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NOTES
[1] Montaigne, Essais, Book I Chapter XXX and Book II Chapter X.
[2] Ingram, p. VII. In our notes we always mention the name of the book
referred to in the shortest way possible. The full titles will be found
in our list at the end of the volume.
[3] Ibid., pp. 7–9.
[4] Ibid., p. XII.
[5] Ingram, p. 261.
[6] In the second Chapter and in the continuation of this we shall meet
with more instances of this metaphoric (sometimes rather dangerous) use
of the term “slavery”.
[7] Bastian, Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 14.
[8] Spencer, Pol. Inst., p. 291.
[9] Ingram, p. 262.
[10] Lippert, II p. 534.
[11] Sohm, p. 106.
[12] Letourneau, p. 492.
[13] Schmoller, Grundriss I p. 339.
[14] E. Meyer, Die Sklaverei im Altertum, p. 11.
[15] Jhering, II p. 167.
[16] This view is also held by Wagner and Puchta, whose ample
expositions we shall make use of in the next paragraph.
[17] Wagner remarks that this is the main function of bondage in
general (Unfreiheit). Wagner, pp. 374–376, 382.
[18] Puchta, II pp. 82, 83. Wagner (pp. 382, 395) arrives at the same
conclusion, but does not state it so clearly.
[19] Sohm, p. 106.
[20] Letourneau, passim; Spencer, Pol. Inst. p. 291.
[21] Bancroft, p. 349.
[22] Letourneau, p. 27.
[23] Idem, p. 45.
[24] Schurtz, Katechismus, p. 139.
[25] Ratzel, Völkerkunde, II p. 66.
[26] Curr asserts that, if the husband killed his wife, “her death
would be avenged by her brothers”. But the information we get about the
several tribes makes it probable, that this is not true regarding the
majority of Australian tribes.
[27] Literature referred to in surveying the state of the Australian
wife. On the Dieri: Gason in Frazer’s Notes, p. 170; Powell’s Creek:
The Stationmaster, ibid. pp. 177, 178; Victoria River Downs Station:
Cranford, ibid. p. 181; Queensland and S. Australia: Matthews, ibid.
pp. 187, 188; S. Australia: Eylmann, pp. 129, 130, 131; Moreton Bay:
Lang, pp. 337, 338; Herbert River: Lumholtz, pp. 100, 160–164, 213; N.
S. Wales: Fraser, pp. 2, 26–28, 35; Wilkes, II p. 205; River Darling
(N. S. Wales): Bonney p. 129; Cammarray: Collins, pp. 559–562; Kurnai:
Fison and Howitt, pp. 204, 206; N. W. Central Queensland: Roth, pp.
141, 176, 181; W. Victoria: Dawson, pp. 27, 28, 33–37; Port Lincoln:
Woods, p. 223; S. Australia: Angas, I pp. 82, 93; S. W. Australia:
Salvado pp. 313, 314, 349; King George Sound: Browne, Die Eingeborenen
Australiens, pp. 450, 451; Moore River District: Oldfield, pp. 248–251;
Central Australia: Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, pp. 50, 93, 102,
558; Spencer and Gillen, Northern tribes, p. 33; Eyre II p. 322;
Willshire, in Frazer’s Notes, pp. 183, 184; Port Darwin, etc.:
Foelsche, ibid. p. 194; Tasmania: Bonwick, Tasmania, pp. 56, 62, 66,
68, 73; Ling Roth, Tasmania, pp. 125, 46; Australia in general: Curr, I
pp. 106–110; Brough Smyth, I pp. 76, 79–82, 85, 86; Bonwick, Austr.
Natives, p. 205; Thomas, pp. 151, 174, 177.
[28] Hore, p. 11.
[29] Pinart, pp. 44, 45.
[30] Steinmetz, Strafe, II p. 45.
[31] Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 593.
[32] See Ploss, II pp. 333, 334, and Steinmetz, Das Verhältniss
zwischen Eltern und Kindern, p. 613.
[33] Lippert (II p. 535) distinguishes the wife, as mistress of the
household, from the slave, who has no share in the authority wielded by
the master. This may be true, but it is only a small portion of the
truth.
[34] Meyer, Die Sklaverei im Altertum, p. 18.
[35] Carey, p. 275. See also Wuttke and Maine, as quoted by Steinmetz,
Strafe, II pp. 180, 181.
[36] Chamberlain (p. 116) justly remarks: “Much too little has been
made of the bright side of child-life among the lower races.”
[37] Steinmetz, Strafe, II pp. 179–253, see especially p. 252, and his
article on: “Das Verhältniss zwischen Eltern und Kindern bei den
Naturvölkern.”
[38] Steinmetz. Strafe, II p. 190 (after Bancroft).
[39] Ibid., p. 194 (after Krause).
[40] Ibid., p. 196 (after Zu Wied).
[41] Ibid., p. 199 (after Burckhardt).
[42] Ibid., p. 201 (after Von Middendorf).
[43] Ibid., p. 196.
[44] Sohm, p. 363.
[45] Puchta, II p. 384. As this is not the place to enter into a
systematic description of the treatment of children among savages, we
have confined ourselves to mentioning the results of Steinmetz’s
investigations. Yet we will quote here one ethnographical record, that
clearly shows the high degree of development of the patria potestas
possible among savages. “In Flores the sons even of rich families, as
long as their father lives, at public feasts are dressed like slaves,
and also at his funeral; this being apparently the external sign of a
strict patria potestas, which remains in force till the funeral; until
then the son is the father’s slave.” Von Martens, p. 117.
[46] Viz. as long as the child is really a child. Savage children are
generally much sooner full-grown than those of civilized nations; see
Steinmetz, Strafe, II pp. 215—217.
[47] See Lippert, II p. 535.
[48] Tanner, pp. 8–17, 114; see also p. 315.
[49] Bastian, Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 15, 15 note 2, 187, 187 note 2.
Post (Ethn. Jur., I p. 358) also speaks of subjects being the slaves of
the king.
[50] Ingram, p. 3. Schurtz also remarks that pariah artisans, though
despised, are not slaves. (Das afrikanische Gewerbe, p. 142).
[51] Goldstein, pp. 354, 355.
[52] See for instance Hutter, pp. 270, 271.
[53] Siegel, pp. 328–330.
[54] Brunner, I pp. 101, 102.
[55] Schröder, p. 41. He states that these Hörigen were also called
lati or aldio (l.c., p. 40); so they are the same class as those
described by Brunner.
[56] Gasquet, II, pp. 281, 282.
[57] Puchta II p. 97.
[58] Ingram, p. 262.
[59] Spencer, Ind. Inst., p. 472.
[60] Letourneau, pp. 423, 355, 356. In a letter we received from Mr. A.
C. Kruyt, it is remarked that among the Dyaks and the Toradja of
Celebes a slave in some cases rises to the position of a serf; he is
then no longer continually in the service of his master, but only has
to work at definite periods.
