Assembly, 1827, for Westmoreland, which he represented until 1836, when
called to Legislative Council. Became executive councillor, 1844.
Engaged in negotiations for Intercolonial Railway, 1850-1852;
reciprocity, 1854; and Confederation, 1865. Succeeded Tilley as
lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1878. =Index=: =W= Sent by New
Brunswick Assembly to lay grievances before colonial secretary, 24;
becomes member of government, 72; resigns, 76. =T= Goes to London to
secure support for Intercolonial, 26-27; 54; member of Executive
Council, 1856, 41; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; to Quebec
Conference, 77; Confederation delegate to England, 120. =H= Joins Joseph
Howe in mission to Toronto on behalf of Intercolonial Railway project,
137; secures support of New Brunswick government, 139; his speech at
Amherst on behalf of Howe, 140; accompanies Hincks to England on
Intercolonial Railway mission, 142. =B= Complains at Quebec Conference,
that proposed union legislative, not federal, 163. =Bib.=: Hannay,
_History of New Brunswick_; Dent, _Can. Por._
=Chandler, Samuel.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 397.
=Chansons of French Canada.= Most of the inimitable folk-songs of Quebec
came in their original form from France, and have undergone more or less
of a transformation in their new environment. A few originated in French
Canada. =Index=: =C= _Chansons de ronde_ among the habitants, 119-120;
at Cartier's house, 123. =Bib.=: Gagnon, _Chansons populaire_; McLennan,
_Songs of old Canada_; Burpee, _Songs of French Canada_; Wood,
_Footnotes to Canadian Folk-Songs_ (R. S. C., 1896); Bourinot, _Songs of
Forest and River_ in _Rose-Belford Monthly_, 1877; _French Songs of Old
Canada_, pictured by W. Graham Robertson; Tiersot, _French Folk-Songs_.
=Chapais, Jean Charles= (1812-1885). Born in Riviere Ouelle, Quebec.
Member of the Executive Council and commissioner of public works,
1864-1867. In 1867 privy councillor and minister of agriculture; and
1869-1873 receiver-general. In 1868 called to the Senate. =Index=: =T=
Delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; minister of agriculture in first
Dominion Cabinet, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Chapais, Joseph Amable Thomas= (1858- ). Educated at Laval University.
Called to the bar, 1879. Edited _Le Courrier du Canada_ since 1884.
Appointed member of Legislative Council of Quebec, 1892, and elected
Speaker, 1895; president of the Executive Council, 1896, and minister of
colonization, 1897. =Index=: =F= His work on Talon referred to, 57.
=Bib.=: Works: _Jean Talon, Intendant de la Nouvelle France_; _Discours
et Conferences_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's
Who_.
=Chapleau, Sir Joseph Adolphe= (1840-1898). Studied law and called to
the bar, 1861. Elected to Quebec Legislature, 1867, and successively
solicitor-general, and provincial secretary, of the province. Premier of
Quebec, 1879. Entered Dominion Cabinet, 1882, as secretary of state.
Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1892; knighted, 1896. =Bib.=:
Works: _Leon XIII, Homme d'Etat_; _Question des Chemins de Fer_. For
biog., _see J. A. Chapleau: Sa Biographie et Ses Discours_; Morgan,
_Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._
=Chapman, Henry Samuel= (1803-1881). Born in England. Came to Canada,
1823, and established at Montreal the _Daily Advertiser_, the first
daily newspaper published in British America, 1833. Connected with
several other newspapers. A strong supporter of the Reform party.
Removed to England and called to the bar, 1840. Went to New Zealand,
where he became a judge. Died in Dunedin, New Zealand. =Index=: =H=
Attempts to secure Joseph Howe's support for agitation in Lower Canada,
50; Howe's reply, 50.
=Charbonnel, Armand Francois Marie de.= Roman Catholic bishop of
Toronto, 1850-1860. Died, 1860. =Index=: =R= Opposes public schools,
219, 225; Ryerson's letter to, 224-225; referred to in _Globe_, 226; his
letter to Ryerson, 226; his policy, 228; his complaints, 229; drafts
Separate School Bill, 230; his pastoral letter, 234; resigns charge of
Toronto diocese, 235.
=Charest, Dufils.= =WM= Commands party sent to heights of Levis, 103.
=Charles I= (1600-1649). King of England; succeeded to the throne, 1625.
=Index=: =Ch= His instructions to English ambassador at Paris, 215;
restores New France and Acadia to France, 221. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=Charles II= (1630-1685). King of England; succeeded to the throne,
1660. =Index=: =W= Annuls charter of London and other towns, 54. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Charles Emmanuel III= (1701-1773). King of Sardinia. Succeeded to the
throne, 1730. =Index=: =Hd= His foreign policy, 5.
=Charlesbourg.= =WM= De Pontbriand retires to, 153.
=Charlevoix, Pierre-Francois-Xavier de= (1682-1761). First came to
Canada in 1705, as an instructor in the Jesuits' College at Quebec.
Returned to France in 1709. It was at this time that he gathered the
material for his _Histoire et Description Generale de la
Nouvelle-France_. Again visited Canada in 1720 by order of the French
government to report as to the best route for an overland expedition in
search of the Western Sea. In the course of this journey visited the
mission and posts of what was then the extreme western frontier of New
France, returning to France in 1723, by way of Mobile. =Index=: =L= On
the character of the Canadian population, 117; on the character of
Frontenac, 144, 145. =F= On bravery of Canadians and indifferent conduct
of French troops, 212; on Lachine massacre, 224, 227; on old age of
Francois Hertel, 235; his account of "flag" incident in siege of Quebec,
295; on character and conduct of Frontenac, 333-336. =Ch= His opinion of
Lescarbot, 37; his description of the French settlements in Canada, 243;
his eulogy of Champlain, 276, 277. =Bib.=: Besides his _Histoire du
Paraguay_ and _Histoire de l'Isle Espagnole ou de S. Dominique_,
Charlevoix was the author of _La Vie de la Mere Marie de l'Incarnation_
and of the first general history of Canada, _Histoire et Description
Generale de la Nouvelle-France_. His _Voyage dans l'Amerique
Septentrionale_ was translated into English in 1756. Dr. J. G. Shea's
translation of the History was published at New York in 6 vols.,
1866-1872; and reprinted by F. P. Harper, New York, in 6 vols. An
abridged translation of Charlevoix's _Journal_ is found in vol. 3 of
French _Hist. Coll. of Louisiana_. For biog., _see_ J. E. Roy, _Essai
sur Charlevoix_ (R. S. C., 1907).
=Charlottetown.= Capital of Prince Edward Island. Originally founded by
the French, about 1750, and then known as Port la Joie. In 1713 it was a
fortified post, with a garrison of sixty soldiers. The population
numbered 1354 in 1752; and in 1758 it had been increased to over 4000 by
the arrival of a large number of Acadians from the mainland. It came
under British rule in 1763, and received its present name about 1768.
=Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Prince Edward Island_.
=Charlottetown Conference=, 1864. =Md= Arranged by Tupper, 104; the
Canadian proposals, 104; terms of union, 107. =H= Joseph Howe invited to
attend as delegate, but declines, 176-177; Sir Charles Tupper's
connection with, 176-177; Nova Scotia delegates, 177; maritime union
found impracticable, 178; Sir John Macdonald proposes Confederation,
178. =B= History of, 161. =T= Delegates to, 73; history of, 73-75. _See_
Quebec Conference; Macdonald; Tupper. =Bib.=: Whelan, _Union of the
British Provinces_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.
=Charny-Lauzon.= _See_ Lauzon-Charny.
=Charron, Jean-Francois.= =L= Charitable work of, and of his brother,
125; house of charity established by, 245; death of, 246.
=Chartier de Lotbiniere, Eustache Gaspard Michel.= =Dr= Advised in
connection with question of Canadian laws, 63, 68; elected Speaker of
the Assembly, 277.
=Chartier de Lotbiniere, Rene Louis.= =L= Appointed to Sovereign
Council, 166. =F= Member of the Sovereign Council, 106.
=Charton, Francois.= =Ch= Jesuit, 152; returns to France, 208.
=Chastes, Aymar de.= =Ch= Governor of Dieppe, obtains charter for
colonization of Canada, 8; suggests that Champlain should visit Canada,
9; death of, 9. =F= Trading patent granted to, 3; his death, 5.
=Chateau de Ramezay.= At Montreal. =Index=: =Hd= Purchased for
government house, 186; belonged to William Grant, 186. =BL= Government
offices in, during Elgin's governorship, 325.
=Chateau Haldimand.= At Quebec. =Index=: =Hd= Foundation stone laid by
Haldimand, 344; used as school in connection with Laval University until
1892, then pulled down, 344.
=Chateau St. Louis.= At Quebec. Commenced by Governor de Montmagny,
1647, and completed by his successor, D'Ailleboust. Demolished, 1694,
and rebuilt with new wing. Enlarged, 1723; and in 1808 renovated and
again enlarged, by government of Lower Canada. Up to the close of French
regime, it was the official residence of the governors of Canada; and
after the cession, their British successors continued to occupy the
building. It was destroyed by fire, 1834. The Chateau Frontenac hotel
now stands immediately back of the site of the Chateau St. Louis, which
occupied part of what is now Dufferin Terrace. _See_ Habitation de
Quebec. =Index=: =F= Construction begun, 15. =Bk= Description of, 90;
occupied by Sir James Craig, 90. =Hd= Governor's residence at Quebec,
169, 222, 304, 314; balls at, 223; wing added by Haldimand named in his
honour, 344. =Bib.=: Gagnon, _Le Fort el la Chateau St. Louis_; Doughty,
_Fortress of Quebec_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.
=Chateaufort, Marc Antoine Bras-de-fer de.= =F= Interim governor after
death of Champlain, 27.
=Chateauguay.= Battle in War of 1812, Oct. 26, 1813. The stream from
which the battle took its name, rises in Franklin County, New York, and
falls into the St. Lawrence a few miles above Caughnawaga. The scene of
the battle was about six miles above the confluence of the English with
Chateauguay River. Hampton was in command of the Americans, and De
Salaberry commanded the Canadian troops, with Colonel Macdonell in
charge of the reserves. Although the former had an overwhelmingly
superior force, the result of the battle was in favour of the Canadians;
and the contemplated attack on Montreal was abandoned. The battle was
won by French-Canadian militia under a French-Canadian commander. _See
also_ War of 1812; Salaberry. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_;
Lighthall, _An Account of the Battle of Chateauguay_; Macdonell, _The
Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada_; Kingsford,
_History of Canada_.
=Chateauneuf, Pierre Antoine de Castaguere, Marquis de= (1644-1728).
=Ch= French ambassador in London, instructions to, 214.
=Chatel, Aimee.= =L= Member of the Congregation de Notre Dame, 91.
=Chatham, William Pitt, first Earl of= (1708-1778). The "Great
Commoner," who brought England "to a height of prosperity and glory
unknown to any former age." He urged continually a conciliatory policy
towards America, until it became apparent that the colonists would be
satisfied with nothing less than independence. His broad outlook and
unerring instinct in the choice of men were chiefly responsible for the
triumphs of British policy at home and abroad. Sent Boscawen and Amherst
to the capture of Louisbourg, and Wolfe and Saunders to victory at
Quebec. =Index=: =Dr= Opposes Quebec Act, 65. =Bib.=: Almon, _Anecdotes
and Speeches of Chatham_; Rosebery, _William Pitt_; Green, _William
Pitt, Earl of Chatham_; _Correspondence of William Pitt with Colonial
Governors_, ed. by Kimball. _See_ his letters and instructions to Wolfe,
Saunders, and Amherst, in Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_, and Wood, _Logs of
Conquest of Canada_.
=Chaumonot, Joseph.= Came to Canada, 1639, with Madame de la Peltrie,
Marie de l'Incarnation, and Fathers Vimont and Poncet. Accompanied
Brebeuf as missionary to the Neutral Nation, whose country was along the
north shore of Lake Erie, 1640. Sent to the Onondagas, 1655. Missionary
in charge of the Hurons at Old Lorette, where, in 1674, he built the
chapel in honour of Our Lady of Loretto. Died, Feb. 21, 1693. =Index=:
=L= Accompanies mission to Gannentaha, 65; chief promoter of cult of
Holy Family, 86. =Bib.=: Shea, _Vie de Chaumonot_; Parkman, _Jesuits in
North America_; Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_.
=Chaussegros de Lery, Gaspard= (1682-1756). Sent to Canada in 1716 to
superintend the fortifications of Quebec, Montreal, and other places in
the colony. Prepared a plan of the cathedral at Quebec in 1725; and of
the fortifications at Quebec in 1730. Mentioned as having been at Fort
St. Frederic in 1742; made a plan of Detroit in 1750. =Index=: =L= Makes
plans for entrance to Montreal church, 90. =WM= Criticized by Montcalm,
79. =Bib.=: _Traite de Fortification_.
=Chaussegros de Lery, Gaspard-Joseph.= Son of preceding. Engineer; made
a legislative councillor, in 1774.
=Chauveau, Pierre Joseph Olivier= (1820-1890). Born at Quebec. Educated
at Quebec; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. First
entered public life, 1844, defeating John Neilson in Quebec County.
Represented the same constituency in the Assembly until 1855.
Solicitor-general, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851; and provincial
secretary, 1853. In 1855 succeeded Dr. Meilleur as chief superintendent
of education of Lower Canada. In 1867 elected to the Dominion
Parliament, as well as to the Quebec House, and the same year formed a
provincial ministry. Resigned, 1873, and the same year Speaker of the
Senate, retiring in 1874. Three years later sheriff of Montreal.
