THE CAROLINE ARCHIPELAGO.
DRESS--ARCHITECTURE--AMUSEMENTS--WAR.
DISCOVERY AND NAMING OF THE ISLANDS -- THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT --
THE MARSHALL AND GILBERT GROUPS -- INHABITANTS OF ROMANZOFF ISLAND
-- THE ISLAND OF BORNABI AND ITS INHABITANTS -- TATTOOING AND HAIR
DRESSING -- A MAN OF FASHION IN BORNABI -- ARCHITECTURE AND ANCIENT
RUINS -- LOVE OF COAST -- THE PELEW ISLANDS -- SHIPWRECK OF CAPTAIN
WILSON -- COMPLEXION AND GENERAL APPEARANCE OF THE NATIVES -- THE
TATTOO -- CURIOUS COMBINATION OF NAKEDNESS AND MODESTY -- USE OF THE
BETEL-NUT -- THE RUPACKS AND THE BONE BRACELET -- MODE OF INVESTITURE
-- SPEAR THROWING -- MODE OF CONDUCTING SEA FIGHTS -- ARCHITECTURE OF
THE PELEW ISLANDS -- MANUFACTURE OF DOMESTIC IMPLEMENTS -- DANCE OF
THE WARRIORS -- IDEA OF RELIGION -- A FUNERAL IN THE PELEW ISLANDS --
STORY OF LEE BOO.
Passing in a south-westerly direction from the Sandwich Islands we come
to a very large group called the Caroline Archipelago. These islands
were discovered--as far as is known--in 1526, by the Portuguese, who
in those days were the most enterprising navigators in the world.
About fifty years afterward they were visited by Drake, but they did
not receive the name by which they are known until more than a hundred
years after Drake’s voyage, when they were named by the Spanish the
Carolines, in honor of Charles the Second, the then king of Spain.
These islands extend over a very considerable geographical range, a
space of some fifty degrees intervening between the most easterly and
westerly of them. Owing to the extensive range of these islands, there
is considerable difference between the manners and customs of these
natives, and even between their form and complexion. We will therefore
take as examples some of the easterly, central, and western islands.
* * * * *
The most easterly of the group are those which are called the Marshall
and Gilbert Islands, the former being those of the north and the latter
those of the south. They are sometimes divided into the Eastern and
Western Islands, the former being the Radick and the latter the Ralick
chain, each group comprising about fifteen or sixteen islands.
These islands are all low in the water, being mostly of coralline
structure, so that they are not visible from any great distance. In
consequence of their lowness, they seem to have escaped the observation
of voyagers until 1788, when they were discovered by Marshall and
Gilbert, after whom they were named. As is usual in coral islands,
the soil is but shallow, having been formed by the decomposition of
vegetable matter thrown on the coral reefs by the waves. The vegetation
is therefore scanty, and is mostly confined to bananas, cocoa-nut
trees, bread-fruit--all of which thrive best on a low situation near
water.
As a sample of the Marshall Islanders, I give a portrait of a man and
woman of Romanzoff Island, on the next page. They are a rather fine
race, taller than the generality of the Caroline Islanders, and possess
tolerably good features. They use the tattoo with some profusion, both
sexes appearing to be equally addicted to it. They are better clothed
than many Polynesians, the men wearing a short mat round their waists,
and the women being clad in a very fine and neatly-made mat, falling
nearly to the feet. The hair is long, and naturally curling, and is
worn long by both sexes. Earrings are in great request, and some of
them, as may be seen by reference to the illustration, are enormously
large.
[Illustration: (1.) ROMANZOFF ISLANDERS. (See page 1100.)]
[Illustration: (2.) DYAK WARRIOR AND DUSUM. (See page 1112.)]
From the structure of the island, it is evident that the present
inhabitants are not aborigines, but came from other islands at no very
remote period. They have kept up the nautical spirit to which they owe
their presence on the island, and make long voyages from one island to
another. Their canoes are well made, and are built of bread-fruit wood.
