and engaged in business at St. John. In 1880 called to the Senate, and
on Sept. 22, 1893, succeeded Sir S. L. Tilley as lieutenant-governor of
New Brunswick. =Index=: =T= Succeeds Tilley as lieutenant-governor of
New Brunswick, 138. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Braddock, Edward= (1695-1755). Born in Scotland. Entered the army,
1710, and in 1743 major of the Coldstreams. Served in the expedition to
L'Orient, 1746; and under the Prince of Orange in Holland, 1746-1748.
Colonel of the 14th Foot at Gibraltar, 1753. In 1755 general and
commander-in-chief in British North America; and on July 9, 1755,
commanded the British expedition against Fort Duquesne, where he was
defeated and mortally wounded. =Index=: =WM= Death of, at Fort Duquesne,
22. =Hd= His defeat rouses Pennsylvania Assembly to vote military
supplies, 13. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_;
Bradley, _The Fight with France_.
=Bradstreet, Simon= (1603-1697). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge;
and emigrated to Massachusetts, where he became assistant judge of the
Court in 1630. In 1631 one of the founders of Cambridge, Mass.; from
1630 to 1679 assistant governor of Massachusetts; from 1679 to 1686
governor; and from 1689 to 1692 president of the administration of the
colony. =Index=: =F= Made governor of Massachusetts, 266; on failure of
expedition against Quebec, 301. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Bragg's Regiment.= =WM= On British right, 189; in battle of Ste. Foy,
259, 261.
=Brandon House.= Built by the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1794, on the head
waters of the Assiniboine River, about seventeen miles below the present
city of Brandon. The buildings were burnt about 1814, and the post
abandoned. =Index=: =MS= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6. =Bib.=:
Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Brandy Question.= =F= Condemned by Champlain, 25; subject of dispute
between civil and religious authorities, 46, 115; king's instructions
regarding, 116, 118, 120; question referred to a meeting of the
principal inhabitants, 121; opinions expressed, 122, 123; king's
decision thereon, 125; evils depicted, 335. =L= Sale of liquor to
Indians, 7, 36-39, 113; Frontenac's opinion and Colbert's instructions,
170, 171; conference on the subject, 172; Laval's attitude, 173-175;
Dollier de Casson's testimony, 175. _See also_ Liquor question. =Bib.=:
Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Old Regime_.
=Brant, Isaac.= =S= Son of Joseph Brant, commits murder, 191; attacks
his father and is killed by him in self-defence, 192.
=Brant, Joseph= (1742-1807). A Mohawk Indian chief, whose native name
was Thayendanegea. Educated at an Indian school in Connecticut. Visited
England in 1775. In the Revolutionary War sided with the British and
rendered valuable service. Revisited England after the war. Translated
the Book of Common Prayer and St. Mark's Gospel into the Mohawk tongue
(London, 1787). =Index=: =S= Mohawk Indian, distrusted by Simcoe, 75,
125; visits Philadelphia and received by Washington as Indian emissary,
121; part taken by, in subsequent negotiations, 124, 125; loss of
influence with his own people, 125; his motives and policy, 126, 128,
129; kills his son Isaac in self-defence, 192. =Hd= Commands scouting
parties, 153; made a colonel of Indians on Haldimand's recommendation,
154; did not harm women or children, 154, 170; his success against rebel
force under Lockerby, 169; advises reserve for Six Nation Indians, 258;
highly esteemed by Haldimand, 300; Allan MacLean's opinion of, 308;
visits Haldimand in London, 327. =Bib.=: Stone, _Life of Brant_;
Cruikshank, _Joseph Brant in the American Revolution_; Eggleston, _Brant
and Red Jacket_; Ke-che-ah-gah-me-qua, _Life of Brant_; Dent, _Can.
Por._
=Brant, Molly.= =Hd= Sister of Joseph Brant, her influence with Indians,
154; pensioned, 155.
=Brantford.= City of Ontario, on the Grand River. Named after Joseph
Brant, the Mohawk chieftain. Founded about 1820.
=Brassy.= =T= Offers to build European and North American Railway, 25,
27.
=Breadalbane, John Campbell, second Marquis of= (1796-1862). Represented
Okehampton in Parliament, 1820-1826, and Perthshire, 1832. =Index=: =Sy=
Offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=Brebeuf, Jean de= (1593-1649). Born of a noble family of Normandy.
Came to Canada, 1625; spent the winter of 1625-1626 among the
Algonquins. In the latter year, after a long and difficult journey by
way of the Ottawa and Lake Nipissing, reached the villages of the
Hurons, on Georgian Bay, where he established the first mission.
Returned to Quebec in 1629, and in 1634 re-established the Huron
mission. In 1640 made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a mission
among the intractable Neutral Nation, north of Lake Erie. Returned to
the Huron mission, where, in 1649, he was captured by the Iroquois, and
burned at the stake with unmentionable cruelties. His skull is preserved
in the Hotel-Dieu at Quebec. =Index=: =Ch= Sails for New France on De
Caen's vessel, 152; returns to College of Rouen, 207; returns to Canada,
228; goes to Huron country, 249. =L= Sufferings and death of, 5, 62.
=Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Ragueneau, _Relation des
Hurons_, 1649; Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Regime_.
=Breda, Treaty of.= Signed between England and France, 1667. Brought to
a close the disastrous war with the Dutch. By its terms Nova Scotia was
handed over to France. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=Bresolles, Sister de.= =L= Her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91.
=Bretonvilliers, De.= =L= Sulpician, makes liberal contribution towards
erection of church at Montreal, 88; foundation stone laid on his behalf
by M. Dollier de Casson, 89; devotes his fortune to religious work at
Montreal, 135; succeeds M. Olier as superior of seminary in France, 162.
=Briand, Jean Olivier= (1715-1794). Born in France. Ordained priest,
1739; came to Canada, 1741; canon of Quebec Cathedral until 1760. In
1766 appointed bishop of Quebec, and resigned, 1784. Rebuilt the
cathedral and palace, destroyed during the siege of Quebec, 1759.
=Index=: =L= Bishop of Quebec, 12. =Dr= Appointed Roman Catholic bishop
of Quebec, 23.
=Bride.= =Ch= English vessel seized by French, 221.
=Bright, John= (1811-1889). British statesman and orator. =Index=: =T=
Friendly to Anti-Confederation party, 123. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=British American League.= =Md= Formed in 1849 in Montreal as a reply to
the Annexation Manifesto--branches followed throughout the country, 40;
its objects, 40-41; largely due to John A. Macdonald's inspiration, 95;
Confederation one of its main objects, 95; commercial national policy
another, 219. =H= Howe's correspondence with the president, George
Moffatt, 113-115. =B= Formed in Upper Canada--convention held at
Kingston, 1849, 37; its policy, 38; part of Conservative case for
Confederation, 38. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.
=British Chronicle.= Newspaper published in New York. =Index=: =B=
Established by Peter and George Brown, 4; its objects, 4.
=British Columbia.= Area 372,630 square miles. Vancouver Island became a
crown colony in 1849; ten years later the mainland was organized as a
separate colony; in 1866 island and mainland became one; and in 1871 the
colony became a province of the Dominion of Canada. =Index=: =D= Organic
existence since 1859, or including Vancouver Island, since 1849, 1;
origin of name, 57; gold-fields, 22; created separate colony, 1858, 229;
early government of, 231-235; revenue, 232; roads, etc., 232, 237-238,
249-253; relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 233; character of
early population, 241-243; formal establishment of colony at Fort
Langley, 1858, 245-246; Hill's Bar affair, 248-249; plans for
transcontinental road, 253-254; population in 1859, 256; agriculture,
256-257; financial problems, 258-262; dissatisfaction with dual
governorship, 289; popular grievances, 290-291; views of Douglas,
291-293; Legislative Council, 294-297; union of British Columbia and
Vancouver Island, 297-300, 308; British Columbia Legislature meets for
first time in Victoria, Dec. 17, 1867, 311; entry into Dominion,
311-316; terms of union, 313-315; first Legislative Assembly after the
union, 315; transcontinental railway, 317-328; population, 1900,328;
agriculture, 329-330; fisheries, 330-331; lumber, 332-333; minerals,
333-334; industrial problems, 335; oriental labour, 336-337; education,
338-340. =Md= Opposition to entry into Confederation, 149; difficulties
removed, 149; terms of union, 149-150; union completed, July 20, 1871,
150; difficulties over building of Canadian Pacific Railway drive
province to verge of secession, 215, 233-234. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of
British Columbia_; Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Macdonald,
_British Columbia and Vancouver's Island_; Macfie, _Vancouver Island and
British Columbia_; Morice, _The History of the Northern Interior of
British Columbia_; Herring, _Among the People of British Columbia_;
Fitzgerald, _The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver Island_; Mayne,
_Four Years in British Columbia_; Baillie-Grohman, _Sport and Life in
Western America and British Columbia_; Metin, _La Colombie Britannique;
Indians of British Columbia_ (R. S. C., 1888); Langevin, _Report on
British Columbia_.
=British Law.= =Sy= Attempts to introduce after passage of Quebec Act,
65. =S= Introduced into Upper Canada, 85.
=British Legion.= =Dr= Loyalists commanded by Tarleton, 202.
=British Newspapers.= =Hd= Sympathy with rebels expressed in, 190. _See
also_ Newspapers.
=British North America Act.= The constitution of the Dominion; the Act
by which the scattered colonies of British North America were united in
one Confederation. Drafted at the Quebec Conference, 1864; discussed and
passed in the form of resolutions, in the Legislature of Canada, 1865;
put in final shape at the Westminster Conference, 1866; passed by the
Imperial Parliament, and proclaimed, 1867. The essential feature of this
Act, and that which distinguishes it most clearly from the Constitution
of the United States, is the provision that all matters not specifically
assigned to the provinces belong to the Dominion, the reverse being the
case under the United States Constitution. Broadly speaking, the Act
gives the Dominion exclusive jurisdiction over the regulation of trade
and commerce, the postal service, customs and inland revenue, military
and naval service, navigation and shipping, currency and coinage,
banking, weights and measures, patents and copyrights, naturalization,
Indians. To the provinces it gives exclusive jurisdiction over direct
taxation, management and sale of public lands, timber, provincial
prisons, hospitals, asylums, etc., municipal institutions,
administration of justice, education. =Index=: =Md= Conference in
London--Macdonald's letter to Tilley, 125-126; the sixty-nine
resolutions passed, 126; draft bill drawn up--completed bill submitted
to House, and received royal assent, March 29, 1867, 127; royal
proclamation fixes July 1 as date upon which it should come into force,
127; opposition develops in Maritime Provinces, 129; provides for
Intercolonial Railway, 151; and acquisition of North-West Territories,
156; question of legislative union, 245; federal system introduced by,
250; provincial rights under, 253; the franchise, 258. =C= Delegation
sent to London to see it through Parliament, 67; proposal to amend it in
the interests of the New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77, 82; strained
relations of Macdonald and Cartier over terms of, 102-103. =H= Passed by
Imperial Parliament, 192; opposed by Joseph Howe, 192; its repeal sought
by Nova Scotia Anti-Confederates, 204. =T= Quietly received in New
Brunswick, 127. =Bib.=: Bourinot, _Constitution of Canada_; Houston,
_Constitutional Documents_; Doutre, _Constitution of Canada_; Munro,
_Constitution of Canada_; Ashley, _Constitutional History of Canada_;
Gooch, _Manual of the Constitution of Canada_; Howland, _The New Empire;
Confederation Debates_, 1865; Pope, _Confederation Documents_.
=Brock, Daniel De Lisle.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, becomes chief
magistrate of Guernsey, 70.
=Brock, Elizabeth.= =Bk= Sister of Sir Isaac, 71.
=Brock, Ferdinand.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, served in Royal
Americans, 6; death of, 7, 70.
=Brock, Harriet.= =Bk= Married to Sir Thomas Saumarez, 124.
=Brock, Sir Hugh.= =Bk= Supposed ancestor of General Brock, 5.
=Brock, Irving.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, 102; an able pamphleteer,
132, 140; estrangement between, and his brother William in connection
with latter's failure, 163; reconciliation, 297.
