Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important
sector of the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing
tourist industry, is also important. The government has been
relatively unsuccessful at introducing new industries, and high
unemployment rates of 35%-40% continue.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $215 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
6.5% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$2,000 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.3% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
35%-40% (1992 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$62 million
expenditures:
$67 million, including capital expenditures of $21 million (1990 est.)
Exports:
$77.5 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets
partners:
UK 54%, CARICOM 34%, US 10%
Imports:
$118.6 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers,
minerals and fuels
partners:
US 36%, CARICOM 21%, UK 18%, Trinidad and Tobago 13%
External debt:
$62.6 million (1992)
Industrial production:
growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 8% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
16,600 kW
production:
64 million kWh
consumption per capita:
555 kWh (1992)
Industries:
food processing, cement, furniture, clothing, starch
Agriculture:
accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of
exports; products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small
numbers of cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locally
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and
Europe
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81
million
Currency:
1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Communications
Highways:
total:
1,000 km
paved:
300 km
unpaved:
improved earth 400 km; unimproved earth 300 km
Ports:
Kingstown
Merchant marine:
555 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,575,652 GRT/9,262,250 DWT,
bulk 96, cargo 280, chemical tanker 13, combination bulk 12,
combination ore/oil 2, container 31, liquefied gas 7, livestock
carrier 1, multi-function large load carrier 1, oil tanker 56,
passenger 2, passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 19,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 26, short-sea passenger 2, specialized tanker
1, vehicle carrier 1
note:
China owns 5 ships, Croatia owns 58, Russia owns 16; a flag of
convenience registry
Airports:
total:
6
usable:
6
with permanent-surface runways:
5
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
1
Telecommunications:
islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF
interisland links from Saint Vincent to the other islands of the
Grenadines and Barbados; new SHF links to Grenada and Saint Lucia;
broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV (cable)
@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Defense Forces
Branches:
Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast Guard
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP
@San Marino, Geography
Location:
Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy
Map references:
Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
60 sq km
land area:
60 sq km
comparative area:
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
total 39 km, Italy 39 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
none
Climate:
Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Terrain:
rugged mountains
Natural resources:
building stone
Land use:
arable land:
17%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
0%
forest and woodland:
0%
other:
83%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
international agreements:
NA
current issues:
NA
natural hazards:
signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change
Note:
landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See
and Monaco; dominated by the Apennines
@San Marino, People
Population:
24,091 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.96% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
11.17 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
7.39 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
5.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
5.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
81.23 years
male:
77.17 years
female:
85.28 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.53 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Sammarinese (singular and plural)
adjective:
Sammarinese
Ethnic divisions:
Sammarinese, Italian
Religions:
Roman Catholic
Languages:
Italian
Literacy:
age 14 and over can read and write (1976)
total population:
96%
male:
96%
female:
95%
Labor force:
4,300 (est.)
by occupation:
NA
@San Marino, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of San Marino
conventional short form:
San Marino
local long form:
Repubblica di San Marino
local short form:
San Marino
Digraph:
SM
Type:
republic
Capital:
San Marino
Administrative divisions:
9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo
Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino,
San Marino, Serravalle
Independence:
301 AD (by tradition)
National holiday:
Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 September
Constitution:
8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of
a constitution
Legal system:
based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
co-chiefs of state:
Captain Regent Alberto CECCHETTI and Captain Regent Fausto MULARONI
(for the period 1 April 1994-30 September 1994) real executive power
is wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the
secretary of state for internal affairs
head of government:
Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986)
cabinet:
Congress of State; elected by the Council for the duration of its
term
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Great and General Council:
(Consiglio Grande e Generale) elections last held 30 May 1993 (next
to be held by NA May 1998); results - DCS 41.4%, PSS 23.7%, PDP 18.6%,
ADP 7.7%, MD 5.3%, RC 3.3%; seats - (60 total) DCS 26, PSS 14, PDP 11,
ADP 4, MD 3, RC 2
Judicial branch:
Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII)
Political parties and leaders:
Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Pier Marino MENICUCCI, Luigi
LONFERNINI; Democratic Progressive Party (PDP) formerly San Marino
Communist Party (PSS), Stefano MACINA; San Marino Socialist Party
(PSS), Dr. Emma ROSSI, Antonio Lazzaro VOLPINARI; Democratic Movement
(MD), Emilio Della BALDA; Popular Democratic Alliance (ADP); Communist
Refoundation (RC), Guiseppe AMICHI, Renato FABBRI
Member of:
CE, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS,
NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
honorary consulate(s) general:
Washington and New York
honorary consulate(s):
Detroit
US diplomatic representation:
no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy)
is accredited to San Marino
Flag:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the
national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has
a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath,
below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)
@San Marino, Economy
Overview:
The tourist sector contributes over 50% of GDP. In 1991 more than 3.1
million tourists visited San Marino, 2.7 million of whom were
Italians. The key industries are wearing apparel, electronics, and
