-in-council, 120. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Eskimos.= American aborigines, formerly occupying practically the
entire coast of North America from Newfoundland around to the Aleutian
Islands; now confined to the northern coast of the continent, and the
Arctic Islands. They call themselves Inuit, meaning "people," the name
"Eskimo" having been given them by some of their Indian neighbours.
=Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Reclus, _Primitive Folk_.
_See also_ United States Bureau of Ethnology _Reports_.
=Esquimalt.= Naval station, four miles from Victoria, Vancouver Island.
=Index=: =D= Suggested as site for city, 175; Douglas's spelling of
name, 175; H. M. S. _Constance_ arrives there, 184.
=Essex.= =Bk= United States frigate, captures British transport, 225.
=Estaing, Charles Hector Theodat, Count d'= (1729-1794). =Hd= His
proclamation to French-Canadians, 123. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Esten, James C. Palmer= (1806-1864). Born in Bermuda. Educated at the
Charter House, London; called to the English bar. Came to Canada, 1836,
and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1838. Served as a volunteer
during Rebellion of 1837. Practised his profession at Toronto. Appointed
vice-chancellor, 1849. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Etoline, Adolphus Karlovich.= Director of the Russian-American
colonies, 1841-1845. =Index=: =D= Succeeds Kuprianoff as governor of
Russian America, 1840, 45; splendour of his establishment, 45; visited
by James Douglas, 45.
=European and North American Railway.= =W= Wilmot's attitude towards,
127. =T= Peto, Brassy, and Betts propose to construct, 26; subsidies
offered by province, 26; progress of, 44.
=Eustache, Sir J. R.= Born 1795. Educated at St. Peter's College,
Cambridge. Entered the army; served in Upper Canada in command of the
19th Light Dragoons; present at the battle of Lundy's Lane and at the
storming of Fort Erie; knighted for distinguished services. Took part in
the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Lower Canada;
high-sheriff of Kildare, 1848; lieutenant-general, 1859. =Bib.=: Morgan,
_Cel. Can._
=Eustis, William= (1753-1825). =Bk= United States secretary of war, his
confident prediction of conquest of Canada, 215. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.
Biog._
=Evans, Lieutenant.= =Dr= Case against, in connection with Walker
affair, dismissed by grand jury, 38.
=Evans, James= (1801-1846). Born in Kingston-upon-Hull, England.
Emigrated to Canada; opened a school near L'Original, and about 1828
moved to Rice Lake, where he entered the Methodist ministry, and began
his life-long Work among the Indians. In 1840 given charge of missionary
work in the North-West, with headquarters at Norway House. Had already
devoted much time to the study of the native languages, and while at
Norway House invented the Cree syllabic characters, a simple, phonetic
system, by means of which the Indian was taught to read with surprising
facility. At first cast his own type, built his own press, and printed
on birchbark. Later obtained more effective materials, and set up
catechisms, hymn-books, and portions of the Bible in syllabic. =Bib.=:
Young, _The Apostle of the North_; McLean, _James Evans, Inventor of the
Syllabic System_; Carroll, _James Evans_ in the _Methodist Magazine_,
October, 1882; Pilling, _Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages_.
=Ewan, John Alexander= (1854-1910). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Educated
in Scotland and in Canada. Assistant editor of the Toronto _Globe_ for
many years; war correspondent for that paper during Boer War, 1899-1902.
=Index=: =B= Witnesses shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256;
seizes Bennett, 256.
=Examiner.= Newspaper published at New York. =Index=: =Mc= Published by
William Lyon Mackenzie, 470.
=Examiner.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =Sy= Advocates
responsible government, 107; supports union of provinces as leading
thereto, 212; on Clergy Reserves question, 247. =E= Chief organ of the
Clear Grits,--owned by James Lesslie, 110. =BL= Established by Hincks,
July 3, 1838, 58; in the interests of responsible government, 58;
excites interest in Oxford County, 69; Hincks explains his political
position in, 104; on Hincks, 179-180; Macdougall contributes to, 341.
=Mc= Of Toronto, newspaper, published by Sir Francis Hincks, 483; on the
riots, 483; its estimate of Mackenzie, 484, 485.
