From the John Ross Robertson collection]

=Angers, Auguste Real= (1838- ). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and

called to the bar; made Q.C. 1880, and the same year appointed a

puisne judge of the Superior Court of Quebec. Lieutenant-governor of

Quebec, 1887; resigned and called to the Senate, 1892. Minister of

agriculture, 1892-1895; president of the Council, 1896. =Bib.=: Morgan,

_Can. Men_; Chapais, _Angers_ (Men of the Day).

=Anglican Church.= _See_ Church of England.

=Anglin, Timothy Warren= (1822-1886). Born in Ireland. Came to St. John,

New Brunswick, 1849. Established _Weekly Freeman_ that year. Elected to

New Brunswick Legislature for St. John, 1860. Opposed Confederation.

Elected to the House of Commons, 1867, for Gloucester. Elected Speaker,

1874, and again in 1878. =Index=: =C= Demands disallowance of New

Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 73. =T= Elected for St. John

to New Brunswick Assembly on Anti-Confederate ticket, 85; member of

Smith government, 91; his influence, 93; differences with colleagues in

railway matter, 94; resigns his seat, 1865, 95; defeated for county of

St. John, 1866, 109. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._

=Angus, Richard Bladworth= (1831- ). Born at Bathgate, near Edinburgh.

Came to Canada, 1857, and joined the staff of the Bank of Montreal. Rose

steadily in the service of the bank, and in 1869 became general manager.

President of the Bank of Montreal, 1910; and director of the Canadian

Pacific Railway. =Index=: =Md= Director of Canadian Pacific Railway

syndicate, 236. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Anian, Strait of.= Dr. Ruge says that the name arose through a

misunderstanding of Marco Polo's book (bk. 3, ch. 5). His Ania "is no

doubt the present Anam, but the Dutch cartographers thought that this

land was in north-east Asia, and called the strait that was said to

separate the continents the Strait of Anian." The name appears for the

first time on Gerh. Mercator's famous maritime chart of 1569. =Index=:

=D= History of search for, 2; De Fuca's voyage to, 9; Carver's River of

Oregon, 20. =Bib.=: Soph. Ruge, _Fretum Aniam_; Dawson, _Canada_.

=Annand, William= (1808-1892). Born in Halifax County. Entered the Nova

Scotia Assembly as one of the members for Halifax, 1836; financial

secretary in Howe's ministry, 1860-1863. An active opponent of

Confederation. Formed the first Anti-Confederate or repeal government in

Nova Scotia, 1867; retired in 1874 to accept the position of immigration

agent at London, where he died. =Index=: =H= Elected to represent

Halifax in Nova Scotia Legislature, as Joseph Howe's colleague, 1836,

29; assumes control of _Nova Scotian_, 74-75; publishes _Morning

Chronicle_, 75; advocates central non-sectarian college for Nova Scotia,

82; becomes financial secretary of province, 169; Wm. Miller brings

action against for libel, 188; goes to London, 1866, as Anti-Confederate

delegate, 192; becomes head of Nova Scotia government, 202; member of

repeal delegation to London, 1868, 204; turns against Howe, 208, 209,

217; receives vote of thanks from Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. =Bib.=:

Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova

Scotia_.

=Annapolis Royal.= When Nicholson, with his fleet and New England

troops, captured Port Royal in 1710, he changed the name to Annapolis

Royal, in honour of Queen Anne. It was besieged the following year by

the Acadians with their Micmac and Penobscot allies, but the New England

garrison held the fort. Under treaty of Utrecht, 1713, ceded to England

by France. In 1744 Paul Mascarene successfully defended the place

against Du Vivier. _See also_ Port Royal. =Bib.=: Calnek and Savary,

_History of the County of Annapolis_; Nicholson, _Journal of the Capture

of Annapolis_ (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 1).

=Anne, Saint.= =L= Chapel dedicated to, in the church at Quebec, 84;

chapels erected to, at Beaupre, 101; relic of, 102.

=Annexation to United States.= A fitful movement, never reaching serious

proportions, and generally the result of temporary or local

dissatisfaction with political conditions, or of commercial depression.

Goldwin Smith was for many years its prophet. =Index=: =Md= Favoured by

small wing of Reform party, 23; manifesto issued by business men of

Montreal, its causes, 39, 40, 95; opposition to Confederation raises

hopes of American party, 118; movement in Nova Scotia, 145; movement in

British Columbia, 149; Goldwin Smith, the gloomy prophet of, 293;

advocated by Edward Farrer, 312-313. =Mc= W. L. Mackenzie not in favour

of, 10. =BL= Manifesto of 1849, 336; Sir John Abbott on, 336; advocated

by many of the Radicals of Lower Canada, 343. =C= Advocated by

Democratic party in Quebec, 26; said by Elgin to be popular among

commercial classes in 1849, 44; countenanced by Sir John Abbott and L.

H. Holton, 44-45; what it would mean for Quebec, 64. =B= Threatened by

repeal of Corn Laws in 1846, 31, 32; the Montreal Manifesto, 36-37;

sentiment for, charged against Clear Grits, 42; opposition charged with,

in Confederation debate, 185; Brown holds that Reciprocity scheme

designed to promote, 194; charge of, denied by Canada First party, 237.

=E= Sentiment for, in 1847, 5; Elgin on, 58; Montreal Manifesto, 80-82;

advocated by the _Parti Rouge_, 109; Elgin's efforts to counteract

movement, 189-190; Durham on, 192-193; conditions favouring movement,

194-195; repeal of Reciprocity Treaty designed to promote, 202. =P=

Threatened in Ninety-Two Resolutions, 92-93; advocated in 1848, and

since Confederation, 96; advocated by Papineau, O'Callaghan, and their

friends, 97. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Weir, _Sixty Years in

Canada_; Kirby, _Counter Manifesto to the Annexationists of Montreal_;

Denison, _The Struggle for Imperial Unity_.

=Anse des Meres.= =WM= Frigates stationed at, 87; British vessels

anchored at, 124.

=Anstruther's Regiment.= =WM= In the attack on Quebec, 135; secures

Sillery road, 183; detachment keeps Bougainville's corps in check, 189.

=Antell.= =Dr= A disaffected Montrealer, 122.

=Anticosti=. The first mention of the island is in Cartier's narrative

of his first voyage, 1534. The following year he again visited the

island, which he named Isle de l'Assomption. On the origin of the

present Indian name, _see_ W. F. Ganong's note, Royal Society _Trans._,

1889, II, 51. Placed under jurisdiction of Newfoundland in 1763;

transferred to Canada, 1774. =Bib.=: Huard, _Labrador et Anticosti_;

Guay, _Lettres sur l'ile Anticosti_; Schmitt, _Monographie de l'ile

d'Anticosti;_ Lewis, _Menier and his Island_.

=Apprenticeship, System of.= =L= Adopted with new-comers, in New France,

78.

=Archambault, Louis.= =C= Confirms statements as to Cartier's action in

connection with alleged alterations in British North America Act, 103.

=E= Member of Seigniorial Commission, 186.

=Archibald, Sir Adams George= (1814-1892). Educated at Pictou Academy.

Studied law; in 1838 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island; and to

that of Nova Scotia in 1839. Elected to the Nova Scotia Assembly for

Colchester, 1851. Attorney-general of Nova Scotia, 1860-1863. Delegate

to the various Conferences leading up to Confederation. Became

secretary of state for the provinces in first Dominion ministry.

Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1870-1872; and of Nova Scotia,

1873-1883. Knighted, 1885. =Index=: =Md.= Secretary of state for

provinces in first Dominion ministry, 135; succeeds MacDougall as

lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 161-162. =H= Becomes

solicitor-general and member of Executive Council of Nova Scotia, 1856,

157; attorney-general, 1860, 169; leader of the opposition, 176;

delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 1864, 177; supports

Confederation, 186; goes to England as delegate to complete

Confederation, 189; his interview with Joseph Howe, 189; member of first

Dominion ministry, 1867, 198; retires from ministry, and succeeded by

Howe, 226. =C= First lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 130. =T= Delegate

from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; delegate to Quebec

Conference, 77; secretary of state in first Dominion ministry, 129.

=Bib.=: _Expulsion of Acadians_ (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 5). For biog.,

_see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Archibald, Samuel George William= (1777-1846). Born in Colchester

County, Nova Scotia. Studied law and practised in Nova Scotia; obtained

a seat in the Legislature; became Speaker, solicitor-general, and

afterwards attorney-general of the province. Chief-justice of Prince

Edward Island, 1824-1828, remaining Speaker of the Nova Scotia Assembly

and solicitor-general, during the whole term of his incumbency of the

chief-justiceship. =Index=: =H= Contributes to _The Club_ in Howe's

_Nova Scotian_, 10; in House of Assembly, 18; leader of popular party,

35; becomes Speaker, 57; appointed Master of the Rolls, 74. =Bib.=:

Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Archives.= Provision was made by the Parliament of Canada, in 1872, for

an Archives Branch, and Douglas Brymner was appointed Dominion

Archivist. His first report appeared in 1873. The earlier reports were

of a preliminary nature, but in 1884 the first of the important series

of calendars was included in the report. Abbe Verreau made a special

report on historical material in Europe bearing on Canadian history,

published in 1874. A report on manuscript material in the colonial

archives at Paris, by Edouard Richard, was published as a supplement to

the report for 1899. Dr. Brymner died in 1902, and Arthur G. Doughty was

appointed Dominion Archivist in 1904. The report for 1905, in 3 vols.,

represented a new departure; the publication of calendars was abandoned,

and replaced by volumes containing series of documents relating to

definite subjects, systematically arranged. The archives were moved into

a special building in 1907. In 1910 began the issue of a series of

publications, containing historical journals and other special material.

Provincial archives, of a more or less distinct character, have also

been established in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia,

British Columbia, Manitoba, and Alberta. =Index=: =Hd= Quoted, 254;

Haldimand collection in, 319.

=Arctic Archipelago.= Embraces the islands lying north of the mainland

of Canada. Transferred to the Dominion by an Imperial order-in-council,

Sept. 1, 1880. =Bib.=: Johnson, _Canada's Northern Fringe_.

=Argall, Sir Samuel.= Born in Walthamstow, England. A type of the

founders of British colonial dominion. Sent, May, 1609, with a small

vessel to the new settlement at Jamestown, Va., to trade and fish. The

following year took out Lord Delaware to Jamestown, arriving in time to

save the colony from starvation. In 1812 carried off Pocahontas to the

settlement of Jamestown. Later in the year sent with a vessel of 14 guns

to destroy the French settlements on the north coast, regarded as

infringing on the Virginia patent. Captured Mount Desert, St. Croix, and

Port Royal. On return voyage forced the commandant at New Amsterdam to

recognize English suzerainty by hauling down the Dutch flag and running

up the English. May, 1617, made deputy governor of Virginia. In 1620

served against the Algerine pirates under Sir Robert Mansell. Knighted

in 1622. In 1625 admiral of a squadron cruising after a hostile Dunkirk

fleet, and took some prizes. In October, 1625, with the futile

expedition against Cadiz under Lord Wimbledon. Died, 1626. =Bib.=:

Argall's own narrative; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Calnek and

Savary, _History of the County of Annapolis_.

=Argenson, Pierre de Voyer, Vicomte d'= (1626-1710). Succeeded Jean de

Lauson as governor of New France, 1658. His governorship marked by

personal quarrels with Laval, and a series of humiliating raids

throughout the colony by the Iroquois. Recalled in 1661. =Index=: =F=

Arrives as governor, 43; on Laval, 45. =L= His opinion of Laval, 29;

hostility to Maisonneuve, 176. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; Douglas,

_Old France in the New World_.

=Argyll, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, ninth Duke of= (1845- ).

Married H. R. H. Princess Louise, 1871; succeeded to dukedom, 1900.

Represented Argyllshire in Parliament, 1868-1878. Governor-general of

Canada (as Marquis of Lorne), 1878-1883. Founded Royal Society of

Canada, 1881. =Index=: =Md= Refers Letellier difficulty to Imperial

government, 249-250. =Bib.=: Works: _Memories of Canada and Scotland_;

_Imperial Federation_; _Canadian Pictures_; _Passages from the Past_.

For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; _Who's Who_; Collins, _Canada under

the Administration of Lord Lorne_.

=Arkansas River.= =L= Reached by Jolliet and Marquette, 146.

=Armistice.= In War of 1812. =Index=: =Bk= Effects of, 261-263, 269,

272; termination of, 270; position of enemy strengthened during its

continuance, 272.

=Armour, John Douglas= (1830-1903). Educated at Upper Canada College and

the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar, 1853; made

Q.C., 1867; Bencher of the Law Society, 1871. Appointed a puisne judge

of the Court of Queen's Bench of Ontario, 1877; raised to the

chief-justiceship, 1887. Chief-justice of Ontario and president of the

Court of Appeal, 1890. Judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1902; in

the same year represented Canada on the Alaska Boundary Commission.

=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Armstrong, Lawrence.= Came to Nova Scotia as lieutenant-colonel of

General Philipps's regiment. Appointed to the governor's Council, 1720.

Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1724; held office until

1739. Served in America for more than thirty years. Committed suicide,

1739. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the

Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Arnold, Benedict= (1741-1801). A druggist at New Haven, Conn. When the

War of Independence broke out, in 1775, organized an expedition against

British on Lake Champlain. The same year led a body of picked men to

Quebec by way of the Kennebec and Chaudiere. After the unsuccessful

assault on Quebec, was in several small engagements near Montreal;

finally driven out of the province. Given command of Philadelphia; took

offence at slights put upon him by Congress, and attempted to betray

West Point to Clinton. Afterwards commanded a corps of American refugees

on the British side; settled for a time in the West Indies; died in

London. =Index=: =Dr= Captures and abandons Fort St. Johns, 83; his

early life, 104; assigned command of expedition against Quebec, 105;

constitution of his force, 106; his march through the wilderness,

107-109; assisted by the _habitants_, 110; crosses St. Lawrence and

lands at Wolfe's Cove, 110; sends summons for surrender of Quebec, 111;

retires to Pointe aux Trembles, 111; repulsed and wounded in attack on

Quebec, 128; surrender of his men, 131; is transferred to Montreal,

132-135; advances to meet Foster, 142; burns chateau of Senneville, 143;

his narrow escape, 147; in command of American ships on Lake Champlain,

155; defeated near Crown Point, 156. =S= Applies for grant of land in

Upper Canada, 104. =Hd= His repulse at Quebec, 112; the invasion, 127;

his "Address to the People of America," 227; commissioners sent to

Montreal to confer with, 276; furnishes list of rebels to Clinton, 281.

_See also_ Montgomery; Ethan Allen; American Invasion. =Bib.=: Arnold,

_Life of Benedict Arnold_; Todd, _The Real Benedict Arnold_; Sparks,

_American Biography_; Codman, _Arnold's Expedition to Quebec_; Henry,

_Arnold's Campaign against Quebec_; Smith, _Arnold's March from

Cambridge to Quebec_; Jones, _The Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in

1776_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Arnoux.= =WM= King's surgeon, Montcalm carried into house of, 218.

=Aroostook War=, 1839. =W= Arose out of unsettled boundary question

between Maine and New Brunswick, 135. =Bib.=: Sprague, _The

North-Eastern Boundary Controversy and the Aroostook War_.

=Arrangement of 1830.= Provided that United States vessels should have

access to ports in the British West Indies, in return for a similar

privilege granted to British vessels in the ports of the United States.

=Arthur.= Clergyman. =Index=: =S= Teaches school at Niagara, 167-168.

=Arthur, Sir George= (1784-1854). The last lieutenant-governor of Upper

Canada, 1838-1841. The chief event of his tenure of office was the

suppression of the Upper Canadian Rebellion. Had been successively

governor of Honduras and Van Diemen's Land previous to his Canadian

appointment; and on leaving Canada appointed to the governorship of

Bombay. =Index=: =Mc= Governor of Upper Canada, 435; disregards clemency

petitions, 435; learns of intended attack on Canada, 441; renews reward

for Mackenzie's capture, 445; proposes exchange of prisoners and

refugees, 463; United States refuses, 463. =Bk= Organizes military

gathering at Queenston Heights, 313. =Sy= Succeeds Sir F. B. Head, 109;

reactionary in his views, 109-110; his attitude towards responsible

government, 125-126; cautioned by colonial secretary, 127; instructed to

act in harmony with new governor-general, 144; meets him at Montreal,

153; explains his position and views, 156-161; receives governor-general

at Toronto, and hands over seal of province, 197. =R= His efforts to

repel American attacks, 117; Ryerson disappointed in, 118; proposes

division of Clergy Reserves, 119. _See_ Rebellion of 1837 (Upper

Canada). =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Dent, _Upper Canadian

Rebellion_; Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_; Read,

_Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_.

=Asgill, Sir Charles= (1762-1823). A lieutenant in Cornwallis's army,

1780. Taken prisoner at Yorktown, condemned to death by the Americans,

to avenge death of a Revolutionary officer. Marie Antoinette having been

interested in his fate, interceded, and Asgill was released. Afterwards

served in the Low Countries and in Ireland. =Index=: =Dr= Chosen by lot

for retaliatory hanging, 198. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Baron= (1774-1848). Entered Parliament in

1806. Opposed measures against American commerce. President of board of

trade and master of mint, 1834. Raised to peerage, 1835. Commissioner at

Washington for settlement of boundary dispute, 1842. =Index=: =BL=

Settles difficulties between Great Britain and the United States, 118.

=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Ashburton, John Dunning, First Baron= (1731-1783). =Index=: =Dr=

Opposes Quebec Act in House of Commons, 65. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Ashburton Treaty.= Negotiated between Great Britain and the United

States, 1842, Lord Ashburton acting for the former and Daniel Webster on

behalf of the latter. Provided for the settlement of the international

boundary between Maine and Canada. Of the territory in dispute, the

United States got about seven-twelfths and Canada five-twelfths. Also

provided for the determination of the boundary in the St. Mary River

and thence to the Lake of the Woods; for the free navigation of the St.

John River; for the suppression of the slave trade, and for the

extradition of criminals. =Index=: =Sy= Sydenham takes part in

negotiations leading to, 336. =W= Boundary question settled by, 135. =T=

Settlement of, checks projected railway from St. Andrews to Quebec, 53.

=BL= Settlement of, 118. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Winsor,

_Narrative and Critical History,_ Vol. vii; White, _The Ashburton

Treaty_, in _Univ. Mag._, October, 1907; _The Ashburton Treaty: an

Afterword_, in _Univ. Mag._, December, 1908; Houston, _Canadian

Constitutional Documents_; Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.

=Assembly.= _See_ House of Assembly.

=Assiniboia.= One of the provisional districts carved out of the

North-West Territories, in 1882. Now included in the provinces of

Alberta and Saskatchewan, principally in the latter.

=Assiniboine Indians.= A tribe of the Siouan family; first mentioned in

the Jesuit _Relation_ of 1640. They separated from the parent stock

early in the seventeenth century, and moved north and north-west to the

region about Lake Winnipeg. Later they spread over the country west of

Lake Winnipeg, to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. Their

population was estimated at 8000 in 1829. One-half this number perished

in the smallpox epidemic of 1836. They are now settled on reservations

in Alberta, and in Montana. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American

Indians_.

=Assiniboine River.= Discovered by La Verendrye in 1736. Fort Rouge was

built at the mouth of the river in that year, as well as Fort La Reine,

near the present city of Portage la Prairie. From the latter fort, two

years later, La Verendrye set forth on his memorable journey to the

Mandan Indians on the Missouri. Before the close of the century, both

the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company had trading

establishments at various points on the river. First named Riviere St.

Charles; afterwards Riviere des Assiliboilles, and Stone Indian River;

finally settling in present form. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Assiniboine River and

its Forts_ (R. S. C., 1892); Dawson, _Canada and Newfoundland_; Burpee,

_Search for the Western Sea_; Hind, _Canadian Red River and Assiniboine

and Saskatchewan Expeditions_.

=Association of Canadian Refugees.= =Mc= Formed in 1839, 448; object of,

independence of Canada, 449; ended further expeditions against Canada,

449.

=Astor, John Jacob= (1763-1848). Founder of Astor Fur Company. =Index=:

=Bk= Sends news of declaration of war in 1812, 204. =Bib.=: Bryce,

_Hudson's Bay Company_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Astor Fur Company.= =Index=: =D= Founds Astoria, 64. _See also_ Pacific

Fur Company.

=Astoria.= Established by Pacific Fur Company, 1811. Turned over to the

North West Company, 1813, and renamed Fort George. The scene of

Washington Irving's delightful narrative _Astoria_. The fort stood on

the banks of the Columbia River, near its mouth. =Index=: =D= Acquired

by North West Company, 71, 149; in possession of United States after War

of 1812, 133-134; claimed by United States, 150; American flag raised

over, 150. =Bib.=: Franchere, _Voyage to the North-West Coast of

America_; Cox, _Adventures on the Columbia River_; Ross, _Adventures of

First Settlers on Columbia River_; _Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. by

Coues; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Bradbury, _Travels in the Interior

of America in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811_.

=Astorians.= Name applied to members of the two expeditions fitted out

by John Jacob Astor, to found trading establishment at the mouth of the

Columbia. One party sailed around the Horn in the _Tonquin_; the other

went overland by way of the Missouri and the Columbia. =Index=: =D=

Their influence upon development of Pacific coast, 4; their first

vessel, the _Tonquin_, captured by natives and the crew murdered, 1811,

37; the overland expedition, 71. _See also_ Pacific Fur Company;

_Tonquin_.

=Atahualpa.= =D= Vessel, attacked by Milbank Sound savages, 1805, 37.

=Atalanta.= =Hd= Vessel in which Haldimand embarked for England, 309.

=Atalante.= =WM= French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243.

=Athabaska.= One of the provisional districts formed out of the

North-West Territories in 1882; area about 122,000 square miles. Now

divided between the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, forming the

northern half of each.

=Athabaska Lake.= First discovered by Peter Pond, about 1778. Ten years

later the first trading post on the lake was built by Roderick McKenzie

of the North West Company, and named Fort Chipewyan. It was afterwards

moved to the north side of the lake. =Index=: Frobisher's men penetrate

to, 5; importance of in fur trade, 21, 24; called Lake of the Hills, 24.

=Athabaska Pass.= Discovered by David Thompson of the North West

Company, in January, 1811. The pass was used thereafter by the traders

as a route from the Athabaska to the Columbia. =Index=: =D= Discovered

by David Thompson, 58.

=Athabaska River.= Rises in the watershed range of the Rocky Mountains,

close to the head waters of the north branch of the North Saskatchewan,

and after a course of 765 miles empties into Athabaska Lake. Discovered

by Peter Pond in 1778. =Index=: =MS= Pond builds post on, 21; named also

Elk River and Riviere a la Biche, 21.

=Atkins, D. A.= =S= Opens school at Napanee, 167.

=Attignaouantans.= =Ch= Huron tribe (the Bears), 88, 91.

=Attigninonghacs.= =Ch= Huron tribe devoted to the French, 92.

=Aube-Riviere, Francois Louis de Pourroy de l'.= Appointed bishop of

Quebec, Aug. 16, 1739. Arrived at Quebec, Aug. 12, 1740, and died of

fever on the 20th of the same month. =Index=: =L= Bishop of Quebec, 12.

=Aubere, Father Joseph.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary, his labours in Acadia,

236.

=Aubert, Joseph.= =Ch= Director of the Company of New France, 170.

=Aubert de Gaspe, Philippe= (1786-1871). French-Canadian writer.

=Index=: =L= His description of Canadians, 118. =Bib.=: Works: _Les

Anciens Canadiens_, translated into English by Mrs. Pennie, and by C. G.

D. Roberts; _Memoires_. For biog., _see_ Casgrain, _Biographies

Canadiennes_; Roy, _Etude sur "Les Anciens Canadiens_" (R. S. C., 1906).

=Aubert de la Chesnaye, Charles= (1630-1702). Born at Amiens. Came to

Canada, 1655. Chief clerk of the Compagnie des Indes Occidentales, 1665.

Engaged in the fur-trade at Cataraqui, 1674. In 1677 obtained a grant of

Ile Dupas. In 1679 made a visit to Paris, and in 1683 back again at

Cataraqui. In 1696 prepared an important memoir on the commerce of the

colony. =Index=: =L= His description of Canadians, 117-118; his

liberality on occasion of Quebec fire, 186. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old

Regime_.

=Aubert de la Chesnaye, Jacques.= =F= Trader, La Barre's dealings with,

175.

=Aubry.= =WM= Force gathered by, and Ligneris, dispersed, 146.

=Aubry.= =Ch= Priest of De Monts's expedition, at Ste. Croix, 25.

=Auckland, George Eden, Earl of= (1784-4849). =Index=: =Sy= President of

board of trade, when Poulett Thomson was vice-president, 26.

=Auguste.= =Hd= Transport ship wrecked in St. Lawrence, 40.

=Aulneau, Jean-Pierre.= Jesuit missionary, with La Verendrye in his

western explorations. Murdered by Sioux on an island in the Lake of the

Woods, May, 1736.

=Aumont, Marechal d'.= =Ch= Champlain serves under, 1.

=Austerlitz.= =Bk= Battle of, its significance, 72-73.

=Auteuil, Denis Joseph Ruette d'.= _See_ Ruette d'Auteuil.

=Avaugour, Pierre Dubois, Baron d'.= Governor of New France, 1661-1663,

succeeding D'Argenson. =Index=: =F= Governor, 45; disagrees with clergy

on liquor question, 46; describes earthquake, 46. =L= His attitude on

liquor question, 10, 38; recalled, 39; his report on Canada, 40. =Bib.=:

Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Aylesworth, Sir Allen Bristol= (1854- ). Born in Newburgh, Ontario.

Educated at Newburgh High School and at the University of Toronto;

studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1878; practised his

profession in Toronto; appointed one of the British Commissioners in

connection with the settlement of the Alaska boundary, 1903; elected to

the House of Commons, 1905; postmaster-general, 1905; minister of

justice, 1906; British agent in connection with the Fisheries case

before the Hague Tribunal, 1910. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Aylmer, Matthew Whitworth, Baron= (1775-1850). Entered the army, 1787;

served in the West Indies, in Holland, and in the Peninsula under

Wellington. Reached the full rank of general, 1825, and in 1830 became

the governor-general of Canada; returned to England, 1835. =Index=: =Bk=

Present with Brock at battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 17. =BL= Pays official

salaries from the war chest, 21. =P= His influence did not extend beyond

Quebec--hostility towards French-Canadians, 39-40; his conciliatory

attitude, 75-76; at open war with the Assembly, 77-78; remonstrates with

Assembly, 86; refuses to interfere in factional strife in Montreal, 87;

held responsible by Papineau and his friends for cholera epidemic,

88-89; bitterly attacked in the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 95; attacked by

Papineau, 100, 105; criticizes the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 106. =Bib.=:

Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Aylwin, Thomas Cushing= (1806-1871). Born in Quebec city. Studied law

and called to the bar, 1828. First entered public life, 1841, as member

for Portneuf. After filling the office of solicitor-general in two

administrations, raised to the bench, 1848. =Index=: =Sy= Opposed to

union of provinces, 235. =BL= Member for Portneuf, his relations with

Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cuvillier for speakership,

1841, 87; his attitude as to debt for public works, 99; denounces

government, 130; becomes solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 134;

elected for Quebec, 1844, 252; his bitter attack on Metcalfe on his

elevation to peerage, 257; solicitor-general, 284. =E= One of opposition

leaders in 1847, 45; returned in 1847 elections, 50; solicitor-general

for Lower Canada in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; member of

Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty

Years_.