=Brock, Sir Isaac= (1769-1812). =Bk= Birth and descent, 6; enters army
at age of fifteen, 7; joins 49th Regiment with rank of captain, and is
sent to West Indies, 8; returns to England on sick leave, 9; senior
lieutenant-colonel of his regiment, 10; takes part in expedition to
Holland under Sir Ralph Abercromby, 13; his account of battle of
Egmont-op-Zee, 17; quartered in Jersey and visits home in Guernsey, 22;
joins expedition to the Baltic, 24; his regiment ordered to Canada, 31;
arrives at Quebec, 34; his regiment ordered to Upper Province, 48; his
vigorous pursuit of deserters, 60; quells mutiny at Fort George, 61-63;
assumes command at the fort, 64; recommends establishment of corps of
veterans who on discharge might receive grants of land, 64; impressed by
comfortable condition of loyalist settlers, 65; contrasts their
character with that of settlers of the later (1793) immigration, 66;
takes special interest in Sergeant-Major (afterwards Colonel) James
FitzGibbon, 66; quartered in Quebec, 69; made a full colonel and goes to
England on leave, 70; returns to Canada, 73; assumes chief military
command at Quebec, 73; recommends strengthening of the fortifications of
Quebec, 75, 94; differences with President Dunn, 77; leaves control of
Indian affairs in Upper Canada to lieutenant-governor, 78; examines
accounts of the deputy commissary-general, 78, 79; effects improvements
in marine department, 80; tries to make Quebec impregnable, 86;
dissatisfied with measures of defence adopted by the civil government,
94; letters to James Cuthbert of Berthier, 95, 98; confident that
Canadians would vigorously resist American invasion, 97; leaves Quebec
to take command in Montreal, 99; appointed acting brigadier-general 99;
his social qualities, 101; returns to Quebec, 115; anxious for service
in Europe, 123, 124; considers war with United States (1809) imminent,
124; his opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 126; ordered to Upper
Canada, 133; his books, 135; literary tastes, 136; application for leave
not entertained, 136-138, 155; correspondence with Lieutenant-Governor
Gore respecting grant of land to Colonel Vesey, 138; high opinion
entertained of, at headquarters, 141; pleasantly entertained by
Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 143; anxiety as to management of Indians,
149-152; made major-general, 157; made president and administrator of
Upper Canada in absence of Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 159; financial
misfortune, 161; letter to his brother Irving, 163-165; his strong
family affection, 163; his energy as administrator, 168; his opinion of
the _Little Belt_ affair, 173; his endeavours to avert Indian warfare,
176; sends plan of campaign to General Prevost, 177-179; recommends
increase of naval force on lakes, 178; offered service in Spain, but
does not accept it, 180; his plan for formation of flank companies
adopted, 181; speech on opening of Legislature of Upper Canada, 183;
measures proposed by, to Legislature, 184; recognizes presence of many
persons of doubtful loyalty in the province, 185, 214; disappointed with
action of Legislature, 185; urges importance of prompt seizure of
Detroit and Michilimackinac, 195; selects Major-General Shaw to protect
line between Kingston and Cornwall, 195; his Indian policy, 197;
receives news of declaration of war, 203; establishes headquarters at
Fort George, 204; instructs Captain Roberts to capture Michilimackinac,
210; commends militia in general order, 212; recognizes the great odds
against Canada, 215; sends Colonel Procter to Amherstburg, 215; his
proclamation in answer to Hull's, 217; proclamation as president of
province, 219, 221; opens the Legislature, 222; hears of capture of
Michilimackinac, 223; prorogues Legislature, 229; proceeds to western
frontier, 231; meets Tecumseh for the first time, 245; describes him to
Lord Liverpool, 247; forms three brigades, 247; decides on attacking
Detroit, 248; summons Hull to surrender, 250; attacks, 251-254; his
daring in battle, 253; takes Detroit and makes Hull's army prisoners of
war, 255, 256; praises his army, 258; his message to his brothers, 260;
his proclamation to inhabitants of Michigan territory, 261; armistice
concluded by Prevost deranges his plans, 261; arrives at York, and is
warmly welcomed, 262; letter to his brothers, 266-268; arrives at
Kingston, 268; proposes to attack Sackett's Harbour, but is overruled by
Prevost, 270, 271; letter to Prevost asking for reinforcements, 272,
273; replies to objections made by Prevost to Fort Wayne expedition,
275-277; instructed to evacuate Detroit, 277; extreme anxiety not to
alienate Indians, 277, 278, 280; health, discipline, and morals of his
army, 279; letter to his brother Savery, 280, 281; his force on Niagara
frontier, 287; his account of capture of brigs _Detroit_ and _Caledonia_
by Americans, 290-293; rejoicing in England over the victory at Detroit,
295; Brock made K.C.B., 296; Prince Rupert's high opinion of, 297; last
despatch to Prevost, 298; in battle at Queenston Heights, 298-304; his
death, 304; a national loss, 312; his burial and monument, 312, 313.
=BL= Sydenham ranked with, 112. =Bib.=: Tupper, _Life and Correspondence
of Sir Isaac Brock_; Read, _Life of Brock_; Nursey, _Isaac Brock_;
Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Dent, _Can. Por._ _See also_ War of 1812.
=Brock, John.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac Brock, 15; killed in a duel,
70.
=Brock, John.= =Bk= Father of Sir Isaac Brock, 6.
=Brock, Mary.= =Bk= Sister of Sir Isaac Brock, 71.
=Brock, Savery.= =Bk= Younger brother of Brock, 15; gallant conduct of
at Egmont-op-Zee, 17-19; his resemblance to his brother Isaac, 18; with
Sir John Moore in Spain, 123; affected by his brother William's failure,
161, 166.
=Brock, William.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, a London merchant, 70;
disastrous failure of, 161-164; his letter to his brother Isaac, 165.
=Brock, William.= =Bk= Grandfather of Sir Isaac Brock, 5.
=Brock's Battery.= =Bk= Name at first given to king's battery in Quebec
citadel, 94.
=Brockville.= Chief town of Leeds County, Ontario, on left bank of St.
Lawrence. Formerly known as Elizabethtown. Raided by a detachment of
troops from Ogdensburg in 1813. The town assumed its present name
shortly after the death of Brock. =Index=: =BL= Early municipal
government of, 298.
=Broglie, Achille Charles Leonce Victor, Duc de= (1785-1870). Foreign
secretary under Louis-Philippe, 1832-1834, and prime minister,
1835-1836. Lived in retirement after, 1851. =Index=: =Sy= Poulett
Thomson (Sydenham) meets in Paris, 20. =Bib.=: _Ecrits et Discours_;
_Souvenirs_.
=Brooke, Frances.= =Hd= Her novel of Canadian life, 222. =Bib.=:
_History of Emily Montague_, London, 1777.
=Brouage.= =Ch= In Saintonge, birthplace of Champlain, 1.
=Brougham, Henry Peter, Baron= (1778-1868). Born in Scotland. Educated
at Edinburgh University. Secretary to Lord Rosslyn and Lord St. Vincent
on a mission to Portugal. In 1810 entered Parliament; in 1830 received
the great seal and elevated to the peerage. In 1828 founded London
University, and in 1860 elected chancellor of Edinburgh University.
=Index=: =S= Secretary to the Portugal Commission, 220. =W= His
sarcastic reference to Glenelg, 42. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Broughton, William Robert= (1762-1821). Born in England. Entered the
navy, 1774, and served on the American station until 1778. In 1790
explored and surveyed the Columbia River; and in 1794 surveyed the
north-west coast of America. Served in Lord Gambier's expedition, 1809;
at Mauritius, 1810, and at Java, 1811. =Index=: =D= Sails a hundred
miles up the Columbia, 24; surveys coast northwards of Cape Mendocino,
34. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Brouillan, De.= Born in France. Governor of Placentia, Newfoundland,
1690. Made a chevalier of St. Louis, 1698. In 1701 commandant in Acadia,
and governor of that colony, 1702-1705. Died the latter year. =Index=:
=F= French governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, 346. =Bib.=: Charlevoix,
_History of New France_.
=Brouse, W. H.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 144.
=Brown, George= (1818-1880). =B= His place as a Maker of Canada, ix;
complains that Upper Canada is inadequately represented and dominated by
Lower Canada, ix; an ardent advocate of Confederation, x; relations with
John A. Macdonald, x; and with Roman Catholic Church, x; his birth and
parentage, 1; character, 1; lifelong opposition to slavery, xi, 1-2;
views on Presbyterian Church government, 2; emigrates to America, 2;
establishes the _British Chronicle_ at New York, with his father, 4;
comes to Canada, 1843, 4, 5; described by Samuel Thompson, 4-5;
establishes the _Banner_ at Toronto with his father, 5-6; character of
the _Banner_, 5-7; begins fight for responsible government, 9-10;
establishes the _Globe_, 1844, 20; its objects, 20-21; speech before
Toronto Reform Association, 1844, 21-22; refuses to drink toast to
Metcalfe, 27-28; presents address to Elgin, 36; his quarrel with the
Clear Grits, 40; defeated in Haldimand by W. L. Mackenzie, 40; defines
political situation in 1850, 42-43; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's
pastoral letter, 44-45; his political principles, 46-47; takes issue
with Hincks's government, 48-49; advocates secularization of Clergy
Reserves, 55-57; runs for Kent--his platform, 61; advocates free
schools, 62; views on higher education, 62-64; his election for Kent,
64; arouses French-Canadian hostility, 65; attacks Hincks-Morin
government, 66-67; increasing power in the Legislature, 69; prodigious
industry and capacity for work, 69; attitude towards Lower Canada and
Roman Catholic institutions, 70; advocates representation by population,
71; becomes the mouthpiece of Nonconformist sentiment in Upper Canada,
71; tribute of the Cobourg _Star_, 72-73; pen-picture by James Young,
73-74; growth of the _Globe_--its declaration of principles, 74-75; in
favour of prohibition, 75,76; defeats Malcolm Cameron in Lambton, 77;
the alliance with the _Rouges_, 78-79; his friendship with Dorion,
80-81; presses for representation by population, 84; attacked by
Macdonald, 87-91; his interest in prison reform, 91-93; personal charges
disproved, 93-97; elected for Toronto, 1857, 99; carries a motion
disapproving of selection of Ottawa as capital, 100; government defeated
and he forms administration, 101-102; relations with Sir Edmund Head,
103-104; defeated on question of dissolution, 106; the "Double Shuffle,"
106-108; his fight against negro slavery, 112-119; relations with Roman
Catholics, 121-128; opposes denominational schools, 121-123; and
clerical control, 123-128; views on Confederation, 130-132; 137-138; his
temporary retirement from public life, 139, 141; defeated in East
Toronto, 141; opposes "double majority," 143; sails for England, 1862;
interview with Duke of Newcastle, 143; marries Anne Nelson, 144;
reception in Toronto on his return, 144; assails Separate School Bill in
the _Globe_, 145; accepts Act of 1863 as a final settlement, 145, 146;
his letters on the political crisis, 1864, 150; proposes a federation
system of government either for Canada alone, or for all the British
North American provinces, 150; the negotiations looking towards
Confederation, 151-161; opposes an elective Senate, 164-165; well
satisfied with the results of the Quebec Conference, 165-166; convert to
Intercolonial Railway scheme, 166; explains the new constitution in
Toronto, 166-167; writes Macdonald from England on favourable reception
of the Confederation scheme, and deplores almost universal sentiment in
England in favour of Canadian independence, 167; his speech in
Parliament on Confederation, 171-175; writes of need of haste in putting
through Confederation, 182; opposes submission of Confederation scheme
to the people, 185; Macdonald's negotiations with, as to formation of
new administration, 189-191; accepts Belleau as premier, 191; his
interest in reciprocity, 192; differences with his colleagues on
reciprocity terms lead to his resignation from Cabinet, 193-197; his
connection with Confederation, 199-209; Holton's appeal to, 201; his
interest in the North-West Territories and their acquisition by Canada,
211-221; his connection with the Reciprocity Treaty of 1874, 223-233;
attacks protectionist budget, 233; hostile to Canada First party,
237-238, 239, 241; his family relations, 243-244; death of his wife, May
6, 1906, 244; his children, 244; writes Holton as to his retirement from
public life, 245-246; defines his attitude as a journalist, 246-247;
relations with Liberal leaders after his retirement, 247-248; farming on
his Bow Park estate near Brantford, 248; appointment to the Senate,
December, 1873, 248; the Simpson libel suit, 249-250; attacks Judge
Wilson in the _Globe_, 250-252; sued for contempt of court, 252; his
defence, 253; shot by George Bennett, 255-256; his death, May 10, 1880,
258; estimate of his character and public life, 258-265; as a
journalist, 265. =C= Cauchon's antagonism, 24; relations with Quebec
Liberals, 28; his policy of representation by population, 28; fights for
Protestant and English supremacy, 28; Cartier takes strong stand against
his aggressiveness, 68; comes into power with the Reformers, 99. =E=
Arrives in Canada and enters journalism, 111; attacks French-Canadians,
112, 113-114, 137, 225; becomes leader of the Clear Grits, 112; enters
Parliament, 113; his influence there, 114; urges representation by
population, 117-118; attacks Hincks, 125, 140; distrusted by Liberals,
138; his warm support of Confederation, 225. =R= Opposes Sir Charles
Metcalfe, 126; opposes separate schools, 224, 225-226; conflict with
Ryerson over separate schools, 233. =BL= His speech before Reform
Association, Toronto, 1844, 223-224, 225; establishes _Globe_, March 5,
1844, 223-224; his relations to the Reformers and the Clear Grits, 224,
342; attacks Roman Catholicism, 343. =T= Makes overtures to government,
looking towards Confederation. 69; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75;
delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; opposes coalition government, 128.
=Mc= Defeated by W. L. Mackenzie, 486; relations with Mackenzie, 487;
Haldimand election, 488; Alexander Mackenzie's good offices, 496. =Md=
Macdonald's great antagonist in Canadian public life, 51; pre-eminent
as a reformer, 52; comes to Canada from Scotland in 1844, 52; founds the
_Globe_, 52; his character, 52-53; contrasted with Macdonald, 53-54;
first opposes Clear Grits, then becomes their leader, 54; attacks racial
and religious ideals of Quebec, 54-55; question of Clergy Reserves, 55;
his solution of representation by population, 71-72; opposes proposal
for elective Legislative Council, 75; his quarrel with Macdonald, 80-81;
opposes separate school system, 82; forms ministry with Dorion--the
"Short administration," 85; its defeat, 86; his influence declining, 89;
opposes Sandfield-Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 89; they join forces, 89;
proposes coalition to further Confederation, 92-93; enters Tache
ministry, 102; quarrel with Macdonald patched up, for the time, 102;
delegate to England in regard to Confederation, defence, reciprocity,
etc., 120-121; his entrance into coalition ministry largely due to Lord
Monck, 121; resigns from Cabinet, 123; supports Confederation, but
resumes old hostility to Macdonald, 123; attempts to break up coalition,
136-137; appointed to Senate by Mackenzie, 138. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit.
Am._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Mackenzie, _Life and
Speeches of the Hon. George Brown_.
=Brown, George Mackenzie= (1869- ). Son of George Brown. Born in Canada.
Educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, Merchiston Castle School,
Edinburgh, and at Cambridge. Moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, and in 1900
elected to the British House of Commons for Central Edinburgh. Managing
trustee of Thomas Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh. =Index=: =B= Only son of
George Brown, a member of the publishing firm of Thomas Nelson & Sons,
244. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_, 1910.
=Brown, Henry.= =WM= Lieutenant of Grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off
the field, 200. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.
=Brown, James.= =W= Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick
Assembly, brings in bill for teachers' training school, 88. =T=
Surveyor-general in Fisher ministry, 32, 33, 43. =Bib.=: Hannay,
_History of New Brunswick_.
