THE SANDWICH ISLANDS--_Concluded_.
WAR--SPORT--RELIGION.
WEAPONS OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDERS -- KAMEHAMEHA AND THE SPEARS --
TWO KINDS OF SLINGS -- THE WOODEN DAGGER OR PAHÚA -- THE KNIFE FOR
CUTTING UP THE BODIES OF SLAIN ENEMIES -- THE WAR MAT AND ITS USES
-- THE TOOTH BREASTPLATE -- SUPPOSED CANNIBALISM OF THE SANDWICH
ISLANDERS -- VARIOUS GAMES -- SURF SWIMMING -- CHILDREN AND THE WATER
-- MASKED PADDLERS -- BALL PLAY -- CUP AND BALL -- THE HIDDEN STONE
-- A BOXING MATCH IN THE SANDWICH ISLANDS -- SLEDGING AND ITS DANGERS
-- RELIGION OF HAWAII -- FEATHER AND WOODEN IDOLS.
Some of the weapons used by the Sandwich Islanders are rather curious.
In the first place they have the spear, which is made of a chestnut
colored wood, which takes a high polish, and is usually barbed at
the point and brought to a flattened point at the butt. They are
exceedingly skilful in the use of this weapon, not only in throwing
it, but in warding off the weapons that are flung at them. Kamehameha,
the well-known king or chief, was celebrated for his skill with the
spear. He used to stand with a spear in his right hand in front of six
men, also armed with spears. At a given signal they flung their spears
simultaneously at him, when he used to strike three aside with the
spear in his right hand, and catch the other three in his left hand.
Illustration No. 1, on the next page, shows the king performing this
dangerous and remarkable feat.
These spears, which are intended to be thrown, are from six to eight
feet in length, and are made to fly straight by being tapered gradually
from the head to the butt. There is another kind of spear, which is
used as a pike. This is from twelve to fifteen feet in length, and is
not barbed.
The sling is another of the Sandwich weapons. It is of considerable
length, and the receptacle for the stone is made of plaited matting.
The stones are oval in shape, and are ground down for the express
purpose, so that the slingers evidently possess much accuracy of aim.
There is a modification of the sling, the use of which seems to be
forgotten at the present day, and even in Captain Cook’s time was far
from universal. The stone is cut of an oval shape, with a groove round
it, much like a lady’s tatting-needle, and the cord is passed round
the groove with a half-hitch, so that when the end of the sling is
liberated the stone flies off. Some of these stones obtained by Captain
Cook were made of hæmatite, or blood-stone, and were very heavy,
weighing at least a pound. It was rather curious that, although there
was little difficulty in purchasing the stones, which must have cost
much trouble in making, it was not possible to persuade the natives to
part with the cord by which they were flung.
Another of their weapons is the dagger, or _pahúa_, as the natives call
it. The material of which it is made is a very hard wood, something
like ebony, and it is shaped much like the ordinary steel dagger,
except that it has no guard. It is about two feet in length, and is
secured to the wrist by a cord passing through a hole at the end of the
handle. Some of these daggers are still larger, and double-pointed,
being held in the middle like the antelope-horn daggers of India. This
weapon has a mournful interest from the fact that when Captain Cook was
murdered his body was pierced with innumerable wounds mostly made by
wooden daggers, though one of the natives had a dagger made of iron,
which they snatched from each other’s hands in their eagerness to
inflict fresh wounds.
[Illustration: (1.) KAMEHAMEHA AND THE SPEARS. (See page 1088.)]
[Illustration: (2.) MASKED ROWERS. (See page 1095.)]
On some occasions the Sandwich Islanders employ a weapon which much
resembles the merai of the New Zealanders. It is a battledoor-shaped
piece of wood, armed with shark’s teeth round the edges. Its primary
use is that of a knife, and it is employed in cutting to pieces
the bodies of foes that are slain in battle. Still, though it was
originally intended as an implement and not as a weapon, it is of
so formidable a character that it is often employed in the latter
capacity. As far as can be ascertained, this knife is considered to be
especially devoted to the one object of cutting up human bodies, and is
never employed in any meaner work.