=Executive Council.= =Mc= In Upper Canada; created under Constitutional
Act, 53; irritating relations with Assembly, 55, 58; Durham on, 61; real
advisers of the governor, 63; responsibility of, demanded by Upper
Canada Reformers, 64, 69; Durham's view of effect of irresponsibility
of, 65, 66; Sir John Colborne's view of, 279; Lord Glenelg's view of,
286. =Dr= In Lower Canada, how composed, 269. =Sy= Its powers and
influence, 74-76, 78; practically controlled the governor, 175;
necessity for change in, 177; its defects described by Sydenham, 220,
221; changes made in, 334, 335; salaries of, 334. =W= In New Brunswick,
its irresponsibility, 5, 6.
=Executive Office.= =Sy= Tenure of, in Canada, 175; Lord John Russell's
despatch on, 180-182; press comments on new regulations respecting, 183,
184.
=Exhibitions.= The first industrial exhibition held in Canada, and
probably the first in the world, was that of 1737, promoted by the
Intendant Hocquart. It included fruits and grains, woods and furs, and
the products of the mines and the fisheries. The exhibition was
afterwards sent to France. A provincial exhibition was held in Toronto
in 1846; Ottawa had an exhibition in 1878; Montreal in 1880; Halifax in
1881; and St. John in 1883. Since then many other cities and towns have
used this means of illustrating the industrial resources of the locality
and the country. =Bib.=: Johnson, _First Things in Canada_.
=Expulsion of Acadians.= _See_ Acadians, Expulsion of the.
=Extradition with United States.= =Sy= Sydenham takes part in
negotiations for, 336.
=Eyre, Eustache R.= =S= Fort major, 47.
=Faillon, Abbe Michel Etienne= (1799-1870). Historian. =Index=: =F=
Quoted, 4, 9; his description of conduct of Perrot, governor of
Montreal, 96, 97. =Ch= Error in history of, 207. =Bib.=: Works: _Vie de
Mme. d'Youville_; _Vie de Mlle. Mance_; _Vie de Mlle. Le Ber_; _Histoire
de la Colonie Francaise en Canada_. For biog., _see_ Desmazures, _L'Abbe
Faillon: Sa Vie et ses [OE]uvres_.
=Fairchild, Mrs.= =Hd= Haldimand's housekeeper, 314, 328, 329.
=Fairfield, John= (1797-1847). Sat in Congress, 1835-1839; governor of
Maine, 1839-1840, and 1842. Member of the United States Senate,
1843-1847. =Index=: =W= His connection with the Aroostook War, 135.
=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Falconbridge, Sir Glenholme= (1846- ). Born at Drummondville, Ontario.
Educated at the University of Toronto, graduating 1866. Called to the
bar, 1871. Appointed judge of the Queen's Bench, Ontario, 1887;
chief-justice, 1900. Knighted, 1909. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_;
_Canadian Who's Who_.
=Falkland, Lucius Bentinck, Viscount.= Governor of Nova Scotia,
1840-1846. =Index=: =H= Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 69; his
character and policy, 69; invites Howe to join the Council, 69; his
administration, 71; calls upon Howe, Uniacke and MacNab to give reasons
for their resignation from Executive Council, 87; Howe upsets his
theories of government, 89-92; lampooned by Howe, 92-93; conflict for
supremacy, 94, 97; Howe makes insulting reference to, in Legislature,
100-101; returns to England, 1846, 102. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of
Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.
=Family Compact.= A group of Tory leaders in Upper Canada, so nicknamed
by their political opponents because they held power as a distinct
group, allied by bonds of political, social, and religious sympathy.
Term also used in other provinces, in connection with somewhat similar
conditions. =Index=: =Mc= Their loyalty tested, 10; Durham's view of,
62, 65, 66; great influence of, 66; lasting and extensive monopoly of
power, 66; decides on Gourlay's destruction, 89; destroys _Colonial
Advocate_, 115; incensed at Lord Goderich's concessions, 230; secures
Head's sympathy, 302. =Md= Its character and aims fiercely debated, 13;
opposition to, of Macdonald, Draper, and Morris, 27. =Sy= Its beginning,
77; its foundations laid by Governor Simcoe, 78; attempt to identify
Reform party with Mackenzie's rebellious proceedings, 85; condemned by
Durham in his Report, 96; criticisms of Report, 97-104; Sir George
Arthur allies himself with, 110; opposed to union of provinces, 130;
Sydenham's opinion of, as given by _Colonial Gazette_, 138; its
controlling influence, 177; not a political party, 179; not specially
connected by family relationship, 180. =B= Rebellion in Upper Canada
attributed by Durham to ascendancy of, 11. =E= Fight against, 21;
attacked by Hume Blake, 69; Mackenzie ill-used by, 91; selfishness of
its members, 92; Bishop Strachan and, 150. =BL= Its character, 11-12;
denounced by W. L. Mackenzie, 13; opposed to union of the Canadas, 61;
its restoration hoped for, 113. =MS= Responsible for Rebellion of 1837,
242. _See also_ Strachan, John; Mackenzie, W. L.; MacNab, Sir Allan
Napier; Robinson, Sir John Beverley. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of
Canada_; Durham, _Report_; Mackenzie, _Sketches of Canada_; Bradshaw,
_Self-Government in Canada_; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Robinson,
_Life of Sir John Beverley Robinson_.