=Brown, John Gordon= (1827-1896). Brother of George Brown. Born in
Scotland. Educated in Edinburgh and New York. In 1844 engaged on the
Toronto _Globe_; in 1851 editor, and in 1880 managing director. In 1882
retired from the _Globe_; appointed registrar of the Surrogate Court of
Toronto, 1883. =Index=: =B= Consulted by George Brown on political
situation, 143; George Brown's brother, 243; enters _Globe_ office--his
connection with the newspaper, 244, 245; E.W. Thomson's estimate of,
245; his death, June 9, 1896, 245. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Brown, John Storrow.= =P= With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837,
125; preaches rebellion, 126; heads the _Patriotes_ at St. Charles, 128,
133; charged with cowardice, 133; his letter to Dr. Nelson, 133. =Bib.=:
Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Brown, Peter= (1784-1863). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to New York in
1838; was owner and editor of the _British Chronicle_. Removed to
Toronto, 1843, and founded the _Banner_, a Free-Church Presbyterian
organ. In 1844 with his son, George Brown, established the Toronto
_Globe_, and contributed to it for some years. =Index=: =B= Father of
George Brown, 1; his hatred of slavery, 1; emigration to America, 1838,
2; contributes to _Albion_, 2; publishes _The Fame and Glory of England
Vindicated_, 2; establishes the _British Chronicle_, New York, 4;
removes to Toronto, and with his son establishes the _Banner_, 5; on
committee of Anti-Slavery Society, 113; his work on the _Globe_,
243-244; his death, 1863, 244. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can.
Por._
=Brown's Point.= =Bk= On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 301.
=Bruey.= =F= Agent of Governor Perrot at Montreal, 97.
=Brule, Etienne.= A famous _coureur de bois_ who accompanied Champlain
on his exploration of the Ottawa, in 1615, and subsequently made
extensive explorations in the country of the Hurons and the Iroquois
(1615-1618). Treacherously murdered near the present town of
Penetanguishene by a party of Hurons in 1632. =Index=: =Ch= Interpreter,
accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; accompanies Champlain to the Ottawa
River, 88; at Cap de la Victoire, 139; learns Huron language, 144; sent
on mission to Three Rivers, 163; sides with the Kirkes, 194; conduct in
the Huron country, 202; his death, 203, 246. =Bib.=: Champlain,
_Voyages_; Sagard, _Voyage du Pays des Hurons_; Parkman, _Pioneers of
France_; Butterfield, _History of Brule's Discoveries and Explorations_;
Sulte, _Etienne Brule_ (R. S. C., 1907).
=Brulon, Jean Gauthier de.= =L= Canon and confessor of chapter of
Quebec, 197.
=Bruyeres, Lieutenant-Colonel R. E.= =Bk= Reports on condition of forts
in Upper Canada, 157.
=Bryce, George= (1844- ). Born at Mount Pleasant near Brantford,
Ontario. Educated at Toronto University and Knox College. Took part in
the skirmish at Ridgeway during the Fenian Raids. In 1871 removed to
Manitoba and organized Manitoba College. Professor of English literature
in Manitoba College, 1871-1909; and head of the faculty of science and
lecturer in biology in Manitoba University, 1891-1904. Moderator of the
General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, 1902-1903.
President of the Royal Society of Canada, 1909-1910. =Index=: =Md= On
causes of Riel Rebellion, 158. =Bib.=: Works: _Manitoba_; _Short History
of the Canadian People_; _Apostle of Red River_; _Hudson's Bay Company_;
_Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_. For biog., _see_
Morgan, _Can. Men._; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Bryce, James= (1838- ). Born in Belfast. Educated at the universities
of Glasgow and Cambridge. Entered Parliament in 1880. In 1886
under-secretary of state for foreign affairs; in 1892 chancellor of the
Duchy of Lancaster, and in 1894 president of the board of trade. Chief
secretary for Ireland, 1905-1906, and in 1907 appointed British
ambassador at Washington. =Index=: =E= On the disadvantages of
congressional government, 255-257. =Bib.=: Works: _Holy Roman Empire_;
_American Commonwealth_. For biog., _see_ _Who's Who_, 1910.
=Brymner, Douglas= (1823-1902). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1857.
For some time editor of the _Presbyterian_, and associate editor of the
Montreal _Daily Herald_. In 1872 appointed Dominion Archivist, and held
the position up to the time of his death, laying the foundations of the
present splendid collection of manuscript material bearing on the
history of Canada. =Index=: =Hd= His services as Dominion Archivist,
319; his opinion of Haldimand, 320; his translation of Haldimand's
diary, 321. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Buade, Antoine de.= =F= Grandfather of Frontenac, 61.
=Buade, Henri de.= =F= Father of Frontenac, 61.
=Buade, Louis de.= _See_ Frontenac.
=Buchanan, Isaac= (1810-1883). Born in Scotland. In 1833 emigrated to
Canada and entered into business life. Strongly opposed the Rebellion of
1837. Elected for York to the first Parliament of Canada. In 1864
appointed president of the Council in the Tache-Macdonald ministry,
retiring the same year. From 1878 to 1883 a Dominion arbitrator.
=Index=: =H= Joseph Howe's letter to, 1866, 190. =BL= On responsible
government, 90; in political controversy, 1844, 238; his "Five Letters
against the Baldwin Faction," 239-240. =B= Retires from government with
Foley and Simpson, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall,
159. =Mc= Urges Mackenzie's amnesty, 474; generosity of, 504. =Bib.=:
_Cyc. Am. Biog._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Buchanan, James= (1791-1868). Fifteenth President of the United States.
=Index=: =E= His tribute to Lord Elgin, 123-124. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.
Biog._
=Buckingham, Richard Plantagenet Grenville, third Duke of= (1823-1889).
Born in England. Entered Parliament, 1846; lord of the treasury, 1852;
and privy councillor, 1866; president of the Council, 1866-1867, and
colonial secretary, 1867-1868. Governor of Madras, 1875-1880. =Index=:
=Md= Referred to by Sir John A. Macdonald in connection with
Confederation negotiations, 128-129. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Bude, General de.= =Hd= Haldimand's letters to, 116, 117, 119, 191,
222; Haldimand gives Carleton letter of introduction to, 191; consulted
on housekeeping matters by Haldimand, 328; his interest in Mathews, 331;
Grenville's plan for placing him in Duke of York's family, 333;
mentioned in Haldimand's will, 342.
=Bulkeley, Richard.= Came to Nova Scotia with Governor Cornwallis, 1749.
Appointed secretary of the province, 1759, and continued to hold office
under thirteen successive governors, until 1793. Member of the Council
of Nova Scotia, 1759. Administrator of Nova Scotia, 1791; judge of the
Admiralty Court; brigadier-general of militia. Died, 1800. =Bib.=:
Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Buller, Charles= (1806-1848). Born in Calcutta. Entered Parliament in
1830; and called to the bar, 1831. In 1838 secretary to Lord Durham and
accompanied him on his momentous mission to Canada. In 1846 judge
advocate-general, and in 1847 chief poor law commissioner. =Index=: =BL=
His connection with Durham's Report, 235; on colonial self-government,
235. =Sy= Lord Durham's chief secretary, 98; object of great dislike to
Upper Canada Tories, 98; his speech in House of Commons on union
resolutions, 122; advocates responsible government for Canada, 123. =Mc=
Credited with authorship of Lord Durham's Report, 82, 83. =Bib.=: _Dict.
Nat. Biog._; Strachey, _Charles Buller_: Bradshaw, _Self-Government in
Canada_.
=Bullion.= =Ch= Negotiates restoration of Quebec, 220.
=Bullion, Mme. de.= =F= Benefactress of Hotel Dieu at Montreal, 29.
=Bulyea, George Headley Vickers.= Born in Gagetown, New Brunswick.
Educated at University of New Brunswick. For a time principal of the
Sunbury County Grammar School. Removed to Qu'Appelle, North-West
Territories, 1883. Elected to the North-West Council, 1894; special
representative to the Yukon, 1896; commissioner of agriculture and
public works in the Territorial government; appointed first
lieutenant-governor of Alberta, 1905. =Bib.=: _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Bunker Hill.= =Hd= Battle of, 108.
=Burel, Brother Gilbert.= =Ch= Jesuit, 152; returns to France, 208.
=Burgoyne, John= (1723-1792). Born in England. Educated at Westminster,
and entered the army in 1740. In 1775 served in New England; second in
command, 1776, and lieutenant-general, 1777. In the latter year
succeeded General Carleton as commander-in-chief of the forces in
Canada. After several successful engagements with the Americans,
defeated at Saratoga in October, 1777. In 1782 commander-in-chief in
Ireland. =Index=: =Dr= Arrives with reinforcements, 144; marches up
Richelieu, 146; returns to England, 163; returns to Canada, haying been
promoted over head of Carleton, 171; his personal charm, 174; his
previous career, 175, 176; occupies Ticonderoga, 178; injudicious speech
of, 178; his surrender at Saratoga, 180; his defence of himself, 182.
=Hd= A court favourite, supersedes Carleton, 112; his disastrous
campaign, 113, 126; Hamilton's expedition compared to his, 168. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Burk, Rev. J.= =S= Censured by Simcoe, 190.
=Burke, Edmund= (1729-1797). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity
College, Dublin; and entered Parliament in 1765. In 1771 agent for New
York province; and in 1774-1775 strongly opposed war with America. In
1782 paymaster of the forces. One of the leaders in the impeachment of
Warren Hastings, 1788-1795. =Index=: =Dr= Wants more information on
Quebec Act, 67; discusses Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 265.
=S= Supports division of province, 7; his quarrel with Fox, 8, 9.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Burlamache.= =Ch= Commissioner in dispute between Kirke and De Caen,
217, 218; sent to France in connection with restoration of French
possessions, 220. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.
=Burlington Bay Canal.= An open cut across a sand-bar at the entrance of
Burlington Bay, designed to enable vessels to reach the city of Hamilton
from the lake. It was authorized by the Legislature, 1823, and
completed, 1832. Enlarged, 1841. =Index=: =BL= Provision made for by
government in 1841, 98.
=Burns.= =S= Presbyterian minister, establishes school at Niagara, 167.
=Burns, Edward.= =S= Clerk of Crown and Pleas, 178.
=Burns, Robert Easton= (1805-1863). Born in Niagara. Called to the bar
of Upper Canada, 1827. Practised at Niagara, St. Catharines, and
Hamilton. Appointed judge of the Niagara District, 1836; judge of the
Home District, 1844; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1850. =Bib.=:
Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Burpee, Isaac= (1825-1885). Born at Sheffield, New Brunswick.
Represented city of St. John in Dominion Parliament, 1872-1885; minister
of customs, 1873-1878. Died in New York. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._
=Burr, Aaron= (1756-1836). Born in New Jersey. In 1775 served in the
Revolutionary army, and accompanied Arnold on his expedition to Quebec.
In 1791 elected to the Senate, and in 1801 vice-president of the United
States. In 1804 killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. =Index=: =Dr=
Aide-de-camp to Montgomery, 122. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Jenkinson,
_Aaron Burr_; Todd, _The True Aaron Burr_.
=Burton, Sir Francis.= =P= Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada--meets
views of Assembly as to the budget, 60; his action repudiated by
Dalhousie, 61; acting governor during absence of Dalhousie in 1825, 70.
=Burton, Ralph.= Served in the siege of Quebec. On July 29, 1759, in
command of thirteen companies of Grenadiers, and on September 2 wounded
at the battle of Montmorency. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec
after the capture of the city. =Index=: =WM= Of the 48th, in action at
Montmorency, 142; holds troops in readiness on south shore opposite
Wolfe's Cove, 172, 183; commands reserve in battle of Plains, 189;
Wolfe's last orders to, 200; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258. =Hd= Governor
of Three Rivers, 41; ordered to West Indies, 42; leaves his family in
charge of Haldimand, 51; returns to Three Rivers, 53; replaces Gage at
Montreal, 53. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for
Canada_.
=Buteux, Jacques= (1600-1652). Born in France. In 1634 sent as a
missionary to Canada, and arrived at the new settlement of Three Rivers
in September. Worked among the Indians there for several years. Superior
of the missions from 1639 to 1642, and from 1647 to 1652. =Index=: =Ch=
Stationed at Three Rivers, 256. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New
France_.
=Butler, John.= Born in Connecticut. In 1759 served under Sir William
Johnson in the Niagara campaign, and in 1760 in the Montreal expedition.
During the Revolution served on the British side in New York and in
Canada. Appointed superintendent of Indian affairs. Died in Niagara,
1794. =Index=: =Hd= Of Rangers, lays waste Wyoming district, 151; value
of his services, 154; acts for Guy Johnson, 155; conduct of Indians
commanded by, disapproved, 170; cruelties practised upon his Rangers,
172; disbands Rangers and takes up land on Niagara frontier, 256;
entertained by Haldimand, 327. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Butterfield, Major.= =Dr= Surrenders post at Cedars to British force,
142.
=Buttes-a-Neveu.= =WM= Name given to rising ground extending to city
walls, Quebec, 186, 256.
=By, John= (1781-1836). Born in England. Entered the army in 1799. In
1802 came to Canada; returned to England in 1811; and served in the
Peninsular War. In 1826 again came to Canada, and engaged on important
military and engineering works until 1832. Constructed the Rideau Canal
from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston, the first steamer passing through in
the spring of 1832. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._;
Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, _Trans._, vol. 1.
=Byng, John= (1704-1757). Born in England. Entered the navy in 1718. In
1727-1736 stationed at Mahon, Minorca; and in 1747-1748 commanded in the
Mediterranean. In 1756 engaged the French at Minorca and after an
indecisive battle retreated to Gibraltar, leaving Minorca to its fate.
Recalled to England, court-martialled, and shot on March 14, 1757.
=Index=: =WM= His reserve at Minorca, 33. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Bytown.= Former name of the city of Ottawa. =Index=: =Md= Chosen by the
queen as capital, 85; suggestion came from Sir Edmund Head, 85;
opposition to decision in Parliament, 85. =BL= An all-water route
between Montreal and Kingston, 75; favoured by some persons as capital,
1843, 181. =E= Water communication established with Montreal, 98. _See
also_ Ottawa. =Bib.=: Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, _Trans._, vols.
1 and 3.
=Cabir-Coubat.= =Ch= Indian name of St. Charles River, 148.
=Cables.= The first submarine cables in America were those laid between
New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, 1851; and between Cape Breton
and Newfoundland, 1856. Newfoundland was connected with Ireland by cable
in 1858. In 1902 the Pacific Cable was laid, between Canada and New
Zealand and Australia. _See also_ Gisborne; Fleming. =Bib.=: Bright,
_Submarine Telegraphs_; Johnson, _The All Red Line_.