=Babbitt, Samuel.= =T= Master of Madras School, Gagetown, New Brunswick,

5; also clerk of the parish, 5.

=Baby, James= (1762-1833). Born at Detroit. Educated at Quebec Seminary,

and in 1784 travelled in Europe. On his return the following year

engaged in the fur trade at Detroit. On the formation of the province of

Upper Canada in 1791, appointed a member of the Executive and

Legislative Councils. Simcoe made him lieutenant for the county of Kent

and judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Commanded the 1st Regiment of

Kent militia in the War of 1812. In 1815 succeeded McGill as

inspector-general of accounts for Upper Canada. =Index=: =Bk= His house

occupied by General Hull, 209, 229. =S= Member of Legislative and

Executive Councils, 79. =Bib.=: Daniel, _Nos Gloires Nationales_;

Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Baby, Louis Francois Georges= (1834-1906). Born in Montreal. Studied

law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1857; made a Q.C., 1873.

Represented Joliette in Dominion House, 1872-1880; minister of inland

revenue, 1878-1880. Appointed puisne judge of Superior Court of Quebec,

1880; transferred to Queen's Bench, 1881. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._;

Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Back, Sir George= (1796-1878). Entered the navy as midshipman in 1808;

accompanied Franklin on his Arctic expeditions of 1818, 1819-1822, and

1824-1827. Promoted lieutenant, 1822, and commander, 1827. In 1833-1835,

led an expedition through what is now northern Canada, to the shores of

the Arctic, to ascertain the fate of Captain Ross. The expedition

resulted in the exploration of Great Fish River, which was renamed Back

River in honour of the explorer. In 1836 explored the Arctic coast,

between Regent Inlet and Cape Turnagain. Twice granted the gold medal of

the Royal Geographical Society; knighted, 1839; promoted admiral, 1857.

=Bib.=: Works: _Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition_; _Narrative of

Expedition in H.M.S. Terror_. For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Badeaux.= =Dr= His account of American invasion, 89.

=Badgley, William= (1801-1888). Born in Montreal. Studied law and called

to the bar, 1823. Member of the Legislative Assembly, 1847-1855; member

of the Executive Council for Lower Canada, 1847-1848; appointed

attorney-general. Judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada,

1855-1863; assistant judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Quebec,

1863-1864; puisne judge of the same Court, 1866-1874. =Index=: =E= Made

a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187. =S= Member of Constitutional

Association, 112. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Badin, Father.= =L= Companion of Father Marquette, 62.

=Bagot, Sir Charles= (1781-1843). Born in England. Educated at Rugby and

Oxford; entered Parliament, 1807, becoming under-secretary for foreign

affairs. Minister plenipotentiary to France, 1814; and to the United

States, 1815-1820. Privy councillor, 1815; ambassador to St. Petersburg,

1820; and to the Hague, 1824. Governor-general of Canada, 1841-1843.

Died in Kingston soon after retiring from office. =Index=: =Sy= Follows

Canadian line of policy, 351; finds country tranquil, 355. =BL= His

letter to Lord Stanley on La Fontaine's arrest, 49; succeeds Sydenham,

113; a Tory of the old school, 113; previous career, 113; his policy,

113-114; studies political conditions, 114-115; his popularity in Lower

Canada, 115; plans a coalition government, 117; his speech from the

throne, 122; anxious to bring Baldwin and La Fontaine into Cabinet, 121;

his letter to La Fontaine, 122-124; denounced by Tory press, 140-142;

difficulties of his position, 141; his illness, 149; subjected to bitter

attacks and censure, 149-152; asks for and obtains his recall, 152; his

death, May 19, 1843, 152; denounced even in death, 153; on responsible

government, 162, 163, 164; Kaye on, 171; lays corner-stone of King's

College, 193. =E= His political attitude as governor, 30; friendly

towards French-Canadians, 30-31. =R= Supported by Ryerson, 122;

favourable attitude towards popular government, 126; question of popular

education, 163. =B= Relations of Peel government with, xii; friendly

attitude towards French-Canadians, 16; attacked by Tories for bringing

La Fontaine and Baldwin into Cabinet, 16; his action denounced by Peel

and Duke of Wellington, 17, 18; recalled at his own request, 18; his

death, 18. =C= Concedes responsible government, 17. =Md= Succeeds

Sydenham, 17; brings Reform leaders into Cabinet, 18; resigns

government, 18. =Bib.=: Richardson, _Eight Years in Canada_; Kingsford,

_History of Canada_, Dent, _Last Forty Years_ and _Can. Por.; Dict. Nat.

Biog._

=Bagot, Father.= =L= Director of Jesuit college of La Fleche, 20.

=Baie de Chaleur.= In west coast of Gulf of St. Lawrence, on boundary

between Quebec and New Brunswick. Discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534,

described in his narrative, and so named because he found it as warm

there as in sunny Spain.

=Baie St. Paul.= A village in Charlevoix County, sixty miles below

Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Settlements near burnt by Wolfe's orders, 150.

=Bailiffs.= =Dr= Accused of instigating litigation, 53.

=Baillie, Thomas.= =W= Commissioner of crown lands for New Brunswick,

1824-1851, 21; his income exceeded that of the lieutenant-governor, 21;

his enormous pension, 22; protests against reduction of his salary, 62;

surveyor-general, retires, 69; elected to Assembly for York, 103;

retires from government and pensioned, 116.

=Bailly, Mgr.= =Dr= Coadjutor bishop of Quebec, on education in Canada,

229.

=Bailly, Francois.= =L= Master mason of Montreal church, 88.

=Bain, James= (1842-1908). Born in London, England. Came to Canada with

his parents at early age; educated at the Toronto Academy and the

Toronto Grammar School. Spent some years in London engaged in the

publishing business. Returned to Canada, 1882; appointed chief librarian

of Toronto Public Library, 1883. =Index=: =Bk= Discovers list of Brock's

books, 135. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men._

=Baldoon.= A settlement near Lake St. Clair in Upper Canada, made by

Lord Selkirk, 1803, and named after one of his own estates. =Index=:

=MS= Highland colonists in Prince Edward Island settled at, 133;

Alexander Macdonell in charge of, 133.

=Baldoon Street.= Built by Selkirk settlers, from Baldoon to Chatham on

the River Thames. =Index=: =MS= Connected Baldoon and Chatham, 33.

=Baldwin, C. T.= Born in Ireland. Entered the army; served throughout

the Peninsular War; afterwards in the West Indies; for a time in the

service of the emperor of Brazil. Emigrated to Canada. Served during the

Rebellion of 1837-1838, in command of a regiment of militia. A

magistrate, and in political life a follower of Robert Baldwin. Died,

1861. =Index=: =B= Presents address to Elgin, 36. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.

Can._

=Baldwin, Robert= (1804-1858). =Index=: =BL= Name associated with

responsible government, ix; a "man of one idea," ix; his ancestry, 23;

born, May 12, 1804, at York, 25; early years, 25; studies law, 25;

called to the bar, 1825, 26; political views, 27; in public life, 28;

drafts Willis petition, 29; enters the Legislature, 31; defeated in next

election, 31; his marriage, 32; appointed to Council by Head, 38;

recommended by Colborne for a seat in Legislative Council, 38-39; death

of his wife, 39; his letter to Peter Perry, 39; disapproves of an

elective Legislative Council, 40; resigns from Council, 41; sails for

England, 42; his connection with Rebellion of 1837, 44-45; enters into

correspondence with La Fontaine and other Lower Canada leaders, 63;

offered by Sydenham solicitor-generalship of Upper Canada, and accepts,

63; made an executive councillor, 64; resigns office, 64; his action

condemned, 64; his motives, 64-67; elected in two constituencies, 69;

solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 76; his views, 76-77; his letter to

Sydenham on personnel of new Cabinet, 78-79; calls meeting of Reform

party, 79; commends reconstruction of ministry, 79-80; his resignation,

80; censured by Poulett Scrope, 80; his uncompromising attitude in

matter of responsible government, 81; his attitude in the Legislature,

85; his speech on responsible government, 1841, 92-94; supports

Neilson's motion against Union Act, 96; sides with French-Canadians on

question of public works, 99; opposes Municipal Government Bill, 102;

his relations with Hincks, 103; his resolutions on responsible

government, 108-110; proposes candidature of La Fontaine in York County,

116; Bagot anxious to bring him into the Cabinet, 121; referred to in

Draper's speech, 127; replies to Draper, 128-130; withdraws amendment,

132; becomes attorney-general for Upper Canada, 134; his defeat in

Hastings--account of the election, 134-136; beaten in York, 136; elected

for Rimouski, 137; attitude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance

with La Fontaine, 142-143; personal appearance, 148; references to in

petition to governor, 166, 167; Kaye's description of, 169, 170-171;

Davies on, 172; his part in the Assembly, 178-179; moves resolution to

remove capital to Montreal, 182; his speech, 183; his bill for the

discouragement of secret societies, 185-188; burnt in effigy at Toronto,

187; his University of Toronto Bill, 190-197; resigns office, 199; his

interview with Metcalfe, 201; the official statements of La Fontaine and

Metcalfe, giving their respective versions of the causes of the

ministers' resignation, 201-209; presents to Assembly the reasons for

his resignation, 213-214; returns to practise law in Toronto, 217;

Wakefield on, 219; heads the agitation against Metcalfe in Upper Canada,

220; guest of honour at Toronto banquet, 220-221; his speech, 221;

address before Reform Association, 221-223; speaks at public meetings,

225; address from his constituents of Rimouski, 225; tours Lower Canada,

226; his political views, 229-230; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on,

236; his speech in Toronto, May, 1844, 238; attacked by Buchanan,

239-240; criticized by Ryerson, 242, 243, 245-246; resigns as Queen's

Counsel, 250; elected in York, 252; his University Bill, 256; moves vote

of censure against the governor-general, 256; attacks Metcalfe in the

Assembly, 257; referred to in Caron's letter, 260; correspondence with

La Fontaine as to Draper's proposals, 261, 262, 263-265; his speech at

public dinner given him in November, 1846, 268-269; his tour of Western

Canada, 269; on responsible government, 273; moves amendment to address,

277; aids in foundation of Emigration Association, 278; elected in York,

279; in second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 281-284; proposes

Morin for Speaker, 283; interview with Elgin, 285; re-elected, 286; his

Municipal Corporations Act and University Act, 292-300; revision of

judicial system in Upper Canada, 300-301; his part in Rebellion Losses

Bill, 310, 311-312; burned in effigy in Toronto, 318-319; his boarding

house in Montreal attacked by the mob, 324; petitions for removal of

Navigation Act, 337; his political views, 339-340; his relations with

George Brown, 342; his attitude on secularization of Clergy Reserves,

348-349; his resignation, 352-353; MacNab's tribute, 353; defeated in

York and retires finally from public life, 357; lives in retirement at

"Spadina," 357; made a C.B., 357; offered chief-justiceship of Common

Pleas, 357; and nomination for seat in Legislative Council, 358; failing

health compels him to decline both offers, 358; his death, Dec. 9, 1858,

358; value of his public work, 359-360. =Sy= His premature demand for

strict party government, 187; consulted by Sydenham in regard to Clergy

Reserves question, 247; made solicitor-general, 252; appointed to same

office under Union, 283; advises Sydenham as to choice of returning

officers and polling places, 290; his defection from Sydenham's

government, 294, 296; opposes some of the most beneficial measures of

government, 296; loses for a time sympathy of Reformers, 299, 307;

Sydenham's remarks upon his manoeuvres, 305-307; opposes Sydenham's

Bill for local self-government in Upper Canada, 323. =R= Resigns, 122;

forms party with Hincks, La Fontaine, and others, 122; moves resolutions

on responsible government, 122-123; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126,

128; his scheme for a provincial university, 149-152; his resignation,

152; his University Bill of 1849, 157-159, 160; secures disallowance of

School Bill of 1849, 182. =E= On responsible government, 28; his

political attitude, 30; forms ministry with La Fontaine in 1842, 31; his

greatest desire the success of responsible government, 32; his conflict

with Metcalfe, 34; in opposition, 45; returned in elections of 1847, 50;

on parliamentary government, 51; sent for by Elgin, 52; attorney-general

for Upper Canada, 53; remains in office until 1851, 85; sound views on

parliamentary practice, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical

statesmanship, 93; carries measure for creation of University of

Toronto, 93, 94; views on Clergy Reserves, 102-103, 160, 162-163, 164;

his resignation and its causes, 103-104, 112; his retirement from

politics, 104, 107; and death, 1858, 104, 220; his strong views on

Imperial connection, 229-230; his value as a statesman, 236. =P=

Alliance with La Fontaine, 168. =C= Forms alliance with La Fontaine, 16;

called to Council by Bagot, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again,

1846, 18; "great reformer and good man," 97; his influence with La

Fontaine's against racial antagonisms, 97; with La Fontaine, 99; wins

constitutional battle, 100; circumstances which led to his retirement

from politics, 132. =B= Called to Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with

Metcalfe, 19; "father of responsible government," 21; criticized by

Ryerson, 22-23; his views obnoxious to Metcalfe, 23; his wise leadership

of Reformers, 24; forms administration with La Fontaine, 33; burnt in

effigy at Toronto, 36; legislation of his ministry, 39; government

defended by George Brown, 42; his retirement, 44, 47, 48; approves of

MacNab-Morin coalition, 78; leader of movement for responsible

government, 261; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his

retirement, 262. =Md= Brought into Cabinet by Sir Charles Bagot, 18;

resigns, 1843, 18; criticized by extremists in his own party, 22;

resigns from La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 46; approves coalition of

1854, 64; cause of his resignation, 78-79. =Mc= Defends Judge Willis,

133; supported by Mackenzie, 159; elected to the Assembly, 159; on banks

in politics, 170; appointed executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294;

goes to England, 305; opposed by Head, 305; accompanies flag of truce,

368; retires from Executive Council, 408; Mackenzie defeats government

of, 492. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor,

_Brit. Am._; Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_; Baldwin, _Correspondence_

(Toronto Public Library Mss.).