=Famine Creek.= =L= La Barre's expedition halts at, 193.
=Fancamp, Baron de.= =L= Presents shrine to Bonsecours chapel, 177.
=Fanning, Edmund= (1737-1818). Held various offices in the American
colonies before the Revolution. Removed to Nova Scotia, and in 1786
governor of Prince Edward Island. Rose to the rank of general in the
army, 1808. =Index=: =Dr= Commands King's American Regiment, 202;
succeeds Patterson as governor of Prince Edward Island, 235. =Bib.=:
_Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Farnborough, Sir Thomas Erskine May, first Baron= (1815-1886). Born in
London. Assistant librarian of the House of Commons, 1831; examiner of
petitions for Parliament, 1847-1856; clerk of the House of Commons,
1871-1886; and president of the Statute Law Revision Committee,
1866-1884. Appointed privy councillor, 1885, and created Baron
Farnborough, 1886. =Index=: =Mc= On difficulties of granting responsible
government, 21; responsible government granted in Upper Canada in 1847,
25; principle of, adopted in other colonies about the same time, 25; on
effect of responsible government, 490. =Bib.=: _Constitutional History
of England since the Accession of George III._
=Farrer, Edward= (1850- ). Canadian journalist. =Index=: =Md= Chief
editorial writer of the _Globe_, 312; his pamphlet on annexation--its
terms, 312-313; assumes sole responsibility for, 314. =Bib.=: _Canadian
Who's Who_.
=Fay, Jonas= (1737-1818). =Hd= Vermont emissary, 209. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.
Biog._
=Fenelon, Francois de Salignac.= =L= Sulpician, sent on mission to Lake
Ontario, 105; his reserve as to his own labours and sacrifices, 109;
school for young Indians established by, 125; attacks Frontenac from the
pulpit, 160; refuses to furnish copy of his sermon and is cited before
the Council, 162; his conduct not approved by his ecclesiastical
superiors, 162; nor by the king, 164. =F= Intermediary between Frontenac
and Perrot, 92; indignant at Perrot's arrest, 93; preaches sermon
against Frontenac, 93; circulates memorial in Perrot's favour, 96;
summoned to Quebec, 98; his conduct before the Council, 101; sent to
France, censured, and not allowed to return to Canada, 102, 103. _See
also_ Frontenac; Perrot. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_; Garneau, _History
of Canada_.
=Fenety, George E.= =W= On Wilmot, 131.
=Fenian Raids.= The Fenian Brotherhood is said to have been formed about
1858 in Ireland and the United States, the object being to liberate
Ireland from its connection with England, and establish a republic. A
history of the movement in Ireland will be found in McCarthy's _History
of our Own Times_, and in O'Leary's _Recollections of Fenianism_. Early
in 1866 the American branch of the Brotherhood planned an invasion of
Canada. The Canadian militia was called out, but the invasion was
postponed. In April, the New Brunswick border was threatened, and troops
marched to the defence of St. Andrews and St. Stephen. The Fenians
thought better of it. Late in May another party, under one O'Neil,
crossed from Buffalo to Fort Erie and advanced to Ridgeway, where they
were driven back. In 1870 the same O'Neil led his followers into Quebec,
but was again repulsed. In 1871 he made a similar attempt in the West,
but a detachment of United States troops from Fort Pembina followed,
arrested him, and dispersed his followers. An aftermath of the earlier
Fenian Raids was the murder of Thomas D'Arcy McGee (_q.v._) in Ottawa,
1868. =Index=: =Md= Claims for damages, 166-167; claims withdrawn,
175-177; irritation in Canada, 176; Imperial government assumes
responsibility for their settlement, 177; gives Imperial guarantee of
loan for public works and defence in Canada, 178, 196. =T= Influence on
Confederation, 98; history of, 99, 105-107; referred to in address in
Assembly, 102. =BL= Feared by Metcalfe in 1843, 186. =B= Threatened in
1866--influences New Brunswick electorate towards Confederation, 188.