=Cabot, John.= Probably a native of Genoa. Became a citizen of Venice,
March 28, 1476, and at that time had been a resident of the city for
fifteen years. Went to England, and in 1497, under the direct authority
of Henry VII, sailed to the westward on a voyage of discovery. Landed on
the shores of America, but his exact landfall has been a moot point. It
is now generally believed that it was the easternmost cape of Cape
Breton. The following year sailed again, but there is no record that he
ever returned from this second voyage. =Bib.=: Beazley, _John and
Sebastian Cabot_; Dawson, _The Voyages of the Cabots_ (R. S. C., 1894,
1896, 1897); Deane, _Voyages of the Cabots_, in Winsor, _Nar. & Cr.
Hist. of America_, vol. 3; Harrisse, _John Cabot, the Discoverer of
North America_; Weare, _Cabot's Discovery of North America_; Ober. _John
and Sebastian Cabot_. =Cabot, Sebastian= (1477?-1557?). Son of John
Cabot. His share in the discovery of North America has been the subject
of much controversy. From having once been regarded as the sole
discoverer, it is now considered doubtful that he had anything to do
with the voyages of 1497 and 1498. He was in the service of Spain, and
also of England, receiving from Edward VI the title of Grand Pilot of
England. =Bib.=: Biddle, _Memoir of Sebastian Cabot_; Nicholls, _Life of
Sebastian Cabot_; Tarducci, _John and Sebastian Cabot_. These are
favourable to Sebastian's claims. _See_ references under preceding entry
for the other side of the controversy.
=Cadboro.= =D= First sea-going vessel on Fraser River, 116; arrives at
Victoria from Fort Vancouver, 180; leaves for the Columbia, 180; built
1824, destroyed 1862, 180.
=Cadet, Joseph Michel.= Began life as a butcher; won the confidence of
the intendant Bigot, and as commissary-general seconded him in his
infamous schemes for plundering the colony. =Index=: =WM= Commissary of
stores, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; feeds his poultry
with grain, while the people starve, 88. _See_ Bigot.
=Cadieux.= A French _coureur de bois_, whose tragic death forms the
subject of one of the popular _chansons_ of Quebec. His reputed grave is
at the foot of Grand Calumet Island, on the Ottawa. =Bib.=: Le Moine,
_Legends of the St. Lawrence_; Bourinot, _The Ottawa Valley_ in the
_Canadian Monthly_, January, 1875; Gagnon, _Chansons Populaires_.
=Cadillac, Antoine de la Motte.= Came to Canada as an officer of the
Carignan Regiment. In 1694 appointed to the command of the post at
Michilimackinac. In 1701 built a fort at Detroit, and remained in
command there until 1710. From 1712-1717 governor of Louisiana.
Subsequently appointed governor of Castel Sarassin, in Gascony, his
native province. Died there Oct. 16, 1730. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old
Regime_; _Cadillac Papers_ (Michigan Pion. & Hist. _Coll._, vol. 33).
=Cadot, Jean-Baptiste.= Pioneer fur trader in the West. When the French
abandoned their fort at Sault Ste. Marie, Cadot remained behind with his
native wife and family. Alexander Henry found him there in 1762; in
charge of the fort when Carver visited the place five years later. Is
said to have been still alive in 1812. =Bib.=: Henry, _Travels and
Adventures in Canada_; Carver, _Travels through the Interior Parts of
North America_; Morice, _Dict._
=Caen, Emery de.= =Ch= Nephew of Guillaume, 137; left in command of
colony, 141; prohibits psalm-singing by Huguenots on his ships, 156; his
character, 182; actively defends colony, 183; captured by Thomas Kirke;
returns to France, 185; his ship the _Helene_ restored to him, 221. =F=
Takes over Quebec from the English, 23. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Quebec in
Seventeenth Century_; Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_;
Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.
=Caen, Ezechiel de.= =Ch= Brother of Guillaume, 137.
=Caen, Guillaume de.= =Ch= Head of Company formed by Montmorency, 131,
132; difficulties with the old Company, 133 _et seq._; returns to
France, 136; comes out to Canada, and returns to France, 138; arrives
with supplies, June, 1624, 140; sails for France, 141; brings out Jesuit
fathers, 152; appoints Raymond de la Ralde as admiral of Company's
fleet, 155; disposed to overlook murder of a Frenchman by an Indian,
161; his character as given by Theodat-Sagard, 182; Cardinal Richelieu
suspicious of, 183; his merchandise seized by Kirke, 183; disagreement
with Kirke as to goods seized at Quebec, 217-222. =F= Head of trading
Company, 23. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Quebec in Seventeenth Century_; Biggar,
_Early Trading Companies of New France_; Kirke, _The First English
Conquest of Canada_.
=Caesar, Sir Julius= (1558-1636). Sat in Parliament, 1589-1622;
chancellor of the exchequer, 1606; master of the Rolls, 1614-1636.
=Index=: =Ch= English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Cahaigue.= =Ch= Largest of the Huron villages, 89.
=Caire, M. de.= =WM= Engineer, constructs defences on river St. Charles,
86.
=Caldwell, Henry.= =Dr= His house occupied by Arnold, 111; commands
British militia in siege of Quebec, 115; his house burnt by Arnold, 121.
=Bib.=: Lemoine, _The Hon. Henry Caldwell, L.C., at Quebec_.
=Caldwell, Sir John.= Eldest son of Sir James Caldwell, the third
baronet. Succeeded his father, 1784. Appointed receiver-general of Lower
Canada, and found to have misappropriated the public funds. Made
restoration afterwards of the greater part of the amount.
Died in England, 1830. =Index=: =P= Receiver-general, Lower
Canada,--misappropriates public funds, 56; government fails to prosecute
him, 57. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; Morgan, _Cel.
Can._
=Caledonia.= =Bk= Brig belonging to North West Company, 210; captured by
Americans at Fort Erie, 289.
=Callicum.= Indian chief. =D= His relations with Meares at Nootka, 27.
=Callieres, Louis-Hector de= (1646?-1703). Born at Cherbourg, son of
Jacques de Callieres, governor of Cherbourg. Entered the army, and
became captain of the regiment of Navarre. In 1684 came to Canada as
governor of Montreal; and in 1699 appointed governor-general of the
colony. Died at Quebec. =Index=: =F= Memorandum by, on French claims in
Hudson Bay, 204; commands regular troops in attack on Iroquois, 209;
sent to France to represent situation of colony, 230; leads eight
hundred men from Montreal to defence of Quebec, 292; commands vanguard
in attack on Onondagas, 351; commended in despatches, 353; succeeds
Frontenac as governor, 362. =L= Placed in charge of Fort Frontenac
(Cataraqui), 214; proceeds to France, 218; succeeds Frontenac as
governor, 235; death of, 235. =Bib.=: Sulte, _La Famille de Callieres_
(R. S. C., 1890); Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_.
=Calvinistic Agents.= =Ch= Fanaticism of, 86.
=Camaret, Marie (Mme. Hersault).= =Ch= Cousin of Champlain, contests his
will, 265.
=Cameron, David.= Brought up as a draper; drifted to the West Indies,
where he had charge of an estate; and thence to New Caledonia. In 1852
superintendent of the coal mines at Nanaimo. Nominated by Douglas as
chief justice of Vancouver Island, 1853, and the appointment confirmed
by the colonial office the same year. Succeeded by Needham in 1858.
Retired from the bench, 1864. Died at Belmont, Vancouver Island, 1872.
=Index=: =D= First chief justice of Vancouver Island, 200; charges
preferred against, 200. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_.
=Cameron, Duncan.= Son of a United Empire Loyalist; born at Schenectady,
on the Mohawk. His father brought the family to Canada, and settled in
Glengarry. The son entered the service of the North West Company, in
1786, and was for many years in charge of the Nipigon district. In 1814
sent to Red River, to oppose Selkirk's plans. In 1816, before the Seven
Oaks affair, seized by Colin Robertson, of the Hudson's Bay Company,
carried to York Factory, and sent to England, where he was promptly
released. Returned to Canada, settled at Williamstown, and represented
Glengarry from 1820 to 1824 in the Assembly of Upper Canada. =Index=:
=MS= Sent by North West Company to Red River to break up Red River
Colony, 173; wins ten colonists from their allegiance to Selkirk, 173;
takes them to Upper Canada, 174; captured by Semple and sent to York
Factory, and finally to England, 178. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and
_Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_;
Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_. Cameron's _Sketch of
the Customs, etc., of the Natives in the Nipigon Country_, and _Nipigon
Journal, 1804-1805_, are in Masson, vol. 2.
=Cameron, James. Mc= Attempts to kidnap Mackenzie, 464.
=Cameron, John Hillyard= (1817-1876). Solicitor-general, Upper Canada,
1846-1848; represented Cornwall in Legislative Assembly, 1846-1847 and
1848-1851; Toronto, 1854; Peel, 1861-1866. Represented Peel in first
Dominion Parliament, 1867-1872; Cornwall, 1872-1874; and 1874-1876.
=Index=: =E= Elected 1848, 50. =B= Opposes Confederation scheme, his
motion for an appeal to the people defeated, 185. =BL= Defeated in
elections of 1848, 279. =Bib.:= Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Cameron, Malcolm= (1808-1876). Elected to Assembly of Upper Canada for
Lanark, 1836. A persistent opponent of the Family Compact. Appointed
inspector of revenue, under Bagot. Held various offices in the La
Fontaine-Baldwin and Hincks administrations. In 1863 resigned his seat,
to accept appointment as Queen's Printer. Represented South Lanark in
Dominion House, 1874-1876. =Index: B= Opposes George Brown in Kent and
Lambton, 1851, 40, 41; a Clear Grit, who had joined Hincks-Morin
government, 40-41; defeated by Brown, 77. =BL= Opens discussion on
responsible government, 1841, 90; assistant commissioner of public
works, 1848, 284; a bitter opponent of Sir F.B. Head--held minor office
under Bagot, radical in his sympathies, 284; his resignation, 337; a
leader of the Radicals, 341. =E= Elected 1847, 50; becomes assistant
commissioner of public works, in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a
leading member of Clear Grits, 110; joins Hincks-Morin government, 112;
president of the Executive Council, 113; becomes minister of new
department of agriculture, 117; postmaster-general, 1853, 126; defeated
in Lambton, 134; advocates complete secularization of Clergy Reserves,
163. =R= Opposes separate schools, 224. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._;
Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Cameron, Sir Matthew Crooks= (1822-1887). Born in Dundas, Ontario.
Educated at the Home District Grammar School, Toronto, and at Upper
Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849.
Sat in the Assembly for North Ontario, 1861-1863 and 1864-1867. Defeated
in North Ontario for election to the House of Commons, 1867. Elected to
the Ontario Assembly for East Toronto; provincial secretary, 1867-1871;
commissioner of crown lands, 1871-1872; leader of the opposition in the
Assembly, 1872-1876. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench,
1878; chief-justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court of
Justice, 1884. =Index: B= Seconds motion to submit Confederation scheme
to the people, 185. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Rattray, _The Scot in
British North America_; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.
=Cameronians.= =Bk= 26th Regiment, stationed at Fort Niagara, 57.
=Camosun. D= Indian village on site of Victoria, B.C., 175; meaning of
name, 175.
=Campbell, Captain. Dr= Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36;
tried and acquitted, 38.
=Campbell, General. Dr= Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207.
=Campbell, Sir Alexander= (1821-1892). Studied law under John A.
Macdonald, with whom he later formed a partnership; and called to the
bar of Upper Canada, 1843. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858;
and Speaker, 1863. Commissioner of crown lands, 1864-1866;
postmaster-general in first Dominion ministry, 1867-1873; minister of
the interior, 1873; receiver-general, 1878-1879; postmaster-general,
1879-1880; 1880-1881; 1885-1887; minister of militia and defence, 1880;
minister of justice, 1881-1885. In 1887 appointed lieutenant-governor of
Ontario, an office which he retained up to the time of his death.
=Index=: =Md= Enters J. A. Macdonald's law office as a student, 6; forms
partnership with Macdonald, 10; his letter to Macdonald on the political
situation, 31; postmaster-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 134;
consults Imperial government as to proposed withdrawal of troops from
Canada, Fenian Raids, etc., 168; his attempt to merge the two Canadian
Pacific Railway syndicates, 200. =T= Delegate to Charlottetown
Conference, 74; to Quebec Conference, 76; postmaster-general in first
Dominion Cabinet, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._;
Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_.
=Campbell, Sir Archibald= (1769-1843). Born in Scotland. Entered the
army, 1787. Served throughout the Peninsular War, 1808-1814; in 1821
commanded a regiment in India; conducted the Burmese War; and 1826-1829,
governor of British Burmah. From 1831 to 1837 lieutenant-governor of New
Brunswick. =Index=: =W= Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick,
correspondence with Goderich on crown lands, 23; with Stanley on same
subject, 25; addressed by Assembly on question of revenues, 27; refuses
to lay before Assembly his correspondence with colonial secretary, 28;
dissolves the Assembly, 29, 31-32; opposed to popular reform, 35;
refuses to assent to Civil List Bill, 44-45, 46; resigns, 47. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Campbell, Sir Colin= (1776-1847). Served in India, 1801-1804, and
afterwards in Denmark and the Peninsula; attached to Wellington's staff
at the battle of Waterloo; promoted major-general, 1825;
lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1834-1840; governor of Ceylon,
1840-1847. =Index=: =H= Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 45, 58;
antagonizes popular party, 62; his removal asked for at the instance of
Joseph Howe, 65-67; defended by James W. Johnstone, 67; succeeded by
Lord Falkland, 69. =Bib.=: Howe, _Letters and Speeches_; _Dict. Nat.
Biog._; Chisholm, _Speeches and Public Letters of Joseph Howe_;
Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova
Scotia_. _See also_ Joseph Howe.
=Campbell, Robert= (1808-1894). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company,
1832, and sent to the Mackenzie River district, 1834. For the next
eighteen years, engaged in exploring the upper waters of the Liard and
Yukon Rivers, and establishing the fur trade in this region. In 1852
made a remarkable journey on snow-shoes, from Fort Simpson to Crow-wing,
Minnesota, about three thousand miles. Made a chief factor, 1867, and
retired from the service of the Company, 1871. =Index=: =D= Builds Fort
Dease, 1838, 123-124; ordered to Mackenzie River department, 1834, 124;
crosses to Pacific by Stikine, 124; Fort Dease burned, 124; ascends
Liard River to Lake Francis, crosses to Lake Finlayson, and reaches
Pelly River, 124; builds post on Lake Francis, and at Pelly Banks, 124;
descends Pelly to junction with Lewes, 124; builds Fort Selkirk at mouth
of Lewes, 124; descends Yukon to mouth of Porcupine, and returns to Fort
Simpson by Porcupine and Mackenzie, 125. =MS= Ascends Liard River and
discovers the Upper Yukon, 111; a Perthshire Highlander, 228; discoverer
of Upper Yukon, 228. =Bib.=: _Discovery and Exploration of the Youcon
River._ For biog., _see_ Bryce, _Sketch of the Life and Discoveries of
Robert Campbell_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the
Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.