BORNABI is one of the largest and most important of these islands,
being about seventy miles in circumference, and having a sufficient
variety of soil to be very fertile. Instead of being as low-lying as
some of these islands, it is of volcanic origin, shooting up to a
considerable height in the middle, and surrounded by flat coral reefs.
In consequence of this structure, it affords excellent harborage, and
has become a great place of resort for whaling vessels. Like some
parts of America within the same zone, and having a somewhat similar
contour, the island is a very wet one, so that the combined heat and
moisture produce a wonderful fertility of vegetation. Even on the
higher parts of the island, the fresh water nourishes various trees
and shrubs, while on the coast the mangrove, which delights in salt
water, absolutely grows into the sea, and, by its interlacing roots and
branches forms a barrier which cannot be penetrated except through the
apertures made by the mouths of rivers and creeks.
The inhabitants are of a fair average stature, the men being about five
feet eight inches high, while the women are much shorter. They are,
however, well proportioned, and not stumpy or clumsy, as is too often
the case with the women of uncivilized races.
Like the Romanzoff Islanders, they tattoo themselves liberally, and
both sexes wear their black hair very long, keeping it well oiled and
carefully dressed, and, in the case of people of rank, adorning it
with wreaths of flowers. They have the same odd passion for turmeric
which is found in the Polynesian races generally, anointing themselves
profusely with it, and thereby converting their naturally pleasing
copper color into a repulsive yellow.
The men dress themselves very carefully, a Bornabi man of fashion
spending a vast amount of time on his costume. He must not exhibit
a vestige of hair on his face, but must painfully pluck out each
individual hair by means of forceps made of a couple of cockle-shells,
or a piece of tortoise-shell bent double. He must wear at least six
aprons, one over the other. These aprons are made of strips of the
cocoa-nut leaf bleached white and about two feet in length. He must
have round his waist a belt or sash made of banana fibre, and dyed
scarlet and yellow. He must have his necklaces, his head-band, and his
scarlet tassels in his ears; and he finishes off his costume by a sort
of parasol or sunshade made of leaves, which he ties round his head so
as to preserve the face from the sun.
This elaborate toilet must be made several times daily, as every native
bathes, oils, and paints his skin yellow at least three times every
day. The dress of the women bears some resemblance to that of the men,
except that, in lieu of the series of apron fringes they wear bark
cloth fastened round the waist and reaching to the knee.
In architecture the people of Bornabi are superior to the generality
of Polynesians. Like the Marquesans, they begin by building a platform
of stones, some four or five feet in height, and upon this they erect
the framework of the edifice. The spaces between the upright timbers
are filled in with wicker-work, in which are left certain apertures
that answer the purpose of windows. The floor is covered with the same
kind of wicker-work, except a small space in the centre, in which the
fireplace is made. The roof is thatched neatly with pandanus leaves.
In all these particulars there is little distinction between the
architecture of Bornabi and that of many other islands. The chief point
of difference lies, however, in the fact that the timbers are squared,
and that, instead of being merely lashed together, they are fastened by
tenon and mortise.
It seems probable that the superiority of their architecture, more
especially in the squaring of beams and the use of the mortise, is due
not so much to themselves as to the remembrance of buildings erected
by white men several centuries ago. Near one of the harbors are some
ruined buildings, which are evidently not of savage architecture. They
are built of cut stones, which have been imported from some other
country, and are arranged in streets, looking as if they had formed
a portion of a fortification. It has been conjectured that these
buildings were the work of the Spanish buccaneers, who used, some
centuries ago, to range these seas, and would have found such a harbor
and fort invaluable to them.
As far as is known, the inhabitants of Bornabi keep almost entirely
to the coast, and never visit the interior. It is certain that the
cultivated grounds only extend for a very little distance inland,
and, as all the energy of these islanders naturally takes a seaward
direction, it is very probable that the natives speak truth when they
say that they have never even visited the centre of their island.
THE PELEW ISLANDS.
The westernmost group of the Carolines is known by the name of the
Pelew or Pallou Islands. They were discovered, in 1543, by Villabolos,
but have been made known to us principally by means of Captain H.
