to earnings, and the increased ratio of net earnings to cost of
construction. Then figure how long it will take at this rate before
the German people are taxed to support their railways or by increased
rates because the railways have been run for politics and not for the
people.
XVI
GROWTH OF RAILWAYS
In three-quarters of a century American railways, from small
beginnings in Pennsylvania in 1827, Maryland in 1828, South Carolina
in 1830, and New York and Massachusetts in 1831, show the following
remarkable growth by decades:
PROGRESS OF RAILWAYS IN THE UNITED STATES SINCE 1835.
--------------+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------
| | | | | | | | | 1909
States | 1835| 1840| 1850| 1860 | 1870 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 |Incom-
| | | | | | | | |plete
--------------+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------
Alabama | 46| 46| 75| 743| 1,429| 1,851| 3,148| 4,219| 5,037
Arkansas | | | | 38| 256| 896| 2,113| 3,341| 4,883
California | | | | 23| 925| 2,220| 4,148| 5,744| 6,835
Colorado | | | | | 157| 1,531| 4,154| 4,587| 5,295
Connecticut | | 102| 402| 601| 742| 954| 1,007| 1,023| 1,015
Delaware | 16| 39| 39| 127| 224| 280| 328| 346| 342
Florida | | | 21| 402| 446| 530| 2,390| 3,272| 4,010
Georgia | | 185| 643| 1,420| 1,845| 2,535| 4,105| 5,639| 6,868
Idaho | | | | | | 220| 941| 1,261| 1,763
Illinois | | | 111| 2,799| 4,823| 7,955| 9,843|10,997|13,216
Indiana | | | 228| 2,163| 3,177| 5,454| 5,891| 6,469| 7,774
Iowa | | | | 655| 2,683| 5,235| 8,347| 9,180| 9,923
Kansas | | | | | 1,501| 3,439| 8,806| 8,719| 9,125
Kentucky | 15| 28| 78| 534| 1,017| 1,598| 2,694| 3,059| 3,484
Louisiana | 40| 40| 80| 335| 479| 633| 1,658| 2,824| 4,737
Maine | | 11| 245| 472| 786| 1,013| 1,313| 1,915| 2,150
Maryland and | | | | | | | | |
D.C. | 117| 213| 259| 386| 671| 1,012| 1,168| 1,407| 1,468
Massachusetts | 113| 301|1,035| 1,264| 1,480| 1,893| 2,094| 2,118| 2,126
Michigan | | 50| 342| 779| 1,638| 3,931| 6,789| 8,193| 8,976
Minnesota | | | | | 1,072| 3,108| 5,466| 6,942| 8,285
Mississippi | | | 75| 862| 990| 1,183| 2,292| 2,919| 4,169
Missouri | | | | 817| 2,000| 4,011| 5,897| 6,867| 8,200
Montana | | | | | | 48| 2,181| 3,010| 3,537
Nebraska | | | | | 1,812| 2,000| 5,274| 5,684| 6,099
Nevada | | | | | 593| 769| 925| 909| 1,699
New Hampshire | | 53| 467| 661| 736| 1,015| 1,133| 1,239| 1,248
New Jersey | 99| 186| 206| 560| 1,125| 1,701| 2,034| 2,237| 2,302
New York | 104| 374|1,361| 2,682| 3,928| 6,019| 7,462| 8,121| 8,504
North Carolina| | 53| 154| 937| 1,178| 1,499| 2,904| 3,808| 4,476
North Dakota | | | | | 35| 635| 1,940| 2,731| 4,026
Ohio | | 30| 575| 2,946| 3,538| 5,912| 7,719| 8,774| 9,274
Oklahoma | | | | | | 275| 1,213| 2,150| 5,572
Oregon | | | | | 159| 582| 1,269| 1,723| 1,939
Pennsylvania | 318| 754|1,240| 2,598| 4,656| 6,243| 8,307|10,277|11,357
Rhode Island | | 50| 68| 108| 136| 210| 212| 212| 212
South Carolina| 137| 137| 289| 973| 1,139| 1,429| 2,096| 2,795| 3,324
South Dakota | | | | | 30| 630| 2,485| 2,850| 3,703
Tennessee | | | | 1,253| 1,492| 1,824| 2,710| 3,124| 3,761
Texas | | | | 307| 711| 3,293| 7,911| 9,873|12,987
Utah | | | | | 257| 770| 1,090| 1,547| 1,986
Vermont | | | 290| 554| 614| 912| 913| 1,012| 1,094
Virginia | 93| 147| 384| 1,379| 1,486| 1,826| 3,142| 3,729| 4,187
Washington | | | | | | 274| 1,699| 2,890| 3,806
West Virginia | | | | | 387| 694| 1,306| 2,198| 3,355
Wisconsin | | | 20| 905| 1,525| 3,130| 5,468| 6,496| 7,626
Wyoming | | | | | | 472| 941| 1,228| 1,526
Arizona | | | | | | 384| 1,061| 1,511| 1,930
New Mexico | | | | | | 643| 1,284| 1,752| 2,967
--------------+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------
Total |1,098|2,818|9,021|30,635|52,922|93,671|159,271 192,940 --
--------------+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------
The most striking feature of this statement is the number of states
devoid of railway mileage previous to 1870, which since then the
railways have converted into mighty commonwealths whose resources
have been multiplied "some thirty fold, some sixty and some an
hundred". And those to which the railways have made the greatest
prosperity possible are the states whose politicians today are trying
the hardest to muzzle the ox that treads out the corn for their
people.