=Index=: =Md= Leader of Quebec government, 141; the appointment revealed
Macdonald's judgment, 141-142. =C= Conservative leader in Quebec, 24;
superintendent of public instruction, 24, 37; premier of Quebec, 68; his
character, 68. =E= One of leaders of the opposition in 1847, 45;
returned in elections of 1848, 50; Solicitor-general for Lower Canada,
113; provincial secretary in Hincks ministry, 126; and in MacNab-Morin
government, 141; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves,
164. =Bib.=: Works: _Charles Guerin, Roman de Moeurs Canadiennes_;
_Francois-Xavier Garneau, Sa Vie et Ses [OE]uvres_; _L'Instruction
Publique au Canada_; _Souvenirs et Legendes_. For biog., _see_ Dent,
_Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Chauvin, Pierre, Sieur de Tonnetuit.= A Huguenot, born at Dieppe.
Appointed captain of the garrison at Honfleur, 1589. Obtained trading
monopoly for ten years in Canada. Made a trading voyage to Canada, 1600,
bringing out a few colonists, whom he landed at Tadoussac. Sailed again
the following year, with a larger fleet, but no colonists; and again in
1602. Died, 1603. =Index=: =Ch= Attempts to form settlement at
Tadoussac, 8; left in charge of Quebec colony, 54. =F= Obtains patent
for exclusive trade in Canada, 2; sails for the St. Lawrence, 3. =Bib.=:
Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_.
=Chedabucto=, now known as Guysborough, Nova Scotia. =Index=: =F=
Frontenac arrives at, 232.
=Cheffault.= =Ch= Agent of Company of New France, 244.
=Cherououng.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, sent on embassy to Iroquois, 163.
=Chesapeake.= =Bk= Affair of, 82-86.
=Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley= (1827-1896). Entered the House of
Commons, 1860; financial secretary, 1865-1866; first lord of the
Admiralty and privy councillor, 1868. In 1875 came to Canada on Lord
Dufferin's invitation as a commissioner under the Prince Edward Island
Land Purchase Act. Secretary of state for war, 1880-1882; chancellor of
the exchequer, 1882-1885; and home secretary, 1886. =Index=: =W=
Commissioner under Land Purchase Act, 136. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Chimeourimou.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, sent on embassy to Iroquois, 163.
=Chipman.= =W= Judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick, 8; one of Maine
Boundary commissioners, 8.
=Chipman, Ward.= =W= Judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick, 8; succeeds
Saunders as chief justice, 74; resigns, 129. =T= Resigns as chief
justice, 17.
=Chippewa Indians.= A large tribe, of Algonquian stock, formerly ranging
along both shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, and westward as far as
North Dakota. First mentioned in the Jesuit _Relation_ of 1640, as
living around Sault Ste. Marie. During the eighteenth century, they
fought successfully against the Sioux, Foxes, and Iroquois. They
numbered in 1764 about 25,000; and at the present time count over
30,000, of whom about one-half are on reservations in Canada. =Index=:
=Hd= Sioux offer to attack, 148. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American
Indians_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_; Grant, _Sauteux Indians_ in
Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_.
=Chisholm, G. C.= =Sy= Sergeant-at-arms of Legislative Assembly, 334.
=Chittenden, Thomas= (1730-1797). First governor of Vermont, 1778-1797.
=Index=: =Hd= Claims separation of Vermont from New York, 201;
negotiates with Haldimand, 202; General Washington's letter to, 212-213;
Ira Allen's proposed treaty with, 214-215. =Bib.=: Chipman, _Thomas
Chittenden_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Choiseul, Etienne-Francois, Duc de= (1719-1785). Minister of foreign
affairs; signed the treaty of 1759 with Austria; minister of war, 1761.
=Index=: =WM= French minister, glad to get rid of Canada, 11.
=Cholera Epidemic=, 1832 and 1834. =P= Imported by immigrants, 87;
government blamed for neglect to provide quarantine, 88; committee
formed to inquire into causes, etc., 88-89; one of the grievances in the
Ninety-Two Resolutions, 89. _See also_ Epidemics.
=Chouageun.= _See_ Oswega.
=Chouart= _dit_ =des Groseilliers, Medard=. Born in France about 1621.
Came to Canada, 1642. After serving the Jesuits for some years as a
_donne_, or lay helper, engaged in the fur trade, and with his
brother-in-law Radisson (_q.v._) made extensive explorations in the West
and North, 1659-1663. With Radisson afterwards went to England and was
instrumental in establishing the Hudson's Bay Company, and laying the
foundations of its gigantic fur trading monopoly on the shores of Hudson
Bay. =Bib.=: Dionne, _Chouart et Radisson_ (R. S. C., 1893); Sulte,
_Radisson in the North-West_ (R. S. C., 1904); Sulte, _Decouverte du
Mississippi_ (R. S. C., 1903); Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut,
_Pathfinders of the West_ and _Conquest of the Great North-West_.
=Christian Doctrine, Brothers of the.= =L= Arrival of, in Canada, 125.
=Christian Guardian.= =R= Founded at York (Toronto), 1829, 82; Egerton
Ryerson, first editor, 82; exponent of Methodist views on religious,
educational, and political questions, 82-83; its policy, 94-95;
Ryerson's articles in, 96, 97, 98, 100, 109, 110, 134, 137.
=Christie, Alexander.= =MS= Chief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, and
later governor of Assiniboia, 222. =Bib.=: Ryerson, _Story of my Life_.
=Christie, David= (1818-1880). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at
Edinburgh High School. Came to Canada, 1833, and devoted himself to
farming. Took a prominent part in politics as a leader of the Reformers.
Sat for Wentworth in the Legislative Assembly, 1851-1854, and for East
Brant, 1855-1858. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858, and held his
seat until Confederation. Appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867;
secretary of state, 1873; Speaker of the Senate, 1874-1878.
Administrator of Ontario during the illness of the lieutenant-governor,
1875. Died in Paris, Ontario. =Index=: =B= A leader of the Clear Grits,
39. =E= Well-known agriculturist, and a leader of the Clear Grits, 110.
=Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Christie, Robert= (1788-1856). Born in Nova Scotia. Repeatedly expelled
from the Assembly of Lower Canada; re-elected after the union, and held
his seat until 1854. Contributed to Quebec _Gazette_ and _Mercury_.
=Index=: =F= Papineau causes his expulsion on four occasions from
Assembly, 80; his reconciliation with Papineau, 180; Papineau's letters
to, 144, 181-182, 191-193. =Mc= On Union Act, 405. =Bib.=: _History of
the Late Province of Lower Canada, from the Commencement to the Close of
its Existence as a Separate Province_. For biog. _see_ Morgan, _Cel.
Can._
=Chronicle.= Newspaper, published at Halifax. =Index=: =H= Published by
Wm. Annand, 75; Joseph Howe contributes to, 90-93; letters of Howe in,
on Irish question, 75; Jonathan McCully editor, 186; Howe's
"Botheration Scheme" articles, 186; action for libel, 188; opposes
Confederation, 189; attacks Howe, 209; Howe's letter to editor of,
210-212.
=Chronicle and Gazette.= Newspaper published at Kingston. =Index=: =Sy=
Praises Sydenham's policy, 351. =BL= On the debate on responsible
government in the Legislature, 1841, 95; on Draper's speech, 27. =Mc=
Question of government printing, 103.
=Chrystler's Farm.= Battle in War of 1812-1814, fought Nov. 11th, 1813.
The scene of the fight was near the head of the Long Sault Rapids, on
the St. Lawrence. Morrison commanded the British troops, about 800 men,
and Boyd the Americans, numbering 1800, increased during the fight to
2400. The Americans were driven off the field. Morrison captured 100 men
and a gun. The American loss was 300 men; and the British, 200 men. _See
also_ War of 1812. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Kingsford,
_History of Canada_.
=Chubb.= =F= Commandant of Fort Pemaquid, fires on Indians while under
flag of truce, 331; killed, 332.
=Church.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =BL= Quoted on debate
on responsible government in 1841, 90; on Bagot's letter to La Fontaine,
125; opposes Baldwin's University Bill, 197; on Rebellion Losses Bill,
319-320. =B= Controversy with the _Banner_--opposes responsible
government, 6.
=Church of England.= The first Anglican church in what is now Canada was
built at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1750, when Cornwallis was governor of
the province. The first see was established in 1787. Dr. Charles Inglis
as bishop of Nova Scotia had charge of the whole of British North
America. The first service held in Quebec was in the Ursuline Convent,
September, 1759. The first Anglican bishop of the diocese of Quebec was
Dr. Mountain, appointed in 1793; and in 1839 Dr. John Strachan became
first bishop of Toronto. As population grew, the eastern dioceses were
subdivided into nine. The see of Rupert's Land, founded 1849, was
subsequently divided into Rupert's Land, Moosonee, Saskatchewan,
Calgary, Mackenzie River, Qu'Appelle, Athabaska, Keewatin, and Selkirk.
In 1859 was established the see of British Columbia, divided later into
New Westminster and Caledonia. In 1857 the Church of England Synod was
legally constituted; and after that year bishops were elected by the
votes of clergy and laity in Canada. The first Church Congress was held,
1883. The General Synod of the Church in the Dominion was established,
1893, and the metropolitans of Canada and Rupert's Land were made
archbishops, the first of whom were Dr. J.T. Lewis and Dr. R. Machray.
=Index=: =B= And the Family Compact, 11; and the Clergy Reserves, 48-49;
privileges granted under Act of 1791, 51-52; Durham's estimate of
numerical strength, 52-53; recognition of its exclusive claims said by
Durham to have been chief cause of Rebellion, 53; =E= Its claims to the
Clergy Reserves under the Constitutional Act, 1791, 145, 150 _et seq._
=R= Its relations with mother church in England, 39; advantages in
Canada, 39; statistics in Upper Canada, 51. =Dr= Allowed use of Recollet
church at Montreal, 241; Jesuit church transferred to them, 242; first
Anglican conference and confirmation held in Recollet church at Quebec,
242, 272. =W= In New Brunswick, 7. =T= Controls King's College, 21.
=Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2; Cross, _The Anglican
Episcopate and the American Colonies_; Anderson, _History of Church of
England in the Colonies_; Akins, _Church of England in North American
Colonies_; Taylor, _The Last Three Bishops Appointed by the Crown_;
Lowndes, _Bishops of the Day_; Machray, _Life of Archbishop Machray_;
Mockridge, _Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland_; Champion, _The Anglican Church in Canada_; Wynne, _The
Church in Greater Britain_.
=Churchill, Fort.= _See_ Prince of Wales, Fort.
=Churchill River.= Rises in La Loche Lake, lat. 56 deg. 10' N., long. 109
deg. 40' W., and after a course of 1000 miles, empties into Hudson Bay.
The mouth of the river was discovered by Munk, a Danish navigator, in
1619, but it was not until 1774 that its upper waters were discovered by
Joseph Frobisher (_q.v._), and explored by Thomas Frobisher and
Alexander Henry, _the Elder_ (_q.v._), in 1775. The Churchill was
formerly known under various names: Danish River, in honour of Munk;
English River, so called by Frobisher; and Missinipi, the native name.
=Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay
Company_.
=Citizen.= Newspaper published at Ottawa. Established, 1844. =Index=:
=Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 517; urges monument to, 518.
=Civil Law.= =Dr= Importance of the question to the French population,
after 1760,10-11; British authorities at Quebec find difficulty in
defining, 11; attempt to enforce English law abandoned, 13; Murray
establishes courts, 13; criticisms of the grand jury, 15; confusion of
English and French codes, 40-41; dissatisfaction of the French-speaking
inhabitants, 41; Maseres suggests four plans to Carleton, 41-42; Maurice
Morgan sent out to study legal situation, 43; Carleton favours the
French civil code, 43; dishonest magistrates and tyrannical bailiffs,
51-54; report of Committee on Administration of Justice, 1769, 54;
Ordinance of 1770, 54; French-Canadians petition for their own laws, 61;
French law established by Quebec Act, 64; discussed in British
Parliament, 65-68; confusion of civil procedure, 225-227. =Bib.=:
Bourinot, _Constitutional History of Canada and How Canada is Governed_;
Ashley, _Earlier Constitutional History of Canada_; Houston, _Canadian
Constitutional Documents_.
=Civil List.= =Sy= Permanent provision for, considered necessary, 120;
Sydenham asks for, 204; possible opposition to, 308. =S= In Upper
Canada, under Simcoe, 177.
=Civil Secretary.= =Sy= Of the governor, large range of duties
undertaken by, in pre-union times, 331.
=Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, fourth Earl of=
(1800-1870). Ambassador at Madrid, 1833-1839; lord privy seal,
1839-1841; foreign minister, 1853-1858, 1865-1866, and 1868-1870.
=Index=: =Sy= Governor-generalship of Canada tendered to, 58. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Clark, George Rogers= (1752-1818). American frontier leader. =Index=:
=Hd= Rebel leader, his cruel treatment of garrison of Vincennes, 168.
=Bib.=: _Campaign in the Illinois_; English, _Conquest of the Country
North-West of the Ohio_.
=Clark, Peter.= =S= Commands boat sent to meet Prince Edward, 183.
=Clark, Samuel.= =T= Rector of Gagetown, 5.
=Clark, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas.= =Bk= Command assigned to, on Niagara
frontier, 206. =Hd= Death of his wife, 237.
=Clark, Sir William Mortimer= (1836- ). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland.
Educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen; studied law at the University
of Edinburgh, and admitted a writer to the signet, 1859. Came to
Toronto, 1859; called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Engaged largely in
financial affairs. Lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1903-1908. =Bib.=:
Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Clarke, Captain.= =F= Killed at Fort Loyal, two daughters taken to
Quebec, 303.
=Clarke, Sir Alured= (1745-1832). Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada,
1790-1795. Had been governor of Jamaica before coming to Canada; and
after leaving the country, filled several high offices in India, finally
becoming governor-general. Returned to England, 1802, and made
field-marshal, 1830. =Index=: =Dr= Appointed lieutenant-governor, 249;
administers government in Carleton's absence, 269; gives names to
counties, 269. =S= Appointed lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada in
absence of Dorchester, 47; Simcoe's harmonious relations with, 130.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Clarke, Jonathan.= =S= Teaches school at Fredericksburg and Matilda,
167.
=Claus, Colonel.= =Bk= Command assigned to, on Niagara frontier, 206.
=Clay, Henry= (1777-1852). American statesman and orator. =Index=: =Bk=
His confident prediction of conquest of Canada, 215. =Bib.=: _Works_,
ed. by Colton, 1857; new ed., 1898; Schurz, _Life of Henry Clay_; _Cyc.
Am. Biog._
=Clayoquot Sound.= West coast of Vancouver Island. =Index=: =D= Natives
of, attack _Tonquin_, 1811, and massacre crew, 37.
=Clear Grits.= =B= Leaders of the party, 39; origin of name, 40;
denounced by the _Globe_, 40; platform, 41; significance of movement,
235. =C= Clamouring against institutions of Quebec, 25. =E= Leading
members of party, 110; its platform, 111; George Brown becomes
recognized leader, 112; influence of party--defection of Rolph and
Cameron, 112; attack government on account of Gavazzi riots, 125; unite
with Conservatives and Rouges to defeat Hincks government, 127; their
strength in 1854, 134; fight for the speakership, 135; obnoxious to
French-Canadians, 137; advocate secularization of Clergy Reserves, 161,
163. =BL= Beginnings of, 335; their programme, 341; Brown's connection
with, 342. =Md= Struggle against religious and racial influence, 46;
George Brown first opposes and later becomes leader of, 54. =Bib.=:
Dent, _Last Forty Years_; MacKenzie, _George Brown_.
=Clement, Pierre.= =Dr= On causes of failure of West India Company, 149;
on galley service, 215. =Bib.=: _Histoire de Colbert_; _Madame de
Montespan et Louis XIV_.
=Clergy, French-Canadian.= =Dr= Faithful to the British government, 72,
80. =Hd= Illiterate but highly respected, 42; receive donations for fire
sufferers, 44; refuse to believe that Canada would ever be ceded to
Britain, 128; Quebec Act and, 174; Haldimand's attitude towards, 180,
181, 182; attempt to get French priests into Seminary, 187; their
interest in establishment of public library, 191; alarmed at large
numbers of Protestant settlers, 264.
=Clergy Reserves.= =Md= Question embitters public life of Upper Canada,
13, 28; nature and history of the dispute, 55-62; secularization of,
carried out by MacNab-Morin coalition ministry, 63; Macdonald introduces
bill, Oct. 17, 1854, 65; bill passed by Assembly, November 23, and by
Legislative Council, Dec. 10, 65; provisions of the bill, 65-66. =S=
Created by Constitutional Act, 12, 156. =Dr= Created by Constitutional
Act, 267. =Sy= Designed for support of state church, 77; treatment of,
in Durham's report, 93; conflict over, 238-244; Sydenham's plan for
settlement of questions, 245-246; attitude of Reform party respecting,
246; bill recommended by governor passed and sent home for approval,
248; question settled by Imperial Parliament, 249. =BL= Set apart by
Constitutional Act, 1791, 42; William Morris's connection with, 83; and
Upper Canada College, 192; and Ryerson, 240; pressing for settlement,
339; secularization of, advocated by Clear Grits, 342; history of
question, 343-349. =B= Tache advises French-Canadians to oppose
secularization of, 48; history of question, 51-60. =R= Ryerson enters
the controversy, 19, 26-27; endowment of established church provided
for, in Act of 1791, 34-35; influence of John Strachan, 36-37;
dominance of Church of England party, 38-40; extent and value of the
Reserves, 47; question comes up in Legislature, 47; claims of Church of
Scotland, 48-49; petition and claims referred to select committee of
British House of Commons, 1827, 50; Ryerson proposes sale and
appropriation of proceeds to general educational purposes, 115; Sir
George Arthur proposes division among various religious bodies, 119;
Ryerson's attitude towards division, 119-120. =E= Granted to Protestant
clergy by Constitutional Act, 1791,102; Baldwin's attitude towards,
102-103; La Fontaine's attitude towards, 102-103; Canadian Legislature
receives power to settle question, 119; settlement delayed, 126, 132;
secularization proposed by Sicotte, 126-127; secularization a condition
of MacNab-Morin coalitions, 140; history of the question, 145-169;
report of select committee, 147; Imperial Act passes, 158-159; its
repeal proposed by Price, 161; value of the Reserves, 161--162;
provincial Legislature given power to vary or repeal Union Act, and to
settle Clergy Reserves, on certain conditions, 167; bill introduced by
John A. Macdonald, finally settling question, 168; terms of bill, 168.
=Mc= Created by Constitutional Act, 70; details of, 70; Durham on, 71;
Mackenzie's views on, 94-95; grievance report on, 72; Glenelg's
position, 283. =Bib.=: Lindsey, _The Clergy Reserves_; Hincks's Letters
in Montreal _Herald_, December, 1882; Dent, _Last Forty Years_;
Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_; Ryerson, _Story of my Life_;
Bethune, _Memoir of Bishop Strachan_.
=Clermont, Chevalier de.= =F= Killed in skirmish on Beauport flats, 294.
=Clermont, College of.= =L= Laval studies at, 21.
=Clinton, Sir Henry= (1738-1795). Sent to America, 1775; served
in the South, and with Howe at Philadelphia; succeeded him as
commander-in-chief, 1778; Captured Charleston, 1780; succeeded by Sir
Guy Carleton, and returned to England, 1782. =Index=: =S= Replaced as
commander-in-chief by Sir Guy Carleton, 39; secures promotion for
Queen's Rangers, 39. =Dr= Returns to England, 192. =Hd= In command at
New York, 131; succeeded by Dorchester, 188; his efforts to bring
Vermont back to allegiance to Britain, 199-200; Haldimand's report to,
on Ira Allen's diplomacy, 207; Haldimand's letter to, on the policy of
Vermont, 208; and his proposed proclamation to the people of, 211;
Haldimand's letter on crisis in spring of 1782, 212; his list of rebels,
280; his emoluments in America, 330. =Bib.=: Works: _Narrative of the
Campaign in North America, Rejoinder to Cornwallis's Observations_;
_Observations on Stedman's American War_. For biog. _see Dict. Am.
Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Clitherow, John= (1782-1852). Entered army, 1799; lieutenant-colonel,
1812; served in the Egyptian campaign, 1801; the Hanover campaign, 1805;
the Walcheren expedition, 1809, and throughout the Peninsular War.
Appointed major-general, 1830; lieutenant-general, 1841. Adminished the
government of Canada after the death of Sydenham, 1841. =Index=: =Sy=
Closes session of 1841, 342; senior military officer at Kingston, 342.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Closse, Major.= =L= His piety, 8.
=Cloutier, Zacharie.= =Ch= Joiner, accompanies Robert Giffard to Canada,
252.
=Club Democratique.= =C= Their appeal to the public, 26-27.
=Cobb, Sylvanus= (1709-1762). A native of Plymouth, Mass. Served in the
expedition against Louisbourg, 1745. For some years engaged in the coast
defence of Nova Scotia. Served at the second siege of Louisbourg under
Amherst and Boscawen. Removed to Liverpool, Nova Scotia. Died of the
plague at the siege of Havana, 1762. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova
Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by
Akins.
=Cobden, Richard= (1804-1865). British statesman. =Index=: =Sy= A more
advanced radical than Sydenham, 20. =Bib.=: Morley, _Life of Richard
Cobden_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Cochrane, Thomas= (1777-1804). Born in Nova Scotia. A member of the
English bar. Chief-justice of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island,
1801; judge of the King's Bench of Upper Canada, 1804. Drowned in wreck
of the _Speedy_, while on his way to hold court. =Index=: =Bk= Drowned
in foundering of the _Speedy_, 69. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read,
_Lives of the Judges_.
=Cockburn, James= (1819-1883). Born in Berwick-on-Tweed, England. Came
to Canada, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1846. Practised his
profession at Cobourg. Represented West Northumberland in the Assembly,
1861-1867; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 1864-1867. A delegate to
the Quebec Conference. After Confederation sat in the House of Commons
for West Northumberland, 1867-1874, and during that time was Speaker of
the House. Again elected to the House of Commons, 1878, and retained his
seat until 1881, when he retired to accept the chairmanship of the
commission on the consolidation of the statutes of Canada. =Index=: =T=
Solicitor-general, West, delegate to Quebec Conference, 76. =E= Last
Speaker of the House of Commons to exercise privilege of addressing the
governor-general on measures of the session, 1869, 130. =Bib.=: Taylor,
_Brit. Am._; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; Dent, _Last
Forty Years_.
=Cockrel.= =S= Establishes school at Niagara and afterwards at Ancaster,
167.
=Coffin, William Foster= (1808-1878). Born in Bath, England. Came to
Quebec with his father, an army officer, 1813. Returned to England,
1815, and until 1824 was a student at Eton. Came back to Canada, 1830.
Called to the bar, 1835. Took part in the suppression of the Rebellion
of 1837. Joint sheriff of Montreal, 1840-1851. Appointed commissioner of
ordnance lands, 1856, and one of the Intercolonial Railway
commissioners, 1868. Held many important offices under the government of
Canada and in the militia. =Bib.=: Works: _History of the War of 1812_;
_Three Chapters on a Triple Project; Thoughts on Defence from a Canadian
Point of View; Quirks of Diplomacy_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Annual
Register_, 1878.
=Coke, Sir John= (1563-1644). Sat in Parliament, 1621-1629; secretary of
State, 1625; a commissioner of the treasury, 1635-1636. =Index=: =Ch=
English Commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=Colbert, Jean Baptiste= (1619-1683). First minister to Louis XIV.
=Index=: =F= Creates West India Company, 49; disapproves Frontenac's
action in summoning "three estates," 67; anti-clerical tendencies, 73;
Madame Maintenon's opinion of, 74; advice to Courcelles in relation to
ecclesiastical power, 115; asks for particulars as regards effect of
liquor traffic, 118; speaks of bishop as aiming at too much power, 119;
overthrow of his commercial policy, 151. =L= Minister of marine and
colonies, not favourable to emigration, 80; enjoins Frontenac to act
with more moderation, 165; prejudiced against clergy, 170; his despatch
on subject of liquor traffic, 170. =Bib.=: Colby, _Canadian Types of the
Old Regime_; Chambers, _Biog. Dict._
=Colebrooke, Sir William Macbean George= (1787-1870). After serving in
the army, and as political agent in the East, became lieutenant-governor
of the Bahamas, 1834-1837; governor of the Leeward Islands, 1837; and in
1841 succeeded Sir John Harvey as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick.
Afterwards governor of Barbados and the Windward Islands, 1848-1856.
=Index=: =W= Appoints son-in-law as provincial secretary, New Brunswick,
76; action resented by members of government, 76-80; his unpopularity,
100-101. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_; Rattray, _The Scot
in British North America_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Coles, George= (1810-1875). =T= Delegate to Quebec Conference, 77.
=Collins, Francis.= =Mc= Reports legislative debates, 106; publishes
_Canadian Freeman_ in 1825, 111; convicted of libel, 134; fined and
imprisoned, 134. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.
=Collver, Jabez.= =S= Presbyterian minister, the first to come to Upper
Canada, 165.
=Colonial Advocate.= Newspaper, published by William Lyon Mackenzie.
=Index=: =Mc= Newspaper, published at Queenston, May 18, 1824, 85;
reviews condition of provinces, 86, 87; topics discussed in, 94-97;
reports debates, 102, 103; granted a subsidy for printing, 103; moved to
York, January, 1825, 106; House refuses publication of reports in, 108;
destruction of, 113; W.J. Rattray on, 116; defendants made to pay L625
damages, 129; criminal prosecution of, 130; second destruction of, 221;
last issue, November, 1834, 259. =BL= Its extravagant language, 12;
established by Mackenzie, 13; aids in consolidating Reform party, 13;
its office attacked by Tories, 14-15. =R= Edited by W. L. Mackenzie, 64,
66; attacks Egerton Ryerson, 98.
=Colonial Conference, 1894.= Opened at Ottawa, June 28, with Mackenzie
Bowell in the chair. Delegates present from the Imperial government, New
South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, New
Zealand, Cape Colony, and Canada. Resolutions were passed in favour of
an Imperial Customs Union and a Pacific Cable. Conference adjourned,
July 11. _See also_ Imperial Conference. =Bib.=: _Proceedings of the
Colonial Conference_, 1894; Ewart, _Kingdom of Canada_.
=Colonial Empire.= Newspaper, published at St. John. =Index=: =T= Brings
charge against government, 51.
=Colonial Gazette.= Newspaper, published in London. =Index=: =Sy=
Publishes article on Poulett Thomson's mission to Canada, 135-141; not
entirely confident of his success, 140.
=Colonist.= Newspaper, published in Toronto. =Index=: =B= Edited by
Samuel Thompson, 4; George Sheppard, editorial writer on, 135.