=Baldwin, William Warren.= Born in Ireland. Came to Canada 1798, and

finally settled in York, now known as Toronto. Represented Norfolk in

the Legislature of Upper Canada. Died 1844. =Index=: =BL= Comes to

Canada 1798, 23; practises medicine at York, 24; opens a classical

school, 24, 106; practises law, 25; his marriage, 25; father of Robert

Baldwin, 25; purchases "Spadina," 26; political views, 26-27; chairman

of public meeting in Willis affair, 28; president of Constitutional

Reform Society, 42; member of Legislative Council, 177. =Mc= Upholds

Judge Willis, 132; protests against his removal, 133. =Bib.=: Rose,

_Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Scadding,

_Toronto of Old_.

=Baldwin Reformer.= =B= Origin of the name, 78.

=Ball.= =Dr= The maiden name of Dorchester's mother, 29.

=Ball.= =F= First given in Canada, 59. _See also_ Amusements.

=Ballot.= =Sy= Sydenham an early advocate of, 18.

=Bancroft, George= (1800-1891). Educated at Harvard University,

Cambridge, and in Germany. Secretary of the navy, 1845; ambassador to

Great Britain, 1846-1849; and in 1867-1874 minister at the court of

Berlin. =Index=: =L= On La Salle, 153. =Ch= On the difficulties

encountered by missionaries, 87. =Bib.=: _History of the United States_.

For biog., _see_ Howe, _Life and Letters of George Bancroft; Cyc. Am.

Biog._

=Bank of Upper Canada.= Established 1823 with a capital of $41,364,

which had increased in 1859 to $3,126,250. Its headquarters were in

Toronto. After a long, prosperous career the bank stopped payment in

1866, the chief cause being the collapse in real estate in Canada West

in 1857-1858. =Index=: =Mc= Increase of capital vetoed, 215; run on,

340. =Bib.=: _See_ Banking.

=Banking.= The first bank established in Canada was the Bank of

Montreal, which dates from the year 1817. The Bank of Quebec was

established in 1818; and the Bank of Canada the same year. All three

were chartered in 1822. A Banking Act was passed in 1841, providing a

uniform system of banking. The Act of 1850 prohibited banks other than

those incorporated by Parliament or royal charter from issuing notes. It

also provided for a deposit with the government to be held as a

guarantee; also for bank statistics. Further provisions designed to

place banking on a more secure footing were incorporated in the Act of

1871. Further banking legislation was passed in 1881 and in 1890.

=Index=: =Sy= Sydenham's plans for establishment of bank of issue,

327-329; idea partially adopted by Sir F. Hincks, as finance minister of

Dominion, 330. =Mc= Report of House on system of, 161. =Bib.=: Johnson,

_First Things in Canada_; Shortt, _Early History of Canadian Banking_;

Breckenridge, _Canadian Banking System_; Hague, _Banking and Commerce;

Historical Sketch of Canadian Banking, in Canada: An Ency._, vol. 1;

_History of the Bank of Nova Scotia_; McLachlan, _The Nova Scotia

Treasury Notes_; Walker, _History of Banking in Canada_.

=Banner.= Newspaper, published at Toronto. =Index=: =B= Founded in 1843

by Peter and George Brown, 3, 5; champions government by the people, 5;

on disruption of Scottish Church, 6; controversy with the _Church_, 6-7;

defines its political principles, 9; becomes the _Globe_, 10; Peter

Brown writes for, 243.

=Baptist Church.= Like several other religious denominations in Canada,

it had its origin in Nova Scotia. Some Baptists were living in Lunenburg

as early as 1753. In 1800 the first Baptist Association was formed at

Granville, Nova Scotia, and by 1850 there were Baptist Associations in

many parts of the province. In 1828 the Nova Scotia Baptist Educational

Society was established. The first church was built in Montreal, 1830;

and in 1834 the Baptist Seminary of New Brunswick was founded at

Fredericton. In 1852 the Baptist Missionary Society of Canada was

established. Since then the Baptists have grown rapidly in all the

provinces, and several Baptist colleges and institutions have been

established, notably Acadia and McMaster Universities (_q.v._). The

Baptist Church was organized in British Columbia in 1877. =Index=: =W=

First founded in Fredericton, 1813, 10; represented by one member in

Legislative Council, 69. =Bib.=: Wells, _History of the Baptist

Denomination in Canada_, in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 3; Hill, _Forty

Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces

of Canada_.

=Baranof, Alexander Andrevitch= (1747-1819). Governor of Russian

America. Had been manager of a glass factory at Irkutsk, Siberia; grew

tired of the monotonous though profitable business, and engaged in the

fur trade of eastern Siberia. Appointed governor of the principal

Russian trading company in America, 1790. Nine years later, the

different companies were united, and Baranof moved his headquarters from

Kadiak to New Archangel (Sitka), where he built a strong fort, with a

shipyard, foundry, churches, and hospitals. Even a library and

picture-gallery were afterwards added to this little outpost of Russian

civilization. In 1818 sailed for home, and died at sea on the voyage.

=Index=: =D= His rule at Sitka, 44; his character, 44; his death, 1819,

45, =Bib.=: Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_.

=Barbarie, A.= =W= Referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104. =T= Represents

Restigouche in New Brunswick Assembly, 18.

=Barclay, Robert H.= Born in Scotland. Took part in the battle of

Trafalgar. Sent to Canada, and commander of British naval force on Lake

Erie in 1813. On Sept. 10, 1813, defeated by the American fleet under

Perry. Subsequently court-martialled, but acquitted. Died, 1837. =Bib.=:

Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ _See also_ War of 1812.

=Barclay, Thomas= (1753-1830). Born in New York. In 1775 served in the

British army during the American Revolution, and in 1777 became major.

At the end of the war moved to Nova Scotia; entered the House of

Assembly, and for some time Speaker. Appointed adjutant-general of

militia; served as a commissioner under Jay's Treaty; appointed

consul-general at New York for the Northern and Eastern states. =Index=:

=Bk= Declares war to be inevitable, 202. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Barker, T. B.= =T= Founder of business firm of St. John, 8.

=Barkley, Charles William= (1759-1832). Served in the East India

Company; sailed on a trading voyage for sea-otter skins to the

North-West Coast, 1787. Brought his bride with him, the first white

woman on the North-West Coast. Discovered and named Juan de Fuca Strait

the same year, and carried his cargo of furs to China. In 1792 made

another voyage to the North-West Coast, again accompanied by his wife,

who kept interesting journals of both voyages. Died at North Crescent,

Hartford. Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, discovered and named by him.

=Index=: =D= His two voyages to North-West Coast, 23; his wife first

woman to visit North-West Coast, 23. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia

Coast Names_.

=Barnsfare, Captain.= =Dr= Commands battery at Pres de Ville, 127.

=Baronets of Nova Scotia.= An order created by James I, in 1625, for the

purpose of "advancing the plantation of Nova Scotia." The scheme, which

King James had deeply at heart, was designed to assist Sir William

Alexander in his ambitious plans of colonization in the New World, by

offering a special inducement to men of position in Scotland to take

tracts of land in Nova Scotia, and to bring out numbers of colonists to

settle upon them. _See also_ Stirling. =Bib.=: Duncan, _Royal Province

of New Scotland and her Baronets_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_;

Patterson, _Sir William Alexander_ (R. S. C., 1892); Mackenzie,

_Baronets of Nova Scotia_ (R. S. C., 1901); _Royal Letters, Charters,

and Tracts Relating to the Colonisation of Nova Scotia and the

Institution of the Order of Knights Baronet of Nova Scotia_; Kirke, _The

First English Conquest of Canada_.

=Barre, Isaac= (1726-1802). Born in Ireland. Served under Wolfe against

Rochefort in 1757, and at Quebec in 1759, being at Wolfe's side when he

fell. Entered Parliament, 1761, and a member until 1790. In 1763-1764

adjutant-general and governor of Stirling; in 1764-1768, vice-treasurer

of Ireland and a privy councillor; in 1782, treasurer of the navy.

=Index=: =Dr= On Quebec Act, 67. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Barren Grounds.= The region of northern Canada, lying between the

Mackenzie River and Hudson Bay, and from the northern timber-line to

the Arctic. First visited by Samuel Hearne in 1770-1772. Late explorers

who traversed portions of the country are Franklin, in 1821; Back, in

1833; Dease and Simpson, in 1839; Richardson in 1848; and Anderson in

1855. Within more recent years, Warburton Pike, J. B. Tyrrell, J. W.

Tyrrell, D. T. Hanbury and Caspar Whitney have explored parts of the

Barren Grounds. =Bib.=: Hearne, _Journey to the Northern Ocean_;

Franklin, _Narrative_; Back, _Arctic Land Expedition_; Simpson, _North

Coasts of America_; Richardson, _Arctic Searching Expedition_; Anderson,

_Descent of Great Fish River_, in _Royal Geog. Soc. Journal_, 1856 and

1857; Pike, _Barren Grounds_; Tyrrell, _Across the Sub-Arctics_;

Hanbury, _Northland of Canada_; Whitney, _On Snowshoes to the Barren

Grounds_.

=Barrington, William Wildman, second Viscount= (1717-1793). Entered

Parliament, 1740. Lord commissioner of Admiralty, 1746; a privy

councillor, 1755; chancellor of the exchequer, 1761; treasurer of the

navy, 1762; secretary of war, 1765-1768; joint postmaster-general, 1782.

=Index=: =Hd= Informs Haldimand he owes promotion to the king, 83;

summary sent him of Haldimand's expenses, 107; compliments Haldimand,

113; promises Haldimand pay as inspector-general, 329. =Bib.=: _Dict.

Nat. Biog._

=Barron, Commodore= (1769-1851). Born in Virginia. In command of the

_Chesapeake_, on board which were some British deserters, 1807. On the

refusal of Barron to give them up, the British frigate _Leopard_

attacked and compelled his surrender. Court-martialled and suspended

from rank and pay for five years. Fought and killed Commodore Decatur in

a duel, 1820. Became senior officer of the navy, 1839. =Index=: =Bk=

Enlists deserters from British ships on board _Chesapeake_, 83, 85.

=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; _Correspondence between the late Commodore

Stephen Decatur and Commodore James Barron_.

=Barter.= =L= Practised in colony in early days, 122.

=Barthe, J. G.= Member for Yamaska in Canadian Assembly, 1841-1844.

=Index=: =BL= Takes part in Rebellion of 1837; afterwards edits

_L'Avenir du Canada_; member for Yamaska; offered and refuses seat in

Cabinet, 236.

=Basques.= A pre-Aryan race, occupying the border-land between France

and Spain. Assertions have repeatedly been made that they made voyages

to America, and discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, before Cartier, and

even before Cabot, but these have never been substantiated. All the

evidence goes to show that they frequented the Newfoundland fisheries in

the sixteenth century, but not earlier. =Index=: =Ch= Contraband

traders, 140; threaten French on St. Pierre Island, 174. =Bib.=: Dawson,

_The St. Lawrence Basin_; Reade, _The Basques in North America_ (R. S.

C., 1888); Howley, _Old Basque Tombstones at Placentia_.

=Bathurst, Henry, third Earl= (1762-1834). Succeeded to the title, 1794.

Entered Parliament, 1793; president of the board of trade, 1807; foreign

secretary, 1809; and secretary for war and the colonies, 1812. Directed

Britain's colonial policy during the important administrations of

Prevost, Sherbrooke, and Dalhousie, in Lower Canada, and of Gore and

Maitland, in Upper Canada. Lord president of the Council, 1828-1830; one

of the original members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council,

1833. =Index=: =Sy= Colonial secretary, his despatch on Clergy Reserves

question, 240. =Bk= His despatch praising Brock and his officers and

announcing bestowal of K. C. B. on Brock, 296. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.

Biog._; _Courts and Cabinets of George IV_.

=Batiscan.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, 68.

=Batoche.= =Md= Storming of rebel camps at, 242. _See also_ Riel

Rebellion, 1885.

=Battle of the Plains.= _See_ Quebec, Siege of, 1759.

=Battleford.= A town on the North Saskatchewan, at the mouth of the

Battle River. In the Rebellion of 1885, it was threatened by

Poundmaker's warriors, and relieved by Otter's column. The battle of Cut

Knife Creek was fought about thirty-five miles from Battleford. _See

also_ Riel Rebellion, 1885.

=Bay of Quinte.= _See_ Quinte, Bay of.

=Bayfield, Henry Wolsey= (1795-1885). Born in Hull, England. Entered the

navy, 1806. Had a distinguished career in the navy, and served in

Canadian waters, 1814. Subsequently assisted in the survey of the upper

St. Lawrence, and appointed Admiralty surveyor, 1817. During his tenure

of office surveyed Lakes Erie, Huron, and Superior, with their

connecting waters, and almost the whole eastern coast of Canada,

including Labrador. Made vice-admiral, 1856, and admiral, 1867. Resided

for fourteen years in Quebec, when he removed to Charlottetown. Received

the thanks of the Parliament of Canada for his services, 1854. Died in

Charlottetown.

