The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been followed by
bloody ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and
the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and
Montenegro faces major economic problems; output has dropped sharply,
particularly in 1993. First, like the other former Yugoslav republics,
it depended on its sister republics for large amounts of foodstuffs,
energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral
resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuate
this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating
much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup
of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial
plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical
assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic
difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic
situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a
communist government that is primarily interested in political and
military mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the
imposition of economic sanctions by the UN.
National product:
GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
NA%
National product per capita:
$1,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
hyperinflation (1993)
Unemployment rate:
more than 60% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$NA
expenditures:
$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports:
$4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%,
miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and
live animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages
and tobacco 1%
partners:
prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council trade
partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy,
Germany, other EC, the FSU countries, East European countries, US
Imports:
$6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%,
manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%,
miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking
coal for the steel industry 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils
1.5%
partners:
prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council the
trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics;
the FSU countries, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East
European countries, US
External debt:
$4.2 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate -42% (1993 est.)
Electricity:
capacity:
8,850,000 kW
production:
42 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
3,950 kWh (1992)
Industries:
machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles
and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy
(steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth,
cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone),
consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances),
electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
Agriculture:
the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production
of the former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and
chicory; Vojvodina also produces fodder crops to support intensive
beef and dairy production; Serbia proper, although hilly, has a
well-distributed rainfall and a long growing season; produces fruit,
grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock production (sheep and
cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces fruits, vegetables,
tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous pastures of
Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; Montenegro has
only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where a
Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes,
and rice
Illicit drugs:
NA
Economic aid:
$NA
Currency:
1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras
Exchange rates:
Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 1,100,000 (15 June 1993), 28.230
(December 1991), 15.162 (1990), 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176
(1987)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Serbia and Montenegro, Communications
Railroads:
NA
Highways:
total:
46,019 km
paved:
26,949 km
unpaved:
gravel 10,373 km; earth 8,697 km (1990)
Inland waterways:
NA km
Pipelines:
crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km
Ports:
coastal - Bar; inland - Belgrade
Merchant marine:
bulk 19, bulk 2, cargo 16, combination ore/oil 1, conbination
tanker/ore carrier 1, container 5, passenger ship 1
Montenegro:
total 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 804,156 GRT/1,368,813 DWT
(controlled by Montenegrin beneficial owners)
Serbia:
total 3 (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 246,631 GRT/451,843 DWT
(controlled by Serbian beneficial owners)
note:
most under Maltese flag, all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines; no ships remain under Yugoslav flag
Airports:
total:
55
usable:
51
with permanent-surface runways:
18
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
7
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
11
Telecommunications:
700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000
radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT
@Serbia and Montenegro, Defense Forces
Branches:
People's Army - Ground Forces (internal and border troops), Naval
Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial
Defense Force, Civil Defense
Manpower availability:
Montenegro:
males age 15-49 179,868; fit for military service 146,158; reach
military age (19) annually 5,399 (1994 est.)
Serbia:
males age 15-49 2,546,717; fit for military service 2,048,921; reach
military age (19) annually 80,937 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
245 billion dinars, 4%-6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of
defense expenditures into US dollars using the prevailing exchange
rate could produce misleading results
@Seychelles, Geography
Location:
Eastern Africa in the western Indian Ocean northeast of Madagascar
Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
455 sq km
land area:
455 sq km
comparative area:
slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
491 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf:
200 nm or the edge of continental margin
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
claims Tromelin Island
Climate:
tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late
May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to
May)
Terrain:
Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are
coral, flat, elevated reefs
Natural resources:
fish, copra, cinnamon trees
Land use:
arable land:
4%
permanent crops:
18%
meadows and pastures:
0%
forest and woodland:
18%
other:
60%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
no fresh water, catchments collect rain water
natural hazards:
lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short
droughts possible
international agreements:
party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
Note:
40 granitic and about 50 coralline islands
@Seychelles, People
Population:
72,113 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.84% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
21.88 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
6.93 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
-6.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
11.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
69.67 years
male:
66.05 years
female:
73.39 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
2.23 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Seychellois (singular and plural)
adjective:
Seychelles
Ethnic divisions:
Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)
Religions:
Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2%
Languages:
English (official), French (official), Creole
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1971)
total population:
58%
male:
56%
female:
60%
Labor force:
27,700 (1985)
by occupation:
industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, agriculture,
forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985)
note:
57% of population of working age (1983)
@Seychelles, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Seychelles
conventional short form:
Seychelles
Digraph:
SE
Type:
republic
Capital:
Victoria
Administrative divisions:
23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile,
Anse Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon,
Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island),
Grand' Anse (on Praslin Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont
Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis,
Takamaka
Independence:
29 June 1976 (from UK)
National holiday:
National Day, 18 June (1993) ( adoption of new constitution)
Constitution:
18 June 1993
Legal system:
based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law
Suffrage:
17 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977); election last held
20- 23 July 1993; results - President France Albert RENE reelected by
59.5% of votes, MANCHAM (PS party) 36.72%
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
unicameral
People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple):
elections last held 20-23 July 1993; results - SPPF 82%, DP 15%, UO
3%; seats - (33 total, 22 elected) SPPF 22
Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal, Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
ruling party - Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), France
Albert RENE; Democratic Party (DP), Sir James MANCHAM; United
Opposition (UO) is a coalition of the following parties: Seychelles
Party (PS), Wavel RAMKALAWAN; Seychelles Democratic Movement (MSPD),
Jacques HONDOUL; Seychelles Liberal Party (SLP), Ogilvie BERLOUIS;;
Other political or pressure groups:
trade unions; Roman Catholic Church
Member of:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO
(correspondent), NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Marc Michael Rogers MARENGO
chancery:
(temporary) 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY 10017
telephone:
(212) 687-9766 or 9767
FAX:
(212) 922-9177
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Matthew F. MATTINGLY
embassy:
4th Floor, Victoria House, Box 251, Victoria, Mahe
mailing address:
Box 148, Unit 62501, Victoria, Seychelles; APO AE 09815-2501
telephone:
(248) 25256
FAX:
(248) 25189
Flag:
three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; the
white band is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest
@Seychelles, Economy
Overview:
In this small, open, tropical island economy, the tourist industry
employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of
hard currency earnings. In recent years the government has encouraged
foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other services. At
the same time, the government has moved to reduce the high dependence
on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, and
small-scale manufacturing.
