THE GREAT RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE
During the first two days of June, 1916, a lull occurred at almost all
important points of the eastern front. Only one or two engagements of
extremely minor importance between scouting parties were reported. In
the light of future events this remarkable condition might well be
called ominous, especially if one connects with it a decided increase
in Russian aeroplane activity, which resulted in two strong attacks on
June 1, 1916, against points on the Vilna-Minsk and Sarny-Kovel
railways.
On June 2, 1916, a more or less surprising increase in the strength of
the Russian artillery fire was noticed, especially along the
Bessarabian and Volhynian fronts and in the Ikva sector. So strong did
this fire become that the official Austrian statement covering that
day says that at several places the artillery duels "assumed the
character of artillery battles."
More and more the extent and violence of the Russian artillery attack
increased. The next day, June 3, 1916, Russian artillery displayed the
greatest activity all along the southern half of the eastern front,
and covered the Dniester, Strypa, and Ikva sectors, as well as the gap
between the last two rivers, northwest of Tarnopol, and the entire
Volhynian front. Near Olyka in the region of the three Volhynian
fortresses of Rovno, Dubno, and Lutsk, the Russian gunfire was
especially intense along a front of about seventeen miles. That this
unusually strong artillery activity increased the alarm of the
Austro-Hungarian commanders may readily be seen from the concluding
sentence of that day's official Austrian statement, which read:
"Everywhere there are signs of an impending infantry attack."
The storm began to break the next day, June 4, 1916. That it was
entirely unexpected, was not likely, for this new Russian offensive
coincided with the Austro-Hungarian offensive against the Italian
front which by that time had assumed threatening developments.
Undoubtedly it was one of the objects of the Russian offensive to
force the Austrians to withdraw troops from the Italian front and at
least curtail their offensive efforts against the Italian armies, if
not to stop them entirely. At the same time the limits within which
the Russian offensive was undertaken indicated that the Russian
General Staff had another much more important object in view, the
breaking of the German-Austrian front at about the point where the
German right touched the Austrian left. Along a front of over 300
miles the Russian forces attacked. From the Pinth in the south--at the
Rumanian border to the outrunners of the Pripet Marshes--near Kolki
and the bend of the Styr--in the north the battle raged. At many
points along this line the Russians achieved important successes, with
unusual swiftness they were pushing whatever advantage they were able
to gain. But not only swiftness did they employ. Immense masses of men
were thrown against the strongly fortified Austrian lines and
quantities of munitions of the Russian artillery which transcended
everything that had ever been done along this line on the eastern
front. Not against one or two points chosen for that particular
purpose, but against every important point on the entire line the
Russian attacks were hurled. The most bitter struggle developed at
Okna, northwest of Tarnopol, at Koklow, at Novo Alexinez, along the
entire Ikva, at Sanor, around Olyka and from there north to Dolki. No
matter how strong the natural defenses, no matter how skillful the
artificial obstacles, on and on rolled the thousands and thousands of
Russians. So overwhelming was this onrush that the Austro-Hungarians
had to give way in many places in spite of the most valiant
resistance, and so quick did it come that as a result of the first
day's work the Russians could claim to have captured 13,000 prisoners,
many guns and machine guns.
By June 5, 1916, this number had increased to 480 officers, 25,000
men, twenty-seven guns and fifty machine guns. The battle on the
northeast front continued on the whole front of 218 miles with
undiminished stubbornness. North of Okna, the Austrians had, after
stiff and fluctuating battles, to withdraw their shattered first
positions to the line prepared three miles to the south. Near
Jarlowiec, on the lower Strypa, the Russians attacked after artillery
preparation. They were repulsed at some places by hand fighting. At
the same time a strong Russian attack west of Trembowla (south of
Tarnopol) broke down under Austrian fire. West-northwest of Tarnopol
there was bitter fighting. Near Sopanow (southeast of Dubno) there
were numerous attacks by the enemy. Between Mlynow, on the Ikva, and
the regions northwest of Olyka, the Russians were continually becoming
stronger, and the most bitter kind of fighting developed.
Especially heavy fighting developed in the region before Lutsk. There
the pressure from the Russian army of General Brussilov had become so
strong that the Austrians had found it necessary by June 6, 1916, to
withdraw their forces to the plain of Lutsk, just to the east of that
fortress and of the river Styr. This represented a gain of at least
twenty miles made in two days. The official Russian statement of that
day claimed that during the same period General Brussilov's armies had
captured 900 officers, more than 40,000 rank and file, seventy-seven
guns, 134 machine guns and forty-nine trench mortars, and, in
addition, searchlights, telephone, field kitchens, a large quantity of
arms and war material, and great reserves of ammunition.