=Baynes, Edward.= Born in England. Served in the West Indies, at the

Cape, in the East Indies, and in Malta. From 1794 to 1806 aide-de-camp

to Sir James Craig, and in 1807 adjutant-general of the forces in

Canada. In the War of 1812 served on the Niagara frontier. Died, 1829.

=Index=: =Bk= Adjutant-general, writes Brock from Quebec, 134, 136, 137,

138, 145; his opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 145; notifies Brock

that he may have service in Spain, 180; letter to Brock in immediate

expectation of war, 205; letter on declaration of war, 208; on

improvement in militia, 284. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of= (1805-1881). British

statesman. =Index=: =BL= On Rebellion Losses Bill, 327, 328, 330.

=Bib.=: _Speeches and Letters_; O'Connor, _Life of Beaconsfield_;

Monypenny, _The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield_; _Dict.

Nat. Biog._

=Bayning, Charles Townshend, first Baron= (1728-1810). =Dr= His

criticism of Quebec Act, 66, 67. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Bayonne Decree.= =Bk= Made by Napoleon; sequestered all American

vessels arriving in France as British property or under British

protection, 122.

=Bearn Regiment.= Established 1595, and served with distinction in a

number of European campaigns. Landed at Quebec, June, 1755, with the

regiment of Guienne and a portion of the Languedoc battalion, and added

to its laurels at Fort Frontenac, Niagara, Oswego, Carillon, Fort

William Henry, and Ticonderoga. In 1759, on the Plains of Abraham, it

occupied the place of honour, having been placed by Montcalm in the

centre of his line. =Index=: =WM= Regular French troops, 29; in battle

of the Plains, 192; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege

of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_.

=Beauchesne.= =Ch= Clerk, received gifts from Indians, 115.

=Beaucour, de.= =F= Brave conduct of, in command of party against

Iroquois, 319; superintends improvements in fortifications of Quebec,

326.

=Beaudoncourt, Jacques de.= =L= On the brandy question, 39; his account

of escape of Gannentaha mission, 66.

=Beauharnois, Charles, Marquis de= (1670-1749). Entered French navy,

1686, and rose to the rank of admiral in 1748. In 1726 appointed

governor of New France, which position he held until 1747. Took a deep

interest in Western exploration, and was a firm friend of La Verendrye.

=Bib.=: Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_; Roy, _Intendants de la

Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903).

[Illustration: Monument to Laura Secord, Lundy's Lane]

=Beauharnois, Francois de= (1665-1746). Born in France. Became

intendant of New France in 1702 and held the position until 1705. In

1707 granted the barony of Beauville. Appointed intendant de l'armee

navale, 1706; intendant of marines, 1710; intendant generale des armees

navales, 1739. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S.

C., 1903).

=Beaumont.= A village in Bellechasse County, on the St. Lawrence.

=Index=: =WM= Troops landed at, 100; proclamation affixed to church

door, 101.

=Beauport.= A village two miles below Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Defended by

entrenched camp, 80; headquarters of intendant and commissary of stores,

88; hasty abandonment of camp at, with all its stores, 228.

=Beaupre, Seigniory of.= =L= Acquired for Seminary of Quebec, 58;

chapels and churches erected to Ste. Anne at, 101, 102; pilgrimages to,

102, 103.

=Beausejour.= A fort built by the French in 1750-1751, on Chignecto Bay,

three miles from the British Fort Lawrence. A little tidal stream, the

Missaguash, ran between--nominally marking the dividing line between

British and French territory. The fort was captured by the British under

Monckton, in 1755, and renamed Fort Cumberland. =Bib.=: Parkman,

_Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _Fight with France_; Hannay, _History of

Acadia_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_: Campbell, _History of Nova

Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by

Akins.

=Beaver.= =D= First steamship on the Pacific, 1835, 47; carries party to

build Fort Camosun (Victoria), 178; north to Forts Taku and McLoughlin,

178; returns to Victoria, 179; to Fort Vancouver, 180; history of ship,

180-181. =Bib.=: McCain, _History of the S.S. Beaver_.

=Beaver Club.= Founded in Montreal in 1775 by the partners of the North

West Company. It opened with nineteen members, and at one time the

registry showed ninety-three members, with eleven honorary members.

Among them were such famous fur traders and explorers as Alexander

Mackenzie and his cousin Roderick, the three Frobishers, Alexander Henry

and his nephew of the same name, Simon McTavish, James Finlay, Simon

Fraser, John Stuart, and David Thompson. The motto of the club was

"Fortitude in Difficulties." No one was admitted who had not made a

journey to the North-West and wintered there. The club entertained many

distinguished guests, including Sir John Franklin, Lord Selkirk,

Washington Irving, and the Earl of Dalhousie. The club was disbanded in

1824 after the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. An

effort to revive it in 1827 proved unsuccessful. =Index=: =MS= Founded

by the partners of the North West Company, 139; lavish hospitality and

boisterous banquets, 139. =Bk= Famous social club at Montreal, 99.

=Bib.=: Hetherington, _Canada's First Social Club_, in _Univ. Mag._,

April, 1910.

=Beaver Dam, Battle of.= In War of 1812. FitzGibbon commanded a

detachment of the 49th Regiment, with several hundred Indians.

Boerstler, with a party of 600 men, advanced from Fort George by way of

Queenston to surprise him, but was ambushed by a body of Indians.

FitzGibbon, who had been warned of the approach of Boerstler by Laura

Secord, advanced with his men of the 49th and demanded the surrender of

the Americans, who, believing themselves surrounded by a superior force,

capitulated. The engagement took place June 24, 1813. _See also_ War of

1812. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Hannay, _War of 1812_:

FitzGibbon, _A Veteran of 1812_; Curzon, _Laura Secord, the Heroine of

1812_: Cruikshank, _The Fight in the Beechwoods_; Thompson, _Jubilee

History of Thorold_.

=Beckwith, John A.= =T= Confederate candidate in York, 108.

=Becquet, Romain.= =L= Clerk of Ecclesiastical Court, arrested, 163.

=Bedard, Elzear.= For some years a member of the Assembly of Lower

Canada. Moved the celebrated Ninety-Two Resolutions, 1837. Puisne judge

of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837; suspended, but afterwards

reinstated. Died, 1849. =Index=: =P= Moves the Ninety-Two Resolutions,

117; deserts Papineau, 117; appointed judge by Gosford, 117. =Bib.=:

Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Bedard, Pierre Stanislas= (1762-1829). Educated at the Seminary of

Quebec; studied law, and appointed advocate, 1790. Elected for

Northumberland to the first Legislature of Lower Canada, 1792. In 1806,

with a number of other French-Canadians in the Assembly, founded _Le

Canadien_, to represent the views of the popular party. In 1810 the

paper seized, and Bedard and his associates arrested on a charge of

treasonable practices. Released the following year. In 1812 appointed

judge of the District Court of Three Rivers. Retired in 1829 on account

of ill health. =Index=: =P= Leader of French-Canadians in Lower Canada

Assembly, 27; opposes property tax, 27; establishes _Le Canadien_, 28;

considered by Sir James Craig a dangerous revolutionist, 28; sent to

jail, 29; released and charges withdrawn, 29; moves resolution as to

ministerial responsibility, 96. =C= Claims liberty of the press, 95;

sent to jail, 95; released, 96; asks for ministerial responsibility, 96.

=Bk= Arrested, 127; demands trial, 128; released, 145. =Bib.=: Parent,

_Pierre Bedard et Ses Deux Fils_ in _Journal d'Instruction Publique,

1859_; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; De Gaspe, _Memoires_;

Dionne, _Pierre Bedard et Ses Fils_; Dionne, _Pierre Bedard et Son

Temps_ (R. S. C., 1898).

=Bedard, Dr. William=. =T= Life-long friend of Sir Leonard Tilley, 145.

=Beer, Henry= (1835-1886). Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.

Elected to the Assembly, 1870; a member of the ministry, 1872; Speaker

of the Assembly, 1877; mayor of Charlottetown, 1885-1886.

=Begbie, Sir Matthew Baillie= (1819-1894). Educated at Cambridge; and

called to the English bar in 1844. Judge of the colony of British

Columbia and judge of the Vice-admiralty Court, 1858-1870. Chief-justice

of British Columbia, 1870-1894, and also judge of the Admiralty district

of British Columbia, 1891-1894. Knighted, 1875. =Index=: =D= First judge

in British Columbia--arrives November, 1858, 239; born in Edinburgh,

1819, 239; succeeds to chief-justiceship of British Columbia and

Vancouver Island, 239; his services to the colony, 239; his notable

journey, 1859, to Upper Fraser, 254; his character, 255. =Bib.=: Begg,

_History of British Columbia_; Nicolls, _Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie_.

=Begon, Michel, Sieur de la Picardiere= (1674-1740). Filled the office

of inspector-general of marines, in France, 1707-1710. In the latter

year appointed intendant of Canada, but did not arrive in Quebec until

1712. Returned to France, 1726, and for some years acted as intendant of

justice in Normandy. =Bib=.: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R.

S. C., 1903).

=Belcher, Jonathan= (1711-1776). Second son of Governor Belcher of

Massachusetts. Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, and in

England; called to the English bar. Appointed chief-justice of Nova

Scotia, 1754. President of the Council of Nova Scotia and administrator

of the government, 1760. Chiefly instrumental in securing for Nova

Scotia a representative Assembly. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova

Scotia_.

=Belcour, De.= =WM= Brings promise of supplies to Ramezay, 227.

=Belette.= =Dr= Captain of armed boat, assists Carleton's escape at

Sorel, 113.

=Bell, Dr.= =W= Conducts Madras system of schools in New Brunswick, 86.

=Bell, Alexander Graham= (1847- ). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated

at Edinburgh University and London University; came to Canada in 1870.

Professor of physiology in Boston University, 1872. Patented his

invention of the telephone, 1876; and has also invented the photophone,

induction balance, telephone probe, and graphophone. In 1898 appointed

regent of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1909-1910 engaged in aeroplane

experiments. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Who's Who_, 1910; _Addresses

before Canadian Club of Ottawa_, 1910.

=Bell, Hugh.= =H= Member of Uniacke administration, Nova Scotia, 1848,

110.

=Bell-Smith, Frederic Marlett= (1846- ). Born in London, England.

Educated there, and came to Canada, 1866. Founder and first president of

the Canadian Society of Artists, Montreal, 1867; director of Alma

College 1881; member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1888;

director of the Toronto Art School, 1889-1891. President of the Ontario

Society of Artists. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Belleau, Sir Narcisse= (1808-1894). Born in the city of Quebec and

educated there. In 1852 a member of the Legislative Council, and in

1857-1862 Speaker. Mayor of Quebec, 1860, when King Edward VII, as

Prince of Wales, visited Canada, and knighted on the occasion. In 1862

appointed minister of agriculture in the Cartier-Macdonald ministry; and

in 1865 premier and receiver-general in a coalition government.

Appointed lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, 1867; resigned

in 1873. =Index=: =B= Succeeds Sir E. P. Tache as titular head of

coalition government--proposed by J. A. Macdonald, and accepted by

George Brown, 191; Macdonald the virtual leader of government, 191. =C=

His connection with British North America Act, 102-103.. =Md= Nominal

head of government, 1865, 123. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Taylor,

_Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Belleville=. Town of Ontario on the Bay of Quinte. Founded by Captain

Myers in 1790. =Index=: =BL= Early municipal government of, 298; riot

over Rebellion Losses Bill, 318.

=Bellomont, Richard Coote, Earl of= (1636-1701). Member of Parliament,

1688-1695; and served in Ireland, 1689. In 1695 appointed governor of

New York, and afterwards of Massachusetts. =Index=: =F= Corresponds with

Frontenac, 355. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Belmont, Francois Vachon de.= Came to Canada from France in 1680, and

joined the Seminary of St. Sulpice at Montreal, of which he was

superior, 1698-1732. Died the latter year. Left a _History of Canada_,

which was published in the first series of Historical Documents of the

Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. =Index=: =F= On number of

captives taken at Lachine, 226; on excessive use of brandy, 312; and

footnote. =L= His large donations to religious objects, 135; preaches

funeral sermon on Laval at Montreal, 265.

=Benediction.= =Ch= English vessel seized by French, 221.

=Bennett, George.= =B= An employee of the _Globe_, 256; shoots George

Brown, 257; on Brown's death, is tried and found guilty of murder, 258;

his mind disordered by misfortunes and intemperance, 258.

=Bentham, Jeremy= (1748-1832). English writer on jurisprudence and

ethics. =Index=: =Sy= An associate of Sydenham's, 13. =Bib.=: _Works_,

ed. by Bowring and Burton, 1843. For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Bentivoglis.= Papal Nuncio. =Index=: =Ch= Authorizes establishment of

church in Canada, 84.

=Bering, Vitus= (1681-1741). Born at Horsens, Denmark. Joined the

Russian navy in 1704; and in 1725 sent by Peter the Great to explore the

waters east of Kamchatka, and examine the American coast. After a

three-years' journey overland, reached the eastern coast of Siberia,

built vessels there, and in 1728 followed the coast north to the Arctic,

proving that Asia and America were not united. In 1733 set out again on

the long overland journey, hampered with a huge retinue, and it was not

until 1741 that his ships were ready at Petropaulovsk. Sailed to the

east, reached and explored the American coast, and was wrecked on what

was afterwards known as Bering Island, where he died, Dec. 8, 1741.

=Index=: =D= His explorations, 39, 40; his death, 1741, 40. =Bib.=:

Lauridsen, _Vitus Bering_; Muller, _Voyages from Asia to America_; Laut,

_Vikings of the Pacific_.

