The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 35%
of GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest
reserves of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of
petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the
government intends to bring its budget, which has been in deficit
since 1983, back into balance, and to encourage private economic
activity. Roughly four million foreign workers play an important role
in the Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and banking sectors. For
about a decade, Saudi Arabia's domestic and international outlays have
outstripped its income, and the government has cut its foreign
assistance and is beginning to rein in domestic programs.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $194 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
1% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$11,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
6.5% (1992 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$39 billion
expenditures:
$50 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.5 billion (1993
est.)
Exports:
$42.3 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products 92%
partners:
US 21%, Japan 18%, Singapore 6%, France 6%, Korea 5%
Imports:
$26 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, motor vehicles,
textiles
partners:
US 18%, UK 12%, Japan 10%, Germany 5%, France 5%
External debt:
$18.9 billion (December 1989 est., includes short-term trade credits)
Industrial production:
growth rate 20% (1991 est.); accounts for 46% of GDP, including
petroleum
Electricity:
capacity:
28,554,000 kW
production:
63 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
3,690 kWh (1992)
Industries:
crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals,
cement, two small steel-rolling mills, construction, fertilizer,
plastics
Agriculture:
accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; subsidized by
government; products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus
fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching self-sufficiency in
food
Illicit drugs:
death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption of heroin and
cocaine
Economic aid:
donor:
pledged bilateral aid (1979-89), $64.7 billion; pledged $100 million
in 1993 to fund reconstruction of Lebanon
Currency:
1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalah
Exchange rates:
Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986),
3.7033 (1986)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Saudi Arabia, Communications
Railroads:
1390 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 448 km are double tracked
Highways:
total:
74,000 km
paved:
35,000 km
unpaved:
gravel, improved earth 39,000 km
Pipelines:
crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; natural gas 2,200 km
(includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km)
Ports:
Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu' al Bahr,
Yanbu' al Sinaiyah
Merchant marine:
74 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 865,343 GRT/1,240,874 DWT, bulk
1, cargo 11, chemical tanker 4, container 3, liquefied gas 1,
livestock carrier 5, oil tanker 23, passenger 1, refrigerated cargo 6,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 11, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 1
Airports:
total:
215
usable:
195
with permanent-surface runways:
71
with runways over 3,659 m:
14
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
38
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
105
Telecommunications:
modern system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic
cable systems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13
FM, 80 TV; microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar,
UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine
cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT
@Saudi Arabia, Defense Forces
Branches:
Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard,
Coast Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security
Force
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 5,682,036; fit for military service 3,140,464; reach
military age (17) annually 147,420 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $16.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1993 budget)
@Senegal, Geography
Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between
Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania
Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
196,190 sq km
land area:
192,000 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than South Dakota
Land boundaries:
total 2,640 km, The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338
km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km
Coastline:
531 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
continental shelf:
200 nm or the edge of continental margin
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; Senegal
and Guinea-Bissau signed an agreement resolving their maritime
boundary in 1993; boundary with Mauritania
Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong
southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry
harmattan wind
Terrain:
generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
Natural resources:
fish, phosphates, iron ore
Land use:
arable land:
27%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
30%
forest and woodland:
31%
other:
12%
Irrigated land:
1,800 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation;
overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
natural hazards:
lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
international agreements:
party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Marine Dumping
Note:
The Gambia is almost an enclave
@Senegal, People
Population:
8,730,508 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
3.11% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
43.15 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
12.01 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
75.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
56.58 years
male:
55.12 years
female:
58.09 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.09 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Senegalese (singular and plural)
adjective:
Senegalese
Ethnic divisions:
Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo
9%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 2%
Religions:
Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman
Catholic)
Languages:
French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
38%
male:
52%
female:
25%
Labor force:
2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence farming; 175,000 wage