As to clubs, they are of various shapes, the natives having no special
form, but carving them into any device that may suit them best, and
using different kinds of wood for the purpose.
The defensive armor of the Sandwich Islanders is generally a thick mat,
which is worn in time of war, and is sufficiently strong to save the
wearer from the thrust of a spear or the stroke of a dagger, and can
even greatly deaden the blow of a sling stone.
When Captain Cook was killed, the man who precipitated the attack was
wearing his war mat, and, on threatening Captain Cook with a dagger in
one hand and a stone in the other, the captain was obliged to fire at
him in self-defence. Not wishing to kill, but only to wound and terrify
his adversary, he fired a charge of shot, which was resisted by the
war mat, so that the man escaped unhurt, his impunity encouraging the
natives to proceed with their attack. Had Captain Cook fired the other
barrel, which was loaded with ball, against which the war mat would
have been no protection, it is probable that the natives would have
been deterred from their attack, and that Captain Cook might have lived
to complete the voyage of discovery.
One of the most curious examples of defensive armor is a breastplate
made entirely of teeth, so arranged that they overlap each other just
like the plates of scale armor. One of these curious breastplates is in
the United Service Museum. Teeth hung in a similar fashion are employed
as castanets, and are hung to the legs of dancers.
Warfare as originally practised by the Sandwich Islanders was scarcely
deserving of the name, being little more than a series of desultory
skirmishes. They usually began by practising in earnest the skill in
avoiding spears which has already been mentioned as exhibited in sport.
When the opposing parties met, one of the chiefs, clad in his feather
helmet and cloak, advanced in front of his own men, totally unarmed,
having nothing in his hand but a fan, and challenging the enemy to
throw their spears at him. This they did, and by means of wonderful
agility in leaping, stooping, and twisting his body, when the weapons
could not be struck aside by the fan or caught in the left hand, he
often contrived to escape with his life.
Though it was a piece of military etiquette that he should take
no weapon into the field, he was at liberty to hurl back at his
adversaries any of the spears which he could catch. Should one of the
enemy’s spears bring him to the ground, or should he be successful
in killing an adversary, there was an immediate struggle for the
possession of the dead body, which is looked upon much as is a flag
among ourselves, to be defended or captured at all risks, even of life.
This statement naturally brings us to the disposal of the bodies of the
slain, and to the practice of cannibalism. That the latter practice
existed to a certain degree cannot be denied, but it is equally certain
that the practice was always exceptional, and that it was followed
rather as a portion of military etiquette than as a means of indulging
the appetite. As may be imagined, the higher the rank of a slain man
the greater the desire to eat a portion, however small of his flesh;
and this theory will account for the fact that the remains of Captain
Cook which were rescued from the natives bore evident marks of fire.
It has often happened that cannibalism has been thought to exist
on the strength of native evidence, which has afterward been found
to have been misunderstood. A remarkable instance of such an error
occurs in the account of Captain Cook’s voyages. In vol. ii. p. 209,
there is an account of a native who was observed to carry with him a
very small parcel carefully tied up with string. After resisting many
solicitations, he allowed it to be opened, when there appeared a small
piece of flesh about two inches long, “which to all appearance had been
dried, but was now wet with salt water.” On being further pressed on
the subject, the man admitted that it was human flesh, and, pointing to
his own stomach, indicated the portion of the body from which it had
been cut.
Nothing could be clearer than this account, but in vol. iii. p. 133,
the whole of this evidence is shown to be utterly untrustworthy. It
seems that almost every Sandwich Islander was in the habit of carrying
about with him a small piece of hog’s flesh very highly salted, which
he was accustomed to nibble occasionally as a delicacy, or by way
of sauce when eating vegetable food. By pointing to his stomach the
man merely used the conventional sign expressing the excellence of
the food; and as to his statement that the flesh was that of a human
being, he was so eagerly and closely questioned that, being a mere
lad of sixteen or seventeen, he gave an affirmative answer to leading
questions. As far as we can see, the Polynesian race is not given to
cannibalism, while the Papuans are devoted to it.