=Bering Sea Question.= Arose out of a dispute as to the seal-fisheries

of Bering Sea. Several Canadian sealers were seized by the United States

in 1886, on the plea that these waters constituted a _mare clausum_, or

closed sea. Similar seizures were made in 1887 and 1889. Finally the

British and United States governments agreed to submit the question to

arbitration. The Commission met at Paris in 1893. Lord Hannen and Sir

John Thompson represented British interests; the United States was

represented by Judge Harlan and Senator Morgan. The other arbitrators

were Marquis Visconti Venosta of Italy, Gregora W. Gram of Sweden, and

Baron de Courcel of Belgium, who presided. The decision was in favour of

Great Britain, and contrary to the claim of the United States to

jurisdiction over the waters of the Bering Sea and the seals visiting

the coasts and islands of Alaska. Regulations were provided for the

better protection of the fisheries; and the United States was required

to compensate the Canadian sealers for the unlawful seizure of their

vessels. =Index=: =D= Influenced by Russian occupation, 38; settled

under Paris award, 1897, 283; history of dispute 340-341.

=Berkeley, George Cranfield= (1753-1818). Entered the navy, 1766;

accompanied Cook in survey of coast of Newfoundland and Gulf of St.

Lawrence, 1766-1769; and was on the _Victory_ at Ushant, 1778. In 1786

surveyor-general of ordnance, 1786; and vice-admiral on the Halifax

station, 1805-1807, during which time occurred the affair between the

_Chesapeake_ and the _Leopard_. =Index=: =Bk= Gave instructions in

matter of deserters enlisted in _Chesapeake_, 83; recalled, 85. =Bib.=:

_Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Berlin Decrees.= Issued by Napoleon, November, 1806, to the following

effect: The British Isles were in a state of blockade; intercourse with

them was prohibited; all British subjects within French authority were

to be held as prisoners of war; all British property, private and

public, was declared to be prize of war; also merchandise from Britain;

merchants whose property had been captured by British cruisers were to

be indemnified from the product of such seizures; no British ships were

to be admitted into any port of France, or her allies; every vessel

eluding this rule was to be confiscated. The object of the decrees was

to close the continent against British commerce. The British government

retaliated by issuing an order-in-council, refusing to neutrals the

right of trading from one hostile port to another. =Index=: =Bk=

Directed by Napoleon against commerce of Great Britain, 81, 82, 105,

171, 172. =Bib.:= _Dict. Eng. Hist._; Green, _Short History of the

English People_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.

=Bernard, Hewitt= (1825-1893). Entered the Canadian public service,

1858; deputy-minister of justice, 1867; resigned, 1876. In 1872, created

I. C.; and the same year made C. M. G. In 1878 appointed assistant

commissioner to France and Spain to negotiate commercial treaties.

Aide-de-camp to Lord Monck, 1868, and to Lord Stanley, 1888. =Index=:

=T= Confidential secretary to the Quebec Conference, 77; acts as

secretary to Confederation delegates in London, 121. =Bib.=: Pope,

_Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.

=Bernardin, of Siena, Saint.= =L= On the guidance of Providence, 35-36.

=Bernetz, Chevalier de.= =WM= Commands battalion of Royal Roussillon

Regiment, 12; second in command of the town (Quebec), 86.

=Bernieres, Henri de= (1635-1700). Born in France. Came to Canada with

Laval in 1659. Cure of Quebec, 1660-1687; and grand-vicar of the bishop

of Quebec. First superior of the Seminary of Quebec, 1663, holding that

position till 1688 and from 1693 to 1697. =Index=: =F= Grand-vicar of

bishop of Quebec, 111. =L= Head of retreat at Caen, 24; first superior

of Quebec Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to seminary, 56;

administers diocese in Laval's absence, 134; claims ecclesiastical

rights, 163; made dean of Chapter, 197; his death, 239. =Bib.=: _Jesuit

Relations_, ed. by Thwaites; Gosselin, _Henri de Bernieres_.

=Bernieres, Jean de.= =L= His "Hermitage," 24, 25.

=Berry Brigade.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 258.

=Berthelot, Francois.= =L= Laval's relations with, 138. =E= His

seigniory of St. Laurent made an earldom in 1676, 181.

=Berthier, Alexandre= (1638-1709). Born in France. Came to Canada in

1665; and in 1666 commandant at Fort St. Jean, and led expeditions

against the Iroquois. In 1672 granted the seigniory of Berthier in

Bellechasse County, Quebec. =Index=: =F= Commands militia in campaign

against Iroquois, 209. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=Bethune, Alexander Neil= (1800-1879). Born in Glengarry, Ontario. In

1823 ordained deacon, and in 1824, priest. In 1847 archdeacon of York

(Toronto), and in 1867 consecrated coadjutor bishop of Toronto;

succeeded to the bishopric on the death of Bishop Strachan. =Bib.=:

Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Mockridge, _The Bishops of

the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.

=Bethune, John.= Born in Scotland, 1751. Emigrated in his early years to

South Carolina, and was chaplain of the loyal militia. In 1786 resided

in Montreal; minister of the Presbyterian church there; afterwards

appointed to a mission in Glengarry. =Index=: =S= Presbyterian minister,

reputed author of petition, for repeal of Marriage Act, 161, 162; the

first Presbyterian minister to arrive in Upper Canada, 164; received

stipend from the government, 164. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._;

Macdonell, _Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of

Glengarry in Canada_.

=Betts.= =T= Proposes construction of European and North American

Railway, 26, 27.

=Beveridge.= =T= Seconds the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115.

=Biard, Pierre= (1565-1622). Came to Port Royal in 1611, with Masse--the

first of their order in New France. The relations of the Jesuits with

Poutrincourt and his son Biencourt were far from cordial; little or no

progress was made with the conversion of the Micmacs; and in 1613 Biard

sailed with Masse for Mount Desert, with an expedition sent out by

Madame de Guercheville. They had hardly begun the new settlement, when

Argall swooped down, seized their ship, plundered their property, and

carried Biard and some of his companions prisoners to Virginia. Argall

brought the Jesuit back with him to Acadia the same year; the vessel in

which he sailed was carried out to sea, and after a series of adventures

Biard finally reached France and remained there. =Bib.=: Biard,

_Relation_; Carayon, _Premiere Mission des Jesuites au Canada_; Parkman,

_Pioneers of France_.

=Bibaud, Michel= (1782-1857). Educated at the College of St. Raphael.

=Index=: =L= Historian, his praise of Talon, 113. =P= On Papineau, 56.

=Hd= On Haldimand, 291. =Bib.=: =Works=: _Epitres, Satires, Chansons

Epigrammes, et autre Pieces de Vers_; _Histoire du Canada et des

Canadiens sous la Domination Anglaise_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel.

Can._

=Bidwell, Barnabas.= =R= Election contests, 63.

=Bidwell, Marshall Spring= (1799-1872). Born in New England. Came to

Canada with his father, 1812, and practised law. In 1824-1835 a member

of the Upper Canada Assembly; in 1829 elected Speaker of the House, and

re-elected, 1835. One of the leaders of the popular party of Upper

Canada, and his outspoken sympathy with the Rebellion of 1837-1838

resulted in his banishment. =Index=: =Mc= Elected Speaker of the House,

151; defends Mackenzie, 181, 182; moves committee of inquiry, 184; moves

Mackenzie's eligibility, 243; discountenances royal veto, 251; again

elected Speaker of the House, 261; Head declines to make him judge, 377;

defeated for the House, 380; refuses nomination to Convention, 343;

gives legal advice to rebels, 343; his part in the Rebellion, 357;

accepts voluntary exile, 358. =R= One of the leaders of the popular

party in Upper Canada Assembly, 66, 67. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and

_Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._;

Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_.

=Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Charles= (1583-1638?) Son of Jean de

Biencourt. Accompanied his father to Port Royal in 1605. Returned to

France in 1610; made vice-admiral in the seas of New France, and,

somewhat unwillingly, brought with him to Acadia in 1611 the Jesuits

Biard and Masse. While absent from Port Royal, the fort was attacked and

burnt by Argall in 1613. Biencourt partially rebuilt Port Royal, and was

still there in 1618. Returned to France some time before 1621, and

appointed director of the Royal Academy of Paris, which position he held

up to the time of his death. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_;

Patterson, _Last Days of Charles de Biencourt_ (R. S. C., 1896).

=Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Jean de, Baron de Saint Just= (1557-1615).

Had won distinction as a soldier in the service of France; and in 1604

sailed with De Monts and Champlain to Acadia. Was so charmed with Port

Royal that he determined to make it his home. De Monts made him a grant

of the lands about Annapolis Basin, which the king confirmed. Went back

to France and brought out his family to the new settlement. Accompanied

Champlain in his exploration of the Bay of Fundy. Jesuit missionaries

were sent out to Port Royal, whom Poutrincourt, although a good Roman

Catholic, found far from congenial. Their relations became more and more

strained, and when Poutrincourt sailed to France in 1613, the Jesuits

succeeded in having him thrown into prison. Regained his liberty and

returned to Acadia, but found Port Royal in ashes. Returned to France

and fell in the attack on Mery. =Index=: =Ch= Goes with De Monts to

Acadia, 19; lieutenant of De Monts at Port Royal, 34; joins Champlain in

exploration and erects crosses on coast (Massachusetts), 35; returns to

France, 37. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_. _See also_ Lescarbot;

Champlain; De Monts.

=Bienville, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de= (1680-1768). Son of

Charles Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville. Accompanied Iberville to

Hudson Bay in 1697, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson and the

defeat of the English fleet. The following year sailed with his brother

to the mouth of the Mississippi, where they laid the foundations of the

colony of Louisiana. After the death of Iberville, became governor of

the colony, and remained there for thirty-five years. Founded the city

of New Orleans, and laboured unceasingly to advance the interests of

Louisiana. =Index=: =F= Joins war party against Schenectady, 235.

=Bib.=: King, _Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville_; Reed, _The

First Great Canadian_; Margry, _Decouvertes des Francais_. _See also_

Iberville.

=Bierce.= =Mc= Plans attack on Windsor, 446; lands at Windsor, 447;

retreats, 447.

=Big Mouth (Grande Gueule).= =F= Onondaga orator, 184, 221.

=Biggar, James L.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 144.

=Bignon.= =Ch= Crown lawyer in proceedings _re_ Champlain's will, 265.

=Bigot, Francois.= Born at Bordeaux, Jan. 30, 1703; son of Louis-Amable

Bigot. Through his influence at court, obtained several lucrative

offices in New France, which he turned to his own personal advantage.

Arrived at Louisbourg in 1739. After the capture of Louisbourg in 1745,

returned to France, where serious charges of misappropriating public

funds had been brought against him, but his influence at court was still

powerful enough to extricate him from this scrape, and to secure him the

office of intendant of New France, 1748. Sailed for Quebec and arrived

the same year. There elaborated a system of peculation, by which every

branch of the public service was laid under tribute to enrich himself

and his creatures, helping thereby to bring about the final loss of the

colony. Returned to France after the conquest of Canada; thrown into the

Bastille, and released only to be banished from France. =Index=: =WM=

Intendant, appearance and character, 32; made profit of famine, 53;

gambling habits, 54; reprimanded by minister, 88; hostility to

Bougainville, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; letter to

Bougainville, 165. =Hd= Disliked, 52. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la

Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.

=Billings, Elkanah= (1820-1876). Born in township of Gloucester,

Ontario. Studied law, called to the bar, 1845, and practised in Ottawa.

Appointed paleontologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1856, and

in the same year established the _Canadian Naturalist_. =Bib.=: Morgan,

_Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Ami, _Brief Biographical Sketch of

Elkanah Billings_.

=Billings, Joseph.= Born in England, 1758. Accompanied Captain Cook on

his last voyage on the _Discovery_; and afterwards entered the Russian

navy. Commanded an expedition to the north-west boundaries of Asia in

1785, and in 1786-1794 explored the coasts of Siberia and Alaska.

=Index=: =D= Visits Unalaska, Nodiak, and Prince William Sound, 1790,

26. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Bindon.= =Dr= Montreal merchant, treasonable proceedings of, 84.

=Bizard.= =F= Officer of Frontenac, arrested by Perrot, 91.

=Blachford, Frederic Rogers, Baron= (1811-1889). Born in England.

Educated at Eton and Oxford. In 1844 registrar of joint-stock companies

and commissioner of lands and emigration; from 1860 to 1871 permanent

undersecretary of state for the colonies; and in 1871 made a privy

councillor. =Index=: =Md= On Macdonald's part in Westminster Conference,

126-127. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Black, John= (1817-1879). Born in Scotland. Went to the Red River

Settlement as legal adviser to Adam Thom, recorder of Rupert's Land,

1839. Subsequently entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company and

rose to the position of chief trader. Went back to Scotland, 1852. Spent

some time in Australia, and returned to the Red River Settlement as

recorder of Rupert's Land, 1862. Appointed a delegate to Ottawa to

present the views of the settlers on the taking over of the country by

the Dominion government, 1870. Proceeded to Scotland, where he died.

=Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_.

=Black, John= (1818-1882). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to America with

his parents and studied for a time at Delaware Academy at Delhi, New

York. Came to Canada and completed his theological course at Knox

College, Toronto. Ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church

and proceeded to the Red River Settlement, 1851. Remained in charge of

the church at Kildonan until his death. =Bib.=: Bryce, _John Black: The

Apostle of the Red River_.

=Black, William= (1760-1831). Born in England. In 1775 came to Canada

and became a Wesleyan Methodist preacher. Founded the Wesleyan Church in

Nova Scotia, and became general superintendent of British American

Wesleyan missions. =Index=: =W= The apostle of Wesleyan Methodism in

Maritime Provinces, 137. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Black, William.= =W= President of New Brunswick Assembly, 1831; refuses

to furnish information, 19; member of New Brunswick Legislative Council,

retires, 72.