ceramics. Main agricultural products are wine and cheeses. The per
capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those
of Italy.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $370 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
NA%
National product per capita:
$16,000 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
6.2% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
3% (1991)
Budget:
revenues:
$275 million
expenditures:
$275 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)
Exports:
trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade
consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood,
chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide
variety of consumer manufactures
Imports:
see exports
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%; accounts for 42% of workforce
Electricity:
supplied by Italy
Industries:
wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourism
Agriculture:
employs 3% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, maize, olives,
meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on
Italy for food imports
Economic aid:
$NA
Currency:
1 Italian lire (Lit) = 100 centesimi; note - also mints its own coins
Exchange rates:
Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,700.2 (January 1994), 1,573.7 (1993),
1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@San Marino, Communications
Highways:
total:
104 km
paved:
NA
unpaved:
NA
Telecommunications:
automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system;
11,700 telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable
links into Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities
@San Marino, Defense Forces
Branches:
public security or police force
Defense expenditures:
$3.7 million (1992 est.), 1% of GDP
@Sao Tome and Principe, Geography
Location:
Western Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean, 340 km off the coast of Gabon
straddling the equator
Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
960 sq km
land area:
960 sq km
comparative area:
slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
209 km
Maritime claims:
measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
Terrain:
volcanic, mountainous
Natural resources:
fish
Land use:
arable land:
1%
permanent crops:
20%
meadows and pastures:
1%
forest and woodland:
75%
other:
3%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to - Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea; signed, but not
ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change
@Sao Tome and Principe, People
Population:
136,780 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.63% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
35.2 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
8.88 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
63.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
63.33 years
male:
61.48 years
female:
65.24 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
4.52 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Sao Tomean(s)
adjective:
Sao Tomean
Ethnic divisions:
mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros
(descendents of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from
Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais
born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Religions:
Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist
Languages:
Portuguese (official)
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1981)
total population:
57%
male:
73%
female:
42%
Labor force:
21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture
and fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers;
56% of population of working age (1983)
@Sao Tome and Principe, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe
conventional short form:
Sao Tome and Principe
local long form:
Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe
local short form:
Sao Tome e Principe
Digraph:
TP
Type:
republic
Capital:
Sao Tome
Administrative divisions:
2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao Tome
Independence:
12 July 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 12 July (1975)
Constitution:
new constitution approved March 1990; effective 10 September 1990
Legal system:
based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991); election last held 3
March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Miguel TROVOADA
was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multiparty
presidential election
head of government:
Prime Minister Noberto Jose D'Alva COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on the proposal of
the prime minister
Legislative branch:
unicameral
National People's Assembly:
(Assembleia Popular Nacional) elections last held 20 January 1991
(next to be held NA January 1996); results - PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP
30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.4%; seats - (55 total) PCD-GR 33,
MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multiparty election in Sao
Tome and Principe
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Daniel
Lima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation
of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian
Democratic Front (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition
Coalition (CODO), leader NA; other small parties
Member of:
ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU,
LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
Sao Tome and Principe has no embassy in the US, but does have a
Permanent Mission to the UN, headed by First Secretary Domingos
AUGUSTO Ferreira, located at 122 East 42nd Street, Suite 1604, New
York, NY 10168, telephone (212) 697-4211
US diplomatic representation:
ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a
nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islands
Flag:
three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and
green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the
center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the
hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
@Sao Tome and Principe, Economy
Overview:
The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gained
independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa
production has gradually deteriorated because of drought and
mismanagement, so that by 1987 output had fallen to less than 50% of
its former levels. As a result, a shortage of cocoa for export has
created a serious balance-of-payments problem. Production of less
important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm kernels, has also
declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports by a
ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense of other
food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs. It
also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the
years, Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which
amounts to roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential
exists for development of a tourist industry, and the government has
taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The government also
implemented a Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the
economy and reschedule external debt service payments in cooperation
with the International Development Association and Western lenders.
