[1] Among the minor phenomena of Hawaiian volcanoes are the delicate
glassy fibres called Pele's hair by the Hawaiians, which are spun by
the wind from the rising and falling drops of liquid lava, and blown
over the edge or into the crevices of the crater. Pele in idolatrous
times was the dreaded goddess of Kilauea.
[2] The Chinese name for the Hawaiian Islands means "Sandalwood
Islands."
[3] Partly described by T. S. Streets, _Contributions to the Natural
History of the Hawaiian and Fanning Islands_, Bulletin 7 of U.S.
National Museum (Washington, 1877). Several new species are described
in U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document, No. 623 (Washington, 1907).
[4] So Lesson called the family from the native name in 1831; Cabanis
(1847) suggested _Acrulocercus_.
[5] The entomological department of the Hawaii Experiment Station
undertakes "mosquito control," and in 1905-1906 imported top-minnows
(_Poeciliidae_) to destroy mosquito larvae.
[6] These and other title-holders received corresponding rights to
the use of irrigation ditches, and to fish in certain sea areas
adjacent to their holdings.
[7] Large numbers of Japanese immigrants have used the Hawaiian
Islands merely as a means of gaining admission at the mainland ports
of the United States. For, as the Japanese government would issue
only a limited number of passports to the mainland but would quite
readily grant passports to Honolulu, the latter were accepted, and
after a short stay on some one of the islands the immigrants would
depart on a "coastwise" voyage to some mainland port. The increasing
numbers arriving by this means, however, provoked serious hostility
in the Pacific coast states, especially in San Francisco, and to
remedy the difficulty Congress inserted a clause in the general
immigration act of the 20th of February 1907 which provides that
whenever the president is satisfied that passports issued by any
foreign government to any other country than the United States, or to
any of its insular possessions, or to the Canal Zone, "are being used
for the purpose of enabling the holders to come to the continental
territory of the United States to the detriment of labour conditions
therein," he may refuse to admit them. This provision has been
successful in reducing the number of Japanese coming to the mainland
from Hawaii.
[8] These are: the county of Hawaii, consisting of the island of the
same name; the county of Maui, including the islands of Maui, Lanai
and Kahoolawe, and the greater part of Molokai; the county of
Kalawao, being the leper settlement on Molokai; the city and county
of Honolulu (created from the former county of Oahu by an act of
1907, which came into effect in 1909), consisting of the island of
Oahu and various small islands, of which the only ones of any
importance are the Midway Islands, 1232 m. from Honolulu, a Pacific
cable relay station and a post of the U.S. navy marines; and the
county of Kauai, including Kauai and Niihau islands.
[9] Their discovery in the 16th century (in 1542 or 1555 by Juan
Gaetan, or in 1528 when two of the vessels of Alvaro de Saavedra were
shipwrecked here and the captain of one, with his sister, survived
and intermarried with the natives) seems probable, because there are
traces of Spanish customs in the islands; and they are marked in
their correct latitude on an English chart of 1687, which is
apparently based on Spanish maps; a later Spanish chart (1743) gives
a group of islands 10 deg. E. of the true position of the Hawaiian
Islands.
[10] The first horses were left by Captain R. J. Cleveland in 1803.
[11] The first Roman Catholic priests came in 1827 and were banished
in 1831, but returned in 1837. An edict of toleration in 1839 shortly
preceded the visit of the "Artemise."
HAWARDEN (pronounced Harden, Welsh _Penarlag_), a market-town of
Flintshire, North Wales, 6 m. W. of Chester, on a height commanding an
extensive prospect, connected by a branch with the London &
North-Western railway. Pop. (1901), 5372. It lies in a coal district,
with clay beds near. Coarse earthenware, draining tiles and fire-clay
bricks are the chief manufactures. The Maudes take the title of viscount
from the town. Hawarden castle--built in 1752, added to and altered in
the Gothic style in 1814--stands in a fine wooded park near the old
castle of the same name, which William the Conqueror gave to his nephew,
Hugh Lupus. It was taken in 1282 by Dafydd, brother of Llewelyn, prince
of Wales, destroyed by the Parliamentarians in the Civil War, and came
into the possession of Sergeant Glynne, lord chief justice of England
under Cromwell. The last baronet, Sir Stephen R. Glynne, dying in 1874,
Castell Penarlag passed to his brother-in-law, William Ewart Gladstone.