Wilson, who was wrecked there in 1783. The group consists of about
twenty small islands, which are surrounded by a reef.
The inhabitants are of a dark copper color, well made, tall, and
remarkable for their stately gait. They employ the tattoo in rather a
curious manner, pricking the patterns thickly on their legs from the
ankles to a few inches above the knees, so that they look as if their
legs were darker in color than the rest of their bodies. They are
cleanly in their habits, bathing frequently, and rubbing themselves
with cocoa-nut oil, so as to give a soft and glossy appearance to the
skin.
The hair of the head is fine and black, and is worn long by both sexes,
being rolled up in a peculiar fashion close to the back of the head.
That of the face and chin is mostly removed, being plucked out by
tweezers, only a few men, remarkable for the strength and thickness of
their beards, allowing them to grow. The men wear no clothing, not even
the king himself having the least vestige of raiment, the tattoo being
supposed to answer the purpose of dress.
So unacquainted with real clothing were they when Captain Wilson
visited them, that they were utterly perplexed at the garments of the
white men, lifting up the flaps of the coats, pinching the sleeves, and
then comparing them with their own naked limbs, evidently fancying that
these mysterious objects were the skin peculiar to the white man. They
also took the blue veins on the seamen’s wrists for lines of tattooing,
and asked to be allowed to see the whole of the arm, in order to find
out whether the blue lines were continued beyond the wrist.
In spite, however, of the absence of dress the deportment of the sexes
toward each other is perfectly modest. For example, the men and women
will not bathe at the same spot, nor even go near a bathing-place of
the opposite sex unless it be deserted. If a man is forced to pass
near a women’s bathing-place, he is obliged, when he comes within a
stipulated distance, to give a loud shout; and, if it be answered by a
female voice, he must either pass by a circuitous route, or turn back
and wait until the women have left the spot.
Their features are tolerably good, the nose rather prominent, and the
mouth moderately large. They would look a tolerably handsome people
but for their custom of chewing the betel-nut, which stains the mouth
red and the teeth black. The chiefs and all the principal men are so
devoted to the betel that they always carry with them a little basket
containing the nuts, and a small bamboo vessel in which they keep the
quicklime which is mixed with the betel when chewed.
Although they care nothing for dress, and comparatively little for
ornament, the very great chiefs wear one decoration which is prized by
them much as is the Garter in England, or the Golden Fleece in Spain.
This is a bone bracelet, worn on the left wrist and denoting the very
highest rank next to that of the king himself. Those who are privileged
to wear it are called Rupacks, and, as will presently be seen, the rank
is not necessarily hereditary, but is conferred at the pleasure of the
king.
It seems strange to us that distinctions of rank should be thus sharply
defined among a people like the Pelew Islanders, and that “naked
savages” should have their various gradations of social position. That
a definite scale of rank should exist at all is an evidence of some
civilization, and that so complete a system should be found among these
islanders appears a perfect enigma to those who have been accustomed to
associate clothing and civilization as inseparable conditions. Yet here
we have the singular fact that there is a distinct division of ranks
into king, nobles, gentry, and peasantry; and that, although these
ranks are perfectly well defined and acknowledged, not a man, from the
almost despotic king to the lowest subject, wears the slightest article
of clothing.
Not only are these distinctions jealously observed, but we find also
that the nobles are divided into several ranks, as is the case in
civilized lands, and that the highest rank is denoted by a symbolical
badge. This badge is conferred only by the sovereign himself, and the
investiture with the Rupack’s bone is conducted with a ceremonious
solemnity that denotes the estimation in which it is held. So deeply
are the Rupacks attached to this symbol of their rank, that a rebel
Rupack, who had made war against the king, and was taken alive,
resisted every attempt to deprive him of his bracelet, and did not part
with it until he had sacrificed his life in its defence. In shape the
bone bears a curious resemblance to the open jaws of a skate, and is
probably made on that model.
