three flowered; segments of the blossom inversely egg-shaped, dotted in
lines, and purple.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. The two valves of the sheath.
2. A Blossom cut open, with the Chives attached.
3. The Seed-bud, Shaft, and Summits; a division of one of the summits
magnified.
This curious Ixia was introduced from the Cape of Good Hope, in the year
1800, by G. Hibbert, Esq. and is, we believe, in the possession of no
other in this kingdom. It is a tender bulb, flowering about April, or
May, and appears, either by the bulb, or seed, to be slow of increase.
The bulb, from which our figure was taken, was planted in light, sandy
peat earth.
[Illustration]
PLATE CLXXVIII.
FERRARIA PAVONIA.
_Mexican Ferraria._
CLASS XVI. ORDER I.
_MONADELPHIA TRIANDRIA._ Threads united. Three Chives.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Schreb. _Gen. Plant. V. II. p. 451._
CALYX. Spathæ binæ, alternæ, carinatæ, involutæ, unifloræ.
COROLLA monopetala, supera, sexpartita; laciniis oblongis,
erecto-patentibus, undulato-crispatis, maculatis; tribus alternis
exterioribus latioribus.
STAMINA. Filamenta tria, in tubum cylindraceum, corolla breviorem,
connata, superne distincta. Antheræ subovatæ, didymæ.
PISTILLUM. Germen oblongum, triquetrum, obtusum, inferum. Stylus
filiformis, longitudine tubi.
STIGMATA tria, profundè bifida.
PERICARPIUM. Capsula oblonga, triquetra, trilocularis, trivalvis;
dissepimentis contrariis.
SEMINA numerosa, subrotunda, pulpa involuta.
EMPALEMENT. Sheaths two, alternate, keeled, involute, one-flowered.
BLOSSOM one petal, above, six divided; segments oblong,
upright-spreading, crisp-waved and spotted; the three alternate outer
ones the broadest.
CHIVES. Threads three, in a cylindrical tube shorter than the blossom,
joined together, separate at the top. Tips nearly egg-shaped, double.
POINTAL. Seed-bud oblong, three-sided, blunt, beneath. Shaft
thread-shaped, the length of the tube.
SUMMITS three, deeply two cleft.
SEED VESSEL. Capsule oblong, three-sided, three-celled, three-valved;
partitions contrary.
SEEDS many, roundish, covered with a pulp.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Ferraria corollis sub campanulatis, speciosissimis; laciniis planis,
tribus interioribus hastatis, nectariferis; foliis plicatis, basi
spathaceis.
Ferraria with blossoms nearly bell-shaped and very shewy; segments
plain, the three inner ones are halbert-shaped, and have honey-cups,
leaves plaited, sheathing at the base.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. The two Sheaths of the Empalement.
2. An outer Petal of the Flower.
3. An inner Petal of the Flower.
4. The Chives and Pointal.
5. The Chives spread open.
6. The Pointal complete, one of the summits magnified.
This is, without doubt, the Mexican plant given in the 2nd. Vol. t. 31.
