=Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwell= (1821-1893). Educated at McGill
University; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1847. A
candidate for the Legislative Assembly for Argenteuil, 1857, but
defeated by Sydney Bellingham. Bellingham subsequently unseated and
Abbott declared elected, 1860. Solicitor-general for Lower Canada in
Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862-1863, and for a few days retained same
position in Macdonald-Dorion ministry. From 1867 to 1874 and from 1880
to 1887 represented Argenteuil in House of Commons. May, 1887, admitted
to Macdonald ministry as minister without portfolio, and at same time
appointed to Senate, where he became leader of Conservative party. On
death of Macdonald, became prime minister, June, 1891; held this
position until ill health compelled him to resign, November, 1892. A
recognized authority on questions of commercial and constitutional law.
Framed Insolvent Act of 1864, and Jury Law Consolidation Act of Lower
Canada. =Index=: =C= Countenances Annexation Movement in 1849, 44-45.
=BL= On the Annexation Manifesto, 336. =Md= A witness before Pacific
Scandal Committee, 204. =Bib.=: _Annual Register_, 1893; Terrill,
_Chronology of Montreal_; Thomas, _History of Argenteuil and Prescott_;
Weir, _Sixty Years in Canada_; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_.
=Abbott, Joseph= (1789-1863). Born and educated in England. Came to
Canada, 1818. Missionary of the Church of England. Wrote _The Emigrant_,
containing information for farmers about Canada.
=Abenaquis Indians.= _See_ Abnaki.
=Abercrombie, James.= Entered the army, and obtained a captaincy in the
42nd or 1st Battalion of Royal Highlanders, 1756. Appointed aide-de-camp
to Major-General Amherst, 1759, with whom he made the campaigns in
Canada of that and the following year. Appointed major of the 78th or
2nd Highland Battalion, 1760, and, in September following, employed by
General Amherst in communicating to the Marquis de Vaudreuil the
conditions preparatory to the surrender of Montreal, and in obtaining
his signature to them. The 78th Regiment having been disbanded in 1763,
retired on half-pay. Again entered active service, 1770, as
lieutenant-colonel of the 22nd Regiment, then serving in America under
the command of Lieutenant-General Gage; killed in the battle of Bunker
Hill, June 17, 1775. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.
=Abercromby, James= (1706-1781). Entered the army, and obtained
commission as major, 1742; lieutenant-colonel, 1744; colonel, 1746. Sent
to America with 50th Regiment, 1756; superseded Shirley and Webb in
command of the army; and then resigned command to Lord Loudon. In 1757
commanded second brigade against Louisbourg. On Loudon's recall, became
commander-in-chief, 1758. Led expedition against Ticonderoga, with Lord
Howe as second in command. On Howe's death, the campaign became a dismal
failure for the British, Abercromby being outgeneralled at every point
by Montcalm. Returned to England, and in 1772 deputy-governor of
Stirling Castle. =Index=: =WM= Sent to America with reinforcements, 33;
commands division intended to operate by way of Lake Champlain, 54;
repulsed at Fort Carillon, 55-61. =Hd= His recall, 21. _See also_ Howe;
Rogers; Ticonderoga; Carillon. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_;
Rogers, _Journals during the Late War_, ed. by Hough.
=Abercromby, Sir Ralph= (1734-1801). Commanded a brigade in Holland
under Duke of York, 1793, and wounded at Nimeguen. Afterwards appointed
commander-in-chief of the forces in the West Indies. Held successive
commands in Ireland, Scotland, in the expedition to Holland, and, in
1801, appointed to command the expedition against the French in Egypt.
Won a brilliant victory near Alexandria, but died of wounds received in
the battle. =Index=: =Bk= Brock serves under, in Holland, 14. =Bib.=:
Dunfermline, _Sir Ralph Abercromby: a Memoir; Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Aberdeen, John Campbell Hamilton Gordon, seventh Earl of= (1847- )). A
baronet of Nova Scotia. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Succeeded to
peerage, 1870. Appointed viceroy of Ireland, 1886. Appointed
governor-general of Canada, 1893. Again appointed viceroy of Ireland,
1905. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men; Who's Who_.