[61] Mr. Westermarck observes: “According to a common definition of
slavery, the slave is the property of his master, but this definition
is hardly accurate. It is true that even in the case of inanimate
property the notion of ownership does not involve that the owner of a
thing is always entitled to do with it whatever he likes; a person may
own a thing and yet been prohibited by law from destroying it. But it
seems that the owner’s right over his property, even when not absolute,
is at all events exclusive, that is, that nobody but the owner has a
right to the disposal of it. Now the master’s right of disposing of his
slave is not necessarily exclusive; custom or law may grant the latter
a certain amount of liberty, and in such a case his condition differs
essentially from that of a piece of property. The chief characteristic
of slavery is the compulsory nature of the slave’s relation to his
master” (Moral Ideas, I pp. 670, 671).
We are fully aware that a certain amount of liberty is often granted to
the slaves. This was also the case in ancient Rome; yet we think the
Roman legislators were correct in calling the slaves the property of
their masters. For every check, put by custom or law upon the master’s
power over his slaves, is foreign to the nature of slavery; in
principle the master’s power is unlimited, just as the owner’s power
over his property. It is just in this that slavery differs from other
relations of a compulsory nature.
[62] Ellis, Tshi-speaking peoples, p. 294.
[63] Puchta, II p. 250; see also Wilken, Pandrecht, pp. 42–44.
[64] Puchta, II p. 264.
[65] Dr. Tönnies, in his review of the first edition of this work,
expresses a doubt as to whether slavery in the proper sense exists in
every case in which, relying on the often superficial accounts of
travellers, we conclude that slavery is present.
The foregoing passage and the whole of the present chapter are, we
think, sufficient evidence that we have set ourselves the task of
subjecting the accounts of travellers and other writers on savage
tribes, on which our conclusions are to be based, to a critical
examination. There may be particular instances in which we have failed
in this respect; but we believe our conclusions on the whole rest upon
a solid basis and Dr. Tönnies’s objection, in corroboration of which he
does not adduce a single fact, does not seem to us well founded.
[66] Sometimes, however, children are sold to adoptive parents within
the tribe. Such is the case in Greenland; see Crantz I, p. 178. But
these are exceptional cases, so, when no particulars are given, we may
suppose that the purchased persons become slaves and not adopted
children.
[67] See Tylor, Primitive Culture, I pp. 417 sqq.
[68] The distinction between the several stages of culture will be
enlarged upon in the second Part.
[69] Hanoteau et Letourneux, La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles.
[70] When similar phenomena are found among different peoples, modern
ethnology supposes that they have spontaneously originated among each
of them, viz. as long as the contrary is not made probable. See
Steinmetz, Endokannibalismus, pp. 56, 57, and Darwin, Descent of Man,
p. 141.
[71] Rink, p. 5.
[72] Ibid., pp. 24, 25.
[73] Ibid, pp. 24–34.
[74] Crantz I. pp. 178, 186.
[75] Ibid., pp. 211, 215.
[76] Nansen.
[77] Boas, Central, Eskimo, pp.580, 581.
[78] Ribbach, p. 286.
[79] Hall.
[80] Klutschak.
[81] Petitot.
[82] Turner, Ungava District.
[83] Bancroft, p. 65; Elliott.
[84] Ray, p. 44; Murdoch, p. 419.
[85] See Schurtz, Katechismus, p. 268.
[86] Bancroft, p. 92.
[87] Petroff, p. 152.
[88] Petroff, pp. 158, 159.
[89] Bancroft, p. 80; see also Holmberg, I pp. 78, 79.
[90] Krause, p. 152, etc.; Bancroft, p. 108; Dall, pp. 419–421;
Petroff, p. 165; Elliott, p. 64; Niblack, p. 252; Holmberg, I pp. 50,
51, II pp. 43–46.
[91] Krause, p. 311; Bancroft, p. 168.
[92] Krause, p. 319; Niblack, p. 252; Boas, Die Tsimschian, pp. 237,
240, 244; Kane, Appendix A.
[93] Boas, Kwakiutl Indians, p. 338.
[94] Krause, p. 321.
[95] Sproat, pp. 89–92; Brown, adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.
[96] Bancroft p. 195; Brown, ibid., pp. 19, 28, 35.
[97] Bancroft, p. 217.
[98] Mayne, pp. 242, 275, 253, etc.
[99] Kane, pp. 214, 215; Niblack, p. 252.
[100] Jones, The Kutchin Tribes, p. 325.
[101] Hardisty, p. 316.
[102] Whymper; Kirby; Bancroft.
[103] Mackenzie, I p. 152.
[104] Hearne, II pp. 87, 179.
[105] Bancroft, p. 124.
[106] Bancroft, p. 135.
[107] Allison, p. 316.
[108] Roosevelt; Le Jeune in The Jesuit Relations; Sagard; Mackenzie.
[109] Loskiel, p. 195.
[110] Loskiel; Brinton, The Lenape.
[111] Jesuit Relations, V pp. 31, 55; VI p. 245.
[112] Keating, II p. 168.
[113] Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 131, 109.
[114] Kohl, I p. 96.
[115] Carver, pp. 325, 326.
[116] Tanner, pp. 17, 112, 114.
[117] Tanner, pp. 11–16.
[118] Keating; Long, Ojibway Indians; Roosevelt.
[119] McLean, p. 64; Kane, p. 128; Mackenzie.
[120] Dodge, pp. 266, 267.
[121] Reports of Expl., Vol. XII Part I p. 99.
[122] Grinnell, pp. 115, 116, 123.
[123] Grinnell; Möllhausen; Mackenzie; Reports of Expl., Vol. I and
Vol. XII Part I; Zu Wied, Nord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.
[124] Maurault, pp. 26—28.
[125] Hoffman, p. 35.
[126] Morgan, Anc. Soc., pp. 80, 69.
[127] Charlevoix, Nouv. France, III p. 245.
[128] Lafitau and Loskiel. Loskiel’s account of the Delawares applies
equally to the Iroquois, see Loskiel, p. 1.
[129] Lafitau, II p. 308.
[130] Lafitau, III pp. 264–290; Charlevoix, l.c. pp. 242—252; Loskiel,
p. 195; Mrs. Kinzie, pp. 214, sqq.
[131] Powell, Wyandot Gov., p. 68.
[132] Adair, pp. 303, 304, 287.
[133] Roosevelt, I p. 50.
[134] Rochefort, p. 412.
[135] Loskiel, p. 197.
[136] Bartram, p. 38.
[137] Roosevelt, I pp. 63, 64.
[138] Charlevoix, Nouv. France, III pp. 426; see also Lettres édif., XX
pp. 132, 133.
[139] Bossu, pp. 241, 245, 249.
[140] Strachey, p. 83.
[141] Ibid., pp. 101, 108.
[142] Histoire de la Virginie, p. 261.