=C= As an argument for retaining British troops in Canada, 92; Cartier's
speech on, in House, 1872, 110. =Bib.=: Somerville, _Narrative of the
Fenian Invasion of Canada_; Campbell, _The Fenian Invasions of Canada of
1866 and 1870_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; _Correspondence relating to
the Fenian Invasion_, Ottawa, 1869; _Trials of the Fenian Prisoners at
Toronto Who Were Captured at Fort Erie, C. W., in June, 1866_, ed. by
George R. Gregg, and E. P. Roden; McMicken, _Fenian Raid on Manitoba_
(Manitoba Hist. and Sc. Society, 1888); Hannay, _History of New
Brunswick_; Macdonald, _Troublous Times in Canada_; Denison, _Soldiering
in Canada_ and _The Fenian Raid on Fort Erie_.
=Fer, Jules de.= =Dr= His report on loyalty of French-Canadians, 301.
=Feret.= =Ch= Of Dieppe, discovers manuscript of Champlain's _Brief
Discours_, 7.
=Ferguson, Adam.= =R= Opposes Sir Charles Metcalfe, 126.
=Ferland, John Antony Baptist= (1805-1865). Member of faculty of Laval
University, 1855-1865. =Index=: =L= Quoted as to difficulty of educating
young Indians, 63; passage quoted from on Mere de l'Incarnation, 93-95;
on enterprise of Talon, 114; on creation of bishopric of Quebec, 133; on
advantage of connection of seminary with Foreign Missions, 140; on La
Salle, 149; on educational labours of the nuns, 155; praises stand taken
by Laval in regard to liquor traffic, 173; on return of Laval in 1688,
220. =Bib.=: Works: _Cours d' Histoire du Canada_; _Opuscules_; _La
Gaspesie_; _Joseph-Octave Plessis_; _Voyage au Labrador_. For biog.,
_see_ _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Bibaud, _Pan. Can._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Ferrier, James.= =B= His account of the negotiations between Brown and
the government prior to Confederation, 152.
=Fidalgo, Salvador.= Accompanied Elisa to North-West Coast, 1790;
founded a Spanish settlement in Fuca Strait, 1792, and removed the post
the same year to Nootka. Still there in 1793 when Vancouver visited the
place. =Index=: =D= Sent by Elisa to examine northern coast, 1790, 26.
=Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.
=Fidler, Peter= (1769-1822). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company,
about 1791. Carried on extensive explorations and surveys in the
North-West. Left a series of manuscript journals, covering the records
of his explorations for over a quarter of a century. These are said to
be in the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company in London. Also left an
eccentric will, of which Bryce gives a synopsis. =Bib.=: Bryce,
_Hudson's Bay Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.
=Fiedmont, Jacquot de.= =WM= Engineer, fortifies bridges over River St.
Charles, 85-86; opposes capitulation, 225; directs artillery fire
against British camp, 230.
=Finances of Canada.= =Sy= Sydenham's efforts to rehabilitate, 315-320.
=Finlay, Hugh.= =Dr= Deputy postmaster-general, 243; expresses views of
the English-speaking people of Quebec in letter to home government, 248.
=Hd= On political situation, 174.
=Finlay, James.= =MS= Leaves Montreal for western fur country, 3.
=Bib.=: Mackenzie, _History of the Fur-Trade_ in his _Voyages_;
_Hendry's Journal_ (R. S. C., 1907); _Cocking's Journal_ (R. S. C.,
1908).
=Finlay, James, Jr.= =MS= Joins XY Company, 14; on Peace River, 1792,
62.
=Finlayson, Duncan.= =MS= Chief factor Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, and
governor of Assiniboia, 225; Alexander Ross on, 225.
=Finlayson, Roderick= (1818-1892). =D= Second in command at Victoria,
1843, 180; chief officer on death of Charles Ross, 1844, 181; his birth,
181; joins Hudson's Bay Company, 1837, 181; his service and character,
181; his narrative, 181; responsible for story of Captain Gordon and the
salmon that would not rise to a fly, 183-184; becomes chief accountant
of Western department, 188; holds position up to 1862, 188. =Bib.=:
Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Walbran, _British Columbia
Coast Names_.
=Fire Rafts.= =WM= Unsuccessful employment of by French at Quebec, 131.
=Fireships.= =WM= Ineffectual employment of by French, 98; described by
Captain Knox, 99; Montcalm on the cause of their failure, 99.