=Abnaki Indians.= A tribe of the Algonquian family, inhabiting a portion
of what is now the province of New Brunswick. They were early converts
of the French missionaries, and made common cause with the French
against the English colonists. A number were brought to Canada in the
seventeenth century, and formed a settlement on the St. Francis River, a
few miles above its junction with the St. Lawrence. The Indian town was
destroyed by Robert Rogers in 1759. =Index=: =F= Hostile to New England,
240; incited by Governor Denonville, 249; ravages committed by, 316;
attack settlement at York, 326; repulsed at Wells, 327; disposed to make
peace with New England, 328; French influence in opposite direction
prevails, 330; attack settlement of Oyster River, 330; fired on from
Fort Pemaquid under flag of truce, 331. =L= Ravages committed by, on New
England settlements, 12; in Acadia, 228. =WM= Enemies of the English,
16. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Pilling,
_Bibliography of Algonquian Languages_; Vetromile, _The Abnakis and
their History_.
=Abraham, Plains of.= _See_ Plains of Abraham.
=Academy of Arts.= _See_ Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.
=Acadia.= The name Acadia or "la Cadie" is found as early as Nov. 8,
1603, in the commission of Henry IV appointing Pierre du Gua, Sieur de
Monts, lieutenant-general in La Cadie, extending from the fortieth to
the forty-sixth degree of north latitude. The limits were afterwards
reduced, and the boundaries of Acadia became a cause of contention
between France and England. France claimed that the English possessions
were restricted to the peninsula of Nova Scotia, and that the territory
now known as New Brunswick had not been ceded to England. The first
settlement in Acadia was on the Island of St. Croix in 1604, but the
following year it was transferred to Port Royal, and abandoned in 1607.
Three years later the Sieur de Poutrincourt established a new settlement
at Port Royal, which was destroyed by Argall in 1613. In September,
1621, James I granted the territory of Acadia, under the name of Nova
Scotia, to Sir William Alexander. This grant was renewed in July, 1625,
by Charles I. A small Scottish settlement was established at Port Royal
by the grantee. Acadia was restored to France by the treaty of St.
Germain-en-Laye in 1632, and during the same year new settlers were
brought from France. Acadia was finally ceded to Great Britain by the
treaty of Utrecht in 1713. =Index=: =Ch= Its resources and limits, 18;
English king indisposed to restore, 213. =F= Attempt to form settlement
in, 6; seized by English under Kirke, 22; subsequent vicissitudes,
268-272; seized under orders from Cromwell, 268; settlers disposed to
trade with New England, 270; Port Royal (Annapolis) made capital, 270;
visited by Meulles and Saint Vallier, and census taken, 271; Port Royal
and other posts captured by Phipps, who establishes government, 274;
passes again under French control, 316. =Bib.=: Champlain, _Voyages_;
Lescarbot, _New France_; Denys, _Acadia_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_;
Rameau de Saint-Pere, _Une Colonie Feodale_; Calnek and Savary, _History
of the County of Annapolis_; Moreau, _Histoire de l'Acadie_; Hannay,
_History of Acadia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Murdoch,
_History of Nova Scotia_.
=Acadia College.= Situated at Wolfville, Nova Scotia. Founded by the
Nova Scotia Baptist Education Society, 1838. Application made to the
Nova Scotia Assembly for incorporation as "The Trustees, Governors and
Fellows of the Queen's College." The corporation created with university
powers, 1840. At the next meeting of the Legislature its name changed to
Acadia College. Power of appointing governors transferred from the
Education Society to the Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces,
1851. Final changes in the Act of Incorporation, 1891. =Index=: =H=
Founded by the Baptists, 1838; first known as Queen's College, 81;
defended by James W. Johnstone, 83. =Bib.=: _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.
=Acadian.= Newspaper published at Halifax. =Index=: =H= Formerly _Weekly
Chronicle_, 6; purchased and edited by Joseph Howe, 6; sold by Howe, 6.
=Acadians.= The first permanent settlers were those who came with De
Razilly in 1632, and from these the Acadians of to-day are descended.
Other French immigrants were brought by d'Aulnay de Charnisay from 1639
to 1649, and by La Tour and Le Borgne in 1651 and 1658 respectively.
There were also small immigrations at divers later dates. The first
general nominal census was taken in 1671, and gave a population of 392
souls. In 1686 there were 885 persons in Acadia. Seven years later the
inhabitants numbered 1018. When Acadia was ceded to Britain in 1713, the
Acadian population was 2500. Although from 1713 to 1745 a number of
families had escaped to the new French colonies of Isle Royale and Isle
St. Jean (now Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island), still in 1749, when
the British settled Halifax, there were about 12,500 Acadians in the
province. Another large influx of population to the same colonies, and
to the St. John River, took place between 1749 and 1755, yet there
remained in the latter year in the peninsula and in the Isthmus of
Chignecto some 10,000 inhabitants, of whom nearly 7000 were deported in
1755. The rest escaped to the woods; some went to Miramichi, and later
to Baie des Chaleurs; others crossed over to the Isles Royale and St.