earners)
by occupation:
private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%
note:
52% of population of working age (1985)
@Senegal, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Senegal
conventional short form:
Senegal
local long form:
Republique du Senegal
local short form:
Senegal
Digraph:
SG
Type:
republic under multiparty democratic rule
Capital:
Dakar
Administrative divisions:
10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick,
Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor
Independence:
20 August 1960 (from France; The Gambia and Senegal signed an
agreement on 12 December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose
confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was
dissolved on 30 September 1989)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
Constitution:
3 March 1963, last revised in 1991
Legal system:
based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
in Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting
office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981); election last held 21
February 1993 (next to be held February 2000); results - Abdou DIOUF
(PS) 58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57%
head of government:
Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister in consultation
with the president
Legislative branch:
unicameral
National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale):
elections last held 9 May 1993 (next to be held NA May 1998); results
- PS 70%, PDS 23%, other 7%; seats - (120 total) PS 84, PDS 27, LD-MPT
3, Let Us Unite Senegal 3, PIT 2, UDS-R 1
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Political parties and leaders:
Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic
Party (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; Democratic League-Labor Party Movement
(LD-MPT), Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY; Independent Labor Party (PIT), Amath
DANSOKHO; Senegalese Democratic Union-Renewal (UDS-R), Mamadou
Puritain FALL; other small uninfluential parties
Other political or pressure groups:
students; teachers; labor; Muslim Brotherhoods
Member of:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC,
PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMUR, UNTAC, UPU,
WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Mamadou Mansour SECK
chancery:
2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 234-0540 or 0541
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Mark JOHNSON
embassy:
Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar
mailing address:
B. P. 49, Dakar
telephone:
[221] 23-42-96 or 23-34-24
FAX:
[221] 22-29-91
Flag:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with
a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the
popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
@Senegal, Economy
Overview:
After 14 years of mixed compliance with IMF and World Bank economic
reform programs, Senegal finds its economy remains hostage to negative
economic forces. Declining terms of trade, weather-related setbacks,
and relentless growth in population have held back overall growth and
left per capita incomes stagnant, if not diminished. The economy
continues to rely on exports of fish, peanuts, and phosphates for hard
currency earnings. A 50% devaluation of the African franc in January
1994 is likely to lead to substantial increases in local currency
prices for producers that may spur improved production. A sheltered
import-substitution sector, comprising textiles, shoes, and other
light manufacturing, will remain plagued, however, by high labor,
transportation, and energy costs. Public finances face a decade-long
trend in declining tax revenues, making the government increasingly
dependent on official development assistance from bilateral donors.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $11.8 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
1.2% (1991 est.)
National product per capita:
$1,400 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
-1.8% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$1.2 billion
expenditures:
$1.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $269 million (1992
est.)
Exports:
$904 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
fish, ground nuts, petroleum products, phosphates, cotton
partners:
France, other EC members, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali
Imports:
$1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
commodities:
foods and beverages, consumer goods, capital goods, petroleum
partners:
France, other EC, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Algeria, China, Japan
External debt:
$2.9 billion (1990)
Industrial production:
growth rate 1.9% (1991); accounts for 15% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
215,000 kW
production:
760 million kWh
consumption per capita:
100 kWh (1991)
Industries:
agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum
refining, building materials
Agriculture:
accounts for 20% of GDP; major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet,
corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated
two-thirds self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 354,000 metric tons
in 1990
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Europe and
North America
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.23
billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist
countries (1970-89), $295 million
Currency:
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 592.05
(January 1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26
(1990), 319.01 (1989)
note:
the official rate is pegged to the French franc, and beginning 12
January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc
from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Senegal, Communications
Railroads:
1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double track
Dakar to Thies
Highways:
total:
14,007 km
paved:
3,777 km
unpaved:
crushed stone, improved earth 10,230 km
Inland waterways:
897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the Saloum
Ports:
Dakar, Kaolack, Foundiougne, Ziguinchor
Merchant marine:
1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWT
Airports:
total:
26
usable:
20
with permanent-surface runways:
10
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
16
Telecommunications:
above-average urban system, using microwave and cable; broadcast
stations - 8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT earth station
@Senegal, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 1,951,370; fit for military service 1,018,802; reach
military age (18) annually 94,973 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.)