=Fisher, Charles= (1808-1880). Born in Fredericton. Educated at King's
College and called to the bar, 1833. Contested York for the New
Brunswick Assembly, 1834, but defeated. Elected for York, 1837, and
continued to hold the seat with slight intervals until after
Confederation. Entered the New Brunswick government, 1848, but resigned,
1850, owing to a difference with the lieutenant-governor. Appointed a
delegate to the Portland Railway Convention, 1850. Became premier and
attorney-general in the first purely Liberal government formed in New
Brunswick, 1851. Resigned, 1856; in the following year resumed office
and remained at the head of affairs until 1861. Appointed a delegate to
the Trade Convention at Detroit, 1865. Again entered the government as
attorney-general, 1866. Represented New Brunswick as one of the
delegates to the Quebec and Westminster Conferences. Represented York in
the first Dominion House of Commons. Appointed a judge of the Supreme
Court of his native province, 1868. Died in Fredericton. =Index=: =W=
Elected for York, 47; defeated in York, 66; opposes address to Metcalfe,
74; his efforts on behalf of responsible government, 91; elected for
York, in 1846, 102; moves want of confidence resolution, 103, 105;
defeated, 111; supports responsible government, 116; his influence, 117;
defeated in 1850, 128; opposes reduction of number of judges, 130. =T=
His character, 12; resigns, 18-19; attacks the government, 30-31;
attorney-general in Fisher government, 43; retires from government, 51;
re-elected for York, 52; delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected as
Confederation candidate in York, 95-96; moves amendment to address, 102;
attorney-general, 105; defeats Pickard, 108; moves Confederation
resolution, 115-116; sent as delegate to England, 120; elected for York
to first Dominion Parliament, and moves the address, 131. =Bib.=:
Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Fisheries Question.= =Md= Rights of American fishermen expire with
denunciation of Reciprocity Treaty, 166; the fishermen reluctant to
abandon former rights, 167; Canada's exclusive right to the inshore
fisheries recognized by Britain, 173; reciprocal trade proposed by
Canada as equivalent for the fishing rights, but rejected by Americans,
174; latter propose $1,000,000 for rights in perpetuity, 174; Macdonald
objects to any such arrangements, 174-175; Americans offer limited
reciprocity, 181; acceptable to British commissioners except Macdonald,
181-182; arbitration proposed by United States commissioners, 182;
Macdonald's dilemma, 183-185; opposition to treaty in Canada, 185;
Halifax Award, 190. =E= Under the Treaty of 1854, 198-200. =Bib.=:
Isham, _Fishery Question, its Origin, History and Present Situation_;
Bourinot, _Fishery Question, its Imperial Importance_; Elliott, _United
States and the North-Eastern Fisheries_; Ricci, _Fisheries Dispute and
Annexation to Canada_.
=Fitzgerald, Edward.= =B= On agricultural possibilities of North-West
Territories. 214.
=FitzGibbon, James= (1780-1863). Born in Ireland. Joined the Tarbert
Fencibles, 1798; served in Holland the following year, and in 1801
present at the battle of Copenhagen. The same year came to Canada with
the 49th Regiment, and served under Brock with distinction in the War of
1812. In command of the British at Beaver Dam. In 1822 appointed
assistant adjutant-general; and in 1827 clerk of the House of Assembly.
Commissioned as colonel of the second West York Regiment 1831, and took
an active part in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837. Returned to
England, where in 1850 made a military knight of Windsor. =Index=: =Bk=
Describes gallant conduct of Savery Brock at Egmont-op-Zee, 18-20; his
reminiscences of Brock, 66-67. =Sy= Made clerk of Legislative Council,
334. =Mc= Defeats rebels at Montgomery's farm, 379. =Bib.=: FitzGibbon,
_A Veteran of 1812_; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Dent, _Upper
Canadian Rebellion_; Read, _Rebellion of 1837_; Lizars, _Humours of
'37_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Fitzherbert, Mrs.= =Hd= Haldimand's opinion of, 335.
=Fitzmaurice, Lord Edward.= =Dr= On Germain, 170.
=Fitzpatrick, Sir Charles= (1853- ). Born in Quebec. Educated at Laval
University; studied law, and called to bar, 1876; chief counsel for
Louis Riel, 1885, and took part in several other famous trials;
represented Quebec County in provincial Assembly, 1890-1896; and in
House of Commons, 1896-1906; solicitor-general, 1901; minister of
justice, 1901-1906; chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1906.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Five Nations.= =Hd= Post at Oswego to be established for, 142; allies
of the British, 148; their rights respected, 166. _See_ Iroquois.