National product:
GDP - exchange rate conversion - $407 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
4% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$5,900 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.3% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
9% (1987)
Budget:
revenues:
$172 million
expenditures:
$181 million, including capital expenditures of $48 million (1991
est.)
Exports:
$47 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products (re-exports)
partners:
UK 54% France 23%, Reunion 14%, (1991)
Imports:
$192 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
manufactured goods, food, petroleum products, tobacco, beverages,
machinery and transportation equipment
partners:
South Africa 13%, Singapore 12%, UK 12% (1991)
External debt:
$201 million (1992 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 1.3% (1991); accounts for 12% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
30,000 kW
production:
80 million kWh
consumption per capita:
1,160 kWh (1991)
Industries:
tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir rope
factory, boat building, printing, furniture, beverage
Agriculture:
accounts for 5% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming; cash crops -
coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla; other products - sweet potatoes, cassava,
bananas; broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported;
expansion of tuna fishing under way
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $26 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-89), $315
million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries
(1970-89), $60 million
Currency:
1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 5.2681 (January 1994), 5.1815
(1993), 5.1220 (1992), 5.2893 (1991), 5.3369 (1990), 5.6457 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Seychelles, Communications
Highways:
total:
260 km
paved:
160 km
unpaved:
crushed stone, earth 100 km
Ports:
Victoria
Merchant marine:
1 refrigerated cargo (over 1,000 GRT) totaling 1,827 GRT/2,170 DWT
Airports:
total:
14
usable:
14
with permanent-surface runways:
8
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
0
Telecommunications:
direct radio communications with adjacent islands and African coastal
countries; 13,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV;
1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station
@Seychelles, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, National Guard, Marines, Coast Guard, Presidential Protection
Unit, Police Force
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 19,399; fit for military service 9,900
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $12 million, 4% of GDP (1990 est.)
@Sierra Leone, Geography
Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea and
Liberia
Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
71,740 sq km
land area:
71,620 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than South Carolina
Land boundaries:
total 958 km, Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km
Coastline:
402 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
200 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter
dry season (December to April)
Terrain:
coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau,
mountains in east
Natural resources:
diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite
Land use:
arable land:
25%
permanent crops:
2%
meadows and pastures:
31%
forest and woodland:
29%
other:
13%
Irrigated land:
340 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
rapid population growth pressuring the environment; overharvesting of
timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture
have resulted in deforestation and soil exhaustion; civil war
depleting natural resources
natural hazards:
dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (November to May)
international agreements:
party to - Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not
ratified - Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea
@Sierra Leone, People
Population:
4,630,037 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.62% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
45.06 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
18.87 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
141.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
46.4 years
male:
43.58 years
female:
49.3 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
5.96 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Sierra Leonean(s)
adjective:
Sierra Leonean
Ethnic divisions:
13 native African tribes 99% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 39%),
Creole, European, Lebanese, and Asian 1%
Religions:
Muslim 60%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%
Languages:
English (official; regular use limited to literate minority), Mende
principal vernacular in the south, Temne principal vernacular in the
north, Krio the language of the re-settled ex-slave population of the
Freetown area and is lingua franca
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write English, Merde, Temne, or Arabic
(1990 est.)
total population:
21%
male:
31%
female:
11%
Labor force:
1.369 million (1981 est.)
by occupation:
agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981 est.)
note:
only about 65,000 wage earners (1985); 55% of population of working
age
@Sierra Leone, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Sierra Leone
conventional short form:
Sierra Leone
Digraph:
SL
Type:
military government
Capital:
Freetown
Administrative divisions:
3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western*
Independence:
27 April 1961 (from UK)
National holiday:
Republic Day, 27 April (1961)
Constitution:
1 October 1991; suspended following 19 April 1992 coup
Legal system:
based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
Chairman of the Supreme Council of State Capt. Valentine E. M.