St Deiniol church, early English, was restored in 1857 and 1878. There
are also a grammar school (1606), a Gladstone golden-wedding fountain
(1889), and St Deiniol's Hostel (with accommodation for students and an
Anglican clerical warden); west of the church, on Truman's hill, is an
old British camp.
HAWAWIR (HAUHAUIN), an African tribe of Semitic origin, dwelling in the
Bayuda desert, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. They are found along the road from
Debba to Khartum as far as Bir Ganir, and from Ambigol to Wadi Bishara.
They have adopted none of the negro customs, such as gashing the cheeks
or elaborate hairdressing. They own large herds of oxen, sheep and
camels.
HAWEIS, HUGH REGINALD (1838-1901), English preacher and writer, was born
at Egham, Surrey, on the 3rd of April 1838. On leaving Trinity College,
Cambridge, he travelled in Italy and served under Garibaldi in 1860. On
his return to England he was ordained and held various curacies in
London, becoming in 1866 incumbent of St James's, Marylebone. His
unconventional methods of conducting the service, combined with his
dwarfish figure and lively manner, soon attracted crowded congregations.
He married Miss M. E. Joy in 1866, and both he and Mrs Haweis (d. 1898)
contributed largely to periodical literature and travelled a good deal
abroad. Haweis was Lowell lecturer at Boston, U.S.A., in 1885, and
represented the Anglican Church at the Chicago Parliament of Religions
in 1893. He was much interested in music, and wrote books on violins and
church bells, besides contributing an article to the 9th edition of the
_Encyclopaedia Britannica_ on bell-ringing. His best-known book was
_Music and Morals_ (3rd ed., 1873); and for a time he was editor of
_Cassell's Magazine_. He also wrote five volumes on _Christ and
Christianity_ (a popular church history, 1886-1887). Other writings
include _Travel and Talk_ (1896), and similar chatty and entertaining
books. He died on the 29th of January 1901.
HAWES, STEPHEN (fl. 1502-1521), English poet, was probably a native of
Suffolk, and, if his own statement of his age may be trusted, was born
about 1474. He was educated at Oxford, and travelled in England,
Scotland and France. On his return his various accomplishments,
especially his "most excellent vein" in poetry, procured him a place at
court. He was groom of the chamber to Henry VII. as early as 1502. He
could repeat by heart the works of most of the English poets, especially
the poems of John Lydgate, whom he called his master. He was still
living in 1521, when it is stated in Henry VIII.'s household accounts
that L6. 13s. 4d. was paid "to Mr Hawes for his play," and he died
before 1530, when Thomas Field, in his "Conversation between a Lover and
a Jay," wrote "Yong Steven Hawse, whose soule God pardon, Treated of
love so clerkly and well." His capital work is _The Passetyme of
Pleasure, or the History of Graunde Amour and la Bel Pucel, conteining
the knowledge of the Seven Sciences and the Course of Man's Life in this
Worlde_, printed by Wynkyn de Worde, 1509, but finished three years
earlier. It was also printed with slightly varying titles by the same
printer in 1517, by J. Wayland in 1554, by Richard Tottel and by John
Waley in 1555. Tottel's edition was edited by T. Wright and reprinted by
the Percy Society in 1845. The poem is a long allegory in seven-lined
stanzas of man's life in this world. It is divided into sections after
the manner of the Morte Arthur and borrows the machinery of romance. Its
main motive is the education of the knight, Graunde Amour, based,
according to Mr W. J. Courthope (_Hist. of Eng. Poetry_, vol. i. 382),
on the _Marriage of Mercury and Philology_, by Martianus Capella, and
the details of the description prove Hawes to have been well acquainted
with medieval systems of philosophy. At the suggestion of Fame, and
accompanied by her two greyhounds, Grace and Governance, Graunde Amour
starts out in quest of La Bel Pucel. He first visits the Tower of
Doctrine or Science where he acquaints himself with the arts of grammar,
logic, rhetoric and arithmetic. After a long disputation with the lady
in the Tower of Music he returns to his studies, and after sojourns at
the Tower of Geometry, the Tower of Doctrine, the Castle of Chivalry,
&c., he arrives at the Castle of La Bel Pucel, where he is met by Peace,
Mercy, Justice, Reason and Memory. His happy marriage does not end the
story, which goes on to tell of the oncoming of Age, with the
concomitant evils of Avarice and Cunning. The admonition of Death brings
Contrition and Conscience, and it is only when Remembraunce has
delivered an epitaph chiefly dealing with the Seven Deadly Sins, and
Fame has enrolled Graunde Amour's name with the knights of antiquity,
that we are allowed to part with the hero. This long imaginative poem
was widely read and esteemed, and certainly exercised an influence on
the genius of Spenser.