[143] Owen Dorsey, Siouan Soc., p. 215.
[144] Eastman, Dahcotah; Eastman, Indian Wars; Reports of Expl., Vol.
I; Möllhausen; Ten Kate, Noord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.
[145] Eastman, Indian Wars, p. 412; Copway, pp. 65, 66; Neill, pp. 340,
526.
[146] Mathews, p. 47.
[147] Owen Dorsey, Omaha Soc., pp. 364, 332.
[148] James, p. 299.
[149] Hunter, Gedenkschriften, pp. 268, 270, 271.
[150] Reports of Expl., Vol. XII Part I p. 76.
[151] Lewis and Clark, I pp. 175, 242; see also pp. 212, 233.
[152] Gibbs, p. 188.
[153] Bancroft, p. 269; McLean, p. 54.
[154] The Flatheads of Fort George, who in Kane’s time kept slaves, are
described by him as consisting principally of Chinooks and Klickataats.
We are not sure whether these Flatheads are the same as those mentioned
by Bancroft and McLean. (See Kane, pp. 173, 175, 181).
[155] Bancroft, p. 240; Kane, pp. 181, 182.
[156] Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 166, 167, etc.
[157] Lewis and Clark, II pp. 344, 345, 313, 314.
[158] Bancroft, p. 276.
[159] Ross, as quoted by Bancroft, l.c.
[160] Mackenzie, II pp. 217, 263.
[161] Brancroft, p. 269.
[162] Powers, p. 248.
[163] Kane, pp. 237, 242, 248, 320.
[164] Bancroft, pp. 349, 351.
[165] Powers, pp. 22, 75, 76.
[166] Hubbard, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 348.
[167] Bancroft, p. 360.
[168] This conclusion of ours is strengthened by the following
statement of Gibbs, which we have already referred to: “Southward it
[slavery] ceases, so far as my observation has gone, with the Siskiou
Mountains, which divide Oregon from California.” (Gibbs, p. 188).
[169] Gatschet, pp. 59, 62; see also pp. 60, 16.
[170] Bancroft, p. 349.
[171] Ibid., pp. 388, 381.
[172] Ibid., p. 407.
[173] Boscana, in “Life in California”, pp. 308, 309.
[174] Powers, p. 322.
[175] Bancroft, p. 436.
[176] Bancroft, p. 433; Meline, p. 120.
[177] Bancroft, p. 510.
[178] Ibid., p. 500.
[179] Schoolcraft, I pp. 232, 235.
[180] Gregg, II p. 243.
[181] Cessac, pp. 115, 116.
[182] Ten Kate, Noord-Amerika, pp. 383, 384.
[183] Reports of Expl., Vol. III Part I pp. 22, 31.
[184] Möllhausen, p. 137.
[185] Bancroft, p. 498.
[186] Schoolcraft, V p. 210.
[187] Bourke, pp. 128, 129; Fremont and Emory, p. 150.
[188] Bent, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 510.
[189] Stratton, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 511.
[190] Bancroft, p. 543; see also Meline’s above-quoted statement about
the Pueblos.
[191] Parker Winship, p. 548.
[192] Ten Kate. Noord-Amerika; see also Möllhausen, and Reports of
Expl., Vol. III.
[193] Bancroft, p. 562.
[194] The names printed in italics contain the clear, the other the
more doubtful cases (vide p. 46).
[195] Boudin, pp. 826, 827. Gregg (II p. 195) also states that Negro
slaves were to be found among these tribes.
[196] Bartram, p. 38; Schoolcraft, I p. 277.
[197] Roosevelt, I p. 59; Gregg, l.c.
[198] Maccauley, p. 526.
[199] Gregg, II p. 196.
[200] Bancroft, p. 581.
[201] Bancroft, p. 629.
[202] So for instance among the Tlinkits; see Niblack, p. 252.
[203] Bancroft, pp. 656, 663.
[204] Bancroft, pp. 729, 723; Wickham.
[205] Bancroft, pp. 771, 764; Gabb; Pokalowsky, p. 50.
[206] Pinart, see pp. 33, 48.
[207] Rochefort, pp. 430, 478, 512, 480, 489, 477; de la Borde.
[208] Gumilla, II p. 255.
[209] Ling Roth, Hispaniola; see especially p. 272.
[210] Im Thurn; Brett; R. Schomburgk; R. H. Schomburgk; Joest, Guyana;
Bonaparte; Goudreau; Vidal; van Coll.
[211] Martius, p. 693.
[212] Gumilla, II p. 254.
[213] Sievers, Sierra Nevada; Reclus; Simons.
[214] De Brettes, pp. 94, 96, 78—80.
[215] Sievers, Des Grafen Josef de Brettes Reisen, pp. 381, 382.
[216] De Lery, pp. 225—242; see especially pp. 225, 236. Stade gives a
similar account of the treatment of prisoners, quoted by Andree, pp.
85—88.
[217] D’Evreux, pp. 21, 46, 52—54.
[218] Martius, pp. 71, 74.
[219] Ibid., pp. 206, 207.
[220] Ibid., p. 71.
[221] Ibid., p. 73.
[222] Keane; von Tschudi; Ehrenreich, Botocudos; Zu Wied, Brasilien, II
p. 45. Martius (p. 326) apparently relies entirely on Zu Wied.
[223] Azara, II p. 146.
[224] Boggiani, p. 80.
[225] Southey III, pp. 391, 392; Martius, pp. 232, 233, 71.
[226] Colini, in Boggiani, p. 297.
[227] Thouar, pp. 51, 60 sqq.
[228] See Steinmetz, Strafe, I p. 174 note 1.
[229] Azara II, pp. 96, 108–110, 119.
[230] Colini, in Boggiani, p. 316.
[231] Boggiani, pp. 305, 310.
[232] Boggiani, p. 100.
[233] Pohl, p. 163.
[234] Von den Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern; von den Steinen, Durch
Central-Brasilien; Hensel.
[235] Von den Steinen, Durch Central-Brasilien, p. 211.
[236] Ibid., p. 265.
[237] Ehrenreich, Beiträge, pp. 28, 29.
[238] Simson, p. 505.
[239] Ordinaire, pp. 287, 270—273.
[240] Ibid., pp. 308, 309.
[241] Skinner, II pp. 113, 114.
[242] Smyth and Lowe, p. 226.
[243] Azara, II p. 96.
[244] D’Orbigny, I pp. 360, 372.
[245] Ibid., II p. 166.
[246] Ibid., II p. 211.
[247] L. c.
[248] Muratori, pp. 29, 128, 129.
[249] Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 148—152.
[250] Azara, II pp. 145, 132.
[251] Ibid., pp. 159, 157.
[252] D’Orbigny, II p. 89.
[253] Azara, II pp. 15, 19, 20.
[254] Heusser and Claraz.
