[1] Renamed Paseo de Marti by the republic, but the name is never
used.
[2] Dr Carlos Finlay of Havana, arguing from the coincidence between
the climatic limitation of yellow fever and the geographical
limitation of the mosquito, urged (1881 sqq.) that there was some
relation between the disease and the insect. Reed worked from the
observation of Dr H. R. Carter (U.S. Marine Hospital Service) that
although the incubation of the disease was 5 days, 15 to 20 days had
to elapse before the "infection" of the house, and from Ross's
demonstration of the part played in malaria by the _Anopheles_. See
H. A. Kelly, _Walter Reed and Yellow Fever_ (New York, 1907).
[3] The average number of deaths from yellow fever annually from 1885
(when reliable registration began) to 1898 was 455; maximum 1282 in
1896 (supposed average for 4 years, 1856-1859, being 1489.8 and for 7
years, 1873-1879, 1395.1), minimum 136, in 1898; average deaths of
military, 1885-1898, 278.4 (in 1896-1897 constituting 1966 out of a
total of 2140); deaths of American soldiers, 1899-1900, 18 out of
431.
HAVANT, a market-town in the Fareham parliamentary division of
Hampshire, England, 67 m. S.W. from London by the London & South Western
and the London, Brighton & South Coast railways. Pop. of urban district
(1901), 3837. The urban district of Warblington, 1 m. S.E. (pop. 3639),
has a fine church, Norman and later, with traces of pre-Norman work, and
some remains of a Tudor castle. Havant lies in a flat coastal district,
near the head of Langstone Harbour, a wide shallow inlet of the English
Channel. The church of St Faith was largely rebuilt in 1875, but retains
some good Early English work. There are breweries and tanneries, and the
manufacture of parchment is carried on. Off the mainland near Havant
lies Hayling, a flat island of irregular form lying between the harbours
of Langstone and Chichester. It measures 4 m. in length from N. to S.,
and is nearly the same in breadth at the south, but the breadth
generally is about 1(1/2) m. It is well wooded and fertile. A railway
serves the village of South Hayling, which is in some favour as a
seaside resort, having a wide sandy beach and good golf links. The
island was in the possession of successive religious bodies from the
Conquest (when it was given to the Benedictines of Jumieges, near
Rouen), until the Dissolution. The church of South Hayling is a fine
Early English building.
HAVEL, a river of Prussia, Germany, having its origin in Lake Dambeck
(223 ft.) on the Mecklenburg plateau, a few miles north-west of
Neu-Strelitz, and after threading several lakes flowing south as far as
Spandau. Thence it curves south-west, past Potsdam and Brandenburg,
traversing another chain of lakes, and finally continues north-west
until it joins the Elbe from the right some miles above Wittenberge
after a total course of 221 m. and a total fall of only 158 ft. Its
banks are mostly marshy or sandy, and the stream is navigable from the
Mecklenburg lakes downwards. Several canals connect it with these lakes,
as well as with other rivers--e.g. the Finow canal with the Oder, the
Ruppin canal with the Rhin, the Berlin-Spandau navigable canal (5(1/2)
m.) with the Spree, and the Plaue-Ihle canal with the Elbe. The
Sakrow-Paretz canal, 11 m. long, cuts off the deep bend at Potsdam. The
most notable of the tributaries is the Spree (227 m. long), which
bisects Berlin and joins the Havel at Spandau. Area of river basin,
10,159 sq. m.
HAVELBERG, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Brandenburg,
on the Havel and the railway Glowen-Havelberg. Pop. (1905), 5988. The
town is built partly on an island in the Havel, and partly on hills on
the right bank of the river, on one of which stands the fine Romanesque
cathedral dating from the 12th century. The two parts, which are
connected by a bridge, were incorporated as one town in 1875. The
inhabitants are chiefly engaged in tobacco manufacturing, sugar-refining
and boat-building, and in the timber trade.