f. 2. of Swertius’s Florilegium, published in 1612; by F. Hernandez, in
his Nov. Plant. &c. Mex. Hist. p. 276, in 1618; and of Mutis, under the
title it here bears, in his Flo. Amer. 1. t. 15; from whom it has been
copied into the Suppl. Plant. of the younger Linnæus, p. 407. and
continued by Professor Martyn in his Mill. Dic. Art. Ferraria 2. This
Genus, which was originally formed on the Ferraria undulata of the Cape,
and placed to the class Gynandria by Linnæus, has been so continued by
Martyn, &c. but upon what grounds, we are unable to determine; unless
the mistake arose from the impracticability of dividing the tube of the
chives, from the shaft, in a dried specimen; which, in such transitory
flowers as those of Ferraria, Sisyrinchium, Galaxia, &c. all of this
class, seem, in that state, to form a perfect unison. Schreber has
referred these Genera, in his Ed. of Linn. Gen. Plant. to where they
certainly must stand, to Monadelphia. But, although we have continued
the plant under the title by which it is generally known, from an
adherence to our original principle; yet do we think, it equally
necessary to state our opinion, why we consider its generical reference
to have been as ill taken up, as the Genus had been ill classified. This
plant, as may be seen from our dissections, is much nigher affined to
Sisyrinchium, as it wants every essential character of Ferraria, such as
a sheath of one leaf, undulated crisped petals, hooded and fringed
summits, &c. for we do not consider the length of the tube of the
blossom of any moment, as it is not constant. Now, every distinguishing
feature of Sisyrinchium are here extant, viz. a sheath of two leaves,
flat or plain petals, summits neither hooded or fringed; but our figure
will better explain, than words, these strong marked differences. If
indeed we were to give an opinion, it certainly would not be in
coincidence with Thunberg, by placing the whole Genus to Moræa; but to
create a new one from this plant; whose whole structure, but especially
from the Nectaria or honey-cups upon the margin of the inner petals,
stands eminently distinguished from all others.
This most distinguished plant, was first introduced to this country by
Mrs. Hudson of Manchester, about the year 1797; but is now found in most
collections round the Metropolis. It is increased by the seed, which
ripens in this climate, and from the root, which makes abundance of
offsets. The flowers expand in rotation, three or four upon each stem at
the interval of a few days; the stem growing to the height of about two
feet. So very rapid is the progress of the blossom in its decay, from
the time of its opening, which is generally about seven o’clock in the
morning; that before twelve, the lustre is gone, and it is quite decayed
by three, or four. Our drawing was made at the Hammersmith Nursery in
July; and still there were a number of flower stems, which had not, as
yet, made an appearance of flowering. It is best grown in peat earth.
[Illustration]
PLATE CLXXIX.
AMARYLLIS RETICULATA.
_Netted-flowered Lily-Daffodil._
CLASS VI. ORDER I.
_HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA._ Six Chives. One Pointal.
ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
COROLLA 6-petala, campanulata. Stigma trifidum.
BLOSSOM 6-petalled, bell-shaped. Summit three-cleft.
See AMARYLLIS RADIATA, Pl. XCV. Vol. II.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Amaryllis spatha multiflora; corollis reticulatis, purpureis; foliis
oblongis, reticulatis, basi attenuatis.
Lily Daffodil, sheath many flowered; blossoms netted and purple; leaves
oblong, netted, and tapered at the base.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. A Petal and its Chive, attached, as it is in the flower.
2. The Seed-bud, Shaft, and Summit.
The Amaryllis reticulata, a native of Brazil, South America, was first
cultivated in the year 1772, at the Hammersmith nursery; the bulbs had
been received from Portugal by Edward Whittaker Gray, M.D. of the
British Museum; and were by him communicated to Messrs. Lee and Kennedy.
Our drawing was made this spring, in May, from a plant in the
invaluable, and extensive collection of hothouse plants, at Stepney,
belonging to T. Evans, Esq. where it flowers annually.
To ensure the flowering of this plant, it is necessary to plunge the pot
in the heat of the bark-bed of the hothouse; and, during the winter
months, to keep the earth rather dry, as the bulbs are very subject to
rot, without that precaution. It should be planted in a composition of
old rotten dung, or leaf mould, and a small proportion of loam.
[Illustration]
PLATE CLXXX.
ATRAGENE AUSTRIACA.
_Austrian Atragene._
CLASS XIII. ORDER VII.
_POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA._ Many Chives. Many Pointals.
ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
CALYX 4-phyllus. Petala. 12. Semina caudata.
EMPALEMENT 4 leaves. Petals 12. Seeds with tails.
See ATRAGENE CAPENSIS, Pl. IX. Vol. I.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Atragene foliis oppositis, triternatis; foliolis rugosis, ferratis;
floribus solitariis, tomentosis, cernuis; calyce magno, cæruleo,
marginato.
Atragene with opposite, twice-three-divided leaves; leaflets rough and
sawed; flowers solitary, downy, nodding; empalement large, blue, and
bordered.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. A Leaf of the empalement.