=Campbell, Stewart.= =H= Chosen leader of Anti-Confederation party in
Nova Scotia, 187; chairman of Halifax meeting on behalf of Joseph Howe,
194; elected to House of Commons for Guysborough, 1867; supports
Confederation, 203. =Bib.=: Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.
=Campbell, Major William.= =Dr= His correspondence with General Wayne,
286. =S= Placed in command of fort at rapids of Miami, 136; refuses to
evacuate fort at summons of General Wayne, 139; his conduct highly
approved by Simcoe, 140.
=Campbell, Sir William= (1758-1834). Born in Scotland. Enlisted as a
private in a Highland regiment; came to America during the Revolutionary
War; took part in the battle of Yorktown, 1781; after his release
determined to remain in America. Studied law and called to the bar of
Nova Scotia; practised his profession for nineteen years; elected to the
Assembly of Cape Breton; attorney-general. Appointed to a puisne
judgeship in Upper Canada, 1811; chief-justice, 1825; retired, 1829;
knighted, 1829. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, _Lives of the
Judges_.
=Camperdown.= =Bk= Naval victory of, 12.
=Canada.= Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First settlement made by
Jacques Cartier, in 1535, on the banks of the St. Charles. In 1608
Champlain founded the city of Quebec, almost on the spot where Jacques
Cartier had wintered; the country ceded to Great Britain by France, by
the treaty of Paris, 1763; civil government provided by Quebec Act,
1774; and a measure of responsible government by the Constitutional Act,
1791; invasion by Americans, 1775-1776; War of 1812; Rebellions of
1837-1838, in Upper and Lower Canada; union of Upper and Lower Canada,
1841; Confederation of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1867;
Manitoba added to the Dominion, 1870; British Columbia, 1871; Prince
Edward Island, 1873; provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta created,
1905. =Index=: =Dr= Surrender of, 2; under military rule till conclusion
of peace, 2; acquisition of, by Britain, hastened American Revolution,
3; ceded by treaty of Paris to Great Britain, 7; its wide extent at that
time, 8; French population of, at cession, 9; English-speaking
population, 9; petition for restoration of its ancient limits, 61;
division of, into two provinces proposed, 248; political possibilities
after conquest, 253-257; boundaries of, not defined by Constitutional
Act, 260. =B= Party government--origin of the double ministries, 81-82;
election frauds in 1857, 99-100; process of expansion--Confederation and
after, 264. =E= First railway in, 99; early political conditions in,
17-40; difficulties connected with responsible government in, 26;
principles of responsible government, 228; her political system
contrasted with that of United States, 241 _et seq._ =WM= Interests
French commanders and their men but little, 11; its vulnerable points,
17; its strong social and political organization gave it an advantage in
war, 24; but was unfavourable to internal development, 24. =Sy= Rapid
progress made in Anglicizing previous to passing of Quebec Act, 63;
unfortunate change of policy regarding, 64. =F= Population of, 36, 55,
58, 131, 147, 148; poverty of impresses Sister Bourgeoys, 39; morals of
the people, 58, 59; overgoverned, 131; trade, 148; affected by all the
vicissitudes of mother country, 150, 151; "farmers" of revenue appointed
for, 154; Bishop St. Vallier's first description of country and
inhabitants, 192; Governor Denonville's description, 192; St. Vallier's
revised opinion, 193; real character of the people, 193-195; state of
depression throughout the country, 219, 240; drinking habits of people,
223; described by Laval as the country of miracles, 301; exhaustion of,
after departure of New England fleet, 305, 317. _See also_ New France;
Cartier, Jacques; Cabot, John; Champlain; Quebec Act; Constitutional
Act; Union Act; Upper Canada; Lower Canada; Confederation.
=Canada Act.= _See_ Constitutional Act.
=Canada Company.= Founded in London, 1824, by John Gait, as a colonizing
scheme. A large tract of land was purchased in what is now western
Ontario. Dunlop, Talbot, Strickland, and other pioneers of Upper Canada
were associated with Gait in the enterprise. The company is still in
existence. =Index=: =E= An agency in settlement of Upper Canada, 145;
its unpopularity, 145. =R= Offers to buy Clergy Reserves, 50. =B=
Recommends whiskey to intending immigrants, 75. _See also_ Galt, John;
Dunlop, William; Talbot, Thomas. =Bib.=: Lizars, _In the Days of the
Canada Company_; Strickland, _Twenty-seven Years in Canada West_; Galt,
_Autobiography_; Jameson, _Winter Sketches_; Talbot, _Six Years in the
Canadas_; McTaggart, _Three Years in Upper Canada_; Dunlop, _The
Backwoodsman_.
=Canada Corn Act=, 1843. =C= Builds up flour industry in Canada, 43.
=Canada First Association.= =B= Platform, 235; criticized by the
_Globe_, 236; suspected of aiming at national independence, 237; Goldwin
Smith, leader of party, attacked by _Globe_, 237; his reply, 238; spirit
of the movement, 239; its effect, 240-241; Liberal party injured by
hostility to movement, 240-242. =Md= Formed in Toronto, 1870, 226; its
policy, 226. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; _Canada First: A Memorial
of the Late William A. Foster_; Denison, _The Struggle for Imperial
Unity_.
=Canada Trade Act.= Passed by Imperial Parliament in 1822, with the
object of correcting the injustice to Upper Canada in the apportionment
of duties collected. The Quebec Legislature had refused to re-enact the
old Acts apportioning a share of duties to Upper Canada, and these Acts
were now made permanent. Lower Canada was debarred from imposing new
duties on imports by sea without the consent of Upper Canada and the
approval of the Imperial Parliament. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of
Canada_.
=Canadian Alliance Society.= =Mc= Founded, December, 1834, 258; its
objects, 258. =BL= Founded at York, 16; its political programme, 16.
=Canadian Contingents in the Boer War= (1899-1902). Consisted of the
Royal Canadian Infantry, Canadian Mounted Rifles, Royal Canadian
Artillery, and Strathcona's Horse. The first contingent, which sailed
for South Africa from Quebec, Oct. 30, 1899, numbered 1141. The second
contingent, which sailed from Halifax in January and February, 1900,
mustered 1320. These two contingents comprised the official Canadian
contribution to the British forces in the war, but Lord Strathcona also
raised a contingent at his own expense. This contingent, known as
Strathcona's Horse, sailed from Halifax in March, 1900, the force
numbering 540 officers and men, and 599 horses. Over 3000 Canadians
therefore took part in the war against the Boers. Throughout the
operations in South Africa, the Canadians signally distinguished
themselves, particularly at the battle of Paardeberg on Feb. 27, 1900,
when with the Gordon Highlanders and the Shropshires they led the final
attack on Cronje's position. =Bib.=: Evans, _The Canadian Contingents_;
Marquis, _Canada's Sons on Kopje and Veldt_; Doyle, _The Great Boer
War_.
=Canadian Freeman.= =Mc= Newspaper, published by Collins, in 1825, 111.
=Canadian Institute.= Founded at Toronto, June 20, 1849, by Sandford
Fleming, and Kivas Tully, with several other surveyors, civil
engineers, and architects practising in and about Toronto. A royal
charter was granted Nov. 4, 1851, in which the objects of the society
are declared to be "the encouragement and general advancement of the
physical sciences, the arts and the manufactures," etc. Among the early
presidents were Sir W. E. Logan, Sir Henry Lefroy, Sir John Beverley
Robinson, George W. Allan, W. H. Draper, Sir Daniel Wilson, and Sir
Oliver Mowat. The publications of the Institute began with the _Canadian
Journal_, 1852, and have been continued, as _Proceedings, Transactions_,
etc., to the present time. =Bib.=: _The Canadian Journal_, 1852-1878;
_Proceedings_, 1879-1890; _Transactions_, 1890- . A semi-centennial
memorial volume, published 1899, contains _Early Days of the Canadian
Institute_ by Sir Sandford Fleming.
=Canadian Magazines.= Among the earliest magazines published in what is
now Canada were the _Nova Scotia Magazine_, Halifax, 1789; the _Quebec
Magazine_, Quebec, 1791-1793; _L'Abeille Canadienne_, Quebec, 1818-1819;
the _Canadian Review_, 1824-1826; the _Bibliotheque Canadienne_,
Montreal, 1825; _Literary Garland_, Montreal, 1838; _Acadian Magazine_,
Halifax, 1826; and the _Revue Canadienne_, 1845. There have been several
periodicals bearing the name of _Canadian Magazine_, the earliest
published at Montreal in 1823; a second published at Toronto in 1833;
another at Toronto, 1871; and the present periodical of the same name,
which dates from 1893. Of the earlier magazines, the _Literary Garland_
and the _Revue Canadienne_ alone lived for any considerable time, the
former having been published for over thirteen years, and the latter
still survives. =Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5.
=Canadian Northern Railway.= The first link in this transcontinental
railway dates back to 1896, when construction was commenced on the line
from Gladstone towards Lake Winnipegosis. Since then the system has been
extended east and west, and within a few years will reach from the
Atlantic to the Pacific, with numerous branches. =Bib.=: _Historical
Sketch of the Canadian Northern Railway_ in _Canadian Annual Review_,
1906.
=Canadian Pacific Railway.= The contract for construction of the railway
was signed Oct. 21, 1880, the surveys having already been carried out
under the direction of Sandford Fleming. Work was begun on the railway
in May, 1881, and the last spike driven by Sir Donald A. Smith (now Lord
Strathcona), Nov. 7, 1885. A summary of the evolution of the project
will be found in Johnson's _First Things in Canada_. =Index=: =Md=
Compact with British Columbia for its construction, 150; the Pacific
Scandal, 200-211; difficulties of construction, 232; terms of agreement,
233; Mackenzie government adopts policy of government ownership, 233;
Macdonald, on his return to power, reverts to original scheme, 234;
contract signed September, 1880, and railway completed in five years,
234; Mackenzie's views as to time needed for completion, 234-235; Blake
attacks railway policy, 235; _Globe_ criticizes, and British financiers
pessimistic, 235; directors of the syndicate, 236; terms of contract,
236; Howland syndicate, 237; financial difficulties, 237; last spike
driven at Craigellachie, Nov. 7, 1885, 238; problems of operation, 238;
what the great enterprise means to Canada, 238-239; its military value,
239; conflict with Manitoba as to its monopoly of transportation,
284-285; its effect on Macdonald government, 301. =C= First charter
engineered by Cartier, 51; the railway the crowning work of
Confederation, 51; its eastern terminus, 52; the Allan Company and the
MacPherson Syndicate, 53; the Pacific Scandal, 53-54; bill in
Parliament, 131. =B= Its building approved by country as a measure of
national growth and expansion, 241. =D= Revolutionizes old conditions
of trade in British Columbia, 265; Imperial government asked to
guarantee its completion, 315; delays in building, 317, 323; movement
for a transcontinental railway, 317-318; negotiations, 318-320; Pacific
Scandal, 321; Carnarvon Terms, 320-322; building operations, 324-326;
completion, 1885, 326; terminus, 327. =Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An
Ency._, vol. 2; Parkin, _The Great Dominion_; Begg, _History of the
North-West_; Fleming, _Reports on Canadian Pacific Railway_, 1874, 1877,
1878, 1879, 1880.
=Canadian Sharpshooters.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 263.
=Canadien.= =Bk= Newspaper founded in 1806, appealed to race prejudices,
92; claimed unconstitutional power for Legislative Assembly, 92, 93; on
the rights of Parliament, 116; seized and temporarily suppressed by
Governor Craig, 127; seizure not approved by British authorities, 147.
=Bib.=: Dionne, _Pierre Bedard et Son Temps_ (R. S. C., 1898).
=Canals.= The earliest canal in Canada and in North America was that at
Lachine, which dates back to the beginning of the eighteenth century.
Between 1779 and 1783, lock canals were built by the Royal Engineers, at
the Coteau and the Cascades, on the St. Lawrence. In 1798 a boat canal
was built at Sault Ste. Marie by the North West Company. A canal to
connect the St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain was advocated as early as
1775, by Silas Deane of Connecticut, but was not actually undertaken
until 1831. The Welland Canal was commenced in 1824; and the Rideau
Canal two years later. These artificial waterways of Canada are
controlled by the Department of Railways and Canals, of the Dominion
government. =Index=: =Bk= First in American continent made in Canada,
48. =BL= Construction and improvement of, provided for by government in
1841, 98; completion of St. Lawrence canals, 286-287. =B= Improvement
of, advocated by George Brown, 61; extension of, approved by Quebec
Conference, 166; enlargement of, suggested by Fish, United States
secretary of state, in 1874, 227. =S= Four made at different points on
St. Lawrence, 112. =P= Opposed by Papineau, 172. _See also_ Waterways;
and under names of individual canals, as Lachine; Rideau; Welland, etc.
=Bib.=: Keefer, _Canals of Canada_ (R. S. C., 1893); _Waterways of
Canada_ (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, _Trans._, vol. 2);
Kingsford, _Canadian Canals_; _Report of Royal Commission on Canals_,
1871; _Annual Reports on Railways and Canals_, Ottawa.
=Cananee.= =Ch= Famous French seaman, joins Champlain at Gaspe, 141; the
Turks capture his ship, the _Ste. Madeleine_, on the coast of Bretagne,
and put him to death, 141.
=Canard River.= A small stream in Essex County, Ontario, falling into
the Detroit River. =Index=: =Bk= Americans repulsed at, in War of 1812,
237.
=Candiac, Chateau of.= =WM= Birthplace of Montcalm, 3; position of,
still remains, 5.
=Canning, Charles John, Viscount= (1812-1862). Postmaster-general, under
Aberdeen and Palmerston. Governor-general of India, 1855, and through
the period of the Indian Mutiny. =Index=: =E= His record in India, 217.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Canning, George= (1770-1827). Entered British Parliament, 1793; foreign
secretary, 1807; ambassador to Portugal, 1814; president of Board of
Control, 1816; succeeded Londonderry as foreign secretary, 1822; prime
minister, 1827. A consistent advocate of constitutional principles.