Otto I. founded a bishopric at Havelberg in 946; the bishop, however,
who was a prince of the Empire, generally resided at Plattenburg, or
Wittstock, a few miles to the north. In 1548 the bishopric was seized by
the elector of Brandenburg, who finally took possession of it fifty
years later, and the cathedral passed to the Protestant Church,
retaining its endowments till the edict of 1810, by which all former
ecclesiastical possessions were assumed by the crown. The final
secularization was delayed till 1819. Havelberg was formerly a strong
fortress, but in the Thirty Years' War it was taken from the Danish by
the imperial troops in 1627. Recaptured by the Swedes in 1631, and again
in 1635 and 1636, it was in 1637 retaken by the Saxons. It suffered
severely from a conflagration in 1870.
HAVELOCK, SIR HENRY (1795-1857), British soldier, one of the heroes of
the Indian Mutiny, the second of four brothers (all of whom entered the
army), was born at Ford Hall, Bishop-Wearmouth, Sunderland, on the 5th
of April 1795. His parents were William Havelock, a wealthy shipbuilder
in Sunderland, and Jane, daughter of John Carter, solicitor at
Stockton-on-Tees. When about five years old Henry accompanied his elder
brother William to Mr Bradley's school at Swanscombe, whence at the age
of ten he removed for seven years to Charterhouse school. In accordance
with the desire of his mother, who had died in 1811, he entered the
Middle Temple in 1813, studying under Chitty the eminent special
pleader. His legal studies having been abridged by a misunderstanding
with his father, he in 1815 accepted a second lieutenancy in the Rifle
Brigade (95th), procured for him by the interest of his brother William.
During the following eight years of service in Britain he read
extensively and acquired a good acquaintance with the theory of war. In
1823, having exchanged into the 21st and thence into the 13th Light
Infantry, he followed his brothers William and Charles to India, first
qualifying himself in Hindustani under Dr Gilchrist, a celebrated
Orientalist.
At the close of twenty-three years' service he was still a lieutenant,
and it was not until 1838 that, after three years' adjutancy of his
regiment, he became captain. Before this, however, he had held several
staff appointments, notably that of deputy assistant-adjutant-general of
the forces in Burma till the peace of Yandabu, of which he, with Lumsden
and Knox, procured the ratifications at Ava from the "Golden Foot," who
bestowed on him the "gold leaf" insignia of Burmese nobility. His first
command had been at a stockade capture in the war, and he was present
also at the battles of Napadee, Patanago and Pagan. He had also held
during his lieutenancy various interpreterships and the adjutancy of the
king's troops at Chinsura. In 1828 he published at Serampore Campaigns
in Ava, and in 1829 he married Hannah Shepherd, daughter of Dr Marshman,
the eminent missionary. About the same time he became a Baptist, being
baptized by Mr John Mack at Serampore. During the first Afghan war he
was present as aide-de-camp to Sir Willoughby Cotton at the capture of
Ghazni, on the 23rd of July 1839, and at the occupation of Kabul. After
a short absence in Bengal to secure the publication of his _Memoirs of
the Afghan Campaign_, he returned to Kabul in charge of recruits, and
became interpreter to General Elphinstone. In 1840, being attached to
Sir Robert Sale's force, he took part in the Khurd-Kabul fight, in the
celebrated passage of the defiles of the Ghilzais (1841) and in the
fighting from Tezeen to Jalalabad. Here, after many months' siege, his
column in a sortie _en masse_ defeated Akbar Khan on the 7th of April
1842. He was now made deputy adjutant-general of the infantry division
in Kabul, and in September he assisted at Jagdalak, at Tezeen, and at
the release of the British prisoners at Kabul, besides taking a
prominent part at Istaliff. Having obtained a regimental majority he
next went through the Mahratta campaign as Persian interpreter to Sir
Hugh (Viscount) Gough, and distinguished himself at Maharajpore in 1843,
and also in the Sikh campaign at Moodkee, Ferozeshah and Sobraon in
1845. For these services he was made deputy adjutant-general at Bombay.
He exchanged from the 13th to the 39th, then as second major into the
53rd at the beginning of 1849, and soon afterwards left for England,
where he spent two years. In 1854 he became quartermaster-general, then
full colonel, and lastly adjutant-general of the troops in India.