=Colonization.= =L= Laval's interest in, 77; arrival of colonists from
La Rochelle, 1663-1664, 77; system of apprenticeship, 77-78; Sovereign
Council asks for men from north of France, 78; Bourdon brings out a
ship-load of girls, 79; soldiers of Carignan Regiment come out as
colonists, 79; Talon's immigration policy, 80; Colbert's opposition, 80.
=F= Cartier's attempts at, 2; settlement at Port Royal, 6-7; at Quebec,
7-8; and the trading Companies, 19, 28; of Montreal, 33-34; marriageable
girls sent out, 57. =Ch= Character of, in New France, 143-147; by
Company of New France, 168-169. =D= Impetus to, from western side, 2.
=Coltman, W. B.= A merchant of Quebec, and lieutenant-colonel in the
militia. Sent by Governor Sherbrooke, 1816, to Red River, to investigate
dispute between the Hudson's Bay and the North West Companies. =Index=:
=MS= Sent to Red River to investigate troubles, 195; his report, 196.
=Columbia.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company, vessel, 183.
=Columbia Fur Company.= =D= Organized, 1822, by recruits from the North
West Company, 134. _See also_ Astor; Astor Fur Company.
=Columbia River.= Rises in Upper Columbia Lake, lat. 50 deg. 10', long.
115 deg. 50', and flows into Pacific Ocean. Total length about 1150 miles.
Its mouth was discovered by Robert Gray, of Boston, May, 1792, and named
by him after his vessel. It was first reached overland by Lewis and Clark,
in 1805; and first explored throughout its entire length by David
Thompson, of the North West Company, 1807-1811. Its principal branch is
the Kootenay. =Index=: =D= Carver's "River of Oregon," 19; Russian
colony projected at, 44; named by Gray, 57; Fraser raised mistaken for,
59; Lewis and Clark on, 67.
=Comfort, Thomas.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 384.
=Commerce.= =Bk= In Upper Canada, 50. _See also_ Trade.
=Commercial Union.= Complete and entire free trade with the United
States, first proposed by Ira Gould, before Montreal Board of Trade,
February, 1852. (_See_ Montreal _Gazette_, Feb. 18-22, 1852.) The
question was repeatedly discussed in succeeding years, down to 1890, in
and out of Parliament, and for a time was adopted by the Liberal party
as a trade policy, but abandoned before they came into power in 1896.
=Index=: =Md= Brought forward by Liberals as an alternative to
protection, 261-262; history of the movement, 291-292; the Commercial
Union League, 293-298. _See also_ Unrestricted reciprocity; Reciprocity;
Zollvrein. =Bib.=: _Canadian Emancipation and Commercial Union_; Adam,
_Handbook of Commercial Union_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the
Liberal Party_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.
=Commissariat Department.= =S= Abuses in, 212.
=Company of Canada (Merchant Adventurers of Canada).= Organized by David
Kirke, and chartered by Charles I, to exploit the fur trade of the St.
Lawrence. The restoration of Canada to France in 1632 brought the
operations of Kirke, Sir William Alexander, and their associates to an
untimely end. =Index=: =Ch= Letters patent granted to, 176. =Bib.=:
Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Kirke, _The First English
Conquest of Canada_.
=Company of De Caen.= Organized by William de Caen and his nephew Emery,
merchants of Rouen. Monopoly granted the company on usual terms as to
settlement, missionaries, etc., 1621. Absorbed Champlain's Company,
1622, and the united Companies carried on trade until 1633. =Index=:
=Ch= Organized, 130-132; rivalry with Company of Rouen, 133-137;
amalgamation of two companies, 136-137. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading
Companies of New France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.
=Company of New France (Compagnie des Cent-Associes).= Established,
1627, by Cardinal Richelieu, on the advice of Isaac de Razilly. A
monopoly of fifteen years was granted, with full ownership of the entire
valley of the St. Lawrence, in return for which the Company was to take
out three hundred colonists every year up to 1643. No serious effort was
made to carry out this obligation, although the Company continued to
enjoy its monopoly until 1663. =Index=: =L= Resigns its charter, 41;
renders assistance to missions, 50; succeeded by the West India Company,
145. =Ch= Established, 169; list of directors, 170; documents relating
to, 171; sends out four vessels, 172; equips ships to retake Quebec,
213; terms of grant to, 222; bears expense of Jesuit mission stations,
228; sincerely interested in conversion of savages and progress of
colonization, 244; special committee for its financial affairs, 244;
appoints Champlain governor, 244. =F= Created by Cardinal Richelieu, 19;
colonists sent out by, 28; cedes some of its rights to colonists, 36;
new arrangement works badly, 37; surrenders all its powers to the king,
1663, 49; its failure to fulfil its engagements, 55. =E= Creates
seigniories, 175. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New
France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.
=Company of Notre Dame de Montreal.= =L= Consecrates the island of
Montreal to the Virgin, 85; makes over its rights to the Seminary of St.
Sulpice, in 1663, 108, 135; its debts discharged by De Belmont, 135.
=Company of Rouen and St. Malo (Champlain's Company).= Established at
the instance of Champlain, in 1614. The shares were divided among the
merchants of Rouen and St. Malo. The terms of their charter required the
Company to bring out colonists, but as usual they did not take this
obligation very seriously. They did, however, make one notable addition
to the population of New France, for in the spring of 1617 they brought
out Louis Hebert and his family. Hebert's experience as a colonist was
not such as to encourage others to follow his example. The Company's
monopoly was cancelled in 1620. =Index=: =Ch= Formed by Champlain, 122;
its chief members, 122; terms of its charter, 122; pays large salary to
the Prince de Conde, 122; Champlain has trouble with 123, 125; the king
intervenes on his behalf, 126; colonists to be brought out, 127-129;
absorbed by Company of De Caen, 130, 137; conflict with new Company,
133-137. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_;
Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.
=Company of the West Indies (Compagnie des Indes Occidentales).=
Chartered by Louis XIV, 1664, following the cancellation of the charter
of the Company of New France. Its field of operations was enormous,
covering the west coast of Africa, the east coast of South America from
the Amazon to the Orinoco, Canada, Acadia, and Newfoundland. The
Christianization of the native tribes was given as the principal object
of the Company, commerce being of only secondary importance. Despite its
many privileges, and the readiness with which its stock was subscribed,
it did not prosper, and by 1672 was hopelessly in debt. Three years
later its charter was revoked, so far as Canada was concerned. =Index=:
=L= Resigns its charter, 145. =E= Creates seigniories, 175. =Bib.=:
Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Parkman, _Old Regime_.
=Conde, Prince Henri de= (1588-1646). =Ch= Licenses three vessels to
trade in St. Lawrence, 78; letter to, in Champlain's _Quatrieme Voyage_,
79; contributes to building of Recollet Convent, 117; source of trouble
to the colony, 122; incarcerated for conspiracy, 122; released, and
transfers his commission to the Duke of Montmorency, 127. =F=
Lieutenant-general of New France, 12. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of
France_.
=Confederation.= The first definite step in the movement looking towards
the union of the British North American colonies, was the Charlottetown
Conference, 1864. Delegates from the three Maritime Provinces met to
consider the union of those provinces. At the Conference, delegates from
Canada (constituting what are now the provinces of Ontario and Quebec)
appeared, and urged the broadening of the discussion to cover all the
provinces. Out of this meeting grew the Quebec Conference, of the same
year, attended by delegates from Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland; the two latter subsequently
withdrew from the movement. The Quebec Conference drew up a series of
resolutions, which were made the basis of the final legislation. In 1866
delegates from the provinces met at the Westminster Hotel in London, and
framed the British North America Act. The Act was passed by the Imperial
Parliament, and received the queen's assent, March, 1867. It was
proclaimed throughout the new Dominion of Canada, July 1, 1867. Manitoba
was created a province, July 15, 1870. British Columbia joined the
union, July 20, 1871; and Prince Edward Island, July 1, 1873. The
provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created Sept. 1, 1905.
=Index=: =Mc= Mackenzie advocates, 104-105; Robinson reports on, 105.
=T= History of, 59-71, 73-87; defeated in New Brunswick, 89-110;
accepted by New Brunswick, 111-125; completion of, 127-132. =Md= History
of the movement, 93; outlined by Durham, 93-95; principle adopted by
British American League, 95; and by Legislature of Nova Scotia, 95;
advocated by Howe and Haliburton, 96; in speech from throne, 1858, 96;
Galt's speech, 96; Cartier, Galt, and Rose confer with Imperial
government, 96-97; growth of the movement, 97-100; attitude of Macdonald
and George Brown, 100-103; the Charlottetown Conference, 104; Quebec
Conference, 104-114; legislative _versus_ federal union, 106-110;
resolution of Quebec Conference debated in Parliament, 118-119; passed
by Assembly, 120; mission sent to England to confer with home government
on this and other questions, 120-121; Imperial government strongly in
favour of, 121; supported by Brown in _Globe_, 123; Monck's impatience
over delays, 123-124; Macdonald's reply, 124; Westminster Conference,
125-127; British North America Act passed and receives royal assent,
127; Macdonald's letter to Lord Knutsford, 128-129; opposition to
Confederation, 129; negotiations with Newfoundland, 146-147; and Prince
Edward Island, 147-149; and British Columbia, 149-150. =Sy= Favoured at
first by Lord Durham, afterwards deemed impracticable, 120. =H= J. W.
Johnstone's speech in favour of, 174; Joseph Howe's attitude towards,
180-182, 185, 186; opposition to, 186-192; abandons opposition, 214-216;
advocated by Sir Charles Tupper, 186-189; opposed by Halifax
_Chronicle_, 189. =C= Cartier's connection with, 55-65; Cartier insists
on federal principle, 57-58; Macdonald favours legislative union, 57;
Canadian constitution compared with that of the United States, 58-61;
weak points of the former, 61-62; its advantages, 62-63; opposed in
Quebec, 63-64. =E= Only feasible solution of difficulties arising out of
Union Act, 118. =B= Ardently championed by George Brown, x, xi;
indirectly promoted by United States Civil War, xi; the British American
League advocates, 38; McGee on, 129-130; founders of movement, 129;
George Brown and, 130-132, 137-138, 139; Reform Conventions of 1857 and
1859 discuss question, 131, 135-138, 208, 217; Galt advocates federal
union, 132-133; step towards, 133; question of defence one of forces
tending towards, 142; events leading up to, 147-161; the Quebec
Conference, 163-166; approval of British government, 167; the debate in
Parliament, 169-179, 181-185; Quebec Resolutions passed, 185; the
mission to England, 186; the question in the Maritime Provinces,
187-188; attitude of Brown and the Reform party, 199-210; first and
greatest step in process of expansion, 264. =BL= The Toronto _Church_
proposes federal union of all British North American provinces, 125. =P=
Papineau's opposition to, 199. _See also_ Charlottetown Conference;
Quebec Conference; Westminster Conference; Macdonald; Tupper; Brown;
Howe; Cartier. =Bib.:= Whelan, _Union of the British Provinces_;
Cauchon, _Union of British North American Provinces_; Howe,
_Organization of the Empire_; McGee, _Two Speeches on Union of the
Provinces_; Hamilton, _Union of the Colonies of British North America_;
Pope, _Confederation Documents_; Rawlings, _Confederation of the British
North American Provinces; Parliamentary Debates on Confederation_, 1865;
Bourinot, _Constitutional History of Canada_. References to pamphlet and
other material on this subject will be found in Johnson, _First Things
in Canada_.
=Congregation de Notre Dame.= =F= Montreal, established, 29.
=Congress, United States.= =Dr= Address of, to French-Canadians, 71, 77;
action of, at Philadelphia, 77; sends commission to inquire into
military situation of Canada, 135; its action in the Asgill case, 199.
=Hd= Meets at Concord, 102; rumour of French and Spanish treaty with,
124; its designs against Canada, 129, 130, 132, 319; its attitude
towards Vermont, 198, 199, 201-209, 211, 214-216; defeat of its troops
celebrated in Quebec, 223; its interests, and that of army opposed,
225; passes laws against Loyalists, 252; sends ambassador to Canada,
259; slow to fulfil treaty, 260; addresses Canadians, 276.
=Conkling, Senator Roscoe= (1829-1888). American statesman. =Index=: =B=
Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231.
=Connecticut.= =F= Takes part in expedition against Montreal, 279.
=Connell, Charles.= =T= Resigns as postmaster-general, New Brunswick,
49-51; runs for Carleton County in Confederation interest, 89; member of
Mitchell government, 105; elected for Carleton County, 107.
=Connolly, William.= =MS= Chief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, 1825, 224;
his family, 224. =D= Succeeds Stuart in New Caledonia, 1824, 99; his
native wife, and family, 99.
=Conolly, William.= =Dr= Of Stratton Hall, Staffordshire; member of
Parliament and privy councillor, 30; his powerful influence exerted on
behalf of Guy Carleton and his brother, 30; Wolfe alludes to his death,
1754, as "a deadly blow to the Carletons," 30.
=Connor, George Skeffington.= Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity
College, Dublin. Came to Canada, 1832, with William Hume Blake. Settled
on a farm near Lake Simcoe. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1842. Sat
in the Assembly as a Reformer, 1859-1862; judge of the Court of Queen's
Bench, 1863. Died in Toronto, 1863. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Conseil Souverain.= _See_ Sovereign Council.
=Conservative Party.= =B= Organized by Sir John A. Macdonald, out of old
Tory party, 69; its debt to Canada First Association, 241. =Bib.=: Pope,
_Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Constitution.= =Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie starts, 320; destroyed by mob,
321; draft constitution of provisional government published in, 356.