=Index=: =Sy= Foreign secretary and afterwards prime minister, 16; death
of, 16. =Bk= Secretary of war, 81; deals with matter of _Leopard_ and
_Chesapeake_, 83, 85; disapproves of Walcheren expedition, 118; foreign
secretary, 120. =Bib.=: Canning, _Speeches_; Stapleton, _Political Life
of George Canning_; Stapleton, _George Canning and His Times_; _Dict.
Nat. Biog._
=Cannon, Captain.= =WM= Repulses landing of English, 107.
=Canterbury, John Henry Thomas Manners-Sutton, Viscount= (1814-1877).
Born in England. Entered Parliament, 1841; home secretary from 1841 to
1846 in Peel's ministry. From 1854 to 1861, lieutenant-governor of New
Brunswick; in 1864-1866 governor of Trinidad; and in 1866-1873 governor
of Victoria. =Index=: =T= Dissolves New Brunswick Assembly, 38-39.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
"=Canvas House.=" =S= Purchased by Simcoe from Captain Cook, and used as
winter residence at York, 204.
=Cap de la Victoire.= On St. Lawrence, near mouth of Richelieu. =Index=:
=Ch= Fur trade carried on at, 119, 139.
=Cap du Ciel.= =Ch= French vessel seized by English, 222.
=Cap Rouge.= On the St. Lawrence, above Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Vaudreuil
orders posting of two hundred men at, 162; Bougainville's headquarters
at, 163; difficulty of crossing the river, 248.
=Cape Breton.= An island at the eastern extremity of Nova Scotia, now
forming part of that province. Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First
settlement made by the French in 1712. Town of Louisbourg built and
strongly fortified. It was captured by Pepperrell and Warren in 1745;
restored to France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748; again
captured by the British, under Amherst and Boscawen, 1758. Cape Breton
was a separate colony of Great Britain, 1784-1820, with Sydney (founded
1785) as its capital. In 1820 it was incorporated with Nova Scotia.
=Index=: =Ch= Named St. Lawrence Island by Champlain, 236; Jesuit
mission at, for benefit of Micmacs, 236; maintained until 1659, 237.
_See also_ Louisbourg; Sydney; Nova Scotia. =Bib.=: Brown, _History of
Cape Breton_; Bourinot, _Cape Breton and its Memorials_; Grant, _Cape
Breton, Past and Present_.
=Cape Diamond, Quebec.= =Ch= Fortified, 157.
=Cape St. Vincent.= =Bk= British naval victory of, 10.
=Car Brigade.= =Bk= Formed, 196.
=Carden, Major.= =Dr= Killed in dispersing Ethan Allen's force, 99.
=Cardinal Joseph.= =P= At meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88.
=Carey.= =Sy= Made deputy inspector-general, 333.
=Carheil, Etienne de.= A Breton, of noble birth. Came to Canada as a
Jesuit missionary in 1666. After two years spent at Quebec, left in 1668
for his mission among the Cayugas. Spent a number of years there in a
zealous but largely fruitless effort to convert the Indians to
Christianity. In 1683 sent to the Hurons at Michilimackinac, and
laboured among that tribe for many years. Finally returned to Quebec,
where he died. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_;
_Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites.
=Cariboo Gold-fields.= =D= History of, 284-289.
=Carignan-Salieres.= The first regiment of regular troops sent to
America from France. Raised in Savoy by the Prince of Carignan in 1644;
employed for some years in the service of the king of France, and after
the peace of the Pyrenees, was regularly incorporated in the French
army. Fought against the Turks in 1664, and ordered to America the
following year. With the original regiment was incorporated the fragment
of a regiment of Germans, the whole under the command of Colonel de
Salieres. The regiment served with distinction in Canada until 1668,
when it was ordered home; a large number of officers and men, however,
remained in the colony, where they were given generous grants of land.
The regiment was reconstructed in France, and under the name of the
Regiment of Lorraine existed until 1794. =Index=: =L= Gives strength to
the colony, 53; discharged soldiers of, become settlers, 77; further
detachment of, arrives, 79. =E= Officers settle on lands along the
Richelieu, 178-179, 181. =F= Sent out, 51; some of the officers settle
in Canada and become seigneurs, 57. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_;
Susane, _Ancienne Infanterie Francaise_, vol. 5.
=Carillon, Fort.= =Hd= Repulse of British forces at, 18-21. =WM= The
fort defended by Montcalm with De Levis and Bourlamaque, 54-55; attacked
by the British under Abercromby, 55-60; failure of the attack, 60-61;
Bourlamaque evacuates the fort and destroys it, 146. _See also_
Ticonderoga. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.
=Carion, Philippe de.= =L= Lays second foundation stone of church at
Montreal, 88. =F= Officer at Montreal, refuses to recognize Frontenac's
order for arrest of _coureurs de bois_, 91.
=Carleton, Christopher.= =Dr= Father of Guy Carleton, 29; his widow
marries Rev. Thomas Skelton, 29.
=Carleton, Sir Guy.= _See_ Dorchester.
=Carleton, Lady Maria.= =Dr= Gains social popularity at Quebec, 162;
lives to great age, 308; her extreme hauteur, 309.
=Carleton, Thomas= (1736-1817). Served with Wolfe in 1755;
quartermaster-general of the army in Canada, 1775; wounded in the naval
battle on Lake Champlain, 1776. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of
New Brunswick, 1784. Returned to England in 1803; the colony was
governed by administrators until 1817, when General Smyth was appointed
governor. =Index=: =Dr= Nephew of Lord Dorchester, 249;
lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 249. =W= First governor of New
Brunswick, 5; his Council, 5; opposes reforms in government, 13; grants
charter to Fredericton Academy, 86. =Hd= Devastates country bordering on
Lake Champlain, 149; his expedient for obtaining rebel letters, 194; his
connection with the Du Calvet case, 280, 281. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._;
Bradley, _The Making of Canada_.
=Carleton Island.= =Hd= Indians of, 148; projects of Americans against,
150; reinforcements sent to, 153; depot for stores established at, great
cost of transporting provisions to, 184.
=Carling, Sir John= (1828- ). Represented town of London in Legislative
Assembly, 1857-1867; and continued to sit for the same constituency in
the Dominion Parliament. Appointed receiver-general in Cartier-Macdonald
ministry, 1862; and commissioner of agriculture and public works in
Ontario government, 1867. Entered federal government as
postmaster-general, 1882; minister of agriculture, 1885-1892. Called to
the Senate, 1891; resigned, 1892; again called, 1896. =Bib.=: Morgan,
_Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._
=Carlton House.= Two forts of this name were founded by the Hudson's Bay
Company. One stood on the banks of the Saskatchewan, above the forks;
the other on the upper waters of the Assiniboine. Both were established
about the end of the eighteenth century. =Index=: =MS= Built by Hudson's
Bay Company, 6.
=Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, fourth Earl of= (1831-1890).
Colonial secretary, 1866-1867, and as such introduced the British North
America Act; colonial secretary again, 1874-1878; chairman of Colonial
Defence Commission, 1879-1882. Joined Imperial Federation League, 1884.
=Index=: =Md= President of Westminster Conference in London, 126;
effect of his resignation on Confederation, 128; Macdonald's letter to,
on the franchise, 259. =T= Conference with, on Confederation scheme,
122. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Caroline.= =Mc= Steamboat, goes over Niagara Falls, 419; cutting out
of, 420; merits of act, 421; international complications, 423. =Bib.=:
Drew and Wood, _The Burning of the Caroline_; Dent, _Upper Canadian
Rebellion_.
=Caroline Almanac.= =Mc= Mackenzie publishes, 459.
=Caron, Sir Joseph Philippe Rene Adolphe= (1843-1908). Born in Quebec.
Studied law; entered public life in 1873 as member of Dominion House for
Quebec County; elected for Rimouski, 1891. Minister of militia and
defence, 1880-1892; postmaster-general, 1892. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can.
Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._
=Caron, Rene Edouard= (1800-1876). Born in the parish of Ste. Anne,
Lower Canada. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec and at St. Pierre
College; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1826. Mayor
of Quebec, 1833-1837; sat in Assembly, 1834-1836; appointed a member of
the Legislative Council of Lower Canada by Lord Gosford, but did not
take his seat. Member of the Legislative Council of Canada, 1841;
Speaker, 1843-1847 and 1848-1853; member of the La Fontaine-Baldwin
government and of the Hincks-Morin government; judge of the Superior
Court of Quebec, 1853; afterwards judge of the Court of Queen's Bench
and judge of the Seigniorial Court. =Index=: =BL= Mayor of Quebec, and
member of Legislative Council, 1841, 83; a man of liberal views, 83;
member of La Fontaine's ministry, 83; Speaker of Legislative
Council--acts as go-between for Draper and La Fontaine, 259-263;
president of Legislative Council, 284. =E= Refuses to enter Draper
ministry, 43; becomes president of Council in first La Fontaine-Baldwin
Cabinet, 53; leading member of Liberal party in Lower Canada, 109;
president of Council in Hincks-Morin government, 113; raised to Bench,
126; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: Turcotte, _R. E. Caron_;
Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_ and
_Can. Por._
=Carondelet.= =S= Spanish governor of Louisiana, his proposition to
Simcoe to assist in repelling expected French invasion, 134-136.
=Carroll, Charles= (1737-1832). Represented Maryland in the Congress at
Philadelphia, 1776, and signed the Declaration of Independence.
Afterwards elected to the Senate of Maryland and the federal Senate.
=Index=: =Dr= Accompanies Franklin to Canada, 135. Bib.: _Cyc. Am.
Biog._
=Carter, Sir Frederic Bowker Terrington= (1819-1900). Born at St.
John's, Newfoundland. Studied law and called to the bar of Newfoundland,
1842; appointed Q. C., 1859. Member of the Legislative Assembly,
1855-1878; Speaker, 1861-1865; premier, 1865-1870 and 1874-1878;
knighted, 1878; chief-justice of Newfoundland, 1880. Represented
Newfoundland at the Quebec Conference, 1864. =Index=: =T= Speaker of
Newfoundland Assembly, delegate to Quebec Conference, 77. =Bib.=:
Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Carter, Sir James= (1805-1878). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge;
called to the bar, 1832. In 1834 a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of
New Brunswick, and in 1851 chief-justice of the province, retiring on a
pension in 1865. In 1859 knighted. Spent the latter part of his life in
England. =Index=: =W= Appointed to New Brunswick Bench and afterwards
chief-justice, 74, 130; releases Doak and Hill, 75. =T= Appointed to New
Brunswick Bench, 17, 31; resigns as chief-justice, 1865, 93. =Bib.=:
Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Cartier, Sir Georges Etienne= (1814-1873). =Md= Associated with
Macdonald in MacNab-Tache ministry, 75; forms administration, 86-88;
member of mission to England to confer with British government on
Confederation, defence, reciprocity, etc., 120; acquisition of
North-West Territories, 156-157; supports demand of Red River for
self-government, 160; takes advantage of Macdonald's illness to attempt
to forestall the Wolseley expedition, 161-162; leads the House during
Macdonald's absence in Washington, 173; defeated in Montreal, his
influence weakened in Quebec, 195; his early life and alliance with
Macdonald, 266; his splendid work for Confederation and its inadequate
recognition, 267; the C. B. replaced by a baronetcy, 267; his defeat in
Montreal East, 1872, 268; his death in England in 1873, 268; Macdonald's
tribute to, on unveiling of his statue, 268. =T= Delegate to England in
union negotiations, 63; at Charlottetown Conference, 74; at Quebec
Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; in first Confederation
ministry, 129. =P= A man of action, 1; lacking hi personal magnetism, 2;
compared with Papineau, 2; blames Papineau and his friends for expelling
Mondelet from Assembly, 72. =E= On Papineau's responsibility for
amendment to Union Act, 122; first elected to Legislature in
1849--government candidate for speakership in 1854, defeated, 135,136;
his statue, 226. =C= Follows Papineau, 1; subsequent loyalty to British
constitution, 1; born at St. Antoine, on the Richelieu, 3; a descendant
of Jacques Cartier, 3; parentage, 3; education, 3-5; Papineau's
influence, 5; studies law with Edouard Rodier, 7; Rodier's influence, 7;
the poet of _Les Fils de la Liberte_, 7; takes part in the Rebellion, 7,
8; his escape and exile, 8-9; returns to Montreal, 9; statesmanlike
attitude towards Union Act, 16; takes the field against D. B. Viger, 17;
his maiden speech, 17, 19; bitterness against Papineau, 18; enters the
Assembly, 1849, for Vercheres, 21; a born leader, 21; offered seat in
Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851, and again in 1853, 22; enters Cabinet,
1855, 22; his law practice, 22-23; causes of his success as a political
leader, 23-24; and clerical influence, 28; helped by Radicalism of
Liberals, 29; defeated at general election, 1872, by _Le Parti
National_, 30; member of Executive Council, 1855, 31; alliance with Sir
Allan MacNab and John A. Macdonald, 31, 33; urges settlement of
Seigniorial Tenure, 32; his political principles, 32-33; defends
alliance with Upper Canada Conservatives, 33-34; bitterly attacked in
Vercheres election, 34; breadth of his political activities, 35;
reorganizes system of public instruction, 37-38; protects interests of
Protestant minority, 38; establishes judicial districts, 38; codifies
the laws, 39; gives civil status to parishes, 39-40; his independence,
40-41; his interest in railways and other means of transportation,
45-50; his connection with Pacific Scandal, 53-54; works for
Confederation, 55-56; insists on the federal principle, 57-58; and
Confederation, 59-65: delegate to London to see British North America
Act through Parliament, 67; guest of the queen, 67; elected practically
without opposition, 67; premier of Canada, 1858, 62, 67; advises Lord
Monck to intrust Tache with duty of forming Cabinet, 68; purchase of
Hudson's Bay Company's territories, 68; his definition of the position
of French-Canadians, 69; ignores Bishop Tache's warning as to trouble in
North-West, 70; introduces Manitoba Bill, 71; safeguards interests of
Roman Catholics in Manitoba as to their schools, 71-73; separate schools
in New Brunswick, 73; defends federal policy of non-interference, 74-76;
loses support of the Ultramontanes, 79-84; defeated in Montreal East,
84; his illness, 85; resigns upon defeat of Militia Bill, 1862, 87;
reorganizes the militia, 1868, 87-88; his speeches on British
connection, 92; protests against withdrawal of British troops, 92; his
political wisdom, 98; establishes political union of the country,
99-100; secret of his Power, 101; relations towards Macdonald, 101-103;
his character and policy, 105-108; his personal appearance, 108; his
optimism and humour, 109-110; his conservatism, 111; advice to his
fellow-countrymen, 112; views on property, 113-114; his economic creed,
115-116; Sir Wilfrid Laurier on, 116-117; religious views, 117; early
home influences, 118-122; his social qualities, 122-124; difficulty over
his refusal of the honour of C. B., 124-129; made a baronet, 128;
quarrel with Wolseley, 130; his last appearance in Parliament, 131; his
health breaks down, 131-132; his death in London, May 23, 1873, 132. =B=
And the "Double Shuffle," 107; called on in 1864 to form ministry, but
fails, 149; Brown's motion for constitutional changes, 1864, 150;
meeting with Brown, 152; Brown's alliance with, for Confederation, 153;
suggested by John A. Macdonald as premier of coalition ministry, 191;
asks Brown to reconsider his resignation, 196; his prejudice against the
Rouges, 200; compared with Joseph Howe, 204. =H= Accompanies Sir John
Macdonald to Halifax in 1868, 210. =Bib.=: Author of _Speeches on the
Militia Bill_, and of the popular song, _O Canada! Mon Pays, Mes
Amours!_ For biog., _see_ David, _Esquisse Biographique_; Morgan, _Cel.