STRASSER (since 29 April 1992)
cabinet:
Council of Secretaries; responsible to the NPRC
Legislative branch:
unicameral House of Representatives (suspended after coup of 29 April
1992); Chairman STRASSER promises multi-party elections sometime in
1995
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992)
Political parties and leaders:
status of existing political parties is unknown following 29 April
1992 coup
Member of:
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory
user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Thomas Kahota KARGBO
chancery:
1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone:
(202) 939-9261
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Lauralee M. PETERS
embassy:
Walpole and Siaka Stevens Street, Freetown
mailing address:
use embassy street address
telephone:
[232] (22) 226-481
FAX:
[232] (22) 225-471
Flag:
three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light
blue
@Sierra Leone, Economy
Overview:
The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed.
Subsistence agriculture dominates the economy, generating about
one-third of GDP and employing about two-thirds of the working
population. Manufacturing, which accounts for roughly 10% of GDP,
consists mainly of the processing of raw materials and of light
manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining provides an
important source of hard currency. In 1990-93, the government, with
the support of the IMF and the World Bank, has made substantial
progress toward structural reform and better fiscal management. The
government readily met all IMF/WB targets in December 1993. The budget
deficit had been dramatically reduced; the government workforce had
been cut by 25%; large amounts of domestic debt had been retired;
arrears to the IMF, World Bank, and other creditors had been reduced.
On the negative side, continued incursions by the Liberian rebels,
bandits, and army deserters in southern and eastern Sierra Leone have
severely strained the economy and threaten economically critical
regions of the country.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $4.5 billion (FY93 est.)
National product real growth rate:
NA
National product per capita:
$1,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
35% (1992)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$68 million
expenditures:
$118 million, including capital expenditures of $28 million (1992
est.)
Exports:
$149 million (f.o.b., FY92)
commodities:
rutile 51%, bauxite 19%, diamonds 15%, coffee 5%
partners:
US, UK, Belgium, Germany, other Western Europe
Imports:
$131 million (c.i.f., FY92)
commodities:
foodstuffs 33%, machinery and equipment 19%, fuels 16%
partners:
US, EC countries, Japan, China, Nigeria
External debt:
$633 million (FY92 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate -1.2% (FY91); accounts for 11% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
85,000 kW
production:
185 million kWh
consumption per capita:
45 kWh (1991)
Industries:
mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale manufacturing
(beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refinery
Agriculture:
accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the labor force;
largely subsistence farming; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, palm kernels;
harvests of food staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs; annual fish
catch averages 53,000 metric tons
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $161 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $848
million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist
countries (1970-89), $101 million
Currency:
1 leone (Le) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
leones (Le) per US$1 - 578.17 (January 1994), 567.46 (1993), 499.44
(1992), 295.34 (1991), 144.9275 (1990), 58.1395 (1989)
Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June
@Sierra Leone, Communications
Railroads:
84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a limited basis
because the mine at Marampa is closed
Highways:
total:
7,400 km
paved:
1,150 km
unpaved:
crushed stone, gravel 490 km; improved earth 5,760 km
Inland waterways:
800 km; 600 km navigable year round
Ports:
Freetown, Pepel, Bonthe
Merchant marine:
1 cargo ship (over 1,000 GRT) totaling 5,592 GRT/9,107 DWT
Airports:
total:
11
usable:
7
with permanent-surface runways:
3
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
3
Telecommunications:
marginal telephone and telegraph service; national microwave radio
relay system unserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones; broadcast
stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
@Sierra Leone, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, Police, Security Forces
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 1,006,280; fit for military service 487,158
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $6 million, 0.7% of GDP (1988 est.)
@Singapore, Geography
Location:
Southeastern Asia, between Malaysia and Indonesia
Map references:
Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
632.6 sq km
land area:
622.6 sq km
comparative area:
slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
193 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
12 nm
territorial sea:
3 nm
International disputes:
two islands in dispute with Malaysia
Climate:
tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons;
thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April)
Terrain:
lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment
area and nature preserve
Natural resources:
fish, deepwater ports
Land use:
arable land:
4%
permanent crops:
7%
meadows and pastures:
0%
forest and woodland:
5%
other:
84%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
industrial pollution; limited water supply; limited land availability
presents waste disposal problems
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to - Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Law of the Sea
Note:
focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes
@Singapore, People
Population:
2,859,142 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.12% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
16.52 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
5.3 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
75.95 years
male:
73.17 years
female:
78.94 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.88 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Singaporean(s)
adjective:
Singapore
Ethnic divisions:
Chinese 76.4%, Malay 14.9%, Indian 6.4%, other 2.3%
Religions:
Buddhist (Chinese), Muslim (Malays), Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Taoist,
Confucianist
Languages:
Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official),
English (official)
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
88%
male:
93%
female:
84%
Labor force:
1,485,800
by occupation:
financial, business, and other services 30.2%, manufacturing 28.4%,
commerce 22.0%, construction 9.0%, other 10.4% (1990)
@Singapore, Government