Jean, and quite a number found their way to St. John River, and from
thence to the province of Quebec. The whole population of Acadians in
the peninsula, the Isthmus of Chignecto, the St. John River, Isle
Royale, and Isle St. Jean, at the time of the expulsion, is computed at
16,000. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of
Nova Scotia_; Haliburton, _Historical and Statistical Account of Nova
Scotia_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_; Raymond, _St. John River_; Gaudet,
_Acadian Genealogy_ (Report on Dominion Archives, 1905, vol. 2).
=Acadians, Expulsion of the.= Governor Lawrence in 1755, with the advice
of his Council and of Admirals Boscawen and Mostyn, but apparently
without consulting the home government, decided that the Acadians must
be deported from Nova Scotia. The reason for this decision was the
obstinate refusal of the Acadians to take the oath of allegiance, and
the conviction of the governor that the safety of the colony depended
upon their expulsion. In September, 1755, all preparations having been
made with the utmost secrecy, Monckton at Beausejour, Winslow at Grand
Pre, Murray at Piziquid, and Handfield at Annapolis, seized the
inhabitants and held them prisoners until the arrival of the transport
and provision ships. These having been delayed, the final embarkation
did not take place until late in December. The Acadians were distributed
among the British colonies along the Atlantic seaboard. Some hired
vessels in 1763, and sailed to Miquelon, and in 1767 and following years
returned gradually to their old Acadian home. Others came directly to
Nova Scotia in 1766, there being no longer any reason for their
exclusion, while others went north to Quebec or south to Louisiana. The
present Acadian population in the three Maritime Provinces is over
150,000, and these are the descendants of the few families who escaped
deportation, and of those who returned from exile. =Index=: _See_
references under Acadia. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Richard,
_Acadia_; Casgrain, _Un Pelerinage au Pays d'Evangeline_; _Une Seconde
Acadie_; _Les Sulpiciens et les Pretres des Missions Etrangeres en
Acadia_; _Documents Inedits sur l'Acadie, 1710-1815_; Archibald,
_Expulsion of Acadians_ (N.S. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1887); _Selections from
the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Calnek and Savary,
_History of the County of Annapolis_.
=Accommodation.= First steamboat on the St. Lawrence. Built by John
Molson at Montreal. Arrived at Quebec from Montreal, Nov. 5, 1809,
making the run in 36 hours. The vessel measured 85 feet over all, had 16
feet beam, and was equipped with an engine of six-horse power. _See
also_ Molson; Steamships. =Bib.=: _Semi-Centennial Report of Montreal
Board of Trade_, 1893.
=Adams.= =Bk= United States brig on Lake Erie, 178; surrendered to
British, 256; name changed to _Detroit_, 274; captured by Americans at
Fort Erie, 289; burnt, 290. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Adams, John.= Came to Nova Scotia from Boston. Appointed member of the
Council, 1720. After the death of Lawrence Armstrong, administered the
government during 1739 and 1740. Returned to Boston, 1740, as blindness
prevented him from attending to his duties.
=Addison, Robert.= =S= First chaplain of Upper Canada Assembly, 85, 158;
opens a school at Niagara, 167. =R= Member of Board of Education, Upper
Canada, 58.
=Adet, Pierre Auguste= (1763-1832). Appointed on the 10th thermidor,
member of the French Council of Mines. In 1795, went to the United
States in the capacity of plenipotentiary. In 1796 presented to the
United States Congress the tricolour flag on behalf of the French
nation; and the following year, handed to the secretary of state the
famous note in which the Directoire, complaining to the American
government of breach of neutrality, stated that the republic would give
to every neutral flag the same treatment that the latter would get from
Great Britain. =Index=: =Dr= French minister to United States, intrigues
of, 300, 301.
=Agniers.= _See_ Mohawks.
=Agriculture.= Societies for improving the conditions of agriculture
were founded in Nova Scotia, 1789; in Quebec the same year; and in Upper
Canada in 1792. Simcoe in Upper Canada and Dorchester in Quebec did much
to further agricultural interests, but Quebec owes most to J. F.