Can._: Taylor, _Brit. Am._: Dent. _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_;
Turcotte, _Sir G. E. Cartier_.
=Cartier, Jacques= (1491-1557). In 1534, sailing out of St. Malo, made
his first voyage to the New World, entering the Gulf of St. Lawrence by
way of the Straits of Belle Isle, landing on the Gaspe shore, and
coasting around the eastern end of Anticosti. Returned to France. The
following year again sailed to the gulf, and entered the river St.
Lawrence. Continuing his voyage, passed the mouth of the Saguenay, and
landed on the Island of Orleans, which he named Ile Bacchus. Brought his
little ships into the St. Charles River, upon whose banks stood the
Indian village of Stadacone. After exploring the St. Lawrence as far as
the Indian town of Hochelaga (Montreal), returned to Stadacone, where he
wintered. In the spring of 1536 sailed back to France, taking with him
the Iroquois chief, Donnacona. In 1541, made a third voyage to Canada.
Roberval was to have followed with a number of colonists, but did not
actually sail until the spring of 1542. When he reached Newfoundland, he
met Cartier on his way home. Roberval's colony proved disastrous, and
Cartier undertook a fourth voyage to the New World to rescue the
survivors. =Index=: =Ch= Names Hare Island, 13; ravages of scurvy among
his men, 23; finds a remedy in the plant _aneda_, 29; Membertou pretends
to have met him in 1534, 36; his winter quarters identified by
Champlain, 44-45; his Riviere de Fouez identified as the St. Maurice,
52. =F= His voyages, 1; attempt at colonization, 2. =L= With his men,
receives communion from bishop of St. Malo, 7. =C= Sir Georges E.
Cartier a descendant of the explorer's family, 3. =Bib.=: For a complete
list of the original editions of Cartier's voyages, _see_ Harrisse,
_Notes pour Servir_, etc. Tross, Paris, reprinted them as follows:
D'Avezac, _Bref Recit et Succinte Narration de la Navigation Faite par
le Capitaine Jacques Cartier aux Iles de Canada_, etc. (1863); Michelant
et Rame, _Voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534_ (1865); Michelant
et Rame, _Relation Originale, du Voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada en
1534_ (1867). The first English version is that of Florio (1580). In
1600 Hakluyt included a more accurate translation in his _Principal
Navigations_. H. B. Stephen's essay, _Jacques Cartier and his Voyages to
Canada_, is accompanied by a new translation of the voyages. The Cartier
voyages are discussed in the _Trans._ R. S. C., by W. F. Ganong (1887),
(1889); Paul de Gazes (1884), (1890); Abbe Verreau (1890), (1891),
(1897); Archbishop Howley (1894); and in the Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc.
_Trans._, _Voyages de Decouvertes au Canada_ (1843); Demazieres, _Notes
sur Jacques Cartier_ (1862). _See also_ Pope, _Jacques Cartier_;
Winsor, _Cartier to Frontenac_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Des
Longrais, _Jacques Cartier_; Dionne, _La Nouvelle France de Cartier a
Champlain_; Dent, _Can. Por._
[Illustration: Landing of Jacques Cartier at Quebec, 1535 From the
painting by A. Suzor Cote]
=Cartwright, J. S.= =Sy= Opposes union of provinces in Upper Canada
Assembly, 207, 211.
=Cartwright, Rev. Richard.= =Sy= Assists in funeral service of Lord
Sydenham, 344.
=Cartwright, Richard= (1759-1815). Born at Albany, New York. On the
outbreak of hostilities with the mother country came with his parents to
Upper Canada. For a time served as secretary to Colonel Butler of the
Queen's Rangers, and later engaged in business at Kingston in
partnership with Robert Hamilton. Made judge of the Court of Common
Pleas for the district, and on the formation of Upper Canada into a
separate province appointed to the Legislative Council. Urged to accept
a seat in the Executive Council, but repeatedly refused. Created
lieutenant of the county of Frontenac by Simcoe, and during the War of
1812 served as colonel of the militia. Occupied a position of great
prominence in the political and business life of the province. =Index=:
=BL= Offered and refuses solicitor-generalship of Upper Canada, 120; his
letter of explanation, 121. =R= His influence on Strachan, 37. =Bk=
Brock's high opinion of, 179. =S= On later emigration from United
States, 57; member of Legislative Council, 79; his report on marriage
question, in Upper Canada, 86; accused by Simcoe of republicanism, 97,
98; asserts his loyalty, 98; advises Simcoe in regard to land
regulations, 103; describes methods of business in early times, 109.
=Bib.=: Cartwright, _Life and Letters of Hon. Richard Cartwright_.
=Cartwright, Sir Richard John= (1835- ). Grandson of the preceding. Born
at Kingston. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Entered public life,
1863, as member for Lennox and Addington. Minister of finance in
Mackenzie Cabinet, 1873-1878. On the return of the Liberals to power, in
1896, became minister of trade and commerce. =Index=: =Md= Favours
commercial union, 297; introduces unrestricted reciprocity resolution,
1888, 298-299; his modified resolution of 1889, 299. =B= His account of
pre-confederation scenes in the house, 153-154. =C= Discussion with
Cartier in 1872, on the militia, 110. =Bib.=: Works: _Remarks on the
Militia of Canada_; _Memories of Confederation_. For biog., _see_ Dent,
_Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's
Who_.
=Carver, Jonathan= (1732-1780). Born at Stillwater, New York. Joined the
company of rangers raised by John Burk of Northfield, 1756-1757. After
the treaty of Paris, 1763, conceived the idea of exploring the Western
territory acquired by England. Between 1766 and 1768, travelled from
Michilimackinac to the Mississippi, ascended the Minnesota River, and
returned by way of Grand Portage, Lake Superior. Went to England, 1769,
to secure government support for his plans of Western exploration, but
failed. Died there, Jan. 31, 1780. =Index=: =D= His River of Oregon, 19;
reference to Oregon, 56-57. =Bib.=: _Travels through the Interior Parts
of North America, in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768_. The best edition
is the third, published at London, 1781. For a bib. of the various
editions, and translations, _see_ Lee, _Bibliography of Carver's
Travels_ (Wisconsin State Hist. Soc. _Proc._, 1909). _See also_ Durrie,
_Jonathan Carver and "Carver's Grant"_ (Wisconsin Hist. Soc. _Coll._,
vol. 6); Gregory, _Jonathan Carver: His Travels in the North-West_
(Parkman Club _Pub._, No. 5); Bourne, _Travels of Jonathan Carver_ in
_Amer. Hist. Review_, 1906; Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_.
=Cas Reserve.= =L= In connection with sale of liquor to Indians, 171,
174.
=Cascades.= On the St. Lawrence River. =Hd= Improvements in navigation
at, 185.
=Case, William.= =R= Visits England, 1831, 90; his connection with split
in Methodist body, 105.
=Casgrain, Henri Raymond= (1831-1904). After studying medicine, decided
to enter the church, and ordained a priest in 1856. In 1872, owing to an
affection of the eyes, compelled to abandon the ministry, and thereafter
devoted himself entirely to literature. His first work, _Legendes
Canadiennes_, appeared in 1861; and this was followed by many other
publications, in history, biography, and belles-lettres. One of the
principal contributors to the _Soirees Canadiennes_, the _Foyer
Canadien_, and other French-Canadian periodicals. A charter member of
the Royal Society of Canada; elected president of that body in 1889.
=Index=: =L= His pen-portrait of Mme. de la Peltrie, 153-154. =Ch= On
the question of Champlain's tomb, 261-262. =Bib.=: Among his principal
works are: _Histoire de la Mere Marie de l'Incarnation_; _Biographies
Canadiennes_; _Un Pelerinage au Pays d'Evangeline_; _Montcalm et Levis_.
For bib., _see_ R. S. C., 1894, 21. For biog., _see_ Routhier, _Eloge
historique de H. R. Casgrain_ (R. S. C., 1904); Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Cass, Lewis= (1782-1866). Served under General Hull in War of 1812.
Drew up Hull's flamboyant proclamation to the people of Canada. Opposed
surrender of Detroit. Governor of territory of Michigan. =Index=: =Bk=
On surrender of Detroit, 257. =Bib.=: Contributed to _Historical
Sketches of Michigan_, 1834. For biog., _see_ McLaughlin, _Lewis Cass_;
_Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Castillon, Jacques de.= =Ch= Assisted in forming Company of New France,
168; presents pictures to church of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance, 240.
=Castle Frank.= =S= Country chalet built for Simcoe near York, 215.
=Castle of St. Louis.= _See_ Chateau St. Louis.
=Catalogne, Gedeon de.= Employed for some years on military and other
engineering works in Canada. In 1701 commenced a canal from Lachine to
the Little River, with the object of providing a boat channel around the
rapids. The work was abandoned, and resumed in 1717, but was again
abandoned, owing to the cost of the rock cutting. Accompanied Denonville
on his expedition against the Iroquois, in 1687.
=Cataraqui.= A fort, built by the engineer Raudin in 1673, under
Frontenac's orders, the site having been selected by La Salle. The fort
stood at the mouth of the Cataraqui, on the site of the present city of
Kingston. Here Frontenac held a great Council with representatives of
the five Iroquois nations, 1673. On Frontenac's recommendation,
Cataraqui was granted to La Salle as a seigniory, upon his repaying the
amount the fort had cost the king. Fort Frontenac, as La Salle named it,
became the base of his ambitious scheme of western explorations.
=Index=: =F= Expedition of Courcelles to, 59; of Frontenac, 76-84; fort,
afterwards known as Fort Frontenac, erected at, 83. =Hd= Lands allotted
to Loyalists in neighbourhood of, 236, 255; settlers at, 258, 265. =S=
Barracks of, on site of old Fort Frontenac, 51; Loyalist settlements in
surrounding country, 58; detail of, 59. _See also_ Kingston; Fort
Frontenac; La Salle. =Bib.=: Machar, _Old Kingston_; Sulte, _Le Fort de
Frontenac_ (R. S. C., 1901); Girouard, _L'Expedition du Marquis de
Denonville_ (R. S. C., 1899).
=Cathcart, Charles Murray, Earl= (1783-1859). Served in Holland, 1799;
saw service through Peninsular War; fought at Waterloo; assumed title,
1843; succeeded General Jackson as commander-in-chief of the forces in
British North America, 1845; administrator the same year, on the
departure of Sir Charles Metcalfe; governor-general, 1846; succeeded by
Lord Elgin, 1847. =Index=: =Md= Succeeds Metcalfe as governor-general,
25; correspondence with Draper over Macdonald's appointment to Cabinet,
26. =BL= Becomes administrator, and afterwards governor-general,
265-266; his character and attitude towards political questions in
Canada, 266. =E= Succeeds Metcalfe as governor-general, more interested
in problems of defence than in politics, 38; replaced by Elgin, 40; his
instructions to Rebellion Losses Commission, 65. =B= His appointment and
character, 28; warns British government of disaffection in Canada, 31.
=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Catherine.= =Ch= Champlain sails for France in (1626), 155.
=Cauchon, Joseph Edouard= (1816-1885). Educated at the Seminaire de
Quebec; studied law and called to the bar, but turned immediately to
journalism. Edited _Le Canadien_ for a time; and in 1842 established the
_Journal de Quebec_. Entered public life, 1844, as member for
Montmorency, which county he represented continuously until 1872.
Entered MacNab government, 1855, as commissioner of crown lands. Became
commissioner of public works in Cartier-Macdonald ministry, 1861-1862.
Speaker of the Senate, 1868-1872. Accepted presidency of the Council in
Mackenzie administration, 1875-1877; minister of inland revenue, 1877.
Resigned the same year to accept the lieutenant-governorship of
Manitoba, 1877-1882. =Index=: =C= As journalist and politician, 24;
attitude towards Cartier, 24; his writings, 24; praises Cartier in the
_Journal de Quebec_, 88. =E= Brings up question of Seigniorial Tenure in
Parliament, 126; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves,
164. =Bib.=: Works: _Remarks on the North-West Territories_; _Etude sur
l'Union Projectee des Provinces Britanniques_; _L'Union des Provinces de
l'Amerique du Nord_. For biog., _see_ _Revue Canadienne_, 1884; Dent,
_Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._
=Caughnawaga Indians.= A community of Iroquois, chiefly drawn from the
Oneida and Mohawk, and speaking a modification of the Mohawk tongue.
Having been converted by the Jesuit missionaries, they were induced to
settle in 1668 at La Prairie, near Montreal. In 1676 they removed to
Sault St. Louis, and the majority have remained in that vicinity ever
since. About 1755 a new settlement was formed at St. Regis, farther up
the St. Lawrence. Many accompanied the fur traders to the west as
hunters. In the narratives of the fur trade they are referred to as
Iroquois. =Index=: =Hd= Their sympathies secured for Congress by
Jesuits, 130; village of, burned by Sir John Johnson, 156; their
disloyalty, 189. =Bib.=: Colden, _Five Nations_; Hodge, _Handbook of
American Indians_.