=Constitutional Act, 1791.= The Act was designed to harmonize the
conflicting interests of French and English by dividing Quebec into two
provinces,--Upper and Lower Canada,--thereby giving to each a larger
control of its own local affairs. It established in each province a
Legislative Council, appointed by the crown for life, and a Legislative
Assembly, elected by the people. _See_ other constitutional acts: Quebec
Act, 1774; Union Act, 1840; British North America Act, 1867. =Index=:
=E= Racial and political difficulties arising out of, 17, 18; Clergy
Reserves granted by, 102, 119, 145, 150, 151, 158. =C= Its weak points,
6; constitution suspended after Rebellion of 1837, 11; its faults
exposed by Durham, 12-13. =B= Clergy Reserves originate in, 51, 52. =Sy=
A fatal compromise, 68; meant to confer privileges of British
constitution, 73; its actual operation, 74-84; greatly increases power
of French majority in Lower Canada, 72, 80. =S= Introduction of, 1;
discussion of, 5-9; passed, 10; provisions of, 10-12; its far-reaching
effects, 13; put in force by proclamation, 48. =R= Its terms and how
they were applied, 29-35; Clergy Reserves, 46-47; Ryerson's
interpretation of, on question of established church, 78; its effect on
religious questions, 103. =BL= Its terms, 6-7; Pitt and Burke on, 6;
Grenville on, 7; Simcoe on, 7; its results, 8; intended to obviate
racial conflict, 8; makes landed provision for Church of England, 42,
343-344. =P= Divides Canada into two provinces, 21; its shortcomings,
21-23; abuse of personal power under, 24; constitution suspended, 25;
suspension recommended by Sir James Craig, 29; Papineau's eulogy of, in
1820, 34-38. =Mc= Its objects, 48, 49; debate on the bill, 49, 50;
handiwork of Pitt, 51; germ of the federal system, 51; divided Canada
into two provinces, 52; created Legislative Assembly, 52; created
Legislative Council, 52; created Executive Council, 53; General Simcoe
on, 54; Goldwin Smith on, 54; Durham's commentary on, 53, 56;
recommends revision of, 57; provisions creating Clergy Reserves, 70;
effect on parliamentary rule summarized, 71, 72; Mackenzie declares war
against, 72; silent on question of executive responsibility, 80; evils
of system of government summarized, 73-75; Durham on evils of, 76, 77.
=Bib.=: Bourinot, _Parliamentary Procedure and Government_ and _Manual
of the Constitutional History of Canada_; Houston, _Canadian
Constitutional Documents; Dominion Archives Report_, 1890; Watson,
_Constitutional History of Canada_; Durham, _Report_; Bradshaw,
_Self-Government in Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Selected Speeches and
Despatches relating to Canadian Constitutional History_; Kingsford,
_History of Canada_; Shortt and Doughty, _Constitutional Documents of
Canada_.
=Constitutional Associations.= =Sy= Of Quebec and Montreal, their aims,
112; send delegations to Upper Canada and to England to urge union of
the provinces, 112.
=Constitutional Reform Society.= =BL= Organized in Upper Canada, July
16, 1836. =Dr= William Baldwin, president, Francis Hincks, secretary,
42; its programme, 42.
=Cook, Dr. Henry.= =T= Tilley in his service, 7.
=Cook, Captain James= (1728-1779). Served in Canada during siege of
Quebec, 1759. Discovered New Zealand, 1769, and New South Wales, 1770.
In his famous voyage of 1776-1778, explored the north-west coast of
America. Returning the following year, murdered by the natives of
Owhyhee or Hawaii, in the Sandwich Islands. =Index=: =D= At Nootka, 14;
motive of his voyage to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and
endurance, 19; search for North-West passage, 19; his voyage of 1778,
20; refits his ship at Nootka, 20; names the Sound, 20; denies existence
of Fonte's and De Fuca's channels, 21; discovers and names Prince
William's Sound and Cook's Inlet, 21; visits Unalaska, 21; sails through
and names Bering Strait, 21; reaches the Arctic, 21; killed by natives,
at Sandwich Islands, Feb. 14, 1779, 21; his narrative published, 1784,
21. =Bib.=: _Voyage to the Pacific Ocean._ For biog., _see_ Besant,
_Captain Cook_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Cook River.= =D= Named by Captain Cook, 21; Captain Douglas there in
1788, 27, 28.
=Coote's Paradise.= =Bk= Early name of Hamilton, 52. _See also_
Hamilton.
=Copenhagen, Battle of= (1801). =Bk= Description of, 25-31; bombardment
of, and capture of Danish fleet, 106.
=Coppermine River.= Rises in a small lake, a little west of long. 110 deg.,
and south of lat. 66 deg., and after a course of 525 miles flows into
Coronation Gulf, on the Arctic coast of Canada. It was discovered by
Samuel Hearne, 1771; and subsequently visited by Sir John Franklin,
1821; Sir John Richardson, 1848; and later travellers. =Index=: =D=
Discovered by Hearne, 51. =MS= Discovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31. _See_
Hearne. =Bib.=: Hearne, _Journey from Prince of Wales Fort to the Frozen
Ocean_; Franklin, _Journey to the Polar Sea_; Richardson, _Arctic
Searching Expedition_.
=Coquart, Claude-Godefroy.= Jesuit missionary. Accompanied La Verendrye
on his Western explorations, 1741, but got no farther than
Michilimackinac. His letter, quoted by Margry, throws an interesting
light on La Verendrye's explorations.
=Coram, Joseph.= =T= Runs for St. John County as Anti-Confederate, 85; a
leading Orangeman, 86; defeated in St. John County, 109.
=Corbiere, Captain.= =WM= Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.
=Corlaer.= _See_ Schenectady. =Index=: =F= Indian name for governors of
New York, 253.
=Corn Laws.= =Sy= Their repeal advocated by Poulett Thomson, 37, 40, 52.
=B= Their effect on Canadian industries, 15, 31, 32.
=Cornwall Canal.= =BL= Construction of, provided for by government in
1841, 98. =Bib.=: Keefer, _Canals of Canada_ (R. S. C., 1893); Mme. L.
N. Rheaume, _Origin of Cornwall and Williamsburg Canal_ (Women's Can.
Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, _Trans._).
=Cornwallis, Charles, first Marquis= (1738-1805). Served in American
Revolutionary War; won victory at Camden over Gates, 1780, and in 1781
defeated Greene at Guildford. In 1781 hemmed in at Yorktown between the
American army and the French fleet, and forced to surrender.
Governor-general and commander-in-chief of Bengal, 1786-1793.
Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1798; British plenipotentiary to negotiate
peace of Amiens, 1801. Five years later again returned to India as
governor-general, and died at Ghazeepore. =Index=: =Bk= British
plenipotentiary in negotiating peace of Amiens, 30. =Dr= Surrender at
Yorktown, 191. =Hd= His capitulation, 211-212, 297. =Bib.=: Cornwallis,
_Despatches_; Kaye, _Lives of Indian Officers_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._;
Johnston, _Yorktown Campaign_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Cornwallis, Edward.= Born, 1812. Member of the British House of Commons
for Eyre, 1749. Appointed governor of Nova Scotia, 1749. Sailed from
England with 2576 emigrants and on July 2, 1749, reached the harbour of
Chebucto, the site of the present city of Halifax. His administration
marked by energetic measures against the discontented Acadians. Returned
to England, 1752. Elected to the House of Commons for Westminster, 1753;
major-general, 1759; subsequently governor of Gibraltar. =Bib.=:
Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_;
_Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.
=Corpo, Father.= =L= Dies a martyr, 62.
=Correspondent and Advocate.= Newspaper. =Index=: =Mc= Newspaper,
published by Dr. O'Grady, 259.
=Corrupt Practices.= =BL= Bill in reference to, introduced, 99; excites
great public attention, 99; passed by Assembly, but rejected by
Legislative Council, 100.
=Corvee.= =Hd= Ancient French custom, 122; used in transporting
provisions to upper posts, 140; complaint against Haldimand's use of,
182, 291; MacLean asks for decrease of, 306.
=Cosmos, Amor de.= =D= Editor of _British Colonist_, 271; bitter
opponent of Sir James Douglas, 306-307; his character, 306; his tribute
to Douglas, 307-308; advocates union of colonies, 308. =Bib.=: Begg,
_History of British Columbia_.
=Costa, Francis.= =S= Naval officer, Upper Canada, 178.
=Costigan, John=, (1835- ). Represented Victoria in New Brunswick
Legislature, 1861-1866; elected to Dominion House of Commons, 1867;
interested himself in questions of Roman Catholic schools of New
Brunswick, and Irish home-rule. Minister of inland revenue, 1882;
secretary of state, 1892; minister of marine and fisheries, 1894.
=Index=: =C= Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing
separate schools, 73, 77; demands amendment of constitution to secure
separate schools for New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77. =Bib.=: Morgan,
_Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Cote Ste. Genevieve.= =WM= Slope to the north of Plains of Abraham,
186, 252.
=Coteau du Lac.= =Hd= Canal at, 185.
=Coton, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit provincial, accepts proposals of Recollets,
151.
=Couillard, Guillaume.= =Ch= Early settler, 145.
=Couillard, Henry.= =Ch= Captain of the _Don de Dieu_, 39.
=Couillard, Jacques.= =Ch= An interpreter, 144.
=Council.= _See_ Legislative Council; Executive Council; Sovereign
Council.
=Council of Assiniboia.= Appointed by the Hudson's Bay Company, for the
government of the colonists in their territory. The first meeting was
held Feb. 12, 1835, with Sir George Simpson as president. Bishop Tache,
Alexander Christie, Alexander Ross, Cuthbert Ross, and ten others formed
the Council. The Council, among other useful work, organized a volunteer
corps for defensive and police purposes; divided the settlements into
four districts with a magistrate for each; and made provision for a
public building. =Index=: =MS= Established by Hudson's Bay Company, 223;
its character, 223; Simpson head of, 244. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of the
North-West_; Bryce, _Manitoba_; Hargrave, _Red River_; Ross, _Red River
Settlement_.
=County Courts.= =Sy= Act passed establishing, 339.
=Courcelles, Daniel de Remy, Sieur de.= Governor of Canada, 1665-1672.
His tenure of office marked by an unsuccessful expedition against the
Iroquois, and a long and acrimonious dispute with Laval and the Jesuits.
The Marquis de Tracy was viceroy over all the French possessions in
America during a portion of the governorship of De Courcelles; and Talon
was twice intendant of New France during the same period. =Index=: =F=
Governor of Canada, 50; arrives at Quebec, 51; moves against Iroquois,
52; character, 54; expedition to Cataraqui, 59; recalled, 60. =L=
Appointed governor, 51; stands godfather to converted Iroquois chief,
65; arrival of, 79; his high character, 81; executes justice on certain
murderers, 82, 83; leads expedition as far as Cataraqui, 83; plans
erection of a fort at that point, 84; returns to France, 143. =Bib.=:
Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Parkman, _Old Regime_; Sulte,
_Regiment de Carignan_ (R. S. C., 1902).
=Coureurs de bois.= =WM= Described, 17, 18; furnished recruits to
militia, 31; summoned to defend the hornwork, 206. =Hd= Stir up Indians
against British, 55. =F= Created by policy of trading companies, 37; two
classes of, 88; Frontenac instructed to repress, 89; twelve captured,
99; one hanged, 100; king's decision respecting, 125; difficulty in
enforcing the law, 127; amnesty granted on certain conditions, 127;
punishments prescribed for offenders, 128. =L= Mentioned, 158; decree
against, 159. =D= Their character, 52. =Bib.=: _See_ General Index, R.
S. C.; Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Parkman, _Old
Regime_.
=Courier.= Newspaper published at Brantford. Established, 1834. =Index=:
=Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 515.
=Courier, Upper Canada.= =Mc= Publishes doggerel abuse of Assembly, 165.
=Courtemanche, De.= =F= Sent to Michilimackinac, 310. =WM= Goes to
island of Orleans to prepare ambuscade, 90; slight success of, 92.
=Courts of Justice.= =Dr= Established, 13; not satisfactory to
Canadians, 41; reform of, 54.
=Courval, De.= =WM= Directs movements of fire rafts, 130.
=Couture, Guillaume.= Born in Normandy, 1608. Came to Canada, 1640. Two
years later, on his way to the Huron country with Father Jogues
(_q.v._), they were captured by the Iroquois, and carried off to their
villages, where they were tortured. Couture escaped a worse fate by
being adopted into an Iroquois family. In 1661 accompanied Fathers
Dablon and Drouillette (_q.v._) on an expedition towards Hudson Bay.
Threatened by an Iroquois war-party, however, they got no farther than
Lake Necouba, and retreated down the Saguenay to Tadoussac. =Bib.=:
Parkman, _Old Regime_.
=Cowlitz=. =D= Hudson's Bay Company vessel, 183.
=Cox, Ross.= Went to Astoria on the _Beaver_ in 1811-1812 as an employee
of the Pacific Fur Company. When Astoria was transferred to the North
West Company, joined that Company. Spent five years on the Columbia, and
returned to the East overland. His narrative formed one of the principal
sources of Irving's _Astoria_, and is a valuable account of the fur
trade on the Pacific coast. =Bib.=: _Adventures on the Columbia River._
For biog., _see_ Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Craig, Sir James= (1748-1812). Distinguished himself at Lexington and
Bunker Hill, in American Revolutionary War. Appointed governor of
Jersey, 1793; and governor of the Cape, 1795. Sent to India two years
later; and in 1807 governor-general of Canada, retiring in 1811.