Perrault (_q.v._), and Nova Scotia to John Young (_q.v._). An
agricultural school was founded at Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere in 1859;
the Guelph Agricultural College was established in 1874; the Nova
Scotia School of Agriculture, 1885; and the Macdonald College, at Ste.
Anne de Bellevue, opened in the fall of 1907. Agricultural Colleges are
also in operation in connection with the provincial universities of
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. =Index=: =F= In New France,
difficulties in the way of, 87. =S= Progress of, in Upper Canada, 108,
109; Simcoe's endeavours to promote, 110, 198. =E= Elgin on, 49-50;
department of, established by Hincks-Morin government, 117; charged with
founding of model farms and agricultural schools, 117. =MS= Agricultural
experiments of the Red River colony, 1820-1835, 222-223; experimental
farm at Red River, 237; Governor Simpson's views, 273-278. =D= In
British Columbia, 256-257, 329-330. =B= Splendid field for in North-West
predicted by Toronto _Globe_, in 1852, 213-215. _See also_ Farmers;
Wheat; Flour-milling; Puget Sound Agricultural Society. =Bib.=: _Canada:
An Ency._, vol. 5; Johnson, _First Things in Canada_.
=Aguesseau, Henri-Francois= (1668-1751). Studied law; appointed third
barrister of the Parliament of Paris, 1690; and attorney-general, 1700.
Seventeen years later became chancellor. His opposition to Law's
financial scheme brought about his temporary disgrace. Reappointed after
the failure of Law's bank, and retired, 1722. Joined the administration
again in 1727 as minister of justice, and finally retired, 1750.
=Index=: =F= On French Parliaments, 153.
=Aiguebelle, d'.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 257.
=Aiken, Thomas B.= =H= Contributes to _The Club_ in Howe's _Nova
Scotian_, 10.
=Aikins, James Cox= (1823-1896). Educated at Victoria College. Elected
for Peel County, 1854, and sat in Assembly until 1861. Elected to
Legislative Council, 1862; and at Confederation became a member of the
Dominion Senate. Secretary of state in Macdonald administration,
1869-1873, and again in 1878-1880; minister of inland revenue,
1880-1882; lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1882-1888; again called to
Senate, 1896. =Index=: =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 143. =Bib.=:
Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Ailleboust de Coulonge, Louis d'.= Administered settlement of
Villemarie during the absence of Maisonneuve. Promoted to governorship
of Three Rivers. Became governor of Canada, 1648. Succeeded by Lauzon,
1651. Administered the colony, 1657. Died at Quebec, 1660. =Index=: =F=
Succeeds Montmagny as governor, 35; interim governor, 42. =L= His pious
administration, 8. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; Douglas, _Old France
in the New World_.
=Aillon, Father de la Roche d'.= =Ch= Recollet interpreter and
negotiator with the Kirkes, 188-190; returns to France, 208. =Bib.=:
Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.
=Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of.= Signed between Great Britain and France,
April 18, 1748. Brought the War of the Austrian Succession to a close.
The practical effect of the treaty was to renew the _status quo_. All
former treaties were renewed and all conquests restored. So far as
British North America was concerned, the most vital article was that
which provided for the restoration to France of Cape Breton. =Bib.=:
Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=Alabama Claims.= =Md= Exploits of the _Alabama_, 98; inflicts injury on
Northern shipping, 165; causes irritation in United States, 167; claims
referred to Joint Commission, 168-169; personnel of Commission, 169;
claims finally submitted to arbitration, 181. _See also_ Washington,
Treaty of.
=Alaska Boundary Question.= Arose out of differences of opinion as to
the interpretation of the 1828 Convention between Russia and Great
Britain, and particularly as to the boundary of the coast strip. The
United States contention was that the boundary should follow a line
approximately parallel to the coast and thirty marine miles distant
therefrom; the Canadian, that it should follow the summit of the first
range, crossing many of the inlets near their mouths. The decision of
the Joint Commission of 1903 did not concede the United States claims in
full, but gave them an unbroken littoral, substantially what they had
contended for. =Index=: =D= Effect of Russian occupation, 38; early
history of, 119; history of dispute, 340-341. =Bib.=: Hodgins, _British
and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada_; MacArthur, _The Alaska
Boundary Award_, in the _Univ. Mag._, December, 1907; Bourinot, _Canada
under British Rule; Proceedings of the Alaska Boundary Tribunal_,
Washington, 1904; Ewart, _The Kingdom of Canada_.
=Albanel, Charles. L= Explores Hudson Bay, 11.