=Black, William.= =W= Of Halifax, father-in-law of Judge Wilmot, 137.

=Blackader, Hugh W.= (1808-1863). Descended from Loyalist stock. Began

to learn the trade of printer at the age of twelve. Acquired an interest

in the _Acadian Recorder_, 1837, and continued to publish the paper

until his death. Closely identified with the Reform movement and a

strong supporter of Joseph Howe. =Index=: =H= Called upon to prove

publication of libel in the _Nova Scotian_, 24. =Bib.=: Campbell,

_History of Nova Scotia_.

=Black Rock.= =Bk= Opposite Fort Erie, fortified, 197.

=Blackfoot Indians.= A Western confederacy, of Siksika stock. First

described in the journal of Anthony Hendry, 1754-1755, and again by

Matthew Cocking, 1772-1773. They were then known to the Crees as the

Archithinue. Cocking also gives the following for the five tribes in the

confederacy: Powestic-Athinuewuck or Water-fall Indians;

Mithco-Athinuwuck or Bloody Indians; Koskitow-Wathesitock or

Black-footed Indians; Pegonow or Muddy-water Indians; and Sassewuck or

Woody-country Indians. Their habitat was then, and until comparatively

recent times, in the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, on the upper

waters of the Saskatchewan. They are now for the most part on

reservations in Alberta. =Bib.=: Petitot, _Traditions Indiennes du

Canada Nord-Ouest_; Grinnell, _Blackfoot Lodge Tales_; _Hendry Journal_

(R. S. C., 1908); _Cocking Journal_ (R. S. C., 1909); Franklin, _Polar

Sea_; Catlin, _North American Indians_.

=Blair, Andrew George= (1844-1907). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick.

Educated there, and called to the bar, 1866. In 1878 member of the New

Brunswick Assembly for York; in 1879 leader of the opposition; and in

1883 premier of the province. In 1896 resigned and became minister of

railways and canals in the Dominion government, under Laurier, retiring

in 1903. In February, 1904, chairman of the Railway Commission of

Canada, resigning in October of the same year. =Index=: =T= Premier of

New Brunswick during Tilley's governorship, 138. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can.

Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; _Who's Who_, 1906.

=Blair, Adam Johnston Fergusson= (1815-1867). Member of the Legislative

Assembly of Canada, 1848-1857; appointed to the Legislative Council,

1860; receiver-general, 1863; member of Executive Council and provincial

secretary, 1863-1864; president of the Executive Council, 1866.

Appointed president of the Privy Council and a member of the first

Dominion Cabinet, 1867. =Index=: =Md= President of Privy Council in

first Dominion Cabinet, 134; agrees to support coalition, 137; his

death, 138. =B= Called upon to form ministry, but fails, 149. =T= Member

first Confederation ministry, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Blake, Edward= (1833- ). Born in Adelaide, Ontario. Educated at Upper

Canada College and University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Ontario,

1859. From 1867 to 1872 a member of Alexander Mackenzie's Dominion

ministry; in 1875-1877 minister of justice and attorney-general; and

1877-1878 president of the Council. From 1878 to 1887 leader of the

Liberal opposition in the House of Commons. In 1892 went to Ireland and

elected member for South Longford in the British House of Commons;

retired, 1907. =Index=: =Md= Favours attacks Canadian Pacific Railway

scheme, 235; resigns leadership of Ontario Liberals, 1872, 152; attacks

government on Redistribution Bill, 274; supports Costigan's Home Rule

resolution, 277; contrasted with Macdonald, 277-279; mutual antagonism,

277-279; supports Landry's motion that Riel's sentence should have been

commuted, 280; not favourable to commercial union, 296; refuses to run

in election of 1891, 315; denounces policy of unrestricted reciprocity,

315-316. =B= His speech at Aurora advocating Imperial federation, 235,

240. =Mc= On when rebellion is justified, 26, 27. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can.

Men_; _Who's Who_, 1910; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Ewan,

_Hon. Edward Blake_; Tache, _Men_.

=Blake, William Hume= (1809-1870). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity

College, Dublin, and emigrated to Canada in his youth. During the

Rebellion in 1837, paymaster of the Royal Foresters. Called to the bar

of Upper Canada, 1838. A member of the Legislative Assembly for East

York, 1847, and solicitor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin

administration, 1848-1849. In 1850 chancellor of Upper Canada, retiring

March, 1862. =Index=: =BL= Speaks before Reform Association, Toronto,

223; elected for York, 279; solicitor-general, 1848, 284; absent in

Europe, 284; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 314-315; quarrel with MacNab,

315; burnt in effigy in Toronto, 318; raised to the bench, 337. =E=

Returned in elections, 1847, 50; solicitor-general for Upper Canadian

first La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; father of Edward Blake; attacks

Family Compact; bitter conflict with Sir Allan MacNab, 69. =B= Speaks

before Toronto Reform Association, 1811, 21; burnt in effigy, 36; in the

fight for responsible government, 261. =Md= Challenged by John A.

Macdonald, 36. =Mc= Solicitor-general, debate on Rebellion Losses Bill,

489. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._, and _Last Forty Years_; Read, _Lives of

the Judges; Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Blanchard, Hiram.= =H= Supports Confederation, 186; member of Nova

Scotia government, 1867, 198; elected to Legislature, but unseated, 202.

=Blanchard, Jotham.= =H= Associated with Joseph Howe in _The Club_, 10;

in House of Assembly, 18.

=Blanchet, F.= =Bk= Arrested, 127; discharged, 128.

=Blanshard, Richard=. Appointed governor of Vancouver Island by Earl

Grey; left England, 1849, and reached Victoria in March of the following

year by way of Panama. Resigned office in 1850, and in 1851 returned to

England. =Index=: =D= First governor of Vancouver Island, 1849, 203;

relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 203-204; nominates provincial

government and leaves for England, 204. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of

British Columbia_.

=Bleury.= =P= Joins Papineau party, 78.

=Bliss, Daniel= (1740-1806). Born in Concord, Mass. Educated at Harvard

University, Cambridge, graduating in 1774. In 1778 proscribed as a

Loyalist, and served with the British army as commissary. At the end of

the war, moved to New Brunswick; appointed a member of the provincial

Council, and later chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas. =Index=:

=W= Becomes member of New Brunswick Council, 4. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History

of New Brunswick_.

=Bliss, John Murray= (1771-1834). Born in Massachusetts. Came to New

Brunswick in 1786; called to the bar; and elected to the House of

Assembly for the county of York. Appointed to the bench in 1816; became

a member of the king's Council; and in 1824 administrator of the

province for one year. Subsequently a judge of the Supreme Court of New

Brunswick. =Index=: =W= Judge of New Brunswick Supreme Court, 4. =Bib.=:

_Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Bliss, Jonathan= (1742-1822). Born in Springfield, Mass. Educated at

Harvard University, Cambridge. Emigrated to New Brunswick in 1783. In

1785 elected a member of the provincial Legislature and appointed

attorney-general. From 1809 to 1822 chief-justice. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.

Biog._

=Blue, Archibald= (1840- ). Born in Orford, Ontario. From 1867 to 1881

engaged in journalism. In 1882 appointed secretary of the Ontario Bureau

of Industries, which he organized. Deputy minister of agriculture, 1884,

and director of the Bureau of Mines, 1891. Appointed Dominion census

commissioner, 1900. =Index=: =B= Witnesses shooting of George Brown by

Bennett, 255-256. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Bodega Bay.= On the coast of California, lat. 38 deg. 18' 20" N., long.

123 deg. 2' 28". =Index=: =D= Russian colony there in 1812, 45.

=Boileau, Maitre.= =Ch= Lawyer, employed to contest Champlain's will,

265.

=Bolduc, Father.= =D= Jesuit missionary--supposed to be first priest on

Vancouver Island, 178; at Whidby Island, 179.

=Bolton, Colonel.= =Hd= Commander at Niagara, lost in foundering of

_Ontario_, 163.

=Bompas, William Carpenter= (1853-1906). Born in London, England.

Ordained deacon, 1859; priest, 1865; came to Canada latter year and

assigned to the Mackenzie River district. In 1874 consecrated bishop of

Athabaska. In 1884 transferred to see of Mackenzie River, and in 1891 to

that of Selkirk. Author of a number of primers in the Athabaskan and

Algonquian languages, as well as in Eskimo. =Bib.=: _Diocese of

Mackenzie River_; Cody, _An Apostle of the North_; Machray, _Archbishop

Machray_; Mockridge, _Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and

Newfoundland_. For his native primers, _see_ Pilling, _Bibliography of

Athabaskan Languages_.

=Bond, William Bennett= (1815-1906). Born in Truro, England. At an early

age went to Newfoundland. Removed to Quebec, 1840; the same year

admitted deacon, and ordained priest, 1841. For some time engaged as a

travelling missionary; assistant to the rector of St. George's Church,

Montreal, 1848; rector 1862; archdeacon of Hochelaga, 1871; dean of

Montreal, 1874. In 1879 consecrated bishop of Montreal; in 1901

archbishop, and in 1904 primate of all Canada. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can.

Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; _Who's Who_, 1905; Mockridge, _Bishops of the

Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.

=Bonne, Captain de.= Born in France, and before coming to Canada served

in the regiment of Conde. At the siege of Quebec, 1759, in command of

the Quebec and Three Rivers militia, and took part in the battle of the

Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy. =Index=: =WM= Commands Quebec and

Three Rivers militia, 105. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.

=Bonnecamps, Joseph Pierre de= (1707-1790). Born in France. Entered the

Jesuit order, and came to Canada in 1741, when he was appointed

instructor of hydrography at the Seminary of Quebec. Held that position

until the fall of Quebec in 1759. In 1765-1766 laboured among the

French refugees on the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon.

=Bonnerme.= =Ch= Physician, accompanied Champlain to Quebec, 41; death

of, 46.

=Bonnycastle, Sir Richard Henry= (1791-1848). Born in England. Served in

Canada in 1812, and engaged in the capture of Fort Castine. During the

Rebellion of 1837-1838 commanded the engineers in Canada West, and

defended Kingston in 1838; knighted for distinguished service, 1837.

Afterwards commander of engineers in Newfoundland. =Bib.=: _The Canadas

in 1841._ For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Bonsecours, Chapel of.= =L= United to parish of Montreal, 176;

commenced by Sister Bourgeois, 177; held in high honour, 178.

=Bontemps, Captain.= =Ch= Brings out settlers, 252.

=Books.= =S= Scarcity of, in Upper Canada, 175. _See also_ Libraries.

=Borden, Robert Laird= (1854- ). Born in Grand Pre, Nova Scotia. Called

to the bar, 1878, and practised at Kentville and Halifax; appointed

Q.C., 1890. In 1896 elected for the city and county of Halifax to the

Dominion Parliament, and for Carleton County, Ontario, 1905. In 1901

succeeded Sir Charles Tupper as leader of the Conservative party.

=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who_.

=Borgia's House.= =WM= Wolfe occupies, 189; set on fire by Canadians,

193.

=Boscawen, Edward= (1711-1761). Born in England. Served at Porto Bello,

1739-1740; at Cartagena, 1741; and in the West Indies, 1747. Commanded

on the North American station between 1755 and 1757, and in 1758

commander-in-chief of the fleet at the siege of Louisbourg. In 1759

defeated the French in Lagos Bay, and in 1760 commanded the fleet in

Quiberon Bay. =Index=: =WM= In command of naval forces at Louisbourg,

73. =Bib.=: Wood, _Logs of the Conquest of Canada_; Doughty, _Siege of

Quebec_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ _See also_ Louisbourg.

=Bossuet, Jacques Benigne= (1627-1704). Churchman and orator; bishop of

Meaux; took a leading part in the Gallican controversy. =Index=: =L= On

poverty and liberty, 123. =Bib.=: Works: _Histoire Universelle; Oraisons

Funebres_. For biog., _see_ Chambers, _Biog. Dict._

=Boston.= =Bk= Flags hung there at half-mast on declaration of war

against Great Britain, 208. =Hd= Rebellious sentiment comes to head at,

84; Haldimand doubts wisdom of closing the port, 85; dangerous condition

of affairs at, 95-96, 97-98; reception to General Gage, 96; Haldimand's

removal to, 103, people of, revile Haldimand, 105; Haldimand's house at,

107; loss at Bunker Hill, 108; Louis Haldimand at, 109; Loyalists leave,

110; Haldimand's rank at, 121. =L= Americans of, their designs against

priests and missionaries, 11.

=Boston.= =D= Attacked by natives of Nootka, 1803, and crew murdered,

37.

=Botsford, Bliss= (1813-1890). Born at Sackville, New Brunswick.

Educated at King's College, Fredericton; called to the bar, 1838, and

practised at Moncton until 1870. A member of the New Brunswick Assembly,

with brief intervals, from 1851 to 1870. In 1865 surveyor-general in the

Smith ministry, and a member of the Executive Council, of which he was

Speaker from 1867 to 1870. From 1870 to 1890 judge of the County Court.

=Index=: =T= Surveyor-general in Smith government, 91; adds no strength

to the government, 92; represents Westmoreland, 115. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc.

Can. Biog._

=Bouchard.= =L= Founder of the Montmorency family, 16.

=Boucher de Grosbois et de Boucherville, Pierre= (1622-1717). Came to

Canada in 1634 with his father; served as a soldier of the little

garrison of Quebec in 1641. Four years later settled at Three Rivers,

and having made himself familiar with several Indian languages, employed

as interpreter. For nearly a quarter of a century served the town of his

adoption in various capacities, civil and military. Filled the office of

governor of Three Rivers, with short intervals, from 1652 to 1667.