[255] Azara travelled in South America for 20 years, D’Orbigny for only
7. The former was commissary and commander of the Spanish frontiers in
Paraguay; the latter made a journey for scientific purposes, mainly
zoölogical.
[256] Azara, II p. 32.
[257] Musters, p. 217; Falkner, pp. 122, 123, 126; Letourneau, p. 123.
[258] Azara, II p. 38.
[259] D’Orbigny, I p. 401.
[260] Molina, p. 74.
[261] Von Bibra; Ochsenius; Smith; Musters.
[262] Hyades et Déniker, p. 242.
[263] Parker Snow; Darwin, Voyage; Vincent; O’Sullivan.
[264] The literature used is the same as that quoted on p. 22, Chapter
I, and besides: Howitt, South-East Australia; Stokes; Mitchell; Hale;
Grey; Taplin, as quoted by Woods.
[265] Curr; Brough Smyth. Gerland’s survey of Australian social life is
much better.
[266] E.g. Grosse and Letourneau.
[267] Comp. Steinmetz’s treatment of the problem of Australian
chieftainship, Strafe, II pp. 20–42. See also Spencer and Gillen’s
statement that “whilst undoubtedly there is a certain amount in common
as regards social organisation and customs amongst the Australian
tribes, yet, on the other hand, there is great diversity” (Native
tribes, p. 34).
[268] Curr; Brough Smyth; Gerland.
[269] Brough Smyth, I p. 127.
[270] Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 764.
[271] Letourneau (pp. 26, 35) arrives at the same conclusion.
[272] De Rochas, p. 252.
[273] Lambert, pp. 79, 177.
[274] Brainne, p. 239; de Vaux; Legrand.
[275] Glaumont, p. 74.
[276] Elton, p. 98.
[277] Guppy, p. 33.
[278] Verguet, p. 205.
[279] Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 46.
[280] Guppy, pp. 35, 36.
[281] Somerville, New Georgia, pp. 402, 400.
[282] Ribbe, pp. 248, 276.
[283] Woodford, pp. 154, 155.
[284] Parkinson, N. W. Salomo-Inseln, pp. 2 note, 8, 9, 10.
[285] Ribbe, pp. 100, 138, 139, 110.
[286] Guppy. p. 34.
[287] Sorge, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 414.
[288] Wilkes, III, pp. 81, 108.
[289] Williams, pp. 32, 53.
[290] Seemann, pp. 196, 179, 180.
[291] Waterhouse.
[292] Erskine, pp. 456, 457, 420, 438, 458.
[293] Meinicke, Die Inseln des stillen Oceans, I p. 202.
[294] Hagen and Pineau; Inglis; Somerville, New Hebrides.
[295] Danks; Pfeil, p. 78.
[296] Hahl, p. 77; Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre, pp. 159, 172, 173.
[297] Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre, p. 264; Romilly, Western Pacific.
[298] Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre, pp. 380, 396–398, 443.
[299] Meinicke, Die Torresstrasse, p. 116; Haddon, p. 355. See also
Hunt’s Ethnogr. notes on the Murray Islands, Torres Straits, in which
no mention is made of slaves.
[300] Bink, p. 325; Krieger, p. 413; Koning.
[301] Robidé, p. 109.
[302] Ibid., p. 262.
[303] Moolenburgh, p. 180.
[304] Robidé, p. 235.
[305] Van der Roest, p. 157.
[306] Goudswaard, pp. 27, 51; see also Ottow and Geissler, pp. 115,
118.
[307] Van Hasselt in Z. E. VIII, pp. 191 sqq.; Van Hasselt in Tijds.
XXXI, pp. 583, 584, XXXII, pp 270, 272; De Clercq, Nieuw-Guinea, p.
619.
[308] Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., pp. 454, 456; Robidé, pp. 64, 65, 76, 94,
228; see also Nieuw-Guinea, p. 149.
[309] Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., p. 532; Rosenberg, Nieuw-Guinea, p. 90.
[310] Robidé, p. 242.
[311] Bruijn, pp. 103, 104; Robidé, p. 59.
[312] De Clercq, Nieuw-Guinea, p. 459; Strauch, p. 30.
[313] Robidé, pp. 300, 305, 306.
[314] Nieuw-Guinea, pp. 116, 128.
[315] Ibid., pp. 158, 163.
[316] Thomson, British New Guinea, pp. 52, 63, 157,158.
[317] Turner, Motu; d’Albertis; Beardmore; Romilly, Verandah; Chalmers,
see especially p. 326; Guise.
[318] Maclay; Finsch, Samoafahrten, p. 80.
[319] Vetter, p. 91.
[320] Kohler, Das Recht der Papuas, p. 389 (on the authority of
Bamler).
[321] Hagen, Unter den Papuas, p. 220; see also Vallentin, p. 634.
[322] See Kunze’s minute description, in which slavery is not
mentioned.
[323] Thomson, New Zealand, pp. 149, etc.; Polack, I pp. 35, 36, etc.,
II pp. 52–59, etc.; Tregear, p. 113; Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 206;
Meinicke, Die Inseln des stillen Oceans, I p. 326; Letourneau, pp.
173–182; Weisz, pp. 22, 24, 28, 30; Taylor, pp. 165, 167, 185, 189,
191, etc.; Brown, New Zealand, pp. 29, 30; Yate, pp. 120, 121.
[324] Meinicke, l.c. II. p. 185.
[325] Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 170.
[326] Ibid., pp. 170–185.
[327] Ibid., p. 185.
[328] Mariner, II pp. 153, 349, 350.
[329] Ibid., p. 237.
[330] West, pp. 260, 262.
[331] Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 170.
[332] Meinicke, l.c. II p. 122.
[333] Wilkes, II p. 159.
[334] Turner, Samoa, p. 192.
[335] Krämer, Die Samoa-Inseln, II p. 341.
[336] Gerland; Meinicke; Turner; Von Bülow.
[337] Gardiner, p. 429.
[338] Meinicke, l.c., II p. 148; Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 199.
[339] Ellis, Pol. Res., III p. 95.
[340] J. Wilson, III pp. 127–129.
[341] Moerenhout, II pp. 8, 47.
[342] Ellis, Pol. Res., IV pp. 161, 160, 413.
[343] Wilkes, IV p. 35.
[344] Chamisso, in Kotzebue, p. 149.
[345] Remy, pp. LXI–LXVI, XL.
[346] Meinicke, l.c., pp. 303, 304.
[347] Marcuse, p. 116. On p. 114, however, he states that they spared
the lives of their captives only when they intended them to be
sacrificed later on to their gods.
[348] Hale, p. 36.
[349] Radiguet, p. 156.
[350] Meinicke, l.c., II p. 254.
[351] Andree, p. 64.
[352] Moerenhout, II p. 31.
[353] Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 216.
[354] Letourneau, p. 183.
[355] Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 p. 194.
[356] Wilkes, I p. 357.
[357] Moerenhout, II p. 191.
[358] Geiseler, pp. 30, 31, 41.