GROWTH OF RAILWAYS OF THE WORLD.
In the following table is given the mileage of the principal
countries in the world from the earliest date available to the latest:
============+==============================================================
| Miles of Road Completed
Country +------+-----+-----+------+------+------+-------+------+-------
|Opened| 1840| 1850| 1860 | 1870 | 1880 | 1889 | 1899 |1909(b)
------------+------+-----+-----+------+------+------+-------+------+-------
Great | 1825 |1,857|6,621|10,433|15,537|17,933| 19,943|21,666| 23,205
Britain | | | | | | | | |
United | 1827 |2,818|9,021|30,626|52,922|93,296|160,544| |234,182
States | | | | | | | | |
Canada | 1836 | 16| 66| 2,065| 2,617| 7,194| 12,585|17,250| 24,104
France | 1828 | |1,714| 5,700|11,142|16,275| 21,899|26,229| 29,364
Germany | 1835 | 341|3,637| 6,979|11,729|20,693| 24,845|31,386| 35,558
Belgium | 1835 | 207| 554| 1,074| 1,799| 2,399| 2,776| 2,833| 2,871
Austria | 1837 | | 817| 1,813| 3,790| 7,083| 9,345|11,921| 13,427
(proper) | | | | | | | | |
Russia in | 1838 | | 310| 988| 7,098|14,026| 17,534|26,889| 31,545
Europe | | | | | | | | |
Italy | 1839 | 13| 265| 1,117| 3,825| 5,340| 7,830| 9,770| 10,312
Holland | 1839 | 10| 110| 208| 874| 1,143| 1,632| 1,966| 2,225
Switzerland | 1844 | | 15| 653| 885| 1,596| 1,869| 2,342| 2,740
Hungary | 1846 | | 137| 1,004| 2,157| 4,421| 6,751|10,619| 11,769
Denmark | 1847 | | 20| 69| 470| 975| 1,217| 1,764| 2,141
Spain | 1848 | | 17| 1,190| 3,400| 4,550| 5,951| 8,252| 8,432
Chili | 1851 | | | 120| 452| 1,100| 1,801| 2,791| 2,939
Brazil | 1851 | | | 134| 504| 2,174| 5,546| 9,195| 10,713
Norway | 1854 | | | 42| 692| 970| 970| 1,231| 1,608
Sweden | 1858 | | | 375| 1,089| 3,654| 4,899| 6,663| 8,321
Argentine | 1857 | | | | 637| 1,536| 4,506|10,013| 13,690
Republic | | | | | | | | |
Turkey in | | | | 41| 392| 727| 1,024| 1,900| 1,967
Europe | | | | | | | | |
Peru | | | | 47| 247| 1,179| 993| 1,035| 1,332
Portugal | | | | 42| 444| 710| 1,188| 1,475| 1,689
Greece | 1869 | | | | 6| 7| 416| 604| 771
Uruguay | 1869 | | | | 61| 268| 399| 997| 1,210
Mexico | 1868 | | | | 215| 655| 5,012| 8,503| 13,612
Roumania | | | | | 152| 859| 1,537| 1,920| 19,942
Australia(a)| | | | | | 789| 4,850|11,111| 16,502
Japan | 1874 | | | | | 75| 542| 3,632| 5,755
British | 1853 | | | 838| 4,771| 9,162| 15,887|23,523| 30,576
India | | | | | | | | |
China | 1883 | | | | | | 124| 401| 4,162
Africa | | | | | | 583| 2,873| 5,353| 18,516
------------+------+-----+-----+------+------+------+-------+------+-------
(a) Including New Zealand.