The remaining works of Hawes are all of them bibliographical rarities.
_The Conversyon of Swerers_ (1509) and _A Joyfull Medytacyon to all
Englonde_, a coronation poem (1509), was edited by David Laing for the
Abbotsford Club (Edinburgh, 1865). A _Compendyous Story ... called
the Example of Vertu_ (pr. 1512) and the _Comfort of Lovers_ (not
dated) complete the list of his extant work.
See also G. Saintsbury, _The Flourishing of Romance and the Rise of
Allegory_ (Edin. and Lond., 1897); the same writer's _Hist. of English
Prosody_ (vol. i. 1906); and an article by W. Murison in the
_Cambridge History of English Literature_ (vol. ii. 1908).
HAWES, WILLIAM (1785-1846), English musician, was born in London in
1785, and was for eight years (1793-1801) a chorister of the Chapel
Royal, where he studied music chiefly under Dr Ayrton. He subsequently
held various musical posts, being in 1817 appointed master of the
children of the Chapel Royal. He also carried on the business of a music
publisher, and was for many years musical director of the Lyceum
theatre, then devoted to English opera. In the last-named capacity (July
23rd, 1824), he introduced Weber's _Der Freischutz_ for the first time
in England, at first slightly curtailed, but soon afterwards in its
entirety. Winter's _Interrupted Sacrifice_, Mozart's _Cosi fan tutte_,
Marschner's _Vampyre_ and other important works were also brought out
under his auspices. Hawes also wrote or compiled the music for numerous
pieces. Better were his glees and madrigals, of which he published
several collections. He also superintended a new edition of the
celebrated _Triumph of Oriana_. He died on the 18th of February 1846.
HAWFINCH, a bird so called from the belief that the fruit of the
hawthorn (_Crataegus Oxyacantha_) forms its chief food, the _Loxia
coccothraustes_ of Linnaeus, and the _Coccothraustes vulgaris_ of modern
ornithologists, one of the largest of the finch family (_Fringillidae_),
and found over nearly the whole of Europe, in Africa north of the Atlas
and in Asia from Palestine to Japan. It was formerly thought to be only
an autumnal or winter-visitor to Britain, but later experience has
proved that, though there may very likely be an immigration in the fall
of the year, it breeds in nearly all the English counties to Yorkshire,
and abundantly in those nearest to London. In coloration it bears some
resemblance to a chaffinch, but its much larger size and enormous beak
make it easily recognizable, while on closer inspection the singular
bull-hook form of some of its wing-feathers will be found to be very
remarkable. Though not uncommonly frequenting gardens and orchards, in
which as well as in woods it builds its nest, it is exceedingly shy in
its habits, so as seldom to afford opportunities for observation.
(A. N.)
HAWICK, a municipal and police burgh of Roxburghshire, Scotland. Pop.