[359] Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre, p. 528.
[360] Meinicke, Die Gilbert- und Marshall-Inseln, p. 409;
Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 p. 122.
[361] Hernsheim, p. 80.
[362] Kubary, Die Ebongruppe, pp. 36, 37.
[363] Hager, p. 96.
[364] Senfft, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 431, 442, 439,
441, 443.
[365] Krämer, Hawaii etc., p. 430.
[366] Kohler, Das Recht der Marschallinsulaner, Z. V. R. XIV pp. 427,
428, 431.
[367] Krämer, Hawaii etc., pp. 450, 451.
[368] Jung, pp. 67–70.
[369] Christian, p. 144.
[370] Waitz-Gerland V, 2 p. 118.
[371] Ibid., pp. 120, 121.
[372] Kubary, Mortlock-Inseln, p. 246.
[373] Kubary, quoted by Schmeltz and Krause, p. 373.
[374] Gräffe, p. 94.
[375] Krämer, Studienreise, p. 179.
[376] Volkens, Ueber die Karolinen-Insel Yap.
[377] Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 pp. 112–114.
[378] Kubary, Soc. Einr. der Pelauer, p. 72.
[379] Kubary, Die Palau Inseln, p. 232.
[380] Semper, Die Pelau-Inseln, pp. 36, 79.
[381] This is also proved (if any further proof were needed) by
Kubary’s detailed description of fishing and agriculture: the former is
carried on by the men, the latter by the women; nowhere is any mention
made of slaves. Kubary, Industrie der Pelau-Insulaner, pp. 123 sqq.,
156 sqq.
[382] Wilkes, pp. 88, 95.
[383] Meinicke, Die Inseln des stillen Oceans, II p. 340.
[384] Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 p. 124.
[385] Parkinson, Gilbertinsulaner, pp. 98, 99, 39.
[386] Parkinson, Gilbertinsulaner, p. 43.
[387] Krämer, Hawaii, etc., p. 333.
[388] Schurtz, Katechismus, p. 230; Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 p. 124.
[389] De Morgan, Exploration, divisions: Linguistique (see especially
p. 17), and: Ethnographie; Skeat and Blagden, I p. 515; Vaughan
Stevens; Montano; Borie; Favre; Newbold; Hervey.
[390] Brenner, pp. 341, 342; Junghuhn, II pp. 150–152.
[391] Neumann T. A. G. 2nd series, part IV, pp. 26–41.
[392] Heijting, pp. 246–249; “Résumé’s”, pp. 55, 56; Willer, pp. 43–47;
see also Meerwaldt, p. 541.
[393] Willer, l.c.
[394] Westenberg, Verslag, p. 76; Westenberg, Nota, pp. 113, 114.
[395] Van Dijk, Si Baloengoen, p. 158; Westenberg, Nota, p. 107;
Mededeelingen, etc., pp. 580, 585.
[396] Meerwaldt, p. 541.
[397] Kroesen, Bataklanden, pp. 259, 260.
[398] Ypes, pp. 496–499, 542–545.
[399] Mededeelingen etc., pp. 567, 573, 575.
[400] Meerwaldt, p. 541.
[401] Meerwaldt, l.c.; Van Dijk, Nota, pp. 483, 491; see also Müller,
Batak-Sammlung, p. 14.
[402] Van Ophuijsen; Van Dijk, Loeboe.
[403] See Mohnicke; Boers; Forbes, Kubus, and especially Dr. Hagen, who
makes use of an extensive literature.
[404] De Groot.
[405] Modigliani, Nias, pp. 520–536; Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., pp.
157–163.
[406] Rosenberg, Mal. Arch.; Rosenberg, Mentawei-eilanden; Mess; Maass;
Severijn, Poggi-eilanden.
[407] Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., p. 193.
[408] Kroesen, Anambas, p. 244.
[409] Modigliani, Engano; Oudemans; Severijn, Engano; Rosenberg,
Engano; “Verslag eener reis”.
[410] Walland, p. 301; Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., p. 216.
[411] Low, pp. 301, 302.
[412] Schwaner, I pp. 167, 168.
[413] Low, pp. 200, 201; Spencer St. John, I p. 83; Brooke Low, in Ling
Roth, Sarawak, II p. 210.
[414] Brooke Low, l.c., pp. 210–213.
[415] Perelaer, pp. 152–160.
[416] Schwaner, I pp. 80, 195; Grabowsky, p. 199.
[417] Grabowsky, l.c.
[418] Treacher, in Ling Roth, l.c., pp. 213, 214.
[419] Nieuwenhuis, Quer durch Borneo, I pp. 58, 59, 65–67.
[420] Nieuwenhuis, l.c. II pp. 95, 96.
[421] Denison, as quoted by Ling Roth, l.c.
[422] Van Prehn, pp. 29–32.
[423] Engelhard, p. 468.
[424] Beschrijving van het landschap Pasir, pp. 541, 542.
[425] Denison, in Ling Roth, p. 210.
[426] Von Dewall, pp. 23, 24.
[427] Ibid., p. 80.
[428] Tromp, Rambai, p. 111.
[429] Graafland, Minahassa, I pp. 285, 286; Riedel, Minahasse, p. 502.
[430] Wilken and Schwartz, pp. 382–384.
[431] Riedel, Holontalo, pp. 65–67.
[432] Riedel, Boeool, pp. 197, 204.
[433] Kruijt, N. Z. G. XXXIX pp. 121–123, 126–128; XL pp. 141, 142;
Adriani, pp. 240, 241. See also the description given by Riedel, who
calls them Topantunuazu; Riedel, Topantunuazu, pp. 82–84, 90.
[434] Kruijt, Toboengkoe en Tomori, pp. 233, sqq.
[435] Bakkers, Sandjai, p. 287.
[436] van Hasselt, Bangkala, p. 367.
[437] Het landschap Donggala, pp. 520, 521.
[438] Donselaar, Saleijer, pp. 296–299.
[439] Ligtvoet, p. 570.
[440] de Roo, pp. 582–585; see also Bieger, p. 153.
[441] Von Martens, p. 117 (on the whole island); Ten Kate Timorgroep,
p. 212 (on Sika); and especially Roos, pp. 488–491 (on Endeh).
[442] Ten Kate, Timorgroep, p. 242.
[443] Bakkers, Bonerate, pp. 248–250; Vink, pp. 340, 341.
[444] De Castro, pp. 484, 485; Forbes, Timor, p. 417. Zondervan mostly
relies on De Castro.
[445] Ten Kate, l.c., p. 343.
[446] Donselaar, Savoe, pp. 295, 296.
[447] Graafland, Rote, pp. 364, 365.
[448] Riedel, Rassen, pp. 434 sqq.
[449] Ibid., p. 406.
[450] Ibid., p. 384; Van Hoëvell, Leti, p. 212.
[451] Riedel, Rassen, p. 463.
[452] Ibid., p. 320.