On the other hand, the Austrians were still offering a determined
resistance at most points south and north of Lutsk, and Russian
attacks were repulsed with sanguinary losses at many places, as for
instance at Rafalowka, on the lower Styr, near Berestiany, on the
Corzin Brook, near Saponow, on the upper Strypa, near Jazlovice, on
the Dniester, and on the Bessarabian frontier. Northwest of Tarnopol
were repulsed two attacks. At another point seven attacks were
repulsed.
The Russians also suffered heavy losses in the plains of Okna (north
of the Bessarabian frontier) and at Debronoutz, where there were
bitter hand-to-hand engagements.
[Illustration: The Russian Offensive from Pinsk to Dubno.]
It was quite clear by this time that the Russian offensive
threatened not only the pushing back of the Austrian line, but their
very existence. Unless the Austrians either succeeded in repulsing the
Russians decidedly or else found some other way of reducing
immediately the strength of this extensive offensive movement, it was
inevitable that many of the important conquests which the Central
Powers had made in the fall of 1915 would be lost again. In spite of
this and in spite of the quite apparent strength of the Russian
forces, it caused considerable surprise when it was announced
officially on June 8, 1916, that the fortress of Lutsk had been
captured by the Russians on June 7, 1916.
The fortress lies halfway between Rovno and Kovel, on the important
railway line that runs from Brest-Litovsk to the region southwest of
Kiev. It is this railway sector, between Rovno and Kovel, that has
been the objective of the Russian attacks ever since the Teuton
offensive came to a standstill eight months ago, for its control would
give the Russians a free hand to operate southward against the lines
in Galicia.
[Illustration: An Austrian 30.5 centimeter mortar in position. The
gunner is ready and the officer is just giving the command to fire.
Meanwhile, another great 12-inch shell is being brought up for the
next loading.]
Lutsk is a minor fortress, the most westerly of the Volhynian triangle
formed by Rovno, Dubno, and Lutsk. The town is the center of an
important grain trade, and the districts of which it is the center
contained before the war a considerable German colony. It is supposed
to have been founded in the seventh century. In 1791 it was taken by
Russia. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop and at the outbreak
of the war had a population of about 18,000. During the war it
suffered a varied fate. On September 1, 1915, it was captured by the
combined German and Austro-Hungarian forces which had accomplished a
month before the capture of Warsaw and had forced the Russian legions
to a full retreat. Twenty-three days later it was evacuated by the
forces of the Central Powers and recaptured by the Russians on
September 24, 1915. Four days later, September 28, 1915, the Russians
were forced to withdraw again, and on October 1, 1915, it fell once
more into the hands of the Austrians. During the winter the Russians
had made a dash for its recapture, but had not succeeded, and ever
since the front had been along a line about twenty miles to the east.
The capture of the fortress was due primarily to the immensity of
the Russian artillery, which maintained a violent, continuous fire,
smashing the successive rows of wire entanglements, breastworks, and
trenches. The town was surrounded with nineteen rows of entanglements.
The laconic order to attack was given at dawn on June 7, 1916. Up to
noon the issue hung in the balance, but at 1 o'clock the Russians made
a breach in the enemy's position near the village of Podgauzy. They
repulsed a fierce Austrian counterattack and captured 3,000 prisoners
and many guns. Almost simultaneously another Russian force advanced on
Lutsk along the Dubno and stormed the trenches of the village of
Krupov, taking several thousand prisoners. General Brussilov seemed to
have at his disposal an immense infantry force, which he sent forward
in rapid, successive waves after artillery preparation. Reserves were
brought up so quickly that the enemy was given no time to recover from
one assault before another was delivered.
Fifty-eight officers, 11,000 men and large quantities of guns, machine
guns, and ammunition fell in the hands of the victorious Russian
armies. On the same day on which Lutsk was captured other forces
stormed strong Austrian positions on the lower Strypa in Galicia
between Trybuchovice and Jazlovice and crossed both the Ikva and the
Styr. Along the northern part of the front, north of the Pripet River,
comparative quiet reigned throughout the early stages of the Russian
offensive. During the evening of June 7, 1916, however, German
artillery violently bombarded the region northeast of Krevo and south
of Smorgon, southeast of Vilna. The bombardment soon extended farther
north, and during the night of June 8, 1916, the Germans took the
offensive there with considerable forces.
In the neighborhood of Molodetchna station (farther east) on the
Vilna-Minsk railway, a German aeroplane dropped four bombs.
Five German aeroplanes carried out a raid on the small town of
Jogishin, north of Pinsk, dropping about fifty bombs.
The battle in Volhynia and Galicia continued with undiminished force
on June 8, 1916. Near Sussk, to the east of Lutsk, a squadron of
Cossacks attacked the enemy behind his fortified lines, capturing two
guns, eight ammunition wagons, and 200 boxes of ammunition.