@Serbia and Montenegro
Header
Note:
Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint
independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as
a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor
republics represents its continuation
@Serbia and Montenegro, Geography
Location:
Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria
Map references:
Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the
World
Area:
total area:
102,350 sq km
land area:
102,136 sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than Kentucky
note:
Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km making it
slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 sq
km and a land area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly larger than
Connecticut
Land boundaries:
total 2,246 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with
Motenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km
with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia
(south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km
note:
the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
Coastline:
199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia -
Muslims seeking autonomy; disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and
Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo
seeks independence from Serbian Republic
Climate:
in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers
with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and
Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast,
hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy
snowfall inland
Terrain:
extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east,
limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and
hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off
the coast; home of largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari
Natural resources:
oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite,
chrome
Land use:
arable land:
30%
permanent crops:
5%
meadows and pastures:
20%
forest and woodland:
25%
other:
20%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in
tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and
other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped
into the Sava which flows into the Danube
natural hazards:
subject to destructive earthquakes
international agreements:
NA
Note:
controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey
and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
@Serbia and Montenegro, People
Population:
total:
10,759,897 (July 1994 est.)
Montenegro:
666,583 (July 1994 est.)
Serbia:
10,093,314 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
Montenegro:
0.79% (1994 est.)
Serbia:
0.54% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
Montenegro:
13.72 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Serbia:
14.35 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
Montenegro:
5.84 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Serbia:
8.94 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
Montenegro:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Serbia:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Montenegro:
10.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Serbia:
21.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Montenegro:
*** No data for this item ***
total population:
79.44 years
male:
76.57 years
female:
82.5 years (1994 est.)
Serbia:
*** No data for this item ***
total population:
73.39 years
male:
70.9 years
female:
76.07 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Montenegro:
1.74 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Serbia:
2.06 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)
adjective:
Serbian and Montenegrin
Ethnic divisions:
Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13%
Religions:
Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%
Languages:
Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%
Literacy:
total population:
NA%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
2,640,909
by occupation:
industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990)
@Serbia and Montenegro, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Serbia and Montenegro
local long form:
none
local short form:
Srbija-Crna Gora
Digraph:
Serbia:
SR
Montenegro:
MW
Type:
republic
Capital:
Belgrade
Administrative divisions:
2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 autonomous
provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
Independence:
11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as
self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia - SFRY)
National holiday:
NA
Constitution:
27 April 1992
Legal system:
based on civil law system
Suffrage:
16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is
president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is
president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990); Federal Assembly
elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993
head of government:
Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December 1992); Deputy Prime
Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Asim TELACEVIC (since NA
March 1993), Zeljko SIMIC (since NA 1993)
cabinet:
Federal Executive Council
Legislative branch:
bicameral Federal Assembly
Chamber of Republics:
elections last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 20 Serbian, 20
Montenegrin)
Chamber of Citizens:
elections last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -
percent of votes by party NA; seats (138 total; 108 Serbian, 30
Montenegrin) - SPS 73, SRS 33, DPSCG 23, SK-PJ 2, DZVM 2, independents
2, vacant 3
Judicial branch:
Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders:
Serbian Socialist Party (SPS; former Communist Party), Slobodan
MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian
Renewal Movement (SPO), Vuk DRASKOVIC, president; Democratic Party
(DS), Zoran DJINDJIC; Democratic Party of Serbia, Vojlslav KOSTUNICA;
Democratic Party of Socialists (DPSCG), Momir BULATOVIC, president;
People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Novak KILIBARDA; Liberal Alliance
of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina
Hungarians (DZVM), Agoston ANDRAS; League of Communists-Movement for
Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo
(LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president
Other political or pressure groups:
Serbian Democratic Movement (DEPOS; coalition of opposition parties)
Diplomatic representation in US:
US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic
relations; the Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia continues to function in the US
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
(vacant); Charge d'Affaires Rudolf V. PERINA
embassy:
address NA, Belgrade
mailing address:
American Embassy Box 5070, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5070
telephone:
[38] (11) 645-655
FAX:
[38] (1) 645-221
Flag:
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red
@Serbia and Montenegro, Economy