[453] Ibid., p. 346.
[454] Ibid., p. 293; Van Hoëvell, Tanimbar, p. 174; Forbes, Timorlaut,
pp. 15, 18.
[455] Riedel, l.c., p. 251; Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., pp. 338, 344.
[456] Riedel, l.c., pp. 226, 228, 231; Van Hoëvell, Kei-eilanden, p.
120; Pleijte, p. 567.
[457] Riedel, l.c., p. 194.
[458] Ibid., p. 154.
[459] Ibid., pp. 101–103; Boot, p. 1171.
[460] Riedel, l.c., p. 49; Van Hoëvell, Ambon, p. 47.
[461] Hickson, p. 141; see also pp. 137, 139, 142; van Dinter.
[462] Riedel, Galela, pp. 64–66.
[463] Campen, p. 285.
[464] Riedel, Rassen, pp. 18, 19; Wilken, Boeroe, p. 3.
[465] Van der Miesen, p. 449.
[466] Blumentritt, Conquista, pp. 53–59; Blumentritt, Tagalen, pp.
12–17.
[467] Schadenberg, Süd-Mindanao, pp. 9, 12, 28; Blumentritt, Mindanao,
p. 281.
[468] Blumentritt, Ethnographie, p. 49; Blumentritt, Mindanao, pp.
293, 294.
[469] Blumentritt, Ethnographie pp. 53, 54; Blumentritt, Maguindanaos,
p. 891; Jansen, pp. 219, 224, 225.
[470] Schadenberg, Süd-Mindanao, p. 47.
[471] Blumentritt, Mindanao, p. 297.
[472] Blumentritt, Kianganen, p. 132.
[473] Blumentritt, Bungianen.
[474] Venturillo, see especially p. 142; Miller.
[475] Jenks, pp. 136–138; Schadenberg, Nord-Luzon.
[476] Blumentritt, Ethnographie; Meijer, Igorroten; Jagor, Philippines.
[477] See Reed, p. 63; Semper, Philippinen; Mallat; Blumentritt,
Negritos; Schadenberg, Negritos.
[478] Schurtz, Katechismus, p. 221.
[479] Sibree, pp. 181, 182; Hartmann, p. 75; Ellis, Madagascar, pp.
146–149.
[480] Sibree.
[481] Hildebrandt, Ambergebirge, p. 276; Grandidier, p. 217.
[482] Veth, IV pp. 410–413.
[483] I, p. 11.
[484] Liefrinck, Nota etc., p. 184.
[485] Waanders, p. 133.
[486] Liefrinck, ibid., p. 185.
[487] Waanders, pp. 107, 123–125; Tonkes, pp. 54–58.
[488] Tonkes, p. 61.
[489] Liefrinck, Slavernij op Lombok, pp. 508, 514, sqq.
[490] Van Eck, p. 356.
[491] Van Hasselt, Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra, pp. 190, 191.
[492] Willinck, pp. 130–144.
[493] Among the Rejangs: Marsden, pp. 252, 255; in Semindo: Pauw ten
Kate, pp. 537–542, Gramberg, pp. 458, 459; in Blalauw: Gramberg, pp.
471, 472; in Palembang: Gersen, pp. 136, 137; Singkel: Rosenberg,
Singkel, p. 413, Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., p. 45; Pangkallan: Holle, pp.
382, 383; Labuan-Batu: Neumann, Laboean-Batoe, pp. 478, 479, Korte
beschrijving van het landschap Bilu, p. 553; Karintji, Serampas and
Sungai Tenang: Klerks, p. 89; Upper Asahan: Van den Bor, p. 410;
Batubarah: de Scheemaker, pp. 471–473; Siak: Nieuwenhuijzen, pp.
412–414; the Rokan states: Quast, pp. 416–418. In Glugur “serfdom does
not exist: all men have the same human rights” (Van Delden, p. 169).
Whether this is the original state of things, or due to Dutch
interference, does not appear.
[494] Snouck Hurgronje, De Atjehers, I pp. 21–25. Concerning the West
Coast of Atjeh, see also van Langen, pp. 478, 479.
[495] Snouck Hurgronje, Het Gajoland, pp. 62–64.
[496] Matthes, pp. 3, 5, 136, 137, etc. On the Bugis of Tanette and
Barru, see also Bakkers, Tanette, p. 257, and on those of Boni:
Bakkers, Boni, pp. 60, 98, 153.
[497] Robidé, pp. 53, 218, 221, etc.
[498] De Clercq, Ternate, p. 74.
[499] Saleeby, p. 65.
[500] Colquhoun, p. 189; Harper Parker, pp. 88, 100.
[501] Colquhoun, pp. 189, 258.
[502] St. John, Aracan, pp. 240–242.
[503] Lewin, p. 85.
[504] Colquhoun, p. 77.
[505] Ibid., p. 155.
[506] Mason, p. 159.
[507] Colquhoun, p. 69.
[508] Ibid., pp. 40, 69, 70.
[509] Wehrli, pp. 36, 37; see also Dalton, p. 10; Rowney, p. 167.
[510] Man, pp. 109, 356.
[511] Svoboda, p. 191.
[512] Cooper, p. 238; Dalton, p. 15; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.
[513] Shaw, p. 89.
[514] Dalton, p. 58; Eliot, p. 28.
[515] Macrae, p. 188.
[516] Lewin, p. 89.
[517] Dalton, p. 46.
[518] Dalton, p. 45: Stewart and Butler, as quoted by Spencer, l.c., p.
14.
[519] Metz; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V.
[520] Hunter, Rural Bengal, I pp. 200, 202; Dalton, pp. 207–218.
[521] Campbell, pp. 53, 79.
[522] Dalton, p. 114.
[523] Dalton, p. 51; Watt.
[524] Dalton, p. 57.
[525] Ibid., p. 254.
[526] Ibid., p. 230.
[527] Ujfalvy, Aryens, pp. 352, 359; Robertson, pp. 78, 79; Rousselet,
p. 223.
[528] Dalton, p. 24. Letourneau (p. 305) is in doubt whether slavery
really exists here, first because the Padam Abors are organized in
republican and even communistic clans, in which slavery is hardly
possible (why?); secondly because the young slaves live together with
the young freemen in communal long-houses. This last remark proves that
Letourneau is not very familiar with the character of primitive
slavery.
[529] Dalton, p. 36.
[530] Grange, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, pp. 7, 11; Godden in J. A. I.
XXV p. 184.
[531] Hodgson, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, p. 7.
[532] Sarasin, p. 488.
[533] Pallas, Reise, I p. 338; Boutakoff; Ujfalvy, Expéd. scient., p.
112; Chambers, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.
[534] Levchine, pp. 341, 354.
[535] Ibid., pp. 305, 331, 368, 369, 399, 502.
[536] Ibid., pp. 347, 430.