The mode of investiture is a very ceremonious one, and is illustrated
on the following page. The Rupacks are assembled together in a sort
of chapter of their order, and the Rupack elect is seated at a little
distance from them. The king, or a Rupack appointed by him, then takes
the bracelet, and directs the candidate to throw a stone as far as he
can. This is done in order to ascertain which hand he habitually uses,
so that if he be a right-handed man the bracelet goes on the left
wrist, and if a left-handed man on the right wrist.
[Illustration: (1.) INVESTITURE OF THE RUPACK. (See page 1104.)]
[Illustration: (2.) THE WARRIORS’ DANCE. (See page 1108.)]
A string is then tied to each finger of the hand; the strings are
passed through the bracelet, which, together with the hand, is
plentifully anointed with cocoa-nut oil. The principal Rupack then
places himself behind the candidate, and holds him firmly by the
shoulders, while another hauls at the strings. The king, in the
meantime, squeezes together the fingers of the hand, and by degrees
draws the bracelet firmly on the wrist, he then makes a speech to the
new Rupack, telling him to polish the bracelet daily, and keep it
bright; never to suffer its honor to be tarnished, and never to part
from it but with his life.
Captain Wilson, who was himself invested with the Rupack’s bone, writes
thus of the ceremony and its object:--“This mark of distinction is
given and received in these regions as a reward of valor and fidelity,
and held out as the prize of merit.
“In this light such public honors were originally considered, and
still ought to be so, in every state, from Pelew to Britain. And while
they continue to be thus regarded they will operate on the human
passions--excite emulation, inspire courage, promote virtue, and
challenge respect. The decoration, indeed, derives all its splendor
from the combined ideas of the mind whilst viewing it; and the
imagination is equally impressed with the same sentiment, whether the
badge of honor be a strip of velvet tied round the knee, a tuft of
riband and a cross dangling at the button-hole, a star embroidered on
the coat, or a _bone_ upon the arm.”
He might have added that the intrinsic value of the decoration bears
no comparison with the honor which it denotes, and that the bone of
the naked Pelew Islander, the laurel or parsley crown of the ancient
warrior, or the Victoria Cross of the modern hero, are alike valueless
and priceless. It is remarkable that the king does not wear the bone,
so that he has no external sign to distinguish him from the meanest
peasant.
The Pelew Islanders are not a very warlike people, and their weapons
are, therefore, simple and few. They have two kinds of spears, one used
as a missile, and the other as a pike. The missile spear is thrown by
a very remarkable instrument, reminding the observer of the Australian
wummerah, or throw-stick.
It consists of a piece of wood about two feet in length, and having a
notch at one end. When the warrior wishes to throw his spear, he places
the butt in the notch of the throwing-stick, and with his left hand
bends the elastic bamboo shaft until it is nearly doubled. The hold
of the left hand is then loosed; and the spear projects itself to a
considerable distance by means of its own elasticity. To an European
nothing can be more awkward than this mode of throwing the spear; but
the Pelew Islanders can send the weapon to a considerable distance, and
aim it well besides.
Even without the aid of the throwing-stick, they are no mean adepts at
hurling the spear. When Lee Boo, the son of the king, was at Canton,
some gentlemen who were skilled in spear throwing asked him to exhibit
the manner in which his own people managed the weapon. He took the
spear, and, not thinking that it was to be thrown, merely quivered and
poised it according to the usual preliminaries. He was then requested
to throw it at a gauze cage, with a bird painted on it. The cage was
at such a distance that the gentlemen could seldom strike it. Lee Boo,
however, took up the spear carelessly, poised it for a moment, hurled
it, and not only hit the cage, but struck the bird through the head.
The Rupacks mostly carry swords and daggers. The former are made of
a very heavy wood, and nearly three feet in length. They are inlaid
with pieces of white shell, and are strong and heavy enough to kill a
man with a single blow. The daggers are made of the tail-bone of the
sting-ray, and, when not in use, are carried in a sheath made of a
single joint of bamboo, just as is the case with the small knives of
Borneo.