=Index=: =P=Governor-general of Canada, 27; his prejudice against
French-Canadians, 28; suppresses _Le Canadien_, and sends its
contributors to jail, 28-29; advises that bishop of Quebec be deprived
of appointment of parish priests, suspension of constitution of 1791,
union of Upper and Lower Canada, and confiscation of Sulpicians'
estates, 29, 159; his administration, 30-31. =Bk= Governor-general and
commander-in-chief, 90, 91; distrusts French-Canadians, 91; changes name
"Brock's battery" to "King's battery," 94; his hesitation as to issuing
arms to French-Canadian militia, 102, 103; gives his reasons, 103; his
speech at opening of Legislature conciliatory, 104; cancels commissions
of Lieutenant-Colonel J. A. Panet and others, 105; dissolves Assembly,
116; popular with the Anti-Canadian party, 116; calls for
reinforcements, 118; uses military labour in road making, 125; dissolves
the Assembly, 127; seizes _Canadien_ newspaper and arrests its
proprietors, 127; makes other arrests in Montreal district, 128; his
proclamation defending British government, 128; sends Ryland to London,
129; expresses very unfavourable opinion of French-Canadians, 129;
praises Legislative Council, 130; releases Bedard, 145; breakdown of his
health, 147, 155; gives his favourite horse "Alfred" to Brock, 156;
leaves Canada, 156; appearance and character, 156. =E= His shortcomings
as a colonial governor, 1, 19. =BL= His "blundering patriotism" as
governor, 17. =Bib.=: Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_;
_Dict. Eng. Hist._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie,
_History of Lower Canada_.
=Cramahe, Hector Theophilus=. =Dr= Member of Council, sent by Murray on
mission to England, 16; replaces Carleton during his absence from
Canada, 59; declines to decide question of an Assembly, 61;
lieutenant-governor under Carleton, and member of Council, 90; refuses
to receive Arnold's summons for surrender of Quebec, 111; his fear of
traitors within the walls, 114; improves fortifications, 117; his
careful administration during Carleton's absence, 159. =Hd= Haldimand
solicits good offices of, 111; entertainment given by, 224; personal
relations with Haldimand, 313. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_.
=Cramoisy, Sebastien=. =Ch= One of the Hundred Associates (Company of
New France), 171.
=Crane, William.= =W= Delegate to England to represent New Brunswick
grievances, 41, 45; again sent to England by Assembly, 46; appointed to
Council, 69; resigns, 72.
=Crawford, Isabella Valancy= (1851-1887). Born in Ireland. Came to
Canada at age of five. Lived at Peterborough, Ontario. Collected volume
of her _Poems_ published, 1905, with biographical and critical
introduction by Ethelwyn Wetherald.
=Crawford, John Willoughby= (1817-1875). Born in Ireland. Came to
Canada, 1824; studied law and called to the bar, 1824. Sat in the
Legislative Assembly for East Toronto, 1861-1863; represented South
Leeds in the House of Commons, 1867-1873; lieutenant-governor of
Ontario, 1873-1875. Died at Government House, Toronto. =Index=: =B=
Defeats George Brown in East Toronto, 1861, 141. =Bib.=: Read,
_Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_.
=Crawford, Colonel.= =Hd= Leader in attack on Moravian Indians, 171.
=Crawley, Edmund Albern= (1799-1880). Graduated from King's College,
Windsor; studied law under James W. Johnstone, and called to the bar,
1882. One of the leaders of the Baptist Church in Nova Scotia; entered
the ministry; and became the principal founder of Acadia College.
=Index=: =H= Halifax lawyer--becomes a Baptist and enters ministry, 77;
Dalhousie College refuses to appoint him to professorship, 81. =Bib.=:
Dent, _Can. Por._; Hill, _Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and
Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada_.
=Credit River.= Rises in Caledon Mountains, and enters Lake Ontario,
fourteen miles west of Toronto. =Index=: =Bk= Tract of land on,
purchased by Lieutenant-Governor Hunter from Indians, 65. _See also_
Ryerson.
=Cree Indians.= An important Algonquian tribe, formerly ranging
throughout what are now the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, and
north-eastwards to Hudson Bay. First mentioned in Jesuit _Relations_,
1640, 1661, and 1667, and in the early journals of the Hudson's Bay
Company. They formed an alliance with the Assiniboines, formerly of
Siouan stock, and carried their raids against hostile tribes westwards
to the Rocky Mountains, and north to the Mackenzie River. In 1776 they
numbered about 15,000, but were reduced by smallpox in 1786, and again
in 1838. By the end of the nineteenth century they had again regained
their former numbers. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_;
Harmon, _Journal_; Mackenzie, _Voyages_.
=Creek Indians.= A confederacy of the Muskhogean family. Known to the
English as occupying what are now the states of Alabama and Florida.
First visited by the Spaniards, under De Soto, in 1540. As a result of
the Creek War, in 1813-1814, they were removed by the American
government to Indian Territory, between 1835 and 1840. =Index=: =Hd= War
with, 69; character of, 70; their raids in Georgia, 91; Gage's opinion
of, 98. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_.
=Creighton, John= (1794-1878). Born in Nova Scotia. Called to the bar,
1816, and created Q. C. by royal warrant, 1845. Sat in the Legislative
Assembly of Nova Scotia, 1830-1850. Called to the Legislative Council,
1859, and elected Speaker, 1875.
=Cremazie, Octave= (1827-1879). His life a peculiarly sad one. Having
made a failure of his business as a bookseller in Quebec, went to
France, and died there in poverty. One of the founders of the _Institut
Canadien_ of Quebec; and contributed for some years to the _Soirees
Canadiennes_ and other periodicals. His poetical works published, 1882,
under the patronage of the _Institut Canadien_, with an introduction by
Abbe Casgrain. =Bib.=: _[OE]uvres Completes_, Montreal, 1882. For biog.,
_see_ Casgrain, _Biog._; Gagnon, _Quelques Notes sur O. Cremazie_ in
_Revue Canadienne_, vol. 49; also articles in same review by Abbe
Casgrain (vol. 31); and by Abbe Degagne (vol. 30).
=Crillon, Count Edward de.= =Bk= His connection with the John Henry
letters, 186, 187; discovered to be an impostor, 188.
=Criminal Law of England.= =Dr= Established by Quebec Act, 64. =BL=
Amendments of 1841 to reduce its severity, 99.
=Crisacy, Marquis Antoine de.= =F= Conducts expedition for restoration
of Fort Frontenac, 341.
=Crooks, Adam= (1827-1885). Son of James Crooks; born at West Flamboro,
Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto.
Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1851. Contested West Toronto for the
Assembly, 1867, but defeated; elected, 1871; defeated in East Toronto,
1875, but shortly afterwards elected for South Oxford. Attorney-general,
1871-1872; provincial treasurer, 1872-1877, to which was added in 1876
the portfolio of education; minister of education, 1877-1883. Retired on
account of ill-health. Died in Hartford, Conn. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can.
Por._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Crooks, James= (1778-1860). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1794, and
settled at Niagara. Engaged in mercantile life. Commanded a company of
militia during the War of 1812-1814. Shortly after the close of the war
removed to West Flamboro. Helped in the suppression of the Rebellion of
1837. For twenty-five years a member of the Legislative Councils of
Upper Canada and Canada. Died in West Flamboro. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can.
Por._ and _Last Forty Years_.
=Crosby, Thomas=. =D= Methodist missionary--arrives, 1862, 270; opens
school at Nanaimo, 1863, 270; removes to Port Simpson, 1876, 270.
=Crown Point.= West side of Lake Champlain. Fort Frederic was built here
in 1731; rebuilt, 1734; and strengthened, 1742. It was blown up by
Bourlamaque, 1759, to prevent its falling into the hands of the British;
and the same year Amherst built a fort about two hundred yards west of
the site of Fort Frederic. This fort was captured, 1775, by Ethan
Allen's men; recaptured by Carleton the following year. Under the terms
of the treaty of Paris, 1783, Crown Point became American territory.
_See_ Arnold; Allen; Abercrombie; Montgomery. =Index=: =Dr= Seized by
Americans, 82; Arnold in his retreat burns houses at, 156. =Hd=
Haldimand commands battalion of Abercrombie's expedition by way of, 17;
fort built by Amherst at, 28; Haldimand asks that pay be allowed for,
90; vessels cruise up the lake to, 125; settlements near, to be
destroyed, 137; St. Leger sent to occupy, 211. =Bib.=: Crockett,
_History of Lake Champlain_; Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth
Colony_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.
=Crow's Nest Pass.= Discovered in the latter sixties by a trapper,
Michael Phillips, formerly in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company.
The pass took its name from Crow's Nest Mountain, which is named Loge
des Corbeaux on one of the maps accompanying Palliser's Report, 1859.
The original Cree name, of which these are translations, is
Kah-ka-ioo-wut-tshis-tun. =Bib.=: Dawson, _Crow's Nest Pass_ (Geol.
Survey, 1885); McTavish, _The Climb of Crow's Nest Mountain_ in
_Canadian Alpine Journal_, 1907.
=Cudlip, John W.= =T= Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, 85;
defeated in St. John County, 109.
=Cumberland, Richard= (1732-1811). English dramatist. =Index=: =Hd=
Asked to select books for the Quebec library, 191. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of= (1721-1765). Second son of
George II. Commanded British armies in Flanders and Hanover. =Index=:
=Hd= Interested in raising Swiss and German regiment in America, 9.
=Cumberland House.= Hudson's Bay Company post. =Index=: =MS= Built by
Samuel Hearne, on Pine Island Lake, or Sturgeon Lake, in 1774, 4; rival
establishment of Montreal traders, 4.
=Cunard, Sir Samuel= (1787-1865). Born in Halifax. His practical
training fitted him for the important role he was to fill in the
evolution of ocean shipping. Watched closely the early attempts to cross
the Atlantic by steam, and when in 1838 the British government invited
tenders for carrying the mails between Liverpool, Halifax, and Boston,
immediately sailed for England and laid before the Admiralty his
carefully-matured plans for a line of steamships. Succeeded in enlisting
the support of several big shipping firms in England, and had no
difficulty in securing the contract. So originated the Cunard company,
which from an initial fleet of four vessels of 1200 tons each and 440
horse-power has grown to its present gigantic proportions. Was one of
the owners of the _Royal William_ (_q.v._). Made a baronet, 1859.
=Index=: =H= Establishes steamship line between Halifax and Great
Britain, 234; makes New York western terminal of his line, 234. =Bib.=:
Dent, _Can. Por._; Johnson, _First Things in Canada_, under _Steam
Communication_.
=Cuoq, Jean-Andre= (1821-1901). Entered the Sulpician order in 1843, and
came to Canada two years later. Devoted his life to a minute study of
the languages of the Algonquian and Iroquois tribes, and became one of
the leading authorities on the subject. =Bib.=: Works; _Jugement Errone
de M. Ernest Renan sur Quelques Langues Sauvages de l'Amerique_; _Livre
des Sept Nations_; _Etudes Philolgiques sur Quelques Langues Sauvages de
l'Amerique_; _Lexique de la Langue Iroquoise_; _Lexique de la Langue
Algonquine, Anotc-Kekon._ For biog., _see Trans._ R. S. C., 1902, I,
127-128; Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Curacies, permanent= (_cures fixes_). =F= Question of, 165, 190.
=Currency.= The British authorities passed an ordinance in 1764 by which
the French Louis d'or and crown were kept in circulation. First step for
a revision of the currency was taken, 1795, when an Act was passed
fixing standard of values. So-called "army bills" were issued and used
between 1812 and 1820. In 1871 an Act was passed by the Dominion
Parliament establishing a uniform currency. =Index=: =E= Decimal system
introduced by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86, =L= In New France,
123. =S= Act respecting, in Upper Canada, 94-95; insufficient supply of,
a great drawback, 111. =Bib.=: Johnson, _First Things in Canada_; Weir,
_Sixty Years in Canada_.
=Curry, Thomas.= One of the first fur traders from Montreal to reach the
Saskatchewan, about 1771. Preceded by James Finlay (_q.v._). =Index=:
=MS= Leaves Montreal for western fur country, 3. =Bib.=: Mackenzie,
_General History of the Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages to the Frozen and
Pacific Oceans_; Burpee, _Hendry's Journal_ (R. S. C., 1907); _Cocking's
Journal_ (R. S. C., 1908).
=Customs.= =S= Arrangement with Lower Canada respecting revenue of, 93.
=W= Maintained in New Brunswick by British government, 16; changes in
system, 16-18.
=Cuthbert, James Ross.= =Bk= Of Berthier, forms a volunteer company,
from inhabitants of his seigniory, 95; an intimate friend of Brock, 95;
his zeal appreciated by Sir James Craig, 96. =Sy= Member of Special
Council, opposes union of the Canadas, 193. =BL= Supports Papineau and
popular party, 20. =P= Seignior of Berthier--supports Papineau in his
opposition to proposed union of the Canadas in 1822, 46. =Bib.=:
Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Cuvillier, Augustin.= Entered public life in 1815 as member for
Huntingdon, which he represented almost continuously up to 1844. Speaker
of Assembly, 1841-1844. Died, 1849. =Index=: =BL= Nominated by Reformers
as Speaker of Legislature, 1841, 86; member for Huntingdon, 86; his
political views, 86; carries petition to Imperial government, 86; votes
against "Ninety-Two Resolutions," 86; government inclined to accept his
nomination, but tactics of Reformers make this impossible, 87; elected
Speaker, 88. =P= Delegate to England to present grievances of
French-Canadians, 63; withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; loses his
seat in Assembly, 102. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Dablon, Claude= (1619-1697). Born at Dieppe. Educated at Paris and La
Fleche; joined Canadian mission, 1655; accompanied Chaumonot to Onondaga
territory, where he remained for three years; then returned to Quebec
and remained till 1661, when sent on a mission to Cree tribes in
district of Hudson Bay. In 1668 went with Marquette to Algonquian tribes
of Lake Superior. In 1770 named superior of Canadian missions and rector
of College at Quebec, but did not reach the St. Lawrence till following
year; held these positions until August, 1680, and from October, 1686,
to 1693. Edited the _Relations_ of 1671 and 1672 and compiled others
relating to 1673-1679. Died at Quebec. =Index=: =L= One of the founders
of the mission at Sault Ste. Marie, 11; dies of plague, 62; accompanies
mission to Gannentaha, 65; describes Laval's visit to Prairie de la
Madeleine, 74; quoted as to extent of Jesuit missions, 103; laments
absence of Laval, 140. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites;
Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_.