[537] Radloff, Aus Sibirien, I p. 526. Finsch (West Sibirien, p. 150)
speaks in the same way.
[538] Levchine, p. 305.
[539] Radloff, Beobachtungen über die Kirgisen, p. 168.
[540] Radloff, Aus Sibirien. The Kara Kirghiz are described I pp.
526–534.
[541] Koehne, pp. 458, 459.
[542] Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.
[543] Pallas, Reise, I pp. 264, 233, 265.
[544] Die Bewohner des schwarzen Irtyschthales, p. 67.
[545] Radloff, Aus Sibirien, II pp. 327–330.
[546] Radloff, l.c., I pp. 270, 286, 287, 293, 295, 312, 315.
[547] Ibid., I p. 320.
[548] Ibid., I pp. 330–343, 353–357, 374–405.
[549] Vambéry, Das Türkenvolk, p. 356.
[550] Ibid., p. 380.
[551] Ibid., p. 410.
[552] Vambéry, Skizzen, p. 64.
[553] Stein; Weil.
[554] Letourneau, p. 227.
[555] Obrutschew, I p. 37.
[556] Ujfalvy, Expéd. scient., p. 84.
[557] Ujfalvy, Aryens, p. 145.
[558] Von Stenin, Kurden, p. 221.
[559] Pallas, Reise, III p. 51.
[560] Ibid., pp. 25, 26.
[561] Ibid., pp. 72–74.
[562] Islawin; Finsch, West-Sibirien.
[563] Von Stenin, Samojeden, see especially p. 187.
[564] Déniker, Les Ghiliaks, p. 309.
[565] Müller, Unter Tungusen und Jakuten.
[566] Sumner, p. 85; see also Müller, l.c.
[567] Laufer, see especially p. 318.
[568] Steller, pp. 356, 293, 235, 235 note.
[569] Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 156.
[570] Nordenskiöld, II p. 124.
[571] Erman, pp. 379, 380.
[572] Georgi as quoted by Hildebrand, Recht und Sitte, p. 36; Dall;
Hooper; Kennan.
[573] Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.
[574] Ibid., pp. 82, 223, 239.
[575] Melnikow, pp. 194, 206.
[576] Batchelor, p. 288.
[577] Savage Landor, p. 59.
[578] Hitchcock, p. 467.
[579] Joest, Weltfahrten; St. John, The Ainos; Holland.
[580] Morgan, Ossetes, pp. 374, 377, 408; Klaproth, II pp. 595, 615;
Pallas, Neue Nord. Beitr., VII p. 69; Kovalewsky, Coutume contemp., pp.
78, 189, 196, 203, 347.
[581] Bell, I pp. 163, 169 etc., II pp. 97 etc.; Klaproth, I pp.
564–573.
[582] Radde, pp. 425, 426.
[583] Bodenstedt, I p. 283.
[584] See Von Haxthausen; Telfer.
[585] Telfer, p. 113.
[586] Klaproth.
[587] Chantre, IV p. 79.
[588] Ibid., p. 129.
[589] Ibid., p. 136.
[590] Ibid., p. 192.
[591] Burckhardt, I p. 356; see also pp. 158, 175.
[592] Doughty.
[593] Geoffroy, p. 428.
[594] Theal, p. 72.
[595] Tromp, De Kaffers; Macdonald, South African tribes.
[596] Waitz-Gerland, II pp. 391, 398.
[597] Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 93, 97, 147.
[598] Kropf, pp. 180, 170.
[599] Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 385, 386.
[600] Fritsch, pp. 145, 146.
[601] Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 262, 263.
[602] Kerr, I p. 20.
[603] Holub, Süd-Afrika, II pp. 432, 434.
[604] Schurtz, Katechismus, p. 169.
[605] Holub, Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.
[606] Holub in J. A. I. 1881, p. 10.
[607] Conder, p. 89.
[608] Holub, Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.
[609] Casalis, pp. 197, 236.
[610] Passarge, Okawangosumpfland, pp. 704, 705, 710 711.
[611] Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 125; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 88,
93.
[612] Ibid., p. 235.
[613] Holub, Süd-Afrika, I p. 397.
[614] Joest, Weltfahrten, I p. 253.
[615] Wiese, pp. 188–197; Kerr, II p. 129.
[616] Junod, p. 96.
[617] Beuster, p. 239.
[618] Theal, p. 161.
[619] Galton, p. 142.
[620] Rautanen, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 336, 335, 342.
The Ondonga are perhaps identical with the Ovampo, see Steinmetz,
ibid., p. 326.
[621] Andersson, I pp. 247, 248.
[622] Hahn, Die Ovaherero; Haarhoff.
[623] Fritsch, p. 364; see also Waitz-Gerland, II p. 391.
[624] Viehe, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 304, 305, 302.
[625] Kohler, Das Recht der Herero, pp. 311, 312.
[626] Ibid., p. 312.
[627] Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 322; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., p. 597.
[628] Holub, Süd-Afrika, II pp. 331, 348, 350, etc.; Livingstone, Miss.
Trav., p. 318; Serpa Pinto, II p. 42.
[629] Holub, Süd-Afrika; Livingstone, Miss. Trav.; Mauch.
[630] Holub, l.c. II p. 241.
[631] Magyar, I pp. 286–290, etc.
[632] Cameron, II pp. 164, 167.
[633] Pogge, Muata Jamwo, pp. 165, 134, 226, etc.; Livingstone, Last
Journ., I p. 237.
[634] Peters, pp. 395, 394.
[635] Pogge, Muata Jamwo, pp. 45, 46, 51.
[636] Magyar, I p. 80.
[637] Macdonald, East Central African Customs, pp. 101, 102.
[638] Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 396.
[639] Livingstone, Miss. Trav., p. 618.
[640] Beverley, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 213.
[641] Lang, ibid., pp. 240–242; Storch, p. 319.
[642] Storch, p. 323.
[643] Weule, pp. 55, 56.
[644] Weule, pp. 123, 124.
[645] Von Schele, pp, 71, 72.
[646] Kohler, Das Banturecht, pp. 42–45 (after Merker).
[647] Baumann, p. 237; Kohler, Das Banturecht, pp. 42–45 (after Puder).
On the Msalala, a division of the Wanyamwesi, see also Desoignies, in
Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 278.
[648] Angus, pp. 317, 323.
[649] Hore, p. 11.
[650] Kraft, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 291.
[651] Dale, p. 230.
[652] Hermann, p. 55.
[653] Fülleborn, p. 383.
[654] Storch, p. 326.
[655] Thomson, Centr. Afr. Lakes, I pp. 102, 139.
[656] Peters, pp. 284, 285.
[657] Baumann, p. 214.
[658] Thomson, Centr. Afr. Lakes, II p. 222.
[659] Baumann, p. 237.
[660] Von Höhnel, p. 318.
[661] Stuhlmann, pp. 492–529.
[662] Thomson, Massai; Johnston; Von Höhnel.