=Caumont.= =Ch= Pont-Grave's clerk, 121; chief clerk of De Monts's
(Rouen) company at Quebec, 133.
=Cayahoga.= =Bk= United States schooner carrying Hull's stores and
baggage, captured, 218.
=Cayet, Victor Palma.= =Ch= His work on French navigation, 15.
=Cayley, William.= Inspector-general, 1845-1848, and again, 1854-1858.
By the Act of 1859, the office was changed to minister of finance.
=Index=: =E= Inspector-general, 1854, 140; favours division of Clergy
Reserves among various denominations, 163. =B= Galt takes his place in
government, 107. =Bib.=: _Finances and Trade of Canada_. For biog.,
_see_ Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Cayugas.= One of the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy. Parkman gives
four forms of the name: Cayugas, Caiyoquos, Goiogoens, Gweugwehonoh.
Their fighting strength is given in the _Relation_ of 1660 as 300. At
this time, however, they had been weakened by continual warfare. The
Cayuga villages stood on the shore of Cayuga Lake, and their territory
extended from that lake to the Owasco, both included. The tribe lay
between the Senecas on the west and the Onondagas on the east. By the
beginning of the nineteenth century they had been crowded off their
ancestral lands, and scattered abroad. Some seven hundred are now on the
Six Nation reserve, in the Niagara peninsula. The remainder are for the
most part in the western United States. =Index=: =Ch= Iroquois tribe,
50. _See also_ Iroquois; Senecas; Onondagas; Mohawks; Tuscaroras.
=Bib.=: Pilling, _Iroquoian Languages_. _See also_ Iroquois.
=Cazeau, Francois.= =Hd= Arrested on charge of treason, 279.
=Census.= The first census in Canada seems to have been taken in 1640,
when the inhabitants numbered 375, distributed as follows: married men,
64; married women (three born in Canada), 64; widower, 1; widows, 4;
unmarried men, 35; boys (30 born in Canada), 58; girls (24 born in
Canada), 48; nuns, 6; Jesuits, 29; others, 66. Benjamin Sulte finds the
population in 1650 to have been 705; and in 1663 about 2500. The census
of 1665 gives the total population as 3251. The first census of the
Dominion was taken in 1871, when the population was 3,635,024; the
census of 1881 gave a total of 4,324,810; of 1891, 4,833,239; of 1901,
5,371,315. _See also_ Acadians. =Index=: =E= Provided for by La
Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86; placed under Department of Agriculture
by Hincks-Morin government, 117. =F= Of 1666, 55. =Bib.=: _Census of
Canada_, 1851, 1861, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901. _See also_ Johnson, _First
Things in Canada_; and General Index, _Trans._ R. S. C., under _Census_.
=Centurion.= =WM= Admiral Saunders's ship, in action off Beauport shore,
136.
=Chabanel, Noel.= Jesuit missionary in the Huron country, 1643. Had been
a professor of rhetoric in France, before coming to Canada. When the
Hurons were driven from their country by the Iroquois, in 1649, he and
Garnier led their demoralized flock to the Island of St. Joseph, in
Matchadash Bay, an inlet of Georgian Bay. Even here the Iroquois
followed them, and attacked the mission of St. Jean, Dec. 7, 1649.
Chabanel had left the place a short time before, and so escaped the
general massacre. He, however, fell a victim to one of his own Hurons,
who confessed that he had murdered the missionary and thrown his body
into a river. =Index=: =L= Died a martyr, 62. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits
in North America_.
=Chabot, J.= (1807-1860). Born at St. Charles, Bellechasse, Lower
Canada. Studied law and practised in Quebec. Sat in the Assembly for
Quebec, 1843-1850; for Bellechasse, 1851-1854; and for Quebec,
1854-1856. Became chief commissioner of public works, 1849, and again in
1852; government director of the Grand Trunk, 1854; and Seigniorial
Tenure commissioner the same year. Appointed judge of the Superior Court
of Lower Canada, 1856. =Index=: =E= Commissioner of public works, 1853,
126; and again in coalition ministry, 1854, 141; votes against
secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 164; commissioner under
Seigniorial Tenure law, 186. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Last
Forty Years_.
=Chalmers, Thomas.= =R= Offered, but declines, charge of educational
policy in Upper Canada, 37.
=Chamberlain, Joseph= (1836- ). British statesman. =Mc= Justifies Upper
Canada Rebellion, 29, 30. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_.
=Chambers, Captain.= =Bk= Sent to Moraviantown to oppose enemy, 219,
235; in command of 2d Brigade, 247.
=Chambly, Jacques de.= An officer of the Carignan Regiment; built Fort
St. Louis, on the Richelieu, 1665, and given its command. In 1672 the
seigniory of Chambly granted to him. Succeeded De Grandfontaine as
governor of Acadia; transferred to Grenada; and later to Martinique,
where he died. =Index=: =F= Appointed governor of Acadia, 90, 269; taken
prisoner to Boston and there set at liberty, 269; again governor, 270;
governor of Grenada (W. I.), 270. =Bib.=: Sulte, _Regiment de Carignan_
(R. S. C., 1902).
=Chambly.= Fort, otherwise known as St. Louis, on the Richelieu. Built
by Jacques de Chambly, 1665. =Index=: =F= Fort erected at, 51. =Dr=
Captured by Montgomery, 99; abandoned, 146. =L= Fort erected at, 53.
=Hd= Weak defences of, 134.
=Champdore.= =Ch= Carpenter to De Monts's expedition, 22.
=Champlain, Antoine.= =Ch= Father of Samuel Champlain, 1.
=Champlain, Samuel= (1567?-1635). =WM= His elevated sentiments, 20. =Ch=
Birth and education, 1; sails to West Indies, Mexico, and Panama in
command of Spanish vessel, 3, 4; suggests channel through isthmus, 5;
captures English vessels and returns to France, 6; publishes account of
travels, 7; obtains pension and made hydrographer to king of France, 8;
accepts offer of Aymar de Chastes of Dieppe to go to Canada, 9; arrives
at Tadoussac, 10; explores Saguenay, 12; ascends St. Lawrence to Sault
St. Louis, anchors at Quebec, and explores Gaspesia, 13; sails for
France, 14; submits narrative of his voyages to the king, 14;
accompanies De Monts to Acadia, 19; explores country and gives names to
places, 19; describes river St. John, 20; discovers a copper mine, 22;
makes plan of Ste. Croix Island, 24; explores coast of Norembega, 25;
describes Pentagouet (Penobscot) River, 27; further explorations, 30;
describes settlement at Port Royal, 32; returns to France, 37; sails for
Quebec, 40; resists Basque traders, 40; arrives at Quebec, 41;
conspiracy formed against, 42; execution of chief conspirator, 43;
explores vicinity of Quebec, 44; illness, 46; fits out expedition
against Iroquois, 47; conference with Huron chiefs, 48; his Indian
policy, 49-52; encounter with Iroquois on Lake Champlain, 53; sails for
France, 54; has audience with the king, 55; consults with De Monts, 56;
returns to Canada, 59; arrives at Quebec, 61; proceeds again to attack
Iroquois, 61; wounded in encounter near mouth of Richelieu River, 62;
returns to Quebec, 63; hears of the assassination of Henry IV, and sails
for France, 64; marries Helene Boulle, 65-67; returns to Canada, 67;
arrives at Quebec, 68; makes a clearing at Montreal, 69; names St.
Helen's Island after his wife, 69; sails for France, 70; final interview
with De Monts, 71; motives for pursuing his work in Canada, 72, 82;
becomes lieutenant in Canada of Charles de Bourbon, Comte de Soissons,
73; on death of Soissons, becomes lieutenant of the Prince de Conde and
returns to Canada, 73; arrives at Quebec and proceeds to Falls of St.
Louis, 74; goes up the Ottawa River, 75; his astrolabe, 76; sails for
France, 79; engages the services of missionaries for Canada, 83; brings
to Canada three Recollet fathers and one friar, 85; arriving at Quebec,
proceeds to Falls of St. Louis, 85; ascends Ottawa River, passes through
Lake Nipissing into Georgian Bay and reaches territory of Hurons, 88;
proceeds with Hurons on another campaign against Iroquois, 101; wounded
in fight with Iroquois, 103; desires to return to Quebec, but is
detained by Hurons, 103; settles quarrel between Algonquians and Hurons,
105; returns to Quebec, 106; convokes meeting to consider question of
missions, 108; sails for France, 111; returns to Canada (1617), 112;
sails for France (1618), 116; returns to Canada (1620), 121; his
projects for the advancement of Canada, 124, 125; obtains letter from
the king in his favour, 126; his commission renewed by Duc de
Montmorency, 129; takes his wife to Canada, 129; receives letters from
Montmorency and the king, 130, 131; his difficulties with rival
Companies, 132, 136; confirmed as lieutenant of viceroy, 137; salary and
trading privileges, 138; publishes ordinances, 139; returns to France
with his wife (1624), 141; meets Montmorency, 150; appointed by the Duc
de Ventadour as his lieutenant, 152; sails for Canada (1626), 155;
arrives at Quebec, 156; fortifies Cape Diamond, 157; reconstructs Fort
St. Louis, 158; his treatment of the Indians, 159; tries to make an
alliance with Iroquois, 160; his policy towards the Montagnais, 162;
imprisons Montagnais suspected of murder, 165; receives three young
Montagnais girls to be educated, 165; one of the Hundred Associates
(Company of New France), 170; forms establishment at Cap Tourmente, 171;
criticizes conduct of Roquemont, 175; summoned by David Kirke to
surrender Quebec, 176; his answer, 178; builds mill for grinding pease,
180; sends part of population of Quebec to Gaspe, 181; asserts
superiority of his commission over Pont-Grave's, 182; summoned by Kirke
to surrender Quebec, 188; capitulates, 190; his action criticized, 192,
193; signs articles of capitulation on board Kirke's ship, 195; delayed
several weeks at Tadoussac, 204; his two Indian girls, Esperance and
Charite, taken back by the Indians, 205; embarks for France, 206; goes
to London and sees French ambassador, 207; shows him map of the country,
211; names given by, to harbours and rivers of New England, 212; crosses
over to France, and has interview with the king, 212; returns to Quebec
(1633), 228; takes active part in civilization of Micmacs, 237; erects
chapel of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance, 238; his bequest to it, 239;
appointed governor, by Company of New France (Hundred Associates), 244;
his last letter to Cardinal Richelieu, 246; defrays expenses of some
families coming to Canada, 250; approves of exclusion of Protestants as
settlers, 255; his piety, 258; death, 261; question of his tomb, 261;
his will, 265; will set aside, 266; character and fame, 267; monument
to, 268, 275; the Father of New France, 269; crossed the Atlantic twenty
times, 270; his conduct towards and influence over Indian tribes, 271;
his Indian alliances, 272; his writings, 274, 275; eulogies pronounced
on, 276-279. =F= Early career of, 3; sails for St. Lawrence and explores
river to Lachine Rapids, 4; explores Baie des Chaleurs, returns to
France, 5; accompanies De Monts to Acadia, 7; founder of Quebec, 8; plot
against his life, 8; expedition against Iroquois, 9; returns to France
and sails again for Canada, 10; returns to France, marries, and sails
again for Canada, 11; prospects island of Montreal, 12; returns to
France (1611), sails for Canada (1613), again to France, again to Canada
(1615), 13; brings out Recollet missionaries, 13; heads another
expedition against Iroquois, 14; begins construction of Chateau St.
Louis, 15; surrenders Quebec to English under Kirke, 20; lands in
England, 21; urges restitution of Canada, 22; sails for Quebec (1633),
24; death of, 26. =L= His anxiety for the propagation of the faith, 4;
his pious administration, 8. =Bib.=: Works: _[OE]uvres de Champlain_
(Laverdiere), 1870; _Voyages_ (Laverdiere), 1870; _Voyages_ (trans. by
Otis, with memoir by Slafter), 1878-1882; Grant, _Voyages of Samuel de
Champlain_; Bourne, _Champlain's Voyages_; Biggar, _Works of Samuel de
Champlain_ (Champlain Society, _in prep._). For bib. of the original
editions, _see_ Harrisse, _Notes pour Servir_, etc. For biog., _see_
Gravier, _Vie de Samuel Champlain_; Sedgwick, _Samuel de Champlain_;
Dix, _Champlain: the Founder of New France_; Verreau, _Samuel de
Champlain_ (R. S. C., 1899); Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Dent, _Can.
Por._
=Champlain Lake.= Discovered by Samuel Champlain, July, 1609. Here took
place the first hostile encounter between the French and the Iroquois.
The French were the aggressors, and had bitter enough cause to remember
the fact throughout the century. In 1666 the Sieur de la Motte built a
fort on Ile La Motte, which was afterwards abandoned. Fort St. Frederic
was built at Crown Point, 1731. It was enlarged and strengthened in
1734, and again in 1742. Lake Champlain became the war thoroughfare, not
merely between the Iroquois and French, but between New France and New
England. Fort Carillon was built, 1755-1756. With this lake are
associated the names of Dieskau and Sir William Johnson, Montcalm and
Abercrombie, Ethan Allen and Montgomery. =Index=: =F= Champlain reaches,
in his expedition against the Iroquois, 9, 10. =Hd= Canada to be
attacked by way of, 34; trouble among the settlers on, 89, 197; guarding
against invasion from, 125, 133, 134; Major Carleton on, 149; messengers
intercepted on, 129; forts captured by Ethan Allen, 198; Vermont
negotiations held upon, 204; fear of rebel approach by, 208, 216; Ethan
Allen offers to meet Haldimand upon, 214; Loyalists on shores of, 250.
=WM= Montcalm at, 32, 34; 54-61; forts on, evacuated by Bourlamaque,
146. =Dr= Armed craft on, captured, 82; Americans evacuate Canada by way
of, 146; route of attack on New England, 147; Carleton builds a fleet
on, 149; description of the lake, 153; Carleton defeats Arnold on,
154-157. =Ch= Encounter with Iroquois at southern extremity of, 53.
=Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Crockett, _History of Lake
Champlain_; Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony_; Reid, _Lake
George and Lake Champlain_; Palmer, _History of Lake Champlain_. _See_
bib. note in Crockett.