(1891), 19,204; (1901), 17,303. It is situated at the confluence of the
Slitrig (which flows through the town) with the Teviot, 10 m. S.W. of
Jedburgh by road and 52(3/4) m. S.E. of Edinburgh by the North British
railway. The name has been derived from the O. Eng. _heaih-wic_, "the
village on the flat meadow," or _haga-wic_, "the fenced-in dwelling,"
the Gadeni being supposed to have had a settlement at this spot. Hawick
is a substantial and flourishing town, the prosperity of which dates
from the beginning of the 19th century, its enterprise having won for it
the designation of "The Glasgow of the Borders." The municipal
buildings, which contain the free library and reading-room, stand on the
site of the old town hall. The Buccleuch memorial hall, commemorating
the 5th duke of Buccleuch, contains the Science and Art Institute and a
museum rich in exhibits illustrating Border history. The Academy
furnishes both secondary and technical education. The only church of
historical interest is that of St Mary's, the third of the name, built
in 1763. The first church, believed to have been founded by St Cuthbert
(d. 687), was succeeded by one dedicated in 1214, which was the scene of
the seizure of Sir Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie in 1342 by Sir William
Douglas. The modern Episcopal church of St Cuthbert was designed by Sir
Gilbert Scott. The Moat or Moot hill at the south end of the town--an
earthen mound 30 ft. high and 300 ft. in circumference--is conjectured
to have been the place where formerly the court of the manor met; though
some authorities think it was a primitive form of fortification. The
Baron's Tower, founded in 1155 by the Lovels, lords of Branxholm and
Hawick, and afterwards the residence of the Douglases of Drumlanrig, is
said to have been the only building that was not burned down during the
raid of Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd earl of Sussex, in April 1570. At a later
date it was the abode of Anne, duchess of Buccleuch and Monmouth, after
the execution of her husband, James, duke of Monmouth in 1585, and
finally became the Tower Hotel. Bridges across the Teviot connect Hawick
with the suburb of Wilton, in which a public park has been laid out, and
St Leonard's Park and race-course are situated on the Common, 2 m. S.W.
The town is governed by a provost, bailies and council, and unites with
Selkirk and Galashiels (together known as the Border burghs) to send a
member to parliament. The leading industries are the manufacture of
hosiery, established in 1771, and woollens, dating from 1830, including
blankets, shepherd's plaiding and tweeds. There are, besides, tanneries,
dye works, oil-works, saw-mills, iron-founding and engineering works,
quarries and nursery gardens. The markets for live stock and grain are
also important.
In 1537 Hawick received from Sir James Douglas of Drumlanrig a charter
which was confirmed by the infant Queen Mary in 1545, and remained in
force until 1861, when the corporation was reconstituted by act of
parliament. Owing to its situation Hawick was often imperilled by Border
warfare and marauding freebooters. Sir Robert Umfraville (d. 1436),
governor of Berwick, burned it about 1417, and in 1562 the regent Moray
had to suppress the lawless with a strong hand. Neither of the Jacobite
risings aroused enthusiasm. In 1715 the discontented Highlanders
mutinied on the Common, 500 of them abandoning their cause, and in 1745
Prince Charles Edward's cavalry passed southward through the town. In
1514, the year after the battle of Flodden, in which the burghers had
suffered severely, a number of young men surprised an English force at
Hornshole, a spot on the Teviot 2 m. below the town, routed them and
bore away their flag. This event is celebrated every June in the
ceremony of "Riding the Common"--in which a facsimile of the captured
pennon is carried in procession to the accompaniment of a chorus
"Teribus, ye Teri Odin," supposed to be an invocation to Thor and
Odin--a survival of Northumbrian paganism. Two of the most eminent
natives of the burgh were Dr Thomas Somerville (1741-1830), the
historian, and James Wilson (1805-1860), founder of the _Economist_
newspaper and the first financial member of the council for India.
Minto House, 5 m. N.E., is the seat of the earl of Minto. Denholm,
about midway between Hawick and Jedburgh, was the birthplace of John
Leyden the poet. The cottage in which Leyden was born is now the
property of the Edinburgh Border Counties Association, and a monument
to his memory has been erected in the centre of Denholm green. Cavers,
nearer Hawick, was once the home of a branch of the Douglases, and it
is said that in Cavers House are still preserved the pennon that was
borne before the Douglas at the battle of Otterburn (Chevy Chase), and
the gauntlets that were then taken from the Percy (1388). Two m. S.W.
of Hawick is the massive peel of Goldielands--the "watch-tower of
Branxholm," a well-preserved typical Border stronghold. One mile
beyond it, occupying a commanding site on the left bank of the Teviot,
stands Branxholm Castle, the Branksome Hall of _The Lay of the Last
Minstrel_, once owned by the Lovels, but since the middle of the 15th
century the property of the Scotts of Buccleuch, and up to 1756 the
chief seat of the duke. It suffered repeatedly in English invasions
and was destroyed in 1570. It was rebuilt next year, the peel,
finished five years later, forming part of the modern mansion. About 3
m. W. of Hawick, finely situated on high ground above Harden Burn, a
left-hand affluent of Borthwick Water, is Harden, the home of Walter
Scott (1550-1629), an ancestor of the novelist.