=Alberta.= Created a province of the Dominion on Sept. 1, 1905. Includes
the former district of Alberta, with the west half of Athabaska, and a
strip of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. Area, 253,540 square miles. The
former district or territory of Alberta was named in honour of the
Princess Louise. Seat of government, Edmonton. _See also_ North-West
Territories.
=Alberta, University of.= Created by Act of the Legislature of Alberta
passed at the first session after provincial autonomy had been granted.
First president appointed, 1908. Seat of university at Strathcona,
across the Saskatchewan River from Edmonton, the capital of the
province.
=Albion.= Newspaper published at New York. =Index=: =B= Peter Brown
contributes to, 2; a weekly newspaper, published at New York for British
residents of United States, 2. =BL= On Draper's pronouncement as to
responsible government, 94; on Bagot's reception at Montreal, 118; on
Hincks's appointment as inspector-general, 120; on the seat of
government, 182; on the Metcalfe crisis, 199.
=Alexander VII, Pope= (1599-1667). Born Fabio Chigi. Elected pope, 1655.
=Index=: =L= Appoints Laval his vicar apostolic, 7.
=Alexander of Rhodes, Father. L= Recommends Laval for mission work in
India, 23.
=Alexander, Sir William.= _See_ Stirling, Earl of.
=Algonquian Indians.= The name is now applied to what is probably the
most widely-distributed linguistic stock of North America. In the days
of French Canada, it was given to a comparatively small and unimportant
tribe, whose home was on the banks of the Ottawa. =Index=: =L= Two camps
of, destroyed, 9; missions destroyed by drunkenness, 175. =Bib.=:
Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Brinton, _The Lenape and Their
Legends_; Pilling, _Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages_.
=Aliens.= =Dr= Dorchester has Act passed in 1794 by Assembly, 288;
designed to guard against danger of anti-British sentiment, 288. =Mc=
Act passed in Upper Canada, 1804, 88; designed to guard against
sedition, 88-89; terms of British Act of 1790, 140-141; hardships of,
141; Act of 1826, 141-143.
=Alix, Marguerite. Ch= Mother of Helen Bouille, 66.
=Alix, Simon. Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170.
=Allan, George William= (1822-1901). Born in York, Upper Canada.
Educated at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar,
1846. Served in the volunteers during the Rebellion of 1837. Mayor of
Toronto, 1855; elected member of the Legislative Council, 1858;
appointed to the Senate, 1867; Speaker of the Senate, 1888-1891. From
1877 until his death, chancellor of Trinity University. =Bib.=: Morgan,
_Can. Men._
=Allan, Sir Hugh= (1810-1882). Founder of the Allan line of steamships.
Came to Canada from Scotland, 1826, and in 1831 entered the shipbuilding
firm of James Millar & Co., Montreal, of which he became a partner in
1835. In 1853 his firm began building iron screw steamships, and their
first vessel, the _Canadian_, made its first voyage in 1855. The
following year, with a fleet of four vessels, a regular service was
opened between Canada and England, with fortnightly sailings. In 1859
the fleet was increased to eight steamers, and a weekly service opened.
From these small beginnings, the Allan Line has risen to a foremost
place in transatlantic transportation. =Index=: =Md= President of the
Canadian Pacific Railway Co.--his agreement with American capitalists,
201-202; corrupt bargains with government, 202; denies charges, 205;
Macdonald denies corrupt bargain, 207; Cartier's connection with, 207;
his Company compelled to abandon railway project, 233. =C= His Company
offers to build transcontinental railway, 53; asked to subscribe to
Conservative election fund, 53; his indiscreet letters, 53. =H=
President of Montreal Board of Trade, presides at public dinner to
Joseph Howe, 138. =D= His connection with transcontinental railway
project, 321. =E= His line secures mail subsidy, 115. _See also_
Transportation; Molson; Cunard; _Royal William_. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.
Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; _Canada: An Ency._, vol.
3; _Semi-Centennial Report of Montreal Board of Trade_, 1893.
=Allanshaw, James.= =W= Appointed to Legislative Council, New Brunswick,
69.
=Allard, Father Germain.= =L= Recollet missionary, arrival in Canada,
109.