[663] Ward in J. A. I. 1895, p. 287; De Bas, p. 173.
[664] Phillips, pp. 223, 224.
[665] Magyar, I pp. 213–216, etc.
[666] Schütt, pp. 115, 139, 140.
[667] Buchholz, p. 178; Lenz, pp. 21, 218; Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 194,
195; Winwood Reade, p. 259.
[668] Lenz, pp. 39, 40.
[669] Duloup, p. 222.
[670] Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 93, 95, 96.
[671] Buchholz, pp. 96, 97, 190, 200, 201, 85; see also Kohler,
Negerrecht, pp. 10, 24, 25, 34.
[672] Coquilhat, pp. 500–502.
[673] Coquilhat, pp. 85, 86, 122; Ward, Cannibals, pp. 105, 106, 302;
Dupont, pp. 210, 231–233; Johnston, The river Congo, p. 396; Torday and
Joyce, Congo Free State, p. 139.
[674] Coquilhat, pp. 232, 296, 297, 365, 366; Ward, Cannibals, p. 132.
[675] Wissmann, Im Inneren Afrikas, pp. 82, 158.
[676] Livingstone, Last Journ., II pp. 131, 132, 29, 62, 63.
[677] Wolff, pp. 206, 207.
[678] Lenz, pp. 53, 218; Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 62, 65.
[679] Coquilhat, pp. 149, 157, 169.
[680] Schütt, pp. 38, 41.
[681] Compiègne, Gabonais, pp. 114, 130, 141.
[682] On the Bakundu, Banyang, Batom and Mabum, see Hutter, pp. 259
sqq.
[683] Hutter, pp. 341 sqq.
[684] Torday and Joyce, Ba-Mbala, p. 411.
[685] Torday and Joyce, Ba-Yaka, p. 46.
[686] Torday and Joyce, Ba-Huana, p. 286.
[687] Torday and Joyce, Congo Free State, p. 150.
[688] Zenker, pp. 48, 49, 67.
[689] Hoesemann, pp. 176,177.
[690] Leuschner, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 21; Schwarz as
quoted ibidem.
[691] Magyar; Serpa Pinto; Capello and Ivens.
[692] Serpa Pinto; Capello and Ivens.
[693] Pogge, Muata Jamwo, pp. 5, 7.
[694] Schütt, pp. 79, 90, 113; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., p. 435;
Capello and Ivens, pp. 314, 325, etc.
[695] Pogge, Muata Jamwo, pp. 35, 36, 39, 40.
[696] Buchholz, p. 178; Lenz, p. 256; Compiègne, Gabonais, p. 159.
Bennett, in his article on the Fans, makes no mention of slavery.
[697] Steinmetz, Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 42, 43; see also pp. 41, 51,
54 ibidem.
[698] Winwood Reade, p. 259.
[699] Buchholz, p. 178.
[700] Compiègne, Okanda, p. 84; Lenz, p. 240.
[701] Coquilhat; Ward, Cannibals; Dupont; Wissmann, im Inneren Afrikas;
Guiral, p. 150.
[702] Coquilhat, p. 424.
[703] Cameron, II pp. 110, 111.
[704] Wissmann, Im Inneren Afrikas, pp. 240, 241.
[705] Wissmann, Zweite Durchquerung, p. 115.
[706] Wissmann, Unter deutscher Flagge, I p. 93; l.c. note; Pogge’s
Aufenthalt, pp. 381, 382.
[707] Wissmann, Im Inneren Afrikas, pp. 141, 145, 146.
[708] Lenz, pp. 281–283.
[709] Wissmann, Im Inneren Afrikas, p. 36.
[710] Wissmann, Unter deutscher Flagge, I p. 147; Pogge’s Aufenthalt,
p. 309.
[711] Wilson and Felkin, I pp. 161, 186, 193; Baskerville, in
Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 193, 194.
[712] Chaillé Long; Junker; Wilson and Felkin.
[713] Roscoe, p. 100.
[714] Richter, Der Bezirk Bukoba, p. 87.
[715] Bastian, Geogr. und Ethn. Bilder, p. 143; Hutchinson, pp. 133,
141–145; Compiègne, Gabonais, p. 87; Lander, III p. 321; Walker, pp.
120–123.
[716] Bastian, l.c. p. 166; Köler, pp. 84, 153–155, 164; Compiègne,
l.c. p. 78; De Cardi, in Kingsley, West African studies, pp. 516, 517,
522–526.
[717] Hutchinson, p. 99; De Cardi, ibid., pp. 471–476.
[718] Bosman, II p. 228; Bastian, l.c. p. 175; De Cardi, ibid., pp.
452–454.
[719] Zündel, pp. 387, 407, 408; Herold, pp. 168–170. On the slave
system of the Ewe-speaking peoples in general, see Ellis, Ewe-speaking
peoples, pp. 218–221.
[720] Burton, II pp. 74, 248.
[721] Hagen, Porto-Novo, p. 97.
[722] Lander, I p. 37; Staudinger, p. 16. On the slave system of the
Yoruba-speaking peoples in general, see Ellis, Yoruba-speaking peoples,
pp. 178, 182.
[723] Bowdich, pp. 151, 157, 159, 205, 209. The natives of Ashanti
belong to the Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast. On slavery among
these peoples in general, see Ellis, Tshi-speaking peoples, pp.
289–295, and Bosman, I pp. 126, 187.
[724] Finsch, Goldküste, pp. 359–361.
[725] Harris, pp. 27–30.
[726] Bérenger-Féraud, p. 211; Tautain, Mandingues, pp. 347–350. On
slavery among the tribes of Liberia in general, see also Büttikofer in
T. A. G. pp. 72, 73; Büttikofer in I. A. E., pp. 81–83.
[727] Bérenger-Féraud, pp. 44, 58–60; Tautain, Sénégal, p. 67.
[728] Bérenger-Féraud, p. 365. See also Fama Mademba’s general
description of the Sansanding States, inhabited, among others, by the
Saracolays and Bambaras, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 83;
Nicole’s notes on the Diakité, a subdivision of the Saracolays, ibidem,
pp. 118–120; Arcin, pp. 269–276.
[729] Tellier, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 168–172; Tellier,
Autour de Kita, pp. 98 sqq.
[730] Bérenger-Féraud, p. 236; Fama Mademba (see above, p. 155, note
14); Tellier (see note 1).
[731] Bérenger-Féraud, p. 269; Tellier, Autour de Kita, pp. 98 sqq.
[732] Granville and Roth, pp. 117, 118.
[733] Tellier (see note 1); Arcin, pp. 269–276.
[734] On the Susu, Landuma and Limba, see Madrolle, pp. 91–93.
[735] De Cardi, Ju-Ju Laws etc., p. 52.
[736] Lenz, pp. 233, 234; Köler, pp. 57, 58; Hutchinson, p. 48;
Staudinger, p. 9; Kingsley in J. A. I. p. 62.