2. A Petal of the flower.
3. A Chive complete.
4. The Pointals as they stand in the flower.
5. A ripe seed, with its feathered tail.
This is, unquestionably, the Austrian Atragene of Jacquin’s Vind. 249;
and, we think, no one who has had an opportunity of comparing the A.
alpina with this plant, but will determine it a distinct species. It is
a hardy, climbing shrub; growing frequently, eight or ten feet in a
season, and covers itself pretty abundantly with foliage; the
foot-stalks of the old leaves becoming cirrhi or tendrils, and the wood
growing to a considerable thickness. The flowers begin to appear about
May; and continue in succession, till July. It may be propagated by
layers; but, the surest mode is by seed, which may be sown as soon as
ripe, and which will be perfected from the first flowers, by August. It
grows the most flourishing in light rich earth; but will live in the
most common. Our figure was made from a plant in the Hammersmith
collection, to which it was first introduced in the year 1792.
[Illustration]
PLATE CLXXXI.
VACCINIUM VIRGATUM.
_Green-twigged Whortle-berry._
CLASS VIII. ORDER I.
_OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA._ Eight Chives. One Pointal.
ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
CALYX superus. Corolla monopetala. Filamenta receptaculo inserta. Bacca
quadrilocularis, polysperma.
CUP superior. Blossom one petal. Threads fixed into the receptacle. A
berry with four cells and many seeds.
See VACCINIUM ARCTOSTAPHYLLOS. Pl. XXX. Vol. I.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Vaccinium foliis oblongo-ovatis, ferrulatis, deciduis, ramulis
viridibus; floribus, sub-umbellatis, axillaribus; corollis,
sub-cylindraceis; calycibus apice reflexis. Staminibus decem.
Whortle-berry with oblong egg-shaped leaves, slightly sawed, deciduous,
the small branches green; flowers grow rather umbelled from where the
leaves are fixed to the stem; blossoms nearly cylindrical; cups reflexed
at the upper part. Ten chives.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. A flower complete.
2. The Cup.
3. The Chives, Pointal, and Seed-bud, the cup cut off, magnified.
4. A nearly ripe berry.
This species of Whortle-berry was, according to the Kew Catalogue,
introduced by Mr. Young in the year 1770. It is a hardy plant; and, as a
native of North America, where it is an under shrub of the woods, should
be planted in a shady situation, in peat earth. It is rarely killed by
our frosts; grows about two feet high, and loses its leaves in winter.
Our drawing was made in June, this year, at the Nursery, Hammersmith,
where it is propagated by layers.
[Illustration]
PLATE CLXXXII.
MALVA DIVARICATA.
_Straddling-branched Mallow._
CLASS XVI. ORDER VI.
_MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA._ Threads united. Many Chives.
ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
CALYX duplex; exterior 3-phyllus. Arilli plurimi, monospermi.
CUP double; outer three-leaved. Seed-coats many, one-seeded.
See MALVA REFLEXA, Pl. CXXXV. Vol. II.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Malva foliis lobatis, plicatis, dentatis, scabridis; ramis ramulisque
divaricatis, flexuosis.
Mallow with lobed leaves, plaited, toothed, and rough; the large and
small branches grow straddling, and zig-zagged.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. The double Cup.
2. A Flower spread open, with the threads remaining.
3. The Chives cut open, and magnified.
4. The Seed-bud, Shaft, and Summits, magnified.
As a lively, but little, green-house plant, this species of Mallow has
not many equals; and its property of continuing to flower from June,
till December, must considerably enhance its value. It is a native of
the Cape of Good Hope, and was introduced to us, about four years since.
Most collections now possess it, from its facility of increase, may be
planted in rich earth, and is increased by cuttings, or seeds, which
ripen perfectly in this country. The drawing was made at the Nursery,
Hammersmith.
[Illustration]
PLATE CLXXXIII.
GARDENIA TUBIFLORA.
_Tube-flowered Gardenia._
CLASS V. ORDER I.
_PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA._ Five Chives. One Pointal.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
CALYX. Perianthium monophyllum, quinquefidum, superum, laciniis erectis,
persistentibus.
COROLLA monopetala, infundibuliformis; tubus cylindricus, calyce
longior; limbus planus, quinquepartitus.
STAMINA. Filamenta nulla. Antheræ quinque, ore tubi insertæ, lineares,
striatæ, longitudine dimidia limbi.
PISTILLUM. Germen inferum. Stylus filiformis seu clavatus. Stigma
exsertum, ovatum, obtusum, bilobum, sæpe sulcatum.
PERICARPIUM. Bacca sicca, uni bis seu-quadrilocularis.
SEMINA plurima, depressa, per series imbricatim sibi imposita.
EMPALEMENT. Cup one leaf, five-cleft, above, segments upright,
permanent.
BLOSSOM one petal, funnel-shaped; tube cylindrical, longer than the cup;
border flat, five divisions.
CHIVES. Threads none. Tips five, fixed into the mouth of the tube,
linear, striped, half the length of the border.
POINTAL. Seed-bud beneath. Shaft thread-shaped or club-shaped. Summit
standing out, egg-shaped, obtuse, two-lobed, often furrowed.
SEED-VESSEL. A dry berry, one, two, or four-celled.
SEEDS many, flattened, lying upon one another in tiers.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Gardenia inermis; foliis elipticis, undulatis, floribus ternis; corollæ
laciniis tortis, linearibus, reflexis, tubo filiformi, longissimo.
Gardenia without thorns; with eliptical, undulated leaves; flowers grow
by threes; the segments of the blossom are twisted, linear, reflexed,
the tube thread shaped, very long.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. The Cup and Seed-bud.
2. A Blossom cut open, with the Chives remaining at the mouth.
3. The Shaft and its Summit, the summit detached and magnified.
The Tube-flowered Gardenia was introduced to Britain, in the year 1789,
from Sierra Leone, and must, therefore, be treated as a tender hot-house
plant. It grows, with us, to the height of about two feet before it
flowers; and, from the beauty and size of the leaves, the regular,
opposite manner in which it forms its branches, becomes a very handsome
shrub. The flowers, which are produced in July, grow generally three
together, at right angles, from the insertion of the leaves, in a bunch,
which lasts about six or eight days, having but one flower open and
perfect at a time, the decaying ones becoming brown. It is propagated,
with ease, by cuttings, made in the month of March, and kept under a
bell-glass, in a pot of stiffish loam, in the bark-bed of the hot-house,
or a melon frame. The agreeable character, of a delicate fragrance,
attendant on the blossoms of most species of this genus, is eminently
powerful in this. Our drawing was made at the Hammersmith nursery;
where, it was first raised, from seeds received in a present, by Messrs.
Lee and Kennedy, from the Hon. Sierra Leone Company.
[Illustration]
PLATE CLXXXIV.
PERGULARIA MINOR.
_Smaller Pergularia, or West-coast Creeper._
CLASS XX. ORDER VI. _of Linn. Gen. Plan. 1764._
_GYNANDRIA DECANDRIA._ Chives on the Pointal. Ten Chives.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
CALYX. Perianthium monophyllum, quinquefidum, erectum, acutum,
persistens.
COROLLA monopetala, hypocrateriformis; tubus cylindricus, calyce
longior; limbus quinquepartitus, planus; laciniis oblongis.
_Nectarium_, duplex; _exterium_ quinquefidum, quinquedentatum,
plicato-angulatum, dentibus acutis, incurvis, apice corniculis
nutantibus, approximatis; _interium_ quinquefidum, exteriori basi
adnatum, squamulæ membranaceæ, apice denticulatæ, obtusæ, singula
involvens stamina duo, alterna.
STAMINA. Filamenta decem, capillaria, brevia, divaricata, per paria
adnexa glandulis quinque stigmati affixis. Antheræ pellucidæ, luteæ,
subrotundæ.