(b) Or latest figures.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In conclusion I would reiterate the following recommendations:
RAILWAY STATISTICS.
That the Bureau of Railway Statistics and Accounts, now a division of
the Interstate Commerce Commission, be transferred to the Department
of Commerce and Labor.
That its statistics be confined to the affairs of operating railway
companies, the only carrier companies engaged in Interstate Commerce.
That its inquiries be confined to the data necessary to furnish the
public with a comprehensive knowledge of railway conditions and
operations in the United States from year to year.
That these statistics be devoted to publicity and not to the
promotion of personal or official theories.
ACCIDENTS.
That Congress provide for an official investigation of all railway
accidents in the United States along the lines so successfully
adopted in the United Kingdom, and not in a spirit of hostility to
the railways, as proposed in pending legislation.
This investigation should be through a Bureau of the Department of
Commerce and Labor, composed as follows:
One Chief Inspector.
Ten District Inspectors, one for each Interstate Commerce group,
appointed from Engineer service of the United States Army, with the
rank of Major. This would insure fitness and impartiality for the
work and valuable experience in regard to railway operations to the
Army Engineers.
Three Deputy Inspectors for each group.
Three Assistant Inspectors for each group.
Several groups might require four inspectors of each class, and as
many could get along with two.
Enough money could be deducted from the Interstate Commerce
Commission appropriation to pay these officials liberally, so as to
secure competent service, without crippling the legitimate work of
the Commission.
Respectfully submitted,
SLASON THOMPSON.
INDEX
Page
Abuses, old, reformed, 214
Accidents, decrease in 1909, 371
Accidents, effect of freight traffic on, 378
Accidents, fatalities in, since 1888, 375
Accidents on British railways, 379
Accidents on European railways, 382
Accidents, overwork seldom cause of, 381
Accidents, train, causes of, 379
Acworth, W. M., on relations of railroads to the state, 220
Acworth, W. M., testimony before Senate committee, 283
Additional lines, little room for, 47
Advances in railway rates, concerning, 261
African Cape government railroads, 231
Agricultural implements, freight rates on, 108
Agricultural products and freight rates, 183
Air brakes, introduction of, 119
Allegheny Mountains, elevations, 31
American railways by states, 1835 to 1909, 391
Area, number of miles to, in 1869, 134
Australian railways under government ownership, 221, 232
Automatic couplers, 120
Automatic mechanical stop, 320
Automatic signaling, 124
Bacon, Lord, on the necessity of easy transportation, 5
Bananas, relation of freight rate to price, 97
Beaulieu, Leroy, on American railways, 79
Belgian railroads owned by the state, 220
Bills, multitude of, affecting railways, 68
Block signaling, evolution of, 123
Block signals, miles protected by, 1908, 1909, 320
Brewer, Judge, on the right to change rates, 266
British railway commission discussed, 248
British railways, slow growth of, 243
British railways, statistics of, 389
Brown, W. C., on the freight rate situation, 107
Business suit, freight rates on a, 110
Butter, freight rates on, 111
Butter, price of, little affected by freight charge, 91
Canada railways, statistics of, 388
Canals, beginnings of American, 10
Canal construction, revival of, 17
Canals, scarcity of capital for, 18
Capital expenditure of British, German and American railways, 251
Capital for improvements the railway problem of to-day, 211
Capital, increased cost of, 176
Capital needed for Southern railways, 61
Capital, private, develops river traffic, 12
Capitalization, 1909, 337
Capitalization, foreign railways, 344
Capitalization, net, 1904-1909, 339
Capitalization of turnpikes, 16
Capitalization, Pres. Roosevelt rejects claims of over, 107
Car construction, 128
Car service operation, 356
Cars, number and capacity, 1902 to 1909, 317
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy R. R., condition of, 72
Civil war, importance of railways during, 118
Class rates, no change in certain, since 1897, 165
Coastwise commerce first developed, 15