=Flag Incident.= =L= In siege of Quebec, 230. =F= In siege of Quebec,
295-298.
=Fleet, British, before Quebec.= =WM= Placed under general command of
Admiral Charles Saunders, 75; ascends the river, 78; anchors at
Ile-aux-Coudres, 83; anchors in Baie St. Paul, 90; at the entrance to
the harbour, 111; a few of its vessels pass the town, 123; several
vessels attempt the passage by Quebec, 152; sails for England, 238;
reappears in the harbour, 267. =Bib.=: Wood, _Logs of Naval Conquest of
Canada_ and _The Fight for Canada_; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Bradley,
_The Fight with France_.
=Fleet, French, at Quebec.= =WM= Protection afforded by to Bourlamaque's
army, 167.
=Fleming, Sir Sandford= (1827- ). Born at Kirkaldy, Scotland. Came to
Canada, 1845. Chief engineer of the Intercolonial Railway; and of the
Canadian Pacific Railway; chancellor of Queen's University since 1880;
president of the Royal Society of Canada, 1888-1889. To his initiation
and persistent enthusiasm are due the establishment of a system of
universal or cosmic time; the laying of the Pacific cable, as part of an
inter-imperial telegraph service; and the building of the memorial tower
at Halifax to commemorate the opening of the first colonial Legislature.
=Bib.=: Works: _The Intercolonial; England and Canada_; and numerous
historical and scientific papers. _See_ Bibliog. of Royal Society (R. S.
C., 1894). For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._;
_Who's Who_; Grant, _Ocean to Ocean_.
=Flibot.= =Ch= Kirke's vessel before Quebec, 188, 196.
=Florida.= =Hd= Under British rule, 64-81; Haldimand comes north from,
83, 87; Haldimand's interest in, 90; suggests closing of ports of, 104;
his career there, 121; proposed disposition of, 124; Haldimand's
property in, 316.
=Florida, West.= =Bk= Occupation of, by United States, 139.
=Flour-milling.= =B= Stimulated by British preference of, 1843, 32;
advantage swept away by free trade measure of 1846, 32; in 1834, 54.
=Foley, M. H.= =B= In Tache ministry, 1864, 149; retires with Buchanan
and Simpson to make room for Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, in Coalition
ministry, 159. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Dent,
_Last Forty Years_.
=Foligne, Captain de.= =WM= On rapid construction of Beauport defences,
86; his report of fighting at Levis, 103; on pitiable condition of
Quebec, 160; quoted as to rout of French army, 206; on distress
following capture of Quebec, 236.
=Fontbonne, Colonel.= =WM= His disposition of the Guienne Regiment, 192;
mortally wounded, 199.
=Fonte, Bartholomew de.= His fictitious voyage of 1640 to the North-West
Coast was described in a letter published in the _Monthly Miscellany_,
London, 1708. =Index=: =D= His reputed strait, 19; his voyage again
credited, 23. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.
=Fontenay, Mareuil.= =Ch= French ambassador in London, instructions to,
214.
=Forget, Amedee Emmanuel= (1847- ). Born in Ste. Marie de Monnoir,
Quebec. Studied law and called to the bar of Quebec, 1871. Secretary to
the Manitoba Half-Breed Commission, 1875; clerk of the North-West
Council, 1876-1888; Indian commissioner, 1895-1898; lieutenant-governor
of the North-West Territories, 1898-1905; first lieutenant-governor of
Saskatchewan, 1905. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Fornel, Abbe.= =L= His funeral sermon on Bishop Saint-Vallier quoted,
238.
=Forsythe, J.= =Sy= Member of Constitutional Association, 112.
=Forsyth, Richardson and Co.= Fur trading firm, of Montreal. =Index=:
=Bk= Send Prevost news of declaration of war, 203.
=Fort Albany.= Hudson's Bay Company post at mouth of Albany River, west
coast of James Bay. Established about 1683; captured by Iberville, 1686,
and held by the French for seven years. Finally restored to the Company.
=Index=: =F= Captured by Troyes, 206; captured alternately by French and
English, 343, 345. =Bib.=: Dawson, _The Saint Lawrence Basin_; Laut,
_Conquest of the Great North-West_ and _Pathfinders of the West_.
=Fort Albert.= _See_ Victoria.
=Fort Alexandria.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Fraser River
in 1821, 98.
=Fort Anne.= =Hd= Captured by Major Carleton, 149.