* * * * *
We now come to the various games with which the Sandwich Islanders
amuse themselves. Chief among them is the sport of surf-swimming. This
is practised in several of the islands of Polynesia, but in none is it
carried out to such perfection as in the Sandwich group. The following
spirited account of this sport is given in Captain Cook’s Voyages:--
“Swimming is not only a necessary art, in which both the men and women
are more expert than any people we had hitherto seen, but a favorite
diversion amongst them. One particular mode in which they sometimes
amused themselves with this exercise in Karakakooa Bay, appeared to us
most perilous and extraordinary, and well deserving a distinct relation.
“The surf, which breaks on the coast round the bay, extends to the
distance of about one hundred and fifty yards from the shore, within
which space the surges of the sea, accumulating from the shallowness
of the water, are dashed against the beach with prodigious violence.
Whenever from stormy weather, or any extraordinary swell at sea, the
impetuosity of the surf is increased to its utmost height, they choose
that time for this amusement, which is performed in the following
manner:--
“Twenty or thirty of the natives, taking each a long narrow board,
rounded at the ends, set out together from the shore. The first wave
they meet they plunge under, and, suffering it to roll over them, rise
again beyond it, and make the best of their way by swimming out into
the sea. The second wave is encountered in the same manner with the
first; the great difficulty consisting in seizing the proper moment of
diving under it, which, if missed, the person is caught by the surf,
and driven back again with great violence; and all his dexterity is
then required to prevent himself from being dashed against the rocks.
As soon as they have gained, by these repeated efforts, the smooth
water beyond the surf, they lay themselves at length on their board,
and prepare for their return. As the surf consists of a number of
waves, of which every third is remarked to be always much larger than
the others, and to flow higher on the shore, the rest breaking in
the intermediate space, their first object is to place themselves on
the summit of the largest surge, by which they are driven along with
amazing rapidity toward the shore.
“If by mistake they should place themselves on one of the smaller
waves, which breaks up before they reach the land, or should not be
able to keep their plank in a proper direction on the top of the swell,
they are left exposed to the fury of the next, and, to avoid it, are
obliged again to dive and regain the place from which they set out.
“Those who succeed in their object of reaching the shore have still
the greatest danger to encounter. The coast being guarded by a chain
of rocks, with here and there a small opening between them, they are
obliged to steer their board through one of these, or, in case of
failure, to quit it before they reach the rocks, and, plunging under
the wave, make the best of their way back again. This is reckoned very
disgraceful, and is also attended with the loss of the board, which I
have often seen, with great terror, dashed to pieces at the very moment
the islander quitted it. The boldness and address with which we saw
them perform these difficult and dangerous manœuvres was altogether
astonishing, and is scarcely to be credited.”
These swimmers used often to pass nearly a mile seaward, in order to
enjoy the rapid motion of their return as long as possible. Both sexes
and all ranks unite in it, and even the very chiefs themselves, who
have attained to the corpulency which they so much admire, join in the
game of surf-swimming with the meanest of their subjects. Some of the
performers attain to a wonderful degree of skill, and, not content
with lying on the board, sit, kneel, and even stand on it as they are
hurled shoreward by the giant waves. The boards are of various sizes,
according to the age and stature of the owner. For adults they are
about six feet in length. They are slightly convex on both sides, and
are kept very smooth--all surf-swimmers cherishing a pride in the
condition of their boards, and taking care to keep them well polished
and continually rubbed with cocoa-nut oil. The artist has finely
represented on the following page the marvellous conquest of the sea by
these islanders.