Land battles are seldom fought in these islands, the natives trusting
chiefly to their canoes, which are of large size and well built. Their
hulls are cut out of tree trunks, and then are carved, painted, and
inlaid with the patient care which distinguishes savage art. When the
king goes out in state, the canoes are further adorned with bunches
of shells, strung on cords and hung to the bows and stern-posts. The
out-rigger is used, and the sails are of the “latine” form. Despite,
however, of the care bestowed upon their vessels, the Pelew Islanders
are not good sailors, and seldom venture outside the chain of reefs
which encircle their group of islands. Even within it when the sea ran
at all high, they would not venture into their canoes.
In consequence of their mode of fighting, the capture of an enemy’s
canoe is thought of much more consequence than the slaughter of his
soldiers, and is looked upon much in the same light as we consider the
capture of an enemy’s gun or flag. Therefore when one party finds that
the battle is going against them, they turn their canoes landward, and
drive them ashore with all their might, and, if possible, drag them
so high on the beach that they cannot be floated without exposing the
invaders to almost certain death.
The principal tool used in making the canoe is the adze, or axe. In
form the weapon is almost identical with the Polynesian adzes which
have been already described in this work. The blade is made of the
thick and strong shell of the giant clam, and the most curious point of
the instrument is that the head revolves in a groove, so that it can
be used as an adze or an axe at pleasure. The Dyak boat builder has a
precisely similar instrument, as will be seen in the course of a few
pages.
Their smaller tools and implements--such as stone knives, comb, and
string--they carry in the basket which holds their betel; and as they
have no dress, and consequently no pockets, a man never walks to any
distance from his home without carrying the basket with him.
The architecture of the Pelew Islanders is very good. The houses are
raised about three feet from the ground by means of stone posts, upon
which are laid the beams which support the flooring and side-posts.
The walls are made of thick matting, which extends from post to post,
and the floors are generally of plank, having an inch or so of space
between the boards. Sometimes they are made of split bamboos, which
become polished and very slippery by the constant tread of naked feet.
Each house has in the centre its fireplace, sunk lower than the
flooring, and formed of stones and earth. The fire is kept burning all
night, not for the purpose of warmth, but that the smoke may fill the
house, and drive away mosquitoes. When the house is a very large one,
and employed for the general use, there are two fireplaces, one at each
end. Along the sides of the house are arranged certain apertures which
answer equally the purposes of windows or doors, and are furnished with
sliding shutters, by which they can be closed at pleasure. Each of
these apertures is furnished with stepping stones, by means of which
the inhabitants can enter or leave the house without having to clamber
from the ground to the raised floor. The large houses are employed for
public uses, the councils being held in front of them, or the people
assembling in them for social talk, in which the women bear their full
share. Some of these houses are from sixty to eighty feet in length.
Being a cleanly people, the Pelew Islanders keep their houses neatly
swept, the broom being a bundle of cocoa-nut husks tied together. The
vessels which contain fresh water are simply joints of the bamboo, the
open ends of which are furnished with a sort of spout or lip, by means
of which the water can be poured without danger of being spilt.
The cooking vessels are made of earthenware, and are mostly of an oval
shape. They are not, however, very good potters, their pots and pans
being rather fragile, and so badly burnt that the natives dare not put
them at once on the fire, but set them first at a little distance, and,
as they become warmer, bring them nearer, turning them continually, so
as to heat each part equally.
When Captain Wilson was at the Pelew Islands, the king had a vessel
of which he was very proud. It was carved out of a block of wood,
plentifully inlaid with pieces of white shell, and, when the cover
was upon it, formed a tolerably fair representation of a bird. This
vessel held about nine gallons, and on occasions of great ceremony, was
brought out and filled with sweet drink for the use of the king and his
Rupacks.