Clothes we wear, freight rates on, 108
Commission, Interstate Commerce, its creation and purpose, 208
Commissions have advantages over legislatures, 208
Commodities, proportions of various, moved, 355
Comparison of American and English loads, 82
Competition has ceased to regulate, 233
Competition, public facilities increased by, 252
Conflict between competitive and uniform rates, 83
Congress, conditions confronting, in 1909, 288
Construction, cost of, 342
Control by democracy, 229
Cooking utensils, freight rates on, 108
Cooley, Judge, on superhuman task of fixing rates by Commission, 273
Cost of American and foreign railways compared, 50
Cost of living, 329
Cost, original, of Penn R. R., Harrisburg to Pittsburg, 36
Corporate entities necessary to railway construction, 206
Cotton, effect of freight charge on, 95-99
Cotton, freight rates on, 110
Crackers, relation of freight charge to price, 99
Cummins, Senator, on physical value of railways, 343
Daily compensation of employes, average, 1892 to 1908, 324
Damages and injuries to persons, 365
Dead weight hauled in mail service excessive, 149
Decisions of I. C. C. reducing rates, 301
Depreciation of money, significance, 192
Development of railways, 45
Depression, 1908, effect of, 296
Depression of 1908, effect on C. B. & Q. pay roll, 67-71
Difficulties under the present law, 216
Diminished purchasing power of railway earnings, 165
Discriminations once the rule without objection, 201, 213
Distribution of gross earnings, 1909, 361
Dividends, 1908, exaggerated, 292, 340
Dollar purchases less labor or commodities now than 1897, 166
Dressed beef, freight rates on, 111
Early history of railroads, 116
Early methods of travel, 6
Earnings and expenses, 1908-1909, 358
Earnings, gross, calendar years 1907, 1908, 1909, 296
Eggs, freight rates on, 111
Eggs, price slightly affected by freight charge, 91
Employes, average daily compensation, 1892-1909, 324
Employes, number and compensation, 1909, 321
Employes, pay of foreign, 326
Enlightened public opinion the hope of the railways, 237
Equipment cost, 1897-1907, 194
Equipment of American railways, 1909, 314
Equipment, output, 1899 to 1909, 314
Equipment requirements for replacement, 315
Erie railroad completed to Lake Erie, 117
Ethics of railroad operation high and just, 202
European wars, effect on American development, 11
Expenses, calendar years 1907, 1908, 1909, 297
Express, receipts from carrying, 350
Farm animals and freight rates, 184
Farms better investments than railways, 77
Fatalities, proportion of, to traffic, 138
Fink, Henry, on the right to increase rates, 281
Flour, effect of freight charge on price, 96
Flour, freight rates on a sack of, 110
Food stuffs, relation of freight charge to price, 101
Foreign railways, mileage of, 310
Foreign railways, ratio to area and population, 310
Foreign railways, statistics of, 386
Freight car performance, 1908-1909, 319
Freight car shortages and surplus, 1907-1910, 318
Freight cars, number and capacity, 1902-1909, 317, 318
Freight moved ten miles for three cents, 49
Freight rate primer, 107
Freight rates decrease in 1897-1907, 180
Freight rates, low, encourage production, 90
Freight service compared with mail service, 151
Freight traffic, 1908-1909, 352
Freight traffic, statistics of, 1888 to 1909, 354
French railway employes, number of, 329
French system vicious, 235
Fuel, cost of, 1899 to 1909, 367
Fuel, cost of, in several states, 170
Fuel for locomotives, cost of, 168
German railway employes, number and pay of, 328
German railways owned and operated by the state, 220
Germany, railway statistics of, 390
Gibb, Sir George S., on Railway Nationalization, 238
Government assistance sought, 12
Government may not usurp management of railways, 207
Government ownership must assume all risks, 259
Gradients on first Pennsylvania railroad, 22-26
Grade crossings, elimination of, 133
Growth of the railways, 137-391
Harbors insignificant compared to railroad yards, 52
Harrisburg to Pittsburg, location of road from, 21
Hazard, decreased, to train crews, 377
Heating cars, 129
Heurteau, Emile, on American railway system, 282
Hides, relation of freight rates to price, 98
High grade tonnage, increase in, 190
Highways in the 18th century, 9
Hill, James J., speeches at Seattle and Tacoma, 45
Home markets, Americans turn to, 11