HAWK (O. Eng. _hafoc_ or _heafoc_, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch
_havik_, Ger. _Habicht_; the root is _hab_-, _haf_-, to hold, cf. Lat.
_accipiter_, from _capere_), a word of somewhat indefinite meaning,
being often used to signify all diurnal birds-of-prey which are neither
vultures nor eagles, and again more exclusively for those of the
remainder which are not buzzards, falcons, harriers or kites. Even with
this restriction it is comprehensive enough, and will include more than
a hundred species, which have been arrayed in genera varying in number
from a dozen to above a score, according to the fancy of the
systematizer. Speaking generally, hawks may be characterized by
possessing comparatively short wings and long legs, a bill which begins
to decurve directly from the cere (or soft bare skin that covers its
base), and has the cutting edges of its maxilla (or upper mandible)
sinuated[1] but never notched. To these may be added as characters,
structurally perhaps of less value, but in other respects quite as
important, that the sexes differ very greatly in size, that in most
species the irides are yellow, deepening with age into orange or even
red, and that the immature plumage is almost invariably more or less
striped or mottled with heart-shaped spots beneath, while that of the
adults is generally much barred, though the old males have in many
instances the breast and belly quite free from markings. Nearly all are
of small or moderate size--the largest among them being the gos-hawk
(q.v.) and its immediate allies, and the male of the smallest,
_Accipiter tinus_, is not bigger than a song-thrush. They are all birds
of great boldness in attacking a quarry, but if foiled in the first
attempts they are apt to leave the pursuit. Thoroughly arboreal in their
habits, they seek their prey, chiefly consisting of birds (though
reptiles and small mammals are also taken), among trees or bushes,
patiently waiting for a victim to shew itself, and gliding upon it when
it appears to be unwary with a rapid swoop, clutching it in their
talons, and bearing it away to eat it in some convenient spot.
[Illustration: European Sparrow-Hawk (Male and Female).]
Systematic ornithologists differ as to the groups into which the
numerous forms known as hawks should be divided. There is at the outset
a difference of opinion as to the scientific name which the largest and
best known of these groups should bear--some authors terming it _Nisus_,
and others, who seem to have the most justice on their side,
_Accipiter_. In Europe there are two species--first, _A. nisus_, the
common sparrow-hawk, which has a wide distribution from Ireland to
Japan, extending also to northern India, Egypt and Algeria, and
secondly, _A. brevipes_ (by some placed in the group _Micronisus_ and by
others called an _Astur_), which only appears in the south-east and the
adjoining parts of Asia Minor and Persia. In North America the place of
the former is taken by two very distinct species, a small one, _A.
fuscus_, usually known in Canada and the United States as the
sharp-shinned hawk, and Stanley's or Cooper's hawk, _A. cooperi_ (by
some placed in another genus, _Cooperastur_), which is larger and has
not so northerly a range. In South America there are four or five more,
including _A. tinus_, before mentioned as the smallest of all, while a
species not much larger, _A. minullus_, together with several others of
greater size, inhabits South Africa. Madagascar and its neighbouring
islands have three or four species sufficiently distinct, and India has
_A. badlus_. A good many more forms are found in south-eastern Asia, in
the Indo-Malay Archipelago, and in Australia three or four species, of
which _A. cirrhocephalus_ most nearly represents the sparrow-hawk of
Europe and northern Asia, while _A. radiatus_ and _A. approximans_ show
some affinity to the gos-hawks (_Astur_) with which they are often
classed. The differences between all the forms above named and the much
larger number here unnamed are such as can be only appreciated by the
specialist. The so-called "sparrow-hawk" of New Zealand (_Hieracidea_)
does not belong to this group of birds at all, and by many authors has
been deemed akin to the falcons. For hawking see FALCONRY. (A. N.)