Of the amusements of the Pelew Islanders Captain Wilson says little,
and gives but a brief description of the very odd dance in which they
delight. This description will be better understood by reference to
the illustration on the 1105th page. “In the evening our people were
entertained with a dance of the warriors, who were just then returned,
which was performed in the following manner:--
“The dancers have a quantity of plantain leaves brought to them, which
they split and shiver into the form of ribands. These they twine and
fix round their heads, wrists, waists, ankles, and knees; and the
leaves being of a yellowish hue, so prepared, have not an inelegant
effect when applied to their dark copper skin. They make also bunches
or tassels of the same, which they hold in their hands.
“When drawn out, they form themselves into circles of two or three
deep, one within another. In general, an elderly man amongst
them begins in a very solemn tone something like a song, or long
sentence--for our countrymen could not discriminate which it was--and
when he comes to a pause, or what we should call the end of a stanza,
a chorus is struck up, and the dancers all join in concert, still
continuing their figure.
“Their dancing does not so much consist in capering or agility as
in a particular method they have of balancing themselves, and this
frequently very low sideways, singing together all the while; during
which they will flatten their circles, so as to bring themselves face
to face to each other, lifting up the tassels they hold in their hands,
and giving them a clashing or tremulous motion. After this there will
be a sudden pause, and an exclamation from every one of ‘_Weel!_’ Then
a new sentence or stanza is repeated, and danced to as before, and the
same ceremony continued till every man who is engaged in the dance has
in his turn had his repetition and chorus.”
As far as was ascertained by Captain Wilson, the Pelew Islanders have
some notions of religion, and certainly believed in a life after death.
They had several superstitions, one of which was that the wood of a
certain tree was unlucky, and always brought harm wherever it was
used. When Captain Wilson was building his new vessel, he used some
planks of this tree, much to the dismay of the king, Abba Thulle, who
begged him to remove them. Captain Wilson explained to him that as
in his own country any kind of suitable wood was employed for ship
building without producing disastrous results, the same impunity was
to be expected in the Pelew Islands. As it happened, shortly after the
obnoxious planks had been inserted, one of the carpenters fell from
the side of the vessel, and hurt himself severely, thus confirming the
natives in their belief.
Their funeral ceremonies are very short and simple, and even in one
instance witnessed by Captain Wilson, when the son of the principal
chief was buried, there was scarcely any ceremony. The corpse was
wrapped up in mats, and borne by four men on a bier, no men except
the actual bearers attending. A number of women followed the bier,
and poured out loud lamentations as they walked. When they arrived at
the place of burial, the body was laid in the grave, and the earth
immediately filled in by the four bearers, while the women knelt round,
and renewed their lamentations, marking as if they would tear up the
body from the ground.
Next day, however, Raa Kook, the father of the deceased, went to the
burial-place, and performed a curious ceremony. He took two _old_
cocoa-nuts (young nuts being always gathered for consumption) and some
red ochre, with which he drew transverse stripes across the nuts. He
then laid the painted nuts by his side, and repeated, in an undertone,
some words which were supposed to be an incantation or prayer of
some kind. A bundle of betel leaves was treated in the same way, and
the whole were then delivered to an old woman, who went with them
toward the grave; but the precise termination of the ceremony was not
ascertained.
* * * * *
On page 1107 mention was made of Lee Boo. As this young man was the
first Pelew Islander who ever visited England, and was besides a very
remarkable character, I will conclude this account with a short memoir
of him.
He was the second son of the king, Abba Thulle, who was no common
man, and well deserving of the power which he held. He possessed
great energy, wonderful liberality of mind, and an innate nobility
of disposition. The visit of the white men taught him their infinite
superiority, and when Captain Wilson had built his new ship, and was
about to start, Abba Thulle begged him to take Lee Boo to England,
to have him instructed in the arts of civilization, and to send him
back again so that he might be the teacher of his future people. The
request was granted, and Lee Boo accompanied Captain Wilson to England,
where he lived for five months, winning the esteem and affection of
all whom he met, by his intelligent, modest, and affectionate nature.
Unfortunately for his father’s hopes, he was attacked with small-pox,
of which he died, his last wish being that all presents that been given
him should be sent to his father. He died on Dec. 27, 1784, and was
buried in Rotherhithe Church, where a tomb was erected to his memory by
the India Company.