=Dablon, Simon.= =Ch= Assisted in forming Company of New France, 168.
=Dacre, Lieutenant.= =Dr= Sailing-master on Carleton's ship, 154.
=Daine.= =WM= Lieutenant-general of police and mayor of Quebec. Signs
petition to De Ramezay for capitulation, 224.
=Dalhousie, George Ramsay, ninth Earl of= (1770-1838). A Scottish peer.
Entered the army at an early age and saw service in various parts of the
world. From 1812 to 1814 commanded the 7th division of the British army
in France and Spain. Received the thanks of Parliament for his services
at Waterloo. Raised to the peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron
Ramsay. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia in 1816. In 1819
appointed governor-general and commander-in-chief of British North
America. Served in this capacity for nine years. From 1829 to 1832
commander-in-chief in the East Indies. =Index=: =P= Influence did not
extend beyond Quebec, 1; his arrival as governor, 1820, 33; conflict
with Papineau, 34, 61; his harsh policy towards French-Canadians, 39;
his character, 41; founds Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 41;
erects monument to Wolfe and Montcalm, 41; sides with Council against
Assembly, 42; promises remedy for abuses, 43; interview with Papineau,
58; refuses to confirm election of Papineau as Speaker and dissolves
Parliament, 61; his speech to Assembly, 61-62; recalled, 64, 70. =BL=
Governor-general, 1820, 19; a "disciplinarian devoid of diplomacy," 19;
leaves Canada, 20. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Rattray, _The
Scot in British North America_; _Dict. Eng. Hist._; Campbell, _History
of Nova Scotia_.
=Dalhousie College.= Located at Halifax. Founded by George Ramsay, ninth
Earl of Dalhousie, 1818. Original endowment derived from funds collected
at the port of Castine, Maine, during its occupation, 1814, by Sir John
Sherbrooke, then lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Act of
Incorporation passed, 1821. First president elected and classes opened,
1838. University powers conferred, 1841. College closed for some years,
owing to lack of funds for its support. Reorganized, 1863. =Index=: =H=
Founded by the "Castine Fund," 81; taken possession of by Presbyterians,
81. =Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 3.
=Dallas, A. J.= Born in Scotland. Engaged for some years in the China
trade. Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company; chief factor at Fort
Victoria, Vancouver Island; succeeded Sir George Simpson as governor of
Rupert's Land, 1862. =Index=: =D= Marries daughter of Sir James
Douglas, 103; governor Hudson's Bay Company, at Winnipeg, 103; president
of Victoria board of management, 265; moved to Rupert's Land, 265.
=Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Dallet.= =L= Sulpician, arrival of, 105.
=Dalling and Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle, Baron= (1801-1872).
British diplomatist. =Index=: =Mc= On the power of agitation, 16.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Dalling's Light Infantry.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 259.
=Dalquier, Colonel.= =WM= Of Bearn regiment, 209; in battle of Ste. Foy,
259, 261, 262.
=Daly, Sir Dominick= (1798-1868). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1825;
provincial secretary for Lower Canada, 1827-1840; provincial secretary
of Canada, 1841-1848. Left Canada, and appointed by the Imperial
government lieutenant-governor of Tobago, 1851-1854. Afterwards
lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1854-1859; and governor of
South Australia, 1861-1868. =Index=: =Sy= Provincial secretary for Lower
Canada, 283. =BL= Provincial secretary for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; his
character, 78; Baldwin's confidence in, 79; retains office under La
Fontaine-Baldwin government, 134; remains in office when rest of Cabinet
resign, 213; defends Metcalfe, 214; sole adviser, 216; provincial
secretary, 247; proposal to throw him overboard, 263. =E= Remains sole
adviser of Lord Metcalfe, 35. =Md= Constitutes an administration of one,
19. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit.
Am._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_.
=Daly, John Corry Wilson= (1796-1878). Born in Liverpool, England. For
some time an assistant surgeon in the navy. Emigrated to the United
States, and removed to Hamilton, 1826. Appointed surgeon to the Canada
Company, 1827, and settled at Stratford, 1829. Succeeded John Galt as
agent of the Canada Company, 1831, and took up his residence at Guelph.
In the next year returned to Stratford, where he resided until his
death. For many years agent of the Bank of Upper Canada at Stratford.
=Daly, Malachy Bowes= (1836- ). Son of Sir Dominick Daly; born in
Quebec. Educated at St. Mary's College, Oscott, England; studied law and
called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1864. Private secretary to various
governors of Nova Scotia. Sat in House of Commons for Halifax,
1878-1887; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1890-1900. =Bib.=:
Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Damours, Mathieu.= =F= Member of Sovereign Council, 106; arrested by
Frontenac, 139. =L= Member of Sovereign Council, 158, 166; imprisoned,
167.
=Daniel, Andre.= Eldest son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe, and brother of
Charles. Died in 1637. =Index=: =Ch= Sent to London (1629) to demand
restoration of New France, 212-213.
=Daniel, Antoine= (1600-1648). Son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe. Entered
the Society of Jesus; came to Canada in 1633; and in 1634 accompanied
Brebeuf to the Huron country, where they laid the beginnings of that
ill-fated mission. In 1636 came to Quebec to open the Seminary, which,
from very modest beginnings, has since developed into Laval University.
Returned to the Huron mission, and in 1648 murdered by the Iroquois.
=Index=: =L= Wounded while ministering to the dying, 5. =Ch= Murdered by
the Iroquois, 92; missionary in Cape Breton, 1633, 237. =Bib.=: Parkman,
_Jesuits in North America_.
=Daniel, Charles.= Son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe. Made a notable
voyage to New France in 1629, of which he left a graphic narrative.
Arriving at Cape Breton that year, with two armed vessels, found Lord
Ochiltree, who had joined Sir William Alexander in his colonization
schemes, building a fort near Louisbourg. Seized the colonists and
carried them off to France. =Index=: =Ch= Captured by the Kirkes, 200.
=Bib.=: _Voyage a la Nouvelle-France du Capitaine Charles Daniel_. For
biog., _see_ Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Parkman,
_Pioneers of France_; Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.
=Daoust, J. B.= =C= One of the Liberal leaders in Lower Canada, 25.
=Darache, Captain.= =Ch= A Basque, disregards monopoly granted to De
Monts, 40.
=Darontal.= =Ch= Huron chief, 103.
=Dartmouth, William Legge, second Earl of= (1731-1801). =Dr= Succeeded
as secretary of state by Germain, 148.
=Daubressy, Captain.= =WM= Carries articles of capitulation of Quebec to
Vaudreuil, 234.
=Daulac.= _See_ Dollard des Ormeaux.
=David, Laurent Olivier= (1840- ). Educated at St. Therese College;
studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1864. One of
founders, and editor, of _L'Opinion Publique_, 1870. Represented
Montreal East in Quebec Legislature, 1886-1890. Called to the Senate,
1903. =Index=: =C= One of the founders of _Le Parti National_, and its
organ, _Le National_, 30. =Bib.=: Works: _Biographies et Portraits_;
_Les Heros de Chateauguay_; _Les Patriotes de_ 1837-1838; _Mes
Contemporains_; _Les Deux Papineau_; _L'Union des Deux Canadas_; _Le
Drapeau de Carillon_; _Laurier et Son Temps_; _Le Clerge Canadien_: _Sa
Mission et Son [OE]uvre_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian
Who's Who_.
=Davidson, John.= =Sy= Made commissioner of crown lands, 333. =BL=
Commissioner of crown lands, proposed to retire him with pension, 125;
opposition to, 126; collector of customs, 133.
=Davin, Nicholas Flood= (1843-1901). Born in Ireland. Studied law and
called to the English bar, 1868. Served as war correspondent during
Franco-Prussian War. Came to Canada, 1872; joined staff of the _Globe_,
and later, the _Mail_. Called to the Ontario bar, 1874. Established the
Regina _Leader_, 1883. Represented West Assiniboia in Dominion
Parliament, 1887-1900. =Index=: =BL= Quoted on Hincks, 121, 131; on
Baldwin, 172. =Bib.=: Works: _The Irishman in Canada_; _Eos, an Epic of
the Dawn_; _Culture and Practical Power_; _Ireland and the Empire_. For
biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Davies, Sir Louis Henry= (1845- ). Born in Prince Edward Island.
Educated at Prince of Wales College; studied law and called to the bar
of Prince Edward Island, 1866. Sat in the Assembly, 1872-1879; premier
and attorney-general, 1876. Elected to the House of Commons for Queen's,
1882; minister of marine and fisheries in the Laurier administration,
1896; counsel for Great Britain before the International Fisheries
Commission at Halifax, 1877; one of the joint high commissioners on
behalf of Great Britain to settle differences between the United States
and Canada, 1898; knighted, 1897; appointed a judge of the Supreme Court
of Canada, 1902. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Davis, Captain Sylvanus.= =F= Captured at Fort Loyal, 252; a prisoner
in Quebec, during siege by Phipps, 294.
=Davost, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary in Cape Breton, 237.
=Dawson, George Mercer= (1849-1901). Son of Sir J. W. Dawson (_q.v._).
Studied geology and palaeontology under Huxley, Ramsay and Etheridge at
the Royal School of Mines, London. Geologist and botanist to North
American Boundary Commission, 1873-1875. Appointed to staff of
Geological Survey, 1875; assistant director, 1883; director, 1895. One
of British commissioners in Bering Sea Arbitration, 1892. =Bib.=: For
his numerous reports and papers on geological and allied subjects, _see_
_General Indexes to Geological Survey Reports_, 1863-1884, and
1885-1906; and _Bibliography of the Royal Society_ (R. S. C., 1894). For
biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Dawson, Sir John William= (1820-1899). Born at Pictou, Nova Scotia.
Educated at Edinburgh University. Accompanied Sir Charles Lyell on his
geological explorations in Nova Scotia. Appointed superintendent of
education for Nova Scotia, 1850. Principal of McGill University,
1855-1893, and mainly instrumental in building up the institution from a
small college to one of the first rank. Elected F. G. S., 1854, and F.
R. S., 1862; knighted, 1884. First president of Royal Society of Canada.
Author of many works on geology and palaeontology. =Index=: =T=
Commissioner to investigate King's College, 48. =Bib.=: Works: _Acadian
Geology_; _Story of the Earth and Man_; _Science and the Bible_; _Dawn
of Life_; _Origin of the World_; _Fossil Men_; _Change of Life in
Geological Times_; _Chain of Life_; _Egypt and Syria_. For biog., _see_
_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Morgan,
_Can. Men_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Dawson, _Fifty Years' Work in Canada_.
=Day, Charles Dewey= (1806-1884). Born in Bennington, Vermont. Came with
his parents to Canada, 1812. Called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1827;
created Q.C., 1837. Assisted in the prosecution of the insurgents who
had been arrested during the Rebellion of 1837-1838. Appointed
solicitor-general and called to the Special Council, 1839. Summoned by
Sydenham to the Executive Council, 1840, and subsequently elected to the
Assembly for the county of Ottawa. Appointed judge of the Court of
Queen's Bench, 1842; transferred to the Superior Court, 1849; resigned,
1862. Acted as commissioner for the codification of the civil laws of
Quebec; as representative of Quebec on the Arbitration Commission
appointed under the British North America Act to settle the claims of
the provinces; and as chairman of the Royal Commission to investigate
the charges against the Macdonald government in connection with the
granting of the charter to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. Held the
office of chancellor of McGill University from 1857 until his death.
Died in England. =Index=: =BL= Solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1841,
76; represents British interests, 78; Baldwin's attitude to, 80;
introduces School Bill, 107; elevated to bench, 122. =Sy=
Solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 283. =E= Judge of Seigniorial Court,
187. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Dean.= =Bk= Private of the 41st, gallant conduct of at Canard bridge,
236; praised by Brock on parade, 258.
=Deane, Silas= (1737-1789). Delegate from Connecticut to Continental
Congress, 1774. Sent to France as secret political agent, 1776.
Instrumental in negotiating treaties with France, and bringing Lafayette
to America. =Index=: =Dr= Advocates canal to complete navigation between
Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence, 230, 231. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Dearborn, Henry= (1751-1829). Served through War of the Revolution;
accompanied Arnold's expedition to Canada. Secretary of war, 1801-1809;
appointed major-general, 1812, and assigned to command of northern
department in War of 1812; captured York, 1813, and Fort George, same
year. Minister to Portugal, 1822-1824. =Index=: =Bk= Commanded United
States troops in War of 1812, 192; at Plattsburg, 285. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.
Biog._
=Dease, Peter Warren.= =D= In charge of New Caledonia for Hudson's Bay
Company, 285. =MS= Succeeds William Connolly, 224; chief factor, 1828,
224; his explorations of Arctic coast, 224-225. =Bib.=: _Narrative of
Discoveries on the North Coast of America_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay
Company_.