Near Boritin, four miles southeast of Lutsk, Russian scouts captured
two 4-inch guns, with four officers and 160 men. A 4-inch gun and
thirty-five ammunition wagons were captured, near Dobriatin on the
Ikva below Mlynow, fourteen miles southeast of Lutsk.
Young troops, just arrived at the front, vied with seasoned Russian
regiments in deeds of valor. Some regiments formed of Territorial
elements by an impetuous attack drove back the Austrians on the Styr,
and pressing close on their heels forced the bridgehead near
Rozhishche, thirteen miles north of Lutsk, at the same time taking
about 2,500 German and Austrian prisoners, as well as machine guns and
much other booty. Other regiments forced a crossing over the Strypa
and some advanced detachments even reached the next river, the Zlota
Potok, about five miles to the west.
The number of prisoners captured by the Russians continually
increased. Exclusive of those already reported--namely, 958 officers,
and more than 51,000 Austrian and German soldiers, they captured in
the course of the fighting on June 8, 1916, 185 officers and 13,714
men, making the totals so far registered in the present operations
1,143 officers and 64,714 men.
The next day, June 9, 1916, the troops under General Brussilov
continued the offensive and the pursuit of the retreating Austrians.
Fighting with the latter's rear guards, they crossed the river Styr
above and below Lutsk.
In Galicia, northwest of Tarnopol, in the regions of Gliadki and
Cebrow, heavy fighting developed for the possession of heights, which
changed hands several times. During that day's fighting the Russians
captured again large numbers of Austrians, consisting of ninety-seven
officers and 5,500 men and eleven guns, making a total up to the
present of 1,240 officers and about 71,000 men, ninety-four guns, 167
machine guns, fifty-three mortars, and a large quantity of other war
material.
At dawn of June 10, 1916, Russian troops entered Buczacz on the west
bank of the Strypa and, developing the offensive along the Dniester,
carried the village of Scianka, eight miles west of the Strypa. In the
village of Potok Zloty, four miles west of the Strypa, they seized a
large artillery park and large quantities of shells.
In the north the Germans again attempted to relieve the pressure on
their allies by attacking in force at many points. Artillery duels
were fought along the Dvina front and on the Oginski Canal.
Without let up, however, the Russian advance continued. So furious and
swift was the onslaught of the czar's armies that the Austrians lost
thousands upon thousands of prisoners and vast masses of war material
of every kind. For instance, in one sector alone the Austrians were
forced to retreat so rapidly that the Russians were able to gather in,
according to official reports, twenty-one searchlights, two supply
trains, twenty-nine field kitchens, forty-seven machine guns, 193 tons
of barbed wire, 1,000 concrete girders, 7,000,000 concrete cubes, 160
tons of coal, enormous stores of ammunition, and a great quantity of
arms and other war material. In another sector they captured 30,000
rounds of rifle ammunition, 300 boxes of machine-gun ammunition, 200
boxes of hand grenades, 1,000 rifles in good condition, four machine
guns, two optical range finders, and even a brand-new Norton well, a
portable contrivance for the supply of drinking water.
The prisoners captured during June 10, 1916, comprised one general,
409 officers, and 35,100 soldiers. The material booty included thirty
guns, thirteen machine guns, and five trench mortars. The total
Russian captures in the course of about a week thus amount to one
general, 1,649 officers, more than 106,000 soldiers, 124 guns of all
sorts, 180 machine guns, and fifty-eight trench mortars.
This was now the seventh day of the new Russian offensive, and on it
another valuable prize fell into the hands of General Brussilov, the
town and fortress of Dubno. This brought his forces within twenty-five
miles of the Galician border and put the czar's forces again in the
possession of the Volhynian fortress triangle, consisting of Lutsk,
Dubno, and Rovno.
Dubno, which had been in the hands of the Austrians since September 7,
1916, lies on the Rovno-Brody-Lemberg railway, and is about eighty-two
miles from the Galician capital, Lemberg. The town has about 14,000
inhabitants, mostly Jews, engaged in the grain, tobacco, and
brickmaking industry. It was in existence as early as the eleventh
century.
So powerful was the Russian onrush on Dubno that the attackers swept
westward apparently without meeting any resistance, for on the same
day on which the fortress fell, some detachments crossed the Ikva. One
part of these forces even swept as far westward as the region of the
village of Demidovka, on the Mlynow-Berestetchko road, thirteen miles
southwest of the Styr at Mlynow, compelling the enemy garrison of the
Mlynow to surrender. Demidovka is twenty-five miles due west of Dubno.
Thus the Russians have in Volhynia alone pushed the Austro-Hungarian
lines back thirty-two miles.