=Allcock, Henry.= Studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and called to the bar,
1791. In November, 1798, appointed judge of Court of King's Bench for
Upper Canada. Elected to Legislative Assembly for constituency of
Durham, Simcoe, and E. York, 1800, but unseated by the Assembly, June,
1801. Under the direction of Lieutenant-Governor Hunter, engaged in the
preparation of a bill to establish a Court of Equity in the province,
and was to have been the first chancellor of the Court. The Court of
Equity, however, was not at this time established, and on the removal of
Chief-Justice Elmsley to Lower Canada, October, 1802, was appointed
chief-justice of Upper Canada, and a member of the Executive and
Legislative Councils. On the death of Elmsley, promoted to chief-justice
of Lower Canada, July 1, 1805. In August, 1806, took his seat as a
member of the Executive Council, and in January, 1807, appointed a
member and chairman of the Legislative Council. Died at Quebec, Feb. 22,
1808. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_; Cartwright, _Life and Letters
of Richard Cartwright_.
=Allen, Ethan= (1737-1789). =Index=: =Dr= Seizes Ticonderoga and Crown
Point, 83; marches against Montreal, 98; captured with part of his
force, 99; put into irons, 100; proposes separate arrangements between
Vermont and Canada, 244, 245. =Hd= His intrigues in connection with
political status of Vermont, 197-216; his great duplicity, 209, 213;
proposes secret treaty to Haldimand, 214; true to Vermont only, 217.
_See also_ Montgomery; Arnold; American Invasion. =Bib.=: _Allen's
Captivity: Being a Narrative Containing his Voyages, Travels_, etc.;
Henry Hall, _Ethan Allen_; Jared Sparks, _American Biography_, ser. 1,
vol. 1; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Bradley, _The Making of Canada_.
=Allen, Ira= (1751-1814). =Index=: =Hd= Brother of Ethan--has conference
with British emissary, 204; little confidence placed in good faith of,
205, 209; receives documents justifying his mission, 210; proposes
secret treaty with Britain, 214; true to Vermont only, 217. =Dr= His
plans for attacking Canada, 299, 300.
=Allen, John Campbell.= =T= Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 1856, 41;
opposition candidate in York, 1865, elected, 86; his sterling honesty,
87; attorney-general in Smith government, 91; a Conservative, 91;
appointed to the bench, 93, 95; chief justice, 87. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can.
Por._
=Allison, Joseph.= =H= On his death, 1839, Joseph Howe offered his seat
in Executive Council, Nova Scotia, but refuses, 72.
=Allouez, Father Claude.= Came to Quebec, 1657. Left for the West, 1665.
Laboured for twenty-five years among the tribes of what are now the
states of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota. Met La Salle in Illinois,
1679. Died in 1690. =Index=: =L= Missionary labours of, 11; impresses
Indians of Sault Ste. Marie with power of French king, 104. =Bib.=:
Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_; Griffin,
_Discovery of the Mississippi_.
=Allsopp, George.= Settled in Quebec, 1761, and became prominent in
maintaining the rights of the civil authority as opposed to the
military. January, 1766, appointed deputy secretary, clerk of the
Council, and registrar of enrolments, but because of his opposition to
the government, Murray refused to admit him to office. In April, 1768,
Carleton confirmed him in these appointments, which he retained until
superseded by George Pownall in 1775. From 1771 to 1776 deputy
commissary-general. One of the original members of the Legislative
Council, under the Quebec Act. In 1780, when the Legislative Council
presented an address to Haldimand opposing the passing of an ordinance
amending the judicial system of the province in accordance with royal
instructions to the governor, voted against the address and caused a
strongly worded protest to be entered in the minutes of the Council.
This action resented by members of the Council, and ultimately led to
his dismissal by Haldimand, February, 1783. =Index=: =Hd= Member of
Council suspended for sedition, 1783, 175. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of
Lower Canada_.
=Almon, William Bruce.= =H= A "bitter Tory," 86; called to Executive and
Legislative Councils of Nova Scotia, 1843, 86; his appointment leads to
resignation of Howe, 87; challenges Howe to a duel, 236. =Bib.=:
Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova
Scotia_.
=Alwington.= =Sy= Name of governor-general's residence at Kingston, 294.
=American Colonies.= =Dr= Their objections to the Quebec Act, 70. =Hd=
Loudon's letter to Pitt regarding taxation of, 11; objections to in
colonies, 58; Haldimand's opinion of, 84; feeling in London against
taxation of, 86.