=Debartzch, P. D.= Engaged in journalism. First elected to the Assembly
of Lower Canada, 1810; member of the Legislative Council, 1815. =Index=:
=P= Accepts Papineau's leadership, 34; urges him to accept mission to
England to oppose union of the Canadas, 46; his daughters, 46; withdraws
his support of Papineau, 86; interview with O'Callaghan, 146; attacked
by Papineau, 169. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=De Bonne, Judge.= =Bk= Resolution of Assembly excluding, 126.
=Debt, Public.= =Sy= Arrangements for, under Union, 115, 193, 204, 205,
206, 207; estimated amount of, 319.
=Declaration of Independence.= In Upper Canada. =Mc= July 1837, its
history, 330; work of Rolph and O'Grady, 330.
=De Grey.= _See_ Walsingham.
=De Grey and Ripon.= _See_ Ripon.
=Delagrave, C.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.
=De Lancy's Brigade of Loyalists.= =Dr= Mentioned, 202.
=Delaune, Captain.= =WM= Commanded the volunteers who first climbed hill
at Le Foulon, 181.
=Delaware Indians.= A confederacy, of Algonquian stock, occupying the
basin of the Delaware River. They were known to the British as
Delawares; to the French as Loups; and they called themselves, Lenape.
Early in the eighteenth century, the Iroquois brought them into
subjection. They crossed the mountains, and formed settlements in
eastern Ohio, about the middle of the century. The remnant of the
Delawares are now on reservations in Oklahoma, with a few hundred in
Canada. =Index=: =Hd= Bring prisoners from Wyoming, 149. =Bib.=: Hodge,
_Handbook of American Indians_.
=Delessert, B.= =Sy= Philanthropist and naturalist, 20.
=De Lisle, Elizabeth.= =Bk= Mother of Sir Isaac Brock, 6.
=Demers, Jerome.= =P= Criticizes Papineau for accepting mission to
England, 65-66.
=Demers, Joseph.= =P= Urges Papineau to accept mission to England to
oppose union of the Canadas, 45.
=Demers, Modeste.= First Roman Catholic bishop of Vancouver Island,
1847-1871. =Index=: =D= Missionary on Vancouver Island prior to 1846,
269; visits upper Fraser, 269; made bishop, 269.
=De Mille, James= (1833-1880). Born in New Brunswick. Educated at Horton
Academy and at Brown University, Rhode Island. Subsequently professor of
classics at Acadia College and at Dalhousie College. =Bib.=: Works:
_Elements of Rhetoric_; _Helena's Household; A Tale of Rome in the First
Century_; _Young Dodge Club Series_.
=Dene Indians.= A group of tribes, of Athapaskan stock. The name means
_men_. Morice includes four tribes in the Western Denes: Sekanais, on
the west slope of the Rocky Mountains; Babines, who occupy the shores of
the lakes of the same name, and the neighbouring country; Carriers,
whose villages extend from Stuart Lake to Alexandria on the Fraser; and
Chilcotins, who occupy the valley of the river of the same name.
=Index=: =D= In New Caledonia, 97. =Bib.=: Morice, _The Western Denes_;
_Dene Sociology_; _Notes on the Western Denes_.
=Denison, George Taylor= (1839- ). Police magistrate at Toronto since
1877. Commanded Governor-General's Bodyguard in Fenian Raid, 1866; and
in Riel Rebellion, 1885; in 1877 won the first prize offered by the Czar
of Russia for the best _History of Cavalry_; president of the British
Empire League in Canada since 1896. One of the founders of Canada First
Party. =Index=: =Md= Opposes commercial union, 295. =Bib.=: Works:
_Fenian Raid on Fort Erie_; _Modern Cavalry_; _History of Cavalry_;
_Soldiering in Canada_; _Struggle for Imperial Unity_. For biog., _see_
Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Dennis, John Stoughton= (1820-1885). Born near Toronto. Educated at
Victoria College; commissioned as surveyor of public lands, 1842.
Assisted in the organization of the Canadian militia, 1855; raised and
appointed to the command of the Toronto Field Battery, 1856;
brigade-major of the 5th Military District, 1861-1869; saw active
service during the Fenian Raid, 1866. Sent to Red River Settlement to
organize system of surveys, 1869, but was forced to withdraw.
Surveyor-general of Dominion Lands, 1871; deputy-minister of the
interior, 1878; retired, 1881; created C. M. G., 1882. =Index=: =C= His
surveys held responsible for first Riel Rebellion, 69-70. =R=
Surveyor-general, graduate of Victoria College, 144. =Bib.=: Denison,
_The Fenian Raid on Fort Erie_ and _Soldiering in Canada_. _See also_
Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.
=Denonville, Jacques-Rene de Brisay, Marquis de.= Eleventh governor of
New France. Colonel of Dragoons in French army; spent thirty years in
military service before coming to Canada, in 1685, as successor to La
Barre. Although a capable officer, found himself in a difficult
situation owing to the condition to which the country had been brought
by the failure of La Barre and the intrigues of the English governor of
New York. Adopted a severe policy with the Indians, and was condemned
for his treacherous seizure of Iroquois at Fort Frontenac in 1687. The
horrible massacre of Lachine was one of the consequences of his
maladministration. Succeeded in the government of the colony by
Frontenac in 1689. Died in 1710. =Index=: =F= Succeeds La Barre as
governor, 189; comes out in same ship with Saint Vallier, 191; gives
unfavourable account of Canadian people, 192; his piety, 197; asks for
more troops, 198; corresponds with Dongan, governor of New York, 198;
desirous of constructing a fort at Niagara, 199; proposes to French king
to buy colony of New York, 202; instructed to cultivate peaceful
relations with English neighbours, 203; sends expedition to Hudson Bay,
205; receives reinforcements, 206; determines to march against Iroquois,
207; crafty policy, 208; complains of French troops, 212; erects fort at
Niagara, 213; asks for more troops, 217; receives visit from Big Mouth,
221; in attack by Iroquois on Lachine, orders troops to remain on
defensive, 225; recalled, 228; orders Fort Frontenac to be blown up,
228; stimulates Abenaquis to attack New England settlements, 249. =L= On
liquor question, 175; succeeds La Barre as governor, 193; his measures
for defence of Canada, 213; seizes certain Indian chiefs, 214; builds
fort at Niagara, 216; recalled, 218; conduct in Lachine massacre, 226,
227. =Bib.=: Girouard, _L'Expedition de Marquis de Denonville_ (R. S.
C., 1899); Parkman, _Old Regime_ and _Frontenac_.
=Dent, John Charles= (1841-1888). Born in England. Came to Canada at an
early age; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada. Went back
to England and for a time engaged in newspaper work in London. Returned
to America, 1847, and spent three years in Boston; came to Canada again,
1870, and became one of the editors of the _Globe_. =Index=: =B= On the
"Double Shuffle," 108. =Bib.=: Works: _Last Forty Years_; _Upper
Canadian Rebellion_; _Canadian Portrait Gallery_. For biog., _see_
MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.
=Denys, Charles, Sieur de Fronsac.= =Ch= Settles in Miramichi, 237.
=Denys, Nicolas= (1598-1688). Born at Tours. Early took to sea and in
1633 became interested in the fisheries of Nova Scotia. A short time
after made one of the lieutenants of Acadia under the Company of New
France, and settled at Miscou. In 1647 his fort seized by D'Aulnay, who
had just been made lieutenant-general of the colony. In 1650 his
establishment in Cape Breton captured and he himself taken prisoner. A
second attempt to settle in Cape Breton frustrated by Le Borgne.
Returned to France in 1653, and received a grant of the islands of the
St. Lawrence, including a monopoly of the fur trade, and shortly after
became governor of that territory, together with Newfoundland. In 1667
obtained a confirmation of his rights, but in the winter of 1668-1669
his establishment at St. Peters completely destroyed by fire. In 1671
returned to France and engaged in the preparation of his work on Acadia.
About 1685 returned to Acadia, but his closing years darkened by the
scattering of his vast estates. Died three years later, at the age of 90
years. =Index=: =Ch= Abandons Chedabucto and goes to Cape Breton, thence
to Miscou and Gaspe, 236. =Bib.=: _Description and Natural History of
Acadia_, ed. by Ganong. For biog., _see_ Parkman, _Old Regime_.
=De Peyster, Arent Schuyler= (1736-1832). Joined the 8th Regiment, 1755,
and served with distinction upon the British side in the Revolutionary
War. In command at Detroit, and also at Michilimackinac. Retired to
Dumfries, Scotland, where he enjoyed the friendship of Robert Burns, and
died there. =Index=: =Hd= Commander at Detroit, 146; Haldimand's letter
to, 158; on the freemasonry of Indians, 161; Haldimand's letter to, on
defence of frontier posts, 260; thought Du Calvet should have been
hanged, 314. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Dequen, Jean.= =L= Jesuit, devotion of, 32; his death, 33.
=Derby, Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley, fourteenth Earl=
(1799-1869). Entered Parliament, 1820; Irish secretary, 1830-1833;
colonial secretary, 1833-1834 and 1841-1844. Prime minister, 1852,
1858-1859, and 1866-1868. =Index=: =E= Induces Elgin to accept
governorship of Jamaica, 9; endorses Metcalfe's policy, 37; on an
elective Upper House, 121-122. =W= Receives New Brunswick delegates, 24;
on casual and territorial revenue, 25, 27, 29; on King's College Bill,
53, 54; increases New Brunswick Council, 69; cancels Reade's
appointment, 80-81; on initiation of money grants, 92; crown lands case,
101. =T= His government defeated, 63. =B= Offers governorship to
Metcalfe, 18; justifies his policy, 23. =BL= Restores Hagerman to
office, 16; threatens to curtail existing privileges of people of Lower
Canada, 21; petition and correspondence as to public affairs in Upper
Canada, 30; condemns Bagot's policy, 151; correspondence with Metcalfe,
160-166, 167, 168-169, 176, 186-187, 209-211; defends Metcalfe in House
of Commons, and expresses his views on colonial government, 230-234; his
confidential letters to Metcalfe, 230; Sullivan's criticism of his views
on responsible government, 244; on Metcalfe's resignation, 265. =Mc=
Restores Hagerman to office, 234; colonial secretary, 236; discusses
post office, 236. =Bib.=: Kebbel, _Earl of Derby_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Derby.= =D= Formerly Fort Langley--proposed as capital of British
Columbia, 246.
=De Salaberry.= =WM= Seigniorial manor of, headquarters of Montcalm, 94;
council of war meets at, 147.
=Desandrouins, Captain.= =WM= His account of massacre at Fort William
Henry, 47-50.
=Des Barres, William Frederick= (1800-1885). Born in Nova Scotia.
Educated at Halifax Grammar School; called to the bar of Nova Scotia,
1821. Represented Guysborough in the Assembly, 1836-1848;
solicitor-general in Uniacke government, 1848; appointed judge of the
Supreme Court, 1848; resigned, 1881. =Index=: =H= Member of Uniacke
government, Nova Scotia, 1848, 110; solicitor-general, 111; commissioner
for Halifax-Windsor Railway, 118. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova
Scotia_.
=Des Brisay, Alexander C.= =T= Confederate candidate in New Brunswick,
elected, 89; attacks government in Assembly, 102.
=Deschamps.= =Ch= Surgeon, with the expedition at Port Royal, autopsy
performed by, 33.
=Deschamps, Isaac= (1722-1801). A native of Switzerland; came to Nova
Scotia in early life. Elected to the Assembly, 1761; judge of the Court
of Common Pleas for King's County, 1761; judge of the Island of St.
John, 1768; assistant judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1770;
chief-justice, 1785. Appointed a member of the Council, 1783. =Bib.=:
Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Desdames.= =Ch= Clerk sent to Gaspe, returns with news of English
depredations, 181; returns to France, 209.
=Deseille, Father.= =L= Companion of Father Marquette, 62.
=Desertions.= =S= Very prevalent, 72; punishments for, 72; causes of,
73. =WM= From ranks of Canadian militia frequent, 152. =Bk= Followed by
capture, 60; three shot, 63; two shot, 134; from United States regiments
of the line to the Canadian side, 281.
=Des Groseilliers.= _See_ Chouart.
=Des Marets, Claude Godet, Sieur de.= =Ch= Son-in-law of Pont-Grave,
arrives at Quebec, 47; accompanies Champlain in expedition against
Iroquois, 52; at Cap de la Victoire, 139.
=De Soyres, Rev. John.= =T= Conducts funeral service of Sir Leonard
Tilley, 146.
=Desportes, Pierre.= =Ch= An early settler in Quebec, 145, 146; goes to
Gaspe, 181; remains in Quebec during English occupation, 196, 208.
=Desquerat, Captain.= =F= Killed at Laprairie, 313.
=Des Rivieres, Captain.= =WM= Accompanies captured British officers to
Quebec, 90.
=Dessaules, Louis A.= Born 1819. Member of Legislative Council,
1856-1863. Edited _Le Pays_ at Montreal. =Index=: =E= Member of _Parti
Rouge_, 108. =C= One of Liberal leaders in Quebec, 25; protests against
Dorion entering Cartier's ministry, 106-107. =Bib.=: Works: _Rouge et
Noir_; _Lectures sur l'Annexion du Canada aux Etats-Unis_; _Galilee, Ses
Travaux Scientifiques et sa Condamnation_; _La Guerre Americaine_. For
biog., _see_ Morgan, _Bib. Can._
=Destouches.= =Ch= Clerk, appointed by Champlain as his second
lieutenant, 155; returns to France, 209.