Visited France in 1661-1662, received by Louis XIV, and given a patent

of nobility, and on his return to Canada brought out a number of

colonists. In 1667 retired to his seigniory of Boucherville. Left a

brief but interesting history of New France, written in 1663, while he

was still governor of Three Rivers, and published the following year.

=Index=: =L= His opinion of Laval, 29. =Bib.=: _Histoire Veritable et

Naturelle des Moeurs et Productions du Pays de la Nouvelle France_.

Paris, 1664. Reprinted, 1849, 1882, 1883, 1896. The last is in the

_Trans._ of the Royal Society for that year, and is edited by Benjamin

Sulte, with biographical and bibliographical notes.

=Bouchette, Captain.= =Dr= Conducts Carleton safely to Three Rivers,

113.

=Bouchette, Joseph= (1774-1841). Entered the naval service, 1791; in

command of the forces on Lake Ontario; and served in the Royal Canadian

volunteers. In 1813 on active service; and in 1814-1816 in England,

where he published his topographical and geographical description of

Canada. Employed as surveyor-general in delimiting the boundary line

between Canada and the United States, 1817-1818. =Bib.=: _Topographical

Description of the Province of Lower Canada_; _British Dominions in

North America_.

=Bouchette, Robert Shore Milnes.= =P= Exiled to Bermuda for his

participation in Rebellion of 1837, 138; commissioner of customs,

Ottawa, 149; sides with Papineau, 149; arrested as a rebel, 149; his

letter to Colonel Dundas, 150-153.

=Boudon, Abbe Henri-Marie.= =L= Succeeds Laval as archdeacon of Evreux,

23.

=Boues, Charles de.= =Ch= Vicar-general of Pontoise, contributes to

building of Recollet convent, 117; syndic of Canadian missions, 148.

=Bougainville, Louis Antoine, Comte de= (1729-1811). Born in Paris.

Educated for his father's profession of notary; and soon obtained

recognition as an advocate in the Parliament of Paris. As a student

displayed a remarkable talent for mathematics, and at the age of

twenty-two wrote the first volume of a treatise on the Integral

Calculus. His mathematical work recognized by the Royal Society in

electing him to a fellowship. Joined the army in 1755, and the next year

came to Canada as Montcalm's aide-de-camp. Played an important part in

the siege of Quebec, and wrote an elaborate journal of the campaign,

much of which appears to have been incorporated in Montcalm's _Journal_,

published by Abbe Casgrain. Returned to France in 1760, and after

serving in Germany, joined the navy. From 1766 to 1769 made a voyage

around the world; served in the West Indies during the Revolutionary

War, and commanded the van of the French fleet in the action off

Chesapeake Bay. Retired from active service, 1790; nominated by Napoleon

to the Senate, and raised to the nobility. =Index=: =WM= Aide-de-camp to

Montcalm, 1; despatched to France to represent desperate state of

colony, 62; commands Grenadiers along Beauport shore, 85; incurs Bigot's

hostility, 88; ordered to protect country west of Quebec, 151, 158;

interview with Montcalm at Beauport, 160; Vaudreuil writes that safety

of colony is in his hands, 161; duped by Wolfe's strategy, 177;

criticized by Chevalier Johnstone, 177; his promotion due to court

favour, 177; disregards instructions of governor by changing commander

at Le Foulon, 178; great reliance placed on him, 178; his failure to

reinforce post at the Foulon, 178, 184; his failure to follow British

fleet down from Cap Rouge, 184; held responsible for disaster, 210; his

delay at Sillery, 211; arrives after battle, 222; his letter to

Ramezay, regarding provisions, 226; holds his position at Cap Rouge

while rest of army retreats, 229; on march to Quebec, hears of

capitulation, 234; replaces Lusignan at Ile-aux-Noix, 245; congratulates

Levis on victory of Ste. Foy, 267. =Bib.=: Works: _Traite du Calcul

Integral_; _Voyage autour du Monde_; _Essai Historique sur les

Navigations Anciennes et Modernes_ (Acad. des Sciences Morales et Pol.,

Vol. I); _Notice Historique sur les Sauvages de l'Amerique

Septentrionale_ (_ibid._, Vol. III). His letters are printed in Doughty,

_Siege of Quebec_; and his manuscript journals are in the Canadian

Archives. _See also_ De Kerallain, _La Jeunesse de Bougainville_;

Michaud, _Biog. Univ._; Larousse, _Grande Dict. Univ._; Casgrain,

_Montcalm et Levis_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Wood, _The Fight for

Canada_; Hart, _The Fall of New France, 1755-1760_.

=Boulay, Angelique Louise Talon du.= =WM= Wife of Montcalm, 5; her grief

at his departure for Canada, 8.

=Boulduc.= =F= Prosecutor of Prevote, dismissed, 138.

=Boulle, Eustache.= =Ch= Brother-in-law of Champlain, 134, 145;

appointed by Champlain as his lieutenant, 155; returns to France, 209;

converted to Roman Catholicism, receives bequest from his sister, 267.

=Boulle, Helene.= =Ch= Marries Champlain, 66; spends four years in

Quebec, 141; returns to France, 141; studies Algonquian language, 263;

her life at Quebec, 263-264; enters Ursuline convent, 266; dies, 1654,

266.

=Boulle, Nicholas.= =Ch= Champlain's father-in-law, secretary of the

king's chamber, 66; pays his daughter's inheritance to Champlain, 67.

=Boulton, D'Arcy.= Born in England. Came to Canada, 1797, and settled at

York, 1803. Called to the bar of Upper Canada by special Act of the

Legislature, 1803; solicitor-general, 1805. While on his way to England,

1810, captured by a French privateer, and remained a prisoner in France

until 1814. Appointed judge of Assize, 1818. Died in York about 1830.

=Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_; Scadding, _Toronto of Old_.

=Boulton, Henry John.= Son of D'Arcy Boulton; born in England, 1790.

Studied law and called to the English bar. Emigrated to Canada, 1816,

and practised in Upper Canada. In 1818 appointed solicitor-general;

attorney-general, 1829; elected to the Assembly for Niagara; removed

from attorney-generalship by colonial secretary on account of his

independent votes in Assembly, 1833; proceeded to England to vindicate

his actions; appointed chief justice of Newfoundland, 1833; removed from

office, 1838, and returned to Canada. Represented town of Niagara in

Assembly, 1841-1844, and Norfolk County, 1848-1851. =Index=: =Mc=

Solicitor-general, reprimanded, 152-153; dismissed from office of

attorney-general, 232; threatens rebellion, 233; chief justice of

Newfoundland, 235. =E= Responsible for amendment of Union Act, 123. =BL=

Removed from office of attorney-general, 16; in Clergy Reserves debate,

349. =Bib.=: _Short Sketch of Upper Canada_. For biog., _see_ Morgan,

_Cel. Can._

=Boundaries of Canada.= =Dr= Not defined by Constitutional Act, 260.

=Bouquet, Henry= (1719-1765). Born in Switzerland. Served in Holland,

Sardinia, and with the Prince of Orange. Was Captain-commandant of the

Swiss Guards at the Hague, 1748. Entered the British army; came to

America in 1754; with Haldimand and the "Royal Americans"; and held a

leading command for several years in the French and Indian wars. Died at

Pensacola, Florida. =Index=: =Dr= His services in Pontiac's War, 6;

death of, 6; Bouquet papers in British Museum, 7. =Hd= Life-long friend

of Haldimand, 5; his early military service, 6; his studious habits, 8;

member of Swiss Guards at the Hague, 8; recommended for command in Royal

American Regiment, 9; experiences ill-feeling between American colonists

and British troops, 12; in Carolina, 13; his letters throw side-lights

on the affairs in the colonies, 14-15; popular in military profession,

16; Indian warfare, 16; at Fort Pitt, 16; Haldimand advises him not to

leave the service, 40; defeats Indians at Bushy Run, 58; thanked by the

king and promoted, 58; death of, 58, 63; Haldimand laments his loss, 62;

his tomb, 63; his papers preserved in Canadian Archives, 319; some of

his letters missing, 338. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_ and

_Conspiracy of Pontiac_; _Canadian Archives Report_, 1889.

=Bourdages.= =P= Assists Papineau in defeating motion for adoption of

Lord Goderich's offer, 77. =Bk= Made colonel of militia by Sir George

Prevost, 158.

=Bourdon.= =L= Brings out a number of girls as colonists, 79. =Ch=

Industrious settler, 252, 253.

=Bourdon, Sister Anne.= =F= On divine protection of Quebec, 301.

=Bourdon, Jean= (1602-1668). Born in Normandy. Came to Canada, 1634.

Engaged for some years as a civil engineer and land surveyor; sent on

several embassies to the Iroquois; and in 1657 made a voyage towards

Hudson Bay, but prevented by ice from entering the Strait. Mentioned as

being at Quebec in 1665.

=Bourgard.= =L= On the zeal of the missionaries, 61.

=Bourgeoys, Marguerite= (1620-1700). Born at Troyes, in Champagne.

Entered the convent of the Congregation of Notre Dame at the age of

twenty, and while there decided to devote her life to the colony of New

France. Arrived in Quebec in September, 1653, and went on immediately to

the new settlement of Montreal. In 1657 opened the first school, in a

stable granted her by Maisonneuve. In the same year built a wooden

chapel in Montreal. Founded the Congregation do Notre Dame de Montreal

in 1659, and in 1686 built the convent. In 1675, with funds obtained

from France built the church of Bonsecours. =Index=: =L= Establishes

school at Ville Marie (Montreal), 9; her services to the sick on board

the _St. Andre_, 32; her labours in instruction of the young, 91; her

educational work, 126; Abbe Verreau on influence exerted by, 127; founds

Bonsecours Chapel, 177. =F= Establishes Congregation de Notre Dame, 29,

39; impressed on arrival by poverty of country, 39. =Bib.=: Ransonet,

_Vie de la Soeur Bourgeoys_; Faillon, _Vie de la Soeur Bourgeoys_;

Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_ and _Old Regime_; Colby, _Canadian

Types of the Old Regime_.

=Bourget, Ignace= (1799-1885). Born at Point Levis, Quebec. Ordained in

1822; vicar-general of Montreal, 1836; coadjutor bishop of the diocese,

1837; bishop of Montreal, 1840, and created the first cathedral chapter

of that city. Founded several religious orders, colleges, and asylums,

among others, in 1864, the institution for the deaf and dumb, Montreal.

In 1862 created a Roman count and assistant at the Pontifical Throne. In

1876 archbishop of Martianopolis, _in partibus_. =Index=: =C= His

character, 80; dispute with Cartier, 80-83; calls on Cartier, 84.

=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Bourinot, Sir John George= (1837-1902). Born in Sydney, Nova Scotia.

Educated at Trinity University, Toronto. Chief official reporter to the

Nova Scotia Assembly, 1861-1867, and in 1880 appointed chief clerk of

the Dominion House of Commons. For many years honorary secretary of the

Royal Society of Canada. =Index=: =BL= On Baldwin's University Bill,

293; on Tory opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 313, =Bib.=; Works:

_Canada under British Rule_; _Federal Government in Canada_; _How

Canada is Governed_; _Manual of Constitutional History of Canada_;

_Parliamentary Procedure and Government in Canada_; _Canada_; _Builders

of Nova Scotia_. For biog., _see_ Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Bourlamaque, de.= Born in France. Governor of Guadaloupe; sent in 1756

with Montcalm to Canada as third in command and colonel of engineers. In

command at Ticonderoga in 1759; promoted brigadier-general, and took

part in the defence of Quebec. Died, 1764. =Index=: =WM= Third in

command, 12; holds Amherst in check, 131; evacuates Forts Carillon and

Frederic and falls back on Ile-aux-Noix, 146; which he reports himself

able to hold till fall, 158; joins army of Levis on march against

Quebec, 245; repairs bridges over Cap Rouge River, 248; occupies

position at Lorette and Ste. Foy, 249; in battle of Ste. Foy, 256;

wounded, 260. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Parkman, _Montcalm and

Wolfe_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_.

=Bouteroue, Claude de.= Born in France. Came to Canada to act as

intendant during the absence of Talon from 1668 to 1670. Returned to

France, 1671, and died there, 1680. =Index=: =L= Acts as intendant

during Talon's absence, 116. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New

France_.

=Bouthillier.= =Ch= Negotiates restoration of Quebec, 220.

=Bow River Pass.= Through the Bow Range of the Rocky Mountains, head

waters of Bow River. =Index=: =D= Entered by David Thompson, 1805, 58.

=Bowell, Sir Mackenzie= (1823- ). Born in England. Came to Canada with

his parents, 1833, and engaged in journalistic work. In 1867 elected to

the Dominion House of Commons for North Hastings. In 1878 appointed

minister of customs, holding that office until 1891; minister of

militia, 1892; and minister of trade and commerce, 1892-1894. In 1894

succeeded Sir John Thompson as premier, and resigned office in 1896.

Created a K. C. M. G., 1895. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can.

Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Bowen, Edward= (1780-1866). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada in 1797;

studied law and called to the bar in 1803. From 1809 to 1812 represented

Sorel in the Assembly; and in the latter year appointed to the Court of

King's Bench. In 1821 appointed a member of the Legislative Council, and

in 1835 elected Speaker. In 1849 chief-justice of the Superior Court for

Lower Canada. =Index=: =E= Made a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187.

=Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._

=Bowes, Colonel.= =Bk= Of the 6th Regiment, assumes command on death of

General Hunter, 69; leaves Canada, 73.

=Bowring, Dr.= =Sy= An associate of Sydenham's, 13; trade commissioner

to France, 29.

=Boyd, Colonel.= =T= Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick

Assembly, 102.