In 1857 he was selected by Sir James Outram for the command of a
division in the Persian campaign, during which he was present at the
actions of Muhamra and Ahwaz. Peace with Persia set him free just as the
Mutiny broke out; and he was chosen to command a column "to quell
disturbances in Allahabad, to support Lawrence at Lucknow and Wheeler at
Cawnpore, to disperse and utterly destroy all mutineers and insurgents."
At this time Lady Canning wrote of him in her diary: "General Havelock
is not in fashion, but all the same we believe that he will do well. No
doubt he is fussy and tiresome, but his little old stiff figure looks as
active and fit for use as if he were made of steel." But in spite of
this lukewarm commendation Havelock proved himself the man for the
occasion, and won the reputation of a great military leader. At
Fatehpur, on the 12th of July, at Aong and Pandoobridge on the 15th, at
Cawnpore on the 16th, at Unao on the 29th, at Busherutgunge on the 29th
and again on the 5th of August, at Boorhya on the 12th of August, and at
Bithur on the 16th, he defeated overwhelming forces. Twice he advanced
for the relief of Lucknow, but twice prudence forbade a reckless
exposure of troops wasted by battle and disease in the almost
impracticable task. Reinforcements arriving at last under Outram, he was
enabled by the generosity of his superior officer to crown his successes
on the 25th of September 1857 by the capture of Lucknow. There he died
on the 24th of November 1857, of dysentery, brought on by the anxieties
and fatigues connected with his victorious march and with the subsequent
blockade of the British troops. He lived long enough to receive the
intelligence that he had been created K.C.B. for the first three battles
of the campaign; but of the major-generalship which was shortly
afterwards conferred he never knew. On the 26th of November, before
tidings of his death had reached England, letters-patent were directed
to create him a baronet and a pension of L1000 a year was voted at the
assembling of parliament. The baronetcy was afterwards bestowed upon his
eldest son; while to his widow, by royal order, was given the rank to
which she would have been entitled had her husband survived and been
created a baronet. To both widow and son pensions of L1000 were awarded
by parliament.
See Marshman, _Life of Havelock_ (1860); L. J. Trotter, _The Bayard of
India_ (1903); F. M. Holmes, _Four Heroes of India_; G. B. Smith,
_Heroes of the Nineteenth Century_ (1901); and A. Forbes, _Havelock_
("English Men of Action" series, 1890).
HAVELOK THE DANE, an Anglo-Danish romance. The hero, under the name of
CUHERAN or CUARAN, was a scullion-jongleur at the court of Edelsi (Alsi)
or Godric, king of Lincoln and Lindsey. At the same court was brought up
Argentille or Goldborough, the orphan daughter of Adelbrict, the Danish
king of Norfolk, and his wife Orwain, Edelsi's sister; and Edelsi, to
humiliate his ward, married her to the scullion Cuaran. But, inspired by
a vision, Cuaran and Goldborough set out for Grimsby, where Cuaran
learned that Grim, his supposed father, was dead. His foster-sister,
moreover, told him that his real name was Havelok, that he was the son
of Gunter (or Birkabeyn), king of Denmark, and had been rescued by Grim,
who though a poor fisherman was a noble in his own country, when Gunter
perished by treason. The hero then wins back his own and Goldborough's
kingdoms, punishing traitors and rewarding the faithful. The story
exists in two French versions: as an interpolation between Geffrei
Gaimar's _Brut_ and his _Estorie des Engles_ (_c._ 1150) and in the
Anglo-Norman _Lai d'Havelok_ (12th century). The English _Havelok_ (_c._
1300) is written in a Lincolnshire dialect and embodies abundant local
tradition. A short version of the tale is interpolated in the Lambeth
MS. of Robert Mannyng's _Handlyng Synne_. The story reappears more than
once in English literature, notably in the ballad of "Argentille and
Curan" in William Warner's _Albion's England_. The name of Havelok
(Habloc, Abloec, Abloyc) is said to correspond in Welsh to Anlaf or
Olaf. Now the historical Anlaf Curan was the son of a Viking chief
Sihtric, who was king of Northumbria in 925 and died in 927. Anlaf
Sihtricson was driven into exile by his stepmother's brother Aethelstan,
and took refuge in Scotland at the court of Constantine II., whose
daughter he married. He was defeated with Constantine[1] at Brunanburh
(937), but was nevertheless for two short periods joint ruler in
Northumbria with his cousin Anlaf Godfreyson. He reigned in Dublin till
980, when he was defeated. He died the next year as a monk at Iona.