Such utter mastery of the waves can only be obtained by familiarity
with the water from earliest childhood. A Sandwich Island child
can swim as soon as it can walk, if not sooner, the mothers taking
them from the breast, laying them on the surface of the water and
encouraging them to kick about as if lying on their mats ashore. One
writer mentions his encounter with an object which he took to be a
very large frog, but which turned out to be a Kanaka (_i. e._ Sandwich
Island) baby, which was lying on its back and disporting itself quite
at its ease.
Indeed, in the mind of a Sandwich Islander there seems to be no
connection between the ideas of water and danger, neither does it enter
his imagination that any human being is unable to swim. Consequently,
there have been several instances where white men have fallen into
the water and have been almost drowned, though in the presence of the
natives, simply because the idea that any one could be endangered by
falling into the water never occurred to them.
[Illustration: SURF SWIMMING BY SANDWICH ISLANDERS. (See page 1092.)]
They are equally skilful in managing their canoes, and have a
curious mode of extracting amusement out of them. A number of men
will sometimes paddle a canoe after dressing themselves up in a most
ludicrous fashion. They take large empty gourds, and put them over
their heads, after cutting holes in them corresponding with the eyes
and nose, so that the effect is not at all unlike that of a turnip
lantern. To the upper part of the gourd is attached a bunch of slender
green twigs, which look at a little distance like a plume of feathers,
and to the lower part are suspended a number of narrow strips of cloth,
looking like a long beard. Their appearance is shown in illustration
No. 2, on the 1089th page.
In every case where these masks were worn, the wearers seemed
exceedingly jovial, laughing, shouting, and playing all kinds of
antics. It was suggested that these masks were in fact helmets, used
to protect the wearers against the stones slung by their adversaries;
but the whole demeanor of those who wore them was so completely that of
mere masqueraders that the helmet theory seems quite untenable.
Ball play is a favorite sport with the Sandwich Islanders, and is
carried on with infinite variations. Like the Tongans, they can play
with five balls at once, throwing them from hand to hand, so that four
of them are always in the air. The balls are extemporized on the spot,
being made of green leaves rolled together, and bound with string.
They have a modification of this game, which very much resembles our
cup and ball. They take a wooden stick, or handle, about a foot or
eighteen inches long, and through one end of it they pass a peg of hard
wood, some three inches in length, so that an inch or more projects on
either side. They bring both ends of the peg to a sharp point, and the
toy is then ready. Throwing up the ball with the left hand, they catch
it on one of the pointed ends of the peg, and then jerk it into the
air, and catch it again, reversing the stick so as to catch it upon the
other end of the peg. This game they will keep up for a very long time
without missing ball once.
Another amusement is very popular. Two players sit opposite each other,
one having a stone and a piece of bark cloth, and the other a stick.
The first player takes the bark cloth, spreads it on the ground, and
with his right hand crumples it up into folds, while with the other he
deposits the stone under the cloth. The peculiar character of the cloth
causes the folds and wrinkles to remain unaltered, just as would be the
case if a piece of thin paper were treated in the same way. The other
player carefully examines the cloth, endeavoring to discover the spot
under which the stone is concealed, and, when he has made up his mind,
strikes at the stone with his stick. Should he hit it, he wins a large
stake from his opponent; but in the very likely event of missing it he
forfeits a small stake to the adversary. Great interest is taken in the
game by the spectators, and heavy bets are laid on the two players.
They have many athletic amusements, such as bowls, spear throwing,
stick darting, and similar sports and occasionally engage in the
rougher sport of boxing. As may be seen from Captain Cook’s account,
this sport is not carried on with such fury and pertinacity as in
Tonga, the victory being gained on comparatively easy terms:--
“As we had not yet seen anything of their sports or athletic exercises,
the natives, at the request of some of our officers, entertained us
this evening with a boxing match. These games were much inferior, as
well in point of solemnity and magnificence as in the skill and powers
of the combatants, to what we had seen exhibited at the Friendly
Islands; yet, as they differed in some particulars it may not be
improper to give a short account of them.