Hostility to railroads, reasons therefor, 241
Household furniture, freight rates on, 109
Human element in operation, 135
Improvements, demand for, imperative, 203
Improvements, postponement of, 68
Income account, 1908, 292
Income account, calendar year 1909, 298
Income account of leased roads, 360
Increasing cost of railway maintenance and operation, 67
Injuries to persons and damages, 365
Interrelation of rates, 275
Interlocking signals, 125
Interstate Commerce Law contradictory, 201
Iron ore, relation of freight charge on, to industry, 100
Isolation of interior settlements, 7
Italian railways owned by the state, 221
Knapp, Chairman I. C. C., letter to Senate committee, 285
Knapp, Chairman I. C. C., analysis of same, 286
Knapp, Chairman I. C. C., on fair returns for railway investments, 113
Kruttschnitt, Julius, on railway mail pay, 142
Land grants unremunerative to railways, 76
Lane, Commissioner I. C. C., on relation of capitalization to
rates, 84
Leather belting, freight rates on, 112
Legislation adds to expense of railways, 74
Lighting cars, 130
Lincoln, Abraham, in Mississippi bridge case, 131
Living, cost of, 329
Living, cost of, for normal families, 1901, 330
Locomotives, cost, 1897-1907, 194
Locomotives, cost to build in Australia, 316
Locomotives, development, 129
Locomotives, hauling power measured by weight, not revenues, 149
Locomotives, number and capacity, 1902 to 1909, 315
Low freight rates, how made possible, 104
Lumber, relation of freight charge to price, 100
Mail carrying made unremunerative, 143
Mail cars stronger and cost more, 146
Mail pay, railway, 142
Mail, receipts for carrying, 350
Mail, receipts from, compared with other receipts, 144
Mail routes, effect of heavy traffic on, 155
Management, railway, a learned profession, 210
Manufactures earn more than railways, 77
Margin between earnings and expenses narrow, 114
Massachusetts railroad commission commended, 236
Meat, effect of freight charge on price, 92
Mexican railway situation, 226
Mileage by states, 1907, 1908 and 1909, 307
Mileage of American railways, 1909, 306
Mileage, ratio to area and population, 307
Mileage, 1890 to 1909, 308
Miles built in 1890-1909, by states, 308
Mississippi river, first bridge across, 131
Money for improvements must be earned or borrowed, 50
Municipal bodies unfitted for business enterprises, 256
McCain, C. C., on diminished purchasing power of railway earnings, 165
McPherson, Logan G., on transportation charge and prices, 90
National aid for internal improvements, 19
National Board of Trade opposes changes in I. C. Law, 290
National development and the railways, 112
Nationalization, arguments for, 246
Nationalization, arguments against, 247
Nationalization of the railways, 238
Nationalized railways a field for social experiments, 257
New England, early railways of, 8
Nomenclature, changes in, 293
Ores, relation of freight rates to values, 98
Ownership of American railways, 345
Ownership of the Great Northern, 98
Owners of railways not opposed to nationalization, 238
Pacific Northwest, railways of, 45
Panic of 1837, effect on railways, 117
Passenger cars, number, 1902-1909, 317
Passenger service compared with mail service, 151
Passenger traffic, 1909, 346
Passenger traffic, relation of accidents to, 376
Passenger traffic, statistics concerning, 1888 to 1909, 348
Pay, increase in average daily compensation, 334
Pay of British railway employes, 326
Pay of foreign railway employes, 327
Pay roll, proportion to gross earnings, 1899-1909, 325
Pennsylvania R. R. Co., first report of engineer, 21
Pennsylvania R. R. Co., how located, 24
Pennsylvania R. R. Co. in 1848 and 1909, 44
Pennsylvania R. R. Co. owned by 50,000 people, 218
Petroleum, relation of freight charge to price of, 99
Physical valuation and rate making, 83
Physical valuation, Senator Cummins on, 343
Policy of fairness and liberality needed, 62
Popular hostility to the railroads, 212
Postal cars, increasing cost of, 158
Postal cars, pay for, 157
Postal deficit, cause of, 160
Potatoes, effect of freight charge on price, 92
Poultry, freight rates on, 111
Preference, undue, would increase under nationalization, 255
Pre-railway era in America, 5
Pre-railway era in England, 5
Prices and actual rates, 191
Prices, relative, wholesale, 182
Prices, retail, London and New York, 336