Round the name of Anlaf Curan a number of legends rapidly gathered, and
the legend of the Danish hero probably filtered through Celtic channels,
as the Welsh names of Argentille and Orwain indicate. The close
similarity between the Havelok saga and the story of Hamlet (Amlethus)
as told by Saxo Grammaticus was pointed out long ago by Scandinavian
scholars. The individual points they have in common are found in other
legends, but the series of coincidences between the adventurous history
of Anlaf Curan and the life of Amlethus can hardly be fortuitous.
Interesting light is thrown on the whole question by Professor I.
Gollancz (_Hamlet in Iceland_, 1898) by the identification of
Amhlaide--who is said by Queen Gormflaith[2] in the _Annals of Ireland
by the Four Masters_ to have slain Niall Glundubh--with Anlaf's father
Sihtric. The exploits of father and son were likely to be confused.
The mythical elements in the Havelok story are numerous. Argentille, as
H. L. Ward points out, is a disguised Valkyrie. Like Svava she inspired
a dull and nameless youth, and as Hild raised the dead to fight by
magic, so Argentille in _Havelok_ and Hermuthruda in _Amleth_ prop up
dead or wounded men with stakes to bluff the enemy. Havelok's royal
lineage is betrayed by his flame breath when he is asleep, a phenomenon
which has parallels in the history of Servius Tullius and of Dietrich of
Bern. Part of the Havelok legend lingers in local tradition. Havelok
destroyed his enemies in Denmark by casting down great stones upon them
from the top of a tower, and Grim is said to have kicked three of the
turrets from the church tower in his efforts to destroy the enemy's
ships. John Weever (_Antient Funerall Monuments_, 1631, p. 749) says
that the privilege of the town in Elsinore, where its merchants were
free from toll, was due to the interest of Havelok, the Danish prince,
and the common seal of the town of Grimsby represents Grim, with
"Habloc" on his right hand and Goldeburgh on his left.
The English MS. of _Havelok_ (MSS. Laud Misc. 108) in the Bodleian
library is unique. It was edited for the Roxburghe Club by Sir F.
Madden in 1828. This edition contains, besides the English text, the
two French versions. There are subsequent editions by W. W. Skeat
(1868) for the E.E. Text Society, by F. Holthausen (London, New York
and Heidelberg, 1901), and by W. W. Skeat (Clarendon Press, Oxford,
1902, where further bibliographical references will be found); and a
modern English version by Miss E. Hickey (London, 1902). Gaimar's text
and the French lai are edited by Sir T. D. Hardy and C. F. Martin in
_Rerum Brit. med. aev. scriptores_, vol. i. (1888). See also the
account of the saga by H. L. Ward (_Cat. of Romances_, i. 423-446);
for the identification of Havelok with Anlaf Curan see G. Storm,
_Englische Studien_ (1880), iii. 533, a reprint of an earlier article;
E. K. Putnam, _The Lambeth Version of Havelok_ (Baltimore, 1900).