=Fort Babine.= In Northern British Columbia. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay
Company post, on Babine Lake, built in 1822, 98-99.
=Fort Bourbon.= On Hudson Bay. =Index=: =L= Captured by Iberville, 233.
_See_ Fort Nelson.
=Fort Camosun.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, afterwards city of
Victoria, 178.
=Fort Chilcotin.= =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, outpost of Fort
Alexandria, 99.
=Fort Chipewyan.= Built by North West Company, 1788, on southern shore
of Lake Athabaska, near mouth of Athabaska River. Removed, 1820, by
Hudson's Bay Company to north shore, where it still stands. =Index=:
=MS= Built by Roderick Mackenzie, on Lake Athabaska, 24; its situation,
25; its famous library, 26; route to, from Grand Portage, 27; life at
the fort, 28; Mackenzie sets forth from, on his journey to Arctic, 32;
returns to, 50; McLeod builds new house, 50; Mackenzie winters there,
53; Turner winters there, and determines astronomical position, 57;
Governor Simpson at, 1828, 236; William McGillivray in charge of, 236.
=D= Mackenzie at, 53; his point of departure for Arctic journey, 53; and
Pacific expedition, 53. =Bib.=: Mackenzie, _History of Fur Trade_ in his
_Voyages_; Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Burpee,
_Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Willson,
_The Great Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.
=Fort Chippawa.= =Bk= On Niagara River, a mile and a half above the
falls, 58; end of carrying-place, and a transport post, 58-59; had a
blockhouse enclosed with palisades, 59. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of
1812_.
=Fort Churchill.= _See_ Prince of Wales Fort.
=Fort Colville.= =D= Distributing point for Upper Columbia and Kootenay,
Hudson's Bay Company post, 77; centre of Columbia trade, 77; founded,
1825-1826, 116.
=Fort Conolly.= In northern British Columbia. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay
Company post, built on Bear Lake, 104.
=Fort Crevecoeur.= =L= Established by La Salle in Illinois country, 148;
attacked by Iroquois, 149. =F= Built by La Salle, 160. =Bib.=: Parkman,
_La Salle_; Sulte, _Les Tonty_ (R. S. C., 1893).
=Fort Dearborn= (=Chicago=). =Bk= Captured by Indians, 266.
=Fort Dease.= On Dease Lake. =Index=: =D= Built by Robert Campbell in
1838, 123-124; burned by natives, 124.
=Fort de Chartres.= =WM= On the Mississippi, 22.
=Fort Douglas.= On Red River, about two miles below mouth of
Assiniboine. =Index=: =MS= Built by John McLeod, 176, 177; seized by
Cuthbert Grant, 182; retaken by the De Meurons, 191. =Bib.=: Bryce,
_Five Forts of Winnipeg._
=Fort Duquesne.= =WM= At junction of Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers,
22; battle at, 22. =Hd= Name changed to Fort Pitt by Bouquet, 16; plans
for recapture of, 25-26. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.
=Fort Edward.= =WM= General Webb in command at, 45.
=Fort Erie.= On Niagara River, opposite Buffalo. =Index=: =S= Military
post in 1782, 51. =Bk= New fort planned by General Hunter, 59. =Bib.=:
Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Fort Essington.= On the British Columbia coast. Used by the Hudson's
Bay Company as an intermediate post between Fort McLoughlin and Fort
Simpson. =Index=: =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company in 1835, 118.
=Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_.
=Fort Fraser.= In northern British Columbia. =Index=: =D= North West
Company post, built on Fraser Lake, 98.
=Fort Frontenac.= =F= Erected at Cataraqui, 83; conceded to La Salle,
156; seized by La Barre, 178; restored to La Salle, 179; Dongan demands
its destruction, 218; Denonville gives orders for blowing it up, 288;
order partially carried out, 234; repaired, 234; rebuilt, 341. =WM=
Protected outlet of Great Lakes, 17. =L= Recollet mission at, 111. =BL=
Name altered to Kingston by the British, 73. _See also_ Cataraqui;
Kingston. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _La Salle_; Sulte, _Le Fort
de Frontenac_ (R. S. C., 1901).
=Fort Garry.= At junction of Red and Assiniboine Rivers, where the city
of Winnipeg now stands. =Md= Wolseley and the expeditionary force arrive
there Aug. 24, 1870, 162; murder of Scott, 242. _See_ Winnipeg.
=Fort George.= =Bk= Flag of Fort Niagara transferred to, 56; its
situation, 56; planned by Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, 58; mutiny at, 61;
silences Fort Niagara, 309. =Hd= Captured by Major Carleton, 149.
=Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Fort George.= On Fraser River. =Index=: =D= Simon Fraser sets out from,
to descend Fraser River, 61; returns to, 61; built on Fraser River, by
the North West Company, 98; massacre of Hudson's Bay Company men at, by
Indians, 1823, 105-107. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_.
=Fort George.= At mouth of Columbia. =Index=: =D= Astoria renamed, 149.
=Fort Gibraltar.= =MS= Built by North West Company, on site of Winnipeg,
99; begun in 1804, 158; captured by Colin Robertson, 178, and
dismantled, 179. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_ and _Five Forts
of Winnipeg_.
=Fort Glenora.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Upper Stikine
River, 121.
=Fort Grey.= =Bk= American fort opposite Queenston, 300, 305.
=Fort Halkett.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on branch of Liard
River, 123.
=Fort Hope.= On Fraser River. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company post,
founded shortly after Fort Yale, 186.
=Fort Kamloops= (=Fort Thompson=). =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built
in 1813, 98.
=Fort Kootenay.= On Kootenay River, built 1807. Otherwise known as
Kootenay House. =Index=: =D= Built by David Thompson, 58. =Bib.=:
Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.
=Fort Langley.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Lower Fraser
River, 1827, 116. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_.
=Fort Lawrence.= Built in 1750, on Chignecto Bay, three miles south of
Beausejour, where the French shortly after built a rival fort. Fort
Lawrence became headquarters of the expedition sent in 1755, under
Monckton, to capture Fort Beausejour. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and
Wolfe_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_.
=Fort Le Boeuf.= =WM= Established communication with Lake Erie, 22.
=Fort Liard.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Liard River, 123;
pillaged by Indians, and traders murdered, 123.
=Fort Loyal= (=Casco Bay=). =F= Captured by Canadians, 252. =L= Taken by
Canadians, 229.
=Fort Machault.= =WM= Established communication with Lake Erie, 22, 122.
=Fort McLeod.= On McLeod Lake, British Columbia. =Index=: =D= North West
Company post, first permanent trading-post built in British Columbia,
west of the mountains, 97-98. =Bib.=: Morice, _Northern Interior of
British Columbia_.
=Fort McLoughlin.= On Milbank Sound, British Columbia. =Index=: =D=
Hudson's Bay Company post, built by Finlayson, Manson, and Anderson,
1833, 117; moved to head of Vancouver Island and renamed Fort Rupert,
122; abandoned, 1843, 178-179. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British
Columbia_.
=Fort Miami.= =WM= On Miami River, 22. =Bk= Reconstruction of, by order
of Lord Dorchester, 53. =S= Erected by Simcoe at rapids of Miami River,
136; measure strongly objected to by Americans, 137; General Wayne
demands evacuation of, which Major Campbell, officer in command,
refuses, 139; occupation of not approved by home government, 142.
=Fort Mumford.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Upper Stikine
River, 121.
=Fort Nanaimo.= East coast Vancouver Island. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay
Company post, built in 1852, 191. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia
Coast Names_.
=Fort Necessity.= =WM= Battle at, 22.
=Fort Nelson.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on eastern branch of
Liard River, 123.
=Fort Nelson.= _See_ York Factory.
=Fort Niagara.= =WM= At mouth of Niagara River, 22; taken by British,
62; capitulates, 146. =Hd= In command of Captain Pouchot, 25, 36; taken
by British, 26; garrison at, 31, 32; shipment of goods to, 124, 136,
150, 163; position of, 145; Indians at, 148, 171, 256; expeditions in
its defence, 151, 153; number of refugees at, 152, 250; MacLean in
command at, 162, 307, 308; fraud discovered at, 166; Haldimand's refusal
to relinquish, 260. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Montcalm and
Wolfe_; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Fort Nisqually.= At head of Puget Sound. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay
Company post, built in 1833, between Langley and Fort Vancouver, 118.
=Fort Ontario= (=Oswego=). =Hd= Haldimand in command of, 29.
=Fort Pemaquid.= =F= Destroyed, 1669, rebuilt, 1692, 328; taken by
Iberville, 331.
=Fort Pitt.= =Hd= Formerly known as Fort Duquesne, Bouquet's victorious
march to, 16; Pouchot's designs on, 26; Bouquet stationed at, 40;
Haldimand's interest in, 90. _See_ Fort Duquesne.
=Fort Presqu'ile.= =WM= Establishes communication with Lake Erie, 22.