Prices, retail, of principal articles, 1890-1909, 382
Priestley, Neville, on American railways, 78
Private capital, dependence on, 87
Private corporations, railway companies are, 207
Private property, railways are, 75
Problems confronting railways, Daniel Willard on, 66
Problems of construction and operation essentially different, 244
Problems, railroad, of to-day, J. B. Thayer on, 211
Property rights involved in fixing rates, 266
Proportion of pay roll to gross earnings, 1899-1909, 325
Prosperity of the country depends on prosperous railways, 115
Public and the railroads, John C. Spooner on, 205
Public approval and the railroads, E. P. Ripley on, 199
"Public be damned," origin of saying, 200
Public control and private ownership, are they compatible?, 204
Public sentiment rules in the United States, 200
Public service of American railways, 346
Rails, their evolution, 132
Railway mail pay in 1899 reported not excessive, 132
Railways, American, are private property, 75
Railways essential to happiness of American people, 205
Railways, situation of, to-day, Frank Trumbull on, 80
Rates before the era of railways, 5
Rates by I. C. C., groups, 1897-1908, 186
Rates, discussion of how made, 272
Rates in United States must be elastic, 277
Rates made to get the business, 74
Rates measured in money, 1897-1907, 184
Rates must fluctuate to meet conditions, 278
Rates, true principle of making, recognized from the first, 43
Raw materials, how rates are adjusted on, 104
Reasonable rates, right to make, fundamental, 265
Rebates past, 202
Receiverships, railway, since 1876, 384
Reduction in railway mail pay not warranted in 1899, 146
Reductions, no, without the right to advance, 280
Relations of railways to the state, 220
Relative cost of mail, freight and passenger service, 152
Refrigerators, freight rates on, 109
Regulate, how shall government, 233
Regulation, cost of, 174
Regulation, cost of, increase since 1888, 385
Regulation of American railways, 300
Regulation, just, welcomed by the railways, 215
Results, comparative, 1889, 1899 and 1909, 295
Retrospect of four years, 80
Returns from mail, freight and passengers compared, 148
Revolution, highways before and after, 8
Right of railways to fix rates recognized, 262
Ripley, E. P., on the railways and public approval, 199
Risk in railway investments, 46
Roosevelt, President, rejects over-capitalization theory, 107
Safety appliances, 320
Safety in railway operation progressive, 116
Safety of American railways, 368
Seattle, James J. Hill at, 45
Senate committee concerning advance in railway rates, 261
Shareholders, number of railway, 345
Ship subsidy criticised, 51
Shippers protected under existing law, 263
Shoes, effect of freight charge on price of, 93
Signaling, development of railway, 122
Smith, A. H., on progressive safety in railway operation, 116
Socialistic aspect of nationalization of railways, 239
Southern products increase in 25 years, 60
Southern railways and their needs, 58
Southern railways crippled by the civil war, 58
Southern railways, mileage of, 59
Spooner, John C., on railroads and the public, 205
Stage line, first, between New York and Philadelphia, 6
State control or state ownership, 228
State ownership by autocracy, 229
State ownership not favored in America, 223
State ownership widely extended, 222
Standard time, adoption of, 136
Statistics of American railways, 1909, 291
Statistics of foreign railways, 386
Steamboat, when first a commercial success, 13
Sugar beets, relation of freight rate to industry, 97
Sugar, effect of freight charge on price of, 97
Supplies, cost of railway, 171-194
Supreme court gives control of rates to carriers, 263
Surplus of freight cars in 1908-1909, 318
Swiss railway employes, number and pay of, 328
Tacoma, James J. Hill at, 54
Tacoma waking up, 48
Taxes, 1889-1909, 363
Taxes, increase, 1897-1907, 174
Terminals, increased cost of, 47
Thayer, J. B., on railroad problems of to-day, 211
Tobacco, effect of freight charge on price of, 96
Tolls on turnpikes, 17
Tonnage, classified, 189
Tonnage, water, at Duluth leads the world, 53
Tracks, all, mileage of, in the United States, 312
Tracks, all, mileage of, in the United Kingdom, 313
Train despatching, 126
Transportation charge and prices, Logan G. McPherson on, 90
Transportation needs anticipated in America, 59