PISTILLUM. Germina duo oblonga. Stylus brevissimus, carnosus. Stigma
corpusculum conicum, obtusum, carnosum.
PERICARPIUM. Folliculi duo, uniloculares, introrsum dehiscentes per
longitudinem.
SEMINA numerosa, parva, subrotunda.
EMPALEMENT. Cup one leaf, five-cleft, upright, pointed and remaining.
BLOSSOM one petal, salver-shaped; tube cylindrical, longer than the cup;
border five-divided, flat, segments oblong.
_Honey-cup_, double; _the outer_, five-cleft, five-toothed, plaited into
angles, with the teeth pointed, incurved, approaching at the point by
small nodding horns; the _inner_ five-cleft, growing to the base of the
outer, scales skinny, toothed at the end, blunt, each covering two
opposite chives.
CHIVES. Threads ten, hair-like, short, straddling, connected by pairs to
five glands fixed to the summit. Tips transparent, yellow, roundish.
POINTAL. Seed-buds two, oblong. Shaft very short, fleshy. Summit a
conical, obtuse, fleshy substance.
SEED-VESSEL. Two follicles, one-valved, splitting lengthways from the
inside.
SEEDS numerous, small, roundish.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Pergularia foliis cordatis, acutis, apicibus tortis; laciniis corollæ
ovatis, erectis, luteis.
Pergularia with heart shaped leaves, sharp-pointed and twisted at the
ends; the segments of the blossom are egg-shaped, upright, and yellow.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. The Empalement.
2. A flower cut open.
3. The parts of fructification magnified.
4. Two Scales of the honey-cup as they are attached together, magnified.
5. An outer Scale magnified.
6. An inner Scale magnified.
7. The Seed-buds, Shaft, Summit, and Chives magnified.
That a just judgment may be formed, upon what grounds we have taken up a
specific distinction, between the only two species we possess of this
genus; so dissimilar in our opinion, but, which have been considered as
scarcely to be deemed varieties, by much abler botanists than ourselves
profess to be; we have given the figures of both in consequence. Much is
it to be regretted, that the whole natural order of plants forming the
Apocineæ of Jussieu, so charactered in themselves, have not undergone a
proper revision, in classification, upon the original Linnæan sexual
principles; which, we must suppose, have been left in the present
bewildered chaos, from the intricacy, singularity and minuteness of the
parts, being so difficult to develope. From critical and actual
observations, taken from the living plants, we are in hopes of being
able to illustrate, and correct where necessary, the characters of such
as may come under our review.
Upon the changing the class of this genus, there needs no comment; as
most authors seem to allow, though they have not followed the hint, that
it is properly Gynandrous; although they have not equally agreed as to
the Order; some taking the glands, surrounding the summit, for the
chives, and some, for the summits themselves, of a columnar shaft. Dr.
Smith, who has figured our other species, has justly taken, the parts
fixed to the five glands, for what they certainly are; as may be easily
traced through the whole order of Orchideæ, where the chives are nearly
similarly placed and so hooded.
The Genus is by no means new, in name, having been so titled by Linnæus,
from the names of Pergulans and Pergulanus of Burman and Rumphius; who
derived them from the use made of the plants by the natives, of the
western coast of the peninsula of India; where, they are cultivated to
form arbors, for the agreeable flavour of their flowers. This species
was first introduced about the year 1784, by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart.
some time before the other species; wherefore, we have given it the
preference. It is propagated by cuttings, and should be treated in the
same manner as directed for the Cratæva capparoides of our last Number,
to have it flower in perfection. The figures of both species were taken,
in August, from two plants in the collection of J. Vere, Esq. Kensington
Gore; where, Mr. Anderson (to whom we must beg our sincere
acknowledgments for his frequent and ready observations and assistance)
informs us, they are treated in such manner.
[Illustration]
PLATE CLXXXV.
PERGULARIA ODORATISSIMA.
_Sweet Pergularia, or Chinese Creeper._
CLASS XX. ORDER VI. _of Linn. Gen. Plant. 1764._
_GYNANDRIA DECANDRIA._ Chives on the Pointal. Ten Chives.
ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
CONTORTA. Nectarium duplex, genitalia involvens; squamulæ _exteriores_
quinque, cuspidatæ; quinque _interiores_, membranaceæ, singula squamula
occultans stamina duo alterna.
COROLLA hypocrateriformis.
CONTORT. Honey-cup double, concealing the parts of fructification; the
_outer_ scales are five, and spear-shaped; the five _inner_ are skinny,
each scale covering two alternate chives.
BLOSSOM salver-shaped.
See PERGULARIA MINOR, Pl. CLXXXIV. Vol. III.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Pergularia foliis cordatis, senioribus subtomentosis; laciniis corollæ
margine revolutis, tortis, linearibus, reflexis, viridibus.
Pergularia with heart-shaped leaves, the older ones rather downy; the
segments of the blossom rolled back at the margin, twisted, linear,
reflexed, and green.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. The Empalement.
2. A Blossom.
3. The same, cut open.
4. The parts of fructification, as they appear when covered by the
honey-cups, magnified.
5. The outer scale of the Honey-cup, magnified.
6. The inner scale of the Honey-cup, magnified.
7. The two Scales, as they are connected together at the base.
8. The Pointal, with the Chives; the Shaft, Summit, and Chives, with the
bodies connecting the Chives, detached and magnified.
This species of Pergularia is a native of China, from whence it was
received in the year 1789, by Lady Hume; in whose collection at
Wormleybury, Herts, it first flowered in 1791. It is cultivated and
increased in the same manner as the P. minor, and is equally fragrant.
We have little doubt that our two species comprise four, of the
different authors who have collated from each other; we shall take the
last, Willdenow. The P. glabra and P. Japonica as our P. minor; and the
P. purpurea and tomentosa as our P. odoratissima. The P. edulis of
Thunberg is certainly Cynanchum.
[Illustration]
PLATE CLXXXVI.
IXIA SPECIOSA.
_Deep crimson Ixia._
CLASS III. ORDER I.
_TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA._ Three Chives. One Pointal.
ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
COROLLA sexpetala, patens, æqualis. Stamina tria, erectiusculo-patula.
BLOSSOM six petals, spreading, equal. Chives three, upright spreading.
See IXIA REFLEXA, Pl. XIV. Vol. I.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Ixia foliis linearibus, medio costatis, gramineis; scapus biflorus,
filiformis; corollis sub-campanulatis, profunde coccineis.
Ixia with linear leaves ribbed in the middle and grassy; flower-stem
two-flowered and thread-shaped; blossoms rather bell-shaped and of a
deep crimson.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. The Empalement.
2. A Flower cut open.
3. The Pointal, one of the tips magnified.
Although this species is not scarce, yet, from the general method of
treating it, that is, by giving it no more heat than has been found
necessary for the generality of Cape Ixias, few have seen its blossoms,
though they possess the roots. To ensure their flowering, as soon as the
bulbs are well rooted, which will be about January, if planted in
October; they may be then put into the heat of a melon or cucumber
frame, or taken into the hothouse, where they will flower about the
latter end of May. This Ixia was first introduced, from Holland, about
the year 1778, under the name of Ixia Kermosina speciosa; and, under
that title, is to be found, in most collections; wherefore, considering
it a distinct species, having drawings of two varieties, we have
continued the specific name of speciosa. Our drawing was made at the
Hammersmith nursery, in May 1799.
[Illustration]
PLATE CLXXXVII.
ECHITES SUBERECTA.
_Oval-leaved Echites._
CLASS V. ORDER I.
_PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA._ Five Chives. One Pointal.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
CALYX. Perianthium quinquepartitum, acutum, parvum.
COROLLA monopetala, infundibuliformis; limbus quinquefidus, planus,
patentissimus.
_Nectarium_ glandulis quinque, germen circumstantibus.
STAMINA. Filamenta quinque, tenuia, erecta. Antheræ rigidæ, oblongæ,
acuminatæ, apice convergentes.