National product:
GDP - exchange rate conversion - $50 million (1990)
National product real growth rate:
1.5% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$450 (1990)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
27% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$10.2 million
expenditures:
$36.8 million, including capital expenditures of $22.5 million (1989
est.)
Exports:
$5.4 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
cocoa 78%, copra, coffee, palm oil
partners:
Netherlands, Germany, China, Portugal
Imports:
$31.5 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
machinery and electrical equipment 44%, food products 18%, petroleum
11%
partners:
Portugal, Japan, Spain, France, Angola
External debt:
$163.6 million (1992)
Industrial production:
growth rate 1% (1991); accounts for 7% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
5,000 kW
production:
10 million kWh
consumption per capita:
80 kWh (1991)
Industries:
light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing
Agriculture:
accounts for 25% of GDP; dominant sector of economy, primary source of
exports; cash crops - cocoa (85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee;
food products - bananas, papaya, beans, poultry, fish; not
self-sufficient in food grain and meat
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89
million
Currency:
1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos
Exchange rates:
dobras (Db) per US$1 - 129.59 (1 July 1993), 230 (1992), 260.0
(November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827 (1987), 36.993 (1986)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Sao Tome and Principe, Communications
Highways:
total:
300 km
paved:
200 km
unpaved:
100 km
note:
roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in need of repair
Ports:
Sao Tome, Santo Antonio
Merchant marine:
1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,096 GRT/1,105 DWT
Airports:
total:
2
usable:
2
with permanent-surface runways:
2
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
2
Telecommunications:
minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT earth station
@Sao Tome and Principe, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, National Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 32,560; fit for military service 17,136
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP
@Saudi Arabia, Geography
Location:
Middle East, between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf
Map references:
Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
1,960,582 sq km
land area:
1,960,582 sq km
comparative area:
slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US
Land boundaries:
total 4,415 km, Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676
km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km
Coastline:
2,640 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
18 nm
continental shelf:
not specified
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
large section of boundary with Yemen not defined; status of boundary
with UAE not final; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim
islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia
Climate:
harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature
Terrain:
mostly uninhabited, sandy desert
Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
Land use:
arable land:
1%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
39%
forest and woodland:
1%
other:
59%
Irrigated land:
4,350 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
desertification; depletion of underground water resources; the lack of
perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the
development of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastal
pollution from oil spills
natural hazards:
frequent sand and dust storms
international agreements:
party to - Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not
ratified - Law of the Sea
Note:
extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great
leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and
Suez Canal
@Saudi Arabia, People
Population:
18,196,783 (July 1994 est.)
note:
the population figure is consistent with a 3.24% growth rate; a 1992
census gives the number of Saudi citizens as 12,304,835 and the number
of residents who are not citizens as 4,624,459
Population growth rate:
3.24% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
38.25 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
5.83 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
67.91 years
male:
66.25 years
female:
69.65 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.67 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Saudi(s)
adjective:
Saudi or Saudi Arabian
Ethnic divisions:
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Religions:
Muslim 100%
Languages:
Arabic
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
62%
male:
73%
female:
48%
Labor force:
5 million-6 million
by occupation:
government 34%, industry and oil 28%, services 22%, agriculture 16%
@Saudi Arabia, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
conventional short form:
Saudi Arabia
local long form:
Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
local short form:
Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
Digraph:
SA
Type:
monarchy
Capital:
Riyadh
Administrative divisions:
14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash
Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash
Sharqiyah, Asir, Hail, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk
Independence:
23 September 1932 (unification)
National holiday:
Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
Constitution:
none; governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law)
Legal system:
based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced;
commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
none
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June
1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd
al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the
throne 13 June 1982)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; mostly made up of the royal family appointed by
the king
Legislative branch:
a consultative council comprised of 60 members and a chairman who are
appointed by the King for a term of four years
Judicial branch:
Supreme Council of Justice
Political parties and leaders:
none allowed
Member of:
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer),
OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador BANDAR bin Sultan Abd al-Aziz Al Saud
chancery:
601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone:
(202) 342-3800
consulate(s) general:
Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
(vacant); Charge d'Affaires C. David Welch
embassy:
Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh
mailing address:
American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; International Mail: P. O. Box
94309, Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307
telephone:
[966] (1) 488-3800
FAX:
[966] (1) 482-4364
consulate(s) general:
Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)
Flag:
green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There
is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white
horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the
traditional color of Islam
@Saudi Arabia, Economy