=American Invasion= (1775-1776). Grew out of the belief entertained by
the rebellious colonists that the French of Canada could readily be won
to their side. As a matter of fact the latter, while for the most part
showing no enthusiasm to join Carleton's forces, were still less
inclined to cooperate with the invading army under Montgomery and
Arnold, or to support the movement for union with the New Englanders. On
the other hand, the Americans had a number of English-speaking
sympathizers in Montreal--men who had come there from the colonies to
the south. This, and its geographical position, made the capture of
Montreal an easy matter; but Quebec was a different problem. Here
Carleton gathered a small but efficient force of regulars and militia,
and successfully held the town against the invading army. Montgomery was
killed in the assault, Dec. 31, 1775, and in the spring of 1776 the
siege was raised. The invading army hastily retreated to Montreal, and
finally was driven out of the country. =Index=: =P= Joseph Papineau
carries despatch to Carleton, 5. =Dr= Agitation worked up by American
emissaries, 79-80; disaffection in Montreal, 82; seizure of Ticonderoga
and Crown Point, 82; Arnold captures vessel on Lake Champlain, 83;
defence of St. Johns, 84-85; martial law proclaimed, 86; militia called
out, 86-88; the _habitants_ indifferent or disaffected, 88;
English-speaking inhabitants of Montreal refuse to serve, 88; Guy
Johnson raises Indian levies, 88; measures of defence, 90-93; Congress
decides to invade Canada, 95-96; Arnold starts for the Kennebec, 96;
Montgomery assumes command, 97; Allen appears before Montreal, is
captured and sent to England, 98-99; Montgomery lays siege to St. Johns,
100-101; Chambly captured by the Americans, 101; Preston surrenders at
St. Johns, 102; Arnold marches on Quebec, 106-111; Carleton escapes to
Quebec, 112-113; organizes the defence, 114-115; progress of the siege,
118-124; Montgomery and Arnold attack the city, 124-126; death of
Montgomery, 126; failure of Arnold's attack, 127-132; Franklin's mission
to Montreal, 135-136; arrival of the fleet at Quebec with
reinforcements, 137; Carleton attacks the Americans, 138-139; evacuation
of Canada, 141-147. _See also_ Montgomery; Arnold; Dorchester; Ethan
Allen. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Smith, _Our Struggle for
the Fourteenth Colony_; Stone, _Invasion of Canada_; Codman, _Arnold's
Expedition to Quebec_; Lucas, _History of Canada_; Coffin, _The Province
of Quebec and the Early American Revolution_; Bradley, _The Making of
Canada_.
=American Revolution.= =WM= Traced to battle of the Plains, 205. =T=
Loyalists in, 2-3.
=Americans.= =Dr= Settled in Canada, disloyalty of, 82, 85; disorderly
retreat of, 146.
=Amherst, Jeffrey, Baron= (1717-1797). Sent to America, 1758, and in
co-operation with Admiral Boscawen, captured Louisbourg that year. With
General Prideaux and Sir W. Johnson, took Ticonderoga, 1759. Reduced
Montreal the following year. Appointed commander-in-chief and
governor-general in America, 1761. Raised to peerage, 1776, as Baron
Amherst of Holmesdale. =Index=: =WM= In command of Louisbourg
expedition, 73; commander-in-chief of forces in America, 77; operates
against Montreal, 77; his slowness of movement, 97, 122; held in check
by Bourlamaque, 131; compels Bourlamaque to evacuate Forts Carillon and
Frederic, 146. =Hd= Replaces Abercromby, 21; wrecks Fort George, 22; his
delay at Lake Champlain, 25; praises Haldimand's forbearance at Niagara,
27; builds a strong fort at Crown Point, 28; arrives at Oswego, 34;
Montreal surrenders to, 38; takes up quarters at New York, 40; nominal
governor of Canada, 41; notifies Haldimand of promotion, 42; approves
scheme for smelting old guns, 47; retirement of, 53; letter from
Haldimand, 82; recommends Haldimand for New York command, 83; his
interest in Louis Haldimand, 88; blind to true situation in America,
103; anxious to see Haldimand on his return to England, 105-106; meets
Haldimand at Sydneys, 311; entertainments given by, 324-325; Haldimand
on, 326, 332; Haldimand visits, 337, 339. =Dr= Canada surrendered to, 2;
grants religious freedom, 10. _See also_ Louisbourg; Ticonderoga; Crown
Point. =Bib.=: _Expedition of British and Provincial Army ... against
Ticonderoga and Crown Point_; Samuel Waldo, _Reduction of Louisbourg_
(Dominion Archives, 1886); Johnstone, _Journal of Louisbourg, 1750-1758_
(Coll. de doc. rel. a la Nouvelle France, vol. 3); _Dict. of Eng.