“We found a vast concourse of people assembled on a level spot of
ground, at a little distance from our tents. A long space was left
vacant in the midst of them, at the upper end of which sat the judges,
under three standards, from which hung slips of cloth of various
colors, the skins of two wild geese, a few small birds, and bunches of
feathers.
“When the sports were ready to begin, the signal was given by the
judges, and immediately two combatants appeared. They came forward
slowly, lifting up their feet very high behind, and drawing their hand
along the soles. As they approached, they frequently eyed each other
from head to foot in a contemptuous manner, casting several arch looks
at the spectators, straining their muscles, and using a variety of
affected gestures. Being advanced within reach of each other, they
stood with both arms held out straight before their faces, at which
part all their blows were aimed. They struck, in what appeared to our
eyes an awkward manner, with a full swing of the arm; made no attempt
to parry, but eluded their adversary’s attack by an inclination of the
body or by retreating.
“The battle was quickly decided; for if either of them was knocked
down, or even fell by accident, he was considered as vanquished, and
the victor expressed his triumph by a variety of gestures, which
usually excited, as was intended, a loud laugh among the spectators. He
then waited for a second antagonist, and, if again victorious, for a
third, till he was at last in his turn defeated.
“A singular rule observed in these combats is, that whilst any two
are preparing to fight, a third person may step in, and choose either
of them for his antagonist, when the other is obliged to withdraw.
Sometimes three or four followed each other in this manner before
the match was settled. When the combat proved longer than usual, or
appeared too unequal, one of the chiefs stepped in, and ended it
by putting a stick between the combatants. The same good humor was
preserved throughout which we before so much admired in the Friendly
Islanders. As these games were given at our desire we found it was
universally expected that we should have borne our part in them; but
our people, though much pressed by the natives, turned a deaf ear
to their challenge, remembering full well the blows they got at the
Friendly Islands.”
A sport which was formerly in great vogue in the Sandwich Islands is
sledging, the sloping sides of the mountain ranges being pressed into
the service of the players. The game is called _holua_, and is played
in the following manner:--
Each player is furnished with a sledge, made of two narrow runners,
varying from seven to eighteen feet in length, three inches deep, and
rounded off at one end, just like the steel runner of a skate. These
are placed side by side, not parallel, but slightly diverging, the
space between the runners being about two inches at the tips, and five
inches at the other end. They are connected together with cross-pieces
of wood, and mostly covered with strong matting. The native name for
the sledge is _papa_. In order to prepare a path on which the sledge
can travel, the natives cut a narrow and shallow trench from the top of
the mountain to the base, and even carry it for a mile or more on level
ground. Before the sport is begun, the trench is laid with grass so as
to make the path easier.
When the players have assembled at the top of the mountain, one of them
takes the sledge in his hands, holding it in front of him, retreats a
few paces, and then runs forward with all his speed, flings himself
head foremost into the trench, and glides down it at a terrific pace,
resting on his sledge. The rapidity with which a well-managed sledge
will dash down the trench, is absolutely fearful, the incline being
often at an angle of forty-five degrees. The art of balancing the
narrow sledge is a very difficult one, and if a player should chance
to lean too much to one side, or should guide his sledge out of the
trench, it is scarcely possible for him to escape with his life. The
sledge flies to pieces in a moment, the rider is hurled high in the
air, and goes rolling down the steep hill, without any means of guiding
or stopping himself.
The winner in this game is the player who travels the farthest along
the trench, and so fascinating is the sport, that the natives have
been known to stake the whole of their property on their skill. They
staked their houses, their lands, their fruit trees, and their crops.
Husbands staked their wives and children, and wives staked themselves.
And after they had lost all that they had, or were likely to have, they
staked their very bones, to be used after death in making fish hooks
and arrow heads.
* * * * *
The religion of the Sandwich Islanders resembles so closely that of the
Polynesians that little need be said about it. What worship they have
is extorted by fear, and, in accordance with this principle, they make
their idols as ugly as possible. There is a certain character about the
idols of the Sandwich Islands which, like the carving of New Zealand,
cannot be mistaken.