Hist._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Parkman,
_Montcalm and Wolfe_.
=Amherstburg.= A town on the Canadian side of the Detroit River.
=Index=: =Bk= Fort, village, and naval station, 59; deputy
quartermaster-general stationed at, 80; military importance of, 177,
236; garrison of, 202, 235. =BL= Early municipal government of, 298.
=Bib.=: James, _Early History of the Town of Amherstburg_.
=Amherst's Regiment.= =WM= On British left, at Quebec, 189.
=Amiens, Treaty of=. Signed between Great Britain and France, March 25,
1802. Brought to an end the war that had lasted since 1793. Among other
provisions, the Newfoundland fisheries were restored to the same
position held before the war. =Index=: =Bk= Preliminaries of peace
entered into in London, and treaty signed at Amiens, 30-31. =Bib.=:
Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_; Bowman, _Preliminary Stages of the
Peace of Amiens_.
=Amnesty Act=, 1838. =Mc= Enables the government to extend conditional
pardon in certain cases to political offenders, 474-475.
=Amnesty Act=, 1849. =E= William Lyon Mackenzie takes advantage of, 91.
=BL= Proposed by Elgin, on behalf of Imperial government, as a measure
of pardon for those implicated in the Rebellion of 1837-1838, 287; Act
passed, 292. =Mc= Mackenzie takes advantage of, 480. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last
Forty Years_.
=Amusements in Canada=. =Hd= Contemporary accounts of, in 1781, 221-224.
=Anadabijou=. =Ch= Montagnais chief, makes long harangue to Champlain,
10; his relations with Champlain, 50-51.
=Anahotaha=. =L= Huron chief, joins Dollard at Long Sault, 69.
=Andastes=. A once-powerful tribe, who spoke a dialect of the Iroquois,
but were at deadly enmity with the Five Nations, by whom, according to
Parkman, they were nearly destroyed about the year 1672. =Index=: =Ch=
Indian tribe of Virginia, 90; adopted into the Hurons and spoke their
language, 90.
=Andehoua=. =Ch= Indian youth baptized, 233.
=Anderson, Captain=. =Dr= British officer killed at Sault au Matelot
barrier, 130.
=Anderson, A. Caulfield=. An officer of the Hudson's Bay Company,
employed for many years in the New Caledonia district, under Dr.
McLoughlin. =Index=: =D= In charge at Alexandria, on the Lower Fraser,
186; explores a road from Kamloops to the Lower Fraser, 186.
=Anderson, Anthony=. =Mc= Given command of the rebels, 360; moves on
Toronto, 363; takes prisoners, 364; victim of Powell's treachery, 365.
=Anderson, David= (1814-1885). Born in London, England. Educated at
Edinburgh Academy and at Exeter College, Oxford. Vice-principal of St.
Bees College, Cumberland, 1841-1847, and incumbent of All Saints',
Derby, 1848-1849. Came to the Red River Settlement as bishop of Rupert's
Land, 1849. Remained until 1864, when he returned to England.
Subsequently vicar of Clifton and chancellor of St. Paul's Cathedral,
London. =Bib.=: Works: _Notes on the Flood; Net in the Bay_. For biog.
_see_, Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland_; Machray, _Life of Archbishop Machray_.
=Andros, Sir Edmund= (1637-1713). Appointed governor of New York, 1674;
governor of all the New England colonies, 1685. Recalled on account of
his extreme unpopularity, 1688. Subsequently governor of Virginia,
1692-1698. =Index=: =F= Governor of New England, 263; seized and
imprisoned, 266. =L= His offer respecting liquor traffic, 173. =Bib.=:
Whitmore, _Andros Tracts_ (Prince Soc., 1868-1874); Ferguson, _Essays in
American History_.
=Aneda=. =Ch= An Indian chief, 29.
=Aneda=. An evergreen, used by Jacques Cartier and his men as a remedy
against scurvy. Parkman suggests that it was a spruce, or, more
probably, an arbor-vitae. Douglas believes it to have been balsam.
Cartier spells the name _ameda_, and Lescarbot, _annedda_. =Index=: =Ch=
Remedy for scurvy, 29; the Iroquois word for spruce tree, 30.
=Ange Gardien=. A village on the St. Lawrence, north shore, below
Quebec. Index: =WM= Wolfe seriously ill at, 154.
[Illustration: Old Fort, near Annapolis Royal