In order to show how completely this character is impressed upon
the workmanship, I introduce upon the following page two specimens,
one from the British Museum, and the other from my own collection.
The former of these, No. 1, is made, like the feather helmets, of
wicker-work, and is very much larger than any human head and neck. It
is covered with the red and yellow feathers which have already been
mentioned, and, from the mere price of the material, must have been, in
the days in which it was made, a most costly and precious object.
The eyes are made of mother-of-pearl, and in the centre of each is set
a black bead by way of pupil. The enormous teeth which beset the open
mouth are simply the fangs, or canine teeth, of dogs. The top of the
head is furnished with a crest, just like that of the feather helmet.
In spite of the rudeness of form, the image possesses a certain force
and vigor, which shows that the native who made it had some modicum of
artistic power, which in this case expresses itself in outline, just as
in the case of the feather cloak it is exemplified in color.
By way of contrast with this idol, we will now look at another specimen
(No. 2, on same page), in which the artist has been obliged to renounce
color, and trust entirely to outline; and it cannot be said that he
has been unsuccessful. The head and body of this image are cut out of
a white and very light wood, and have been covered with bark cloth.
This cloth has been stained black, and the native artist has contrived
to apply it with such perfection of manipulation that it fits closely
to all the inequalities of the carving, and cannot even be seen until
specially pointed out.
The head and neck are separate from the trunk, and carved out of a
single piece of wood; and even the bold crest and its supporting rays
are cut out of the same piece of wood. The teeth of the upper jaw are
those of a human being; but those of the lower jaw are simply a row
of the palatine teeth of some large fish, and are sixteen in number.
They are flanked at each angle of the mouth by a human tooth. After
the teeth have been inserted into the wood, the bark cloth has been
applied, and is turned in at the roots of the teeth, so as to represent
the gums. The eyes are simply oval pieces of mother-of-pearl.
[Illustration: SANDWICH ISLAND HELMET. (See page 1082.)]
[Illustration: (1.) FEATHER IDOL. (See page 1096.)]
[Illustration: (2.) WOODEN IDOL. (See page 1096.)
_Top Human teeth._
_Lower Fish teeth._
_Mouth larger._]
It is rather remarkable that the strip of cloth which runs over the
crest has not been stained black, like that which covers the head,
face, and neck, but is nearly white, and of much stronger and coarser
texture. The skill with which the maker has applied the cloth to the
wood is really admirable. He has evidently soaked it until it was quite
soft and tender, and by means of careful stretching and pressing has
“coaxed” it over the various irregularities--such as the nose, eyes,
and mouth--so that it fits as closely as if it were the real skin.
The neck is small, narrow, and scarcely worthy of the name, being in
fact little more than a large peg, by which the head may be attached to
the body when needed. In consequence of this arrangement, the position
of the head can be altered at will, and the variety of expression
gained by so simple an arrangement is scarcely credible.
The body of the idol is made of the same light wood as the head, and
is also covered with the black bark cloth. There is a socket between
the shoulders, into which the neck fits loosely. The arms are nothing
more than bundles of rushes or reeds, tied with cloth; and each hand
is furnished with six fingers, probably as a symbol of extraordinary
power. The fingers are merely dogs’ teeth, the whiteness of which
presents a curious contrast with the black head and body. There are no
legs, nor even any indication of legs, the body being little more than
a block of wood, with a hole at the top for the insertion of the neck,
and a smaller hole at each shoulder for the insertion of the arms.
Whatever artistic power the maker possessed has been given to the head,
and it must be acknowledged that he has carried out his idea most
vigorously. The long dress worn by this idol is not stained black, like
that which covers the face, head, and body, but is white, and without
even a pattern.
For this interesting specimen I am indebted to E. Randell, Esq., who
has furnished me with many of the objects which have been figured in
this work.