RESULT: Macedonia becomes a Roman province.
=THIRD PUNIC WAR=--149-146 B. C.
(1) =Romans= vs. (2) Carthaginians.
CAUSE: War of Carthage with Massinissa gives Rome the pretext for
completing the destruction of Carthage.
LEADERS: (1) =Scipio=, =Æmilianus=, =Africanus=.
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) =Siege of Carthage=.
RESULT: Carthage destroyed. Most of her territory becomes a Roman
province of Africa.
=JUGURTHINE WAR.=--111-105 B. C.
(1) =Romans= vs. (2) Jugurtha of Numidia.
CAUSE: Jugurtha, disregarding intervention of Rome, captures Citra
and massacres male population.
LEADERS: (1) =C. Marius=; (2) Jugurtha.
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) =Muthul=, =Citra=.
RESULTS: Numidia divided. The war reveals the corruption and
incapacity of the Senatorial government of Rome.
=MARSIAN OR SOCIAL WAR.=--90-88 B. C.
(1) =Romans= vs. (2) Italian Allies.
CAUSE: Italian socii (allies) are denied the right of Roman
citizenship.
LEADER: (1) =C. Marius=, =Sulla=.
CHIEF ACTION: (1) =Asculum=.
RESULT: Italians form a Federal republic, Italia, with capital at
Corfinium. Roman citizenship granted to all Italian residents.
=FIRST ROMAN CIVIL WAR=--88-82 B. C.
(1) =Optimates= vs. (2) Democrats.
CAUSE: Reform measures of Sulpicius are carried by means of
violence. Command of army of Asia is transferred from Sulla to
Marius.
LEADERS: (1) =Sulla=, =Pompey=; (2) Marius, Cinna, Sertorius, Carbo.
CHIEF ACTIONS: =Sacriportis=, =Colline=, =Gate=, =Sulla’s
proscriptions=; (2) Marius’s Reign of Terror.
RESULT: Sulla is appointed dictator.
=THREE MITHRIDATIC WARS=--88-63 B. C.
(1) =Romans= vs. (2) Pontines and Armenians.
CAUSES: Ambition of Mithridates VI. and Roman interference.
LEADERS: (1) =Sulla=, =Lucullus=, =Pompey=; (2) Mithridates
(Pontus), Tigranus (Armenia).
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) =Chæronea=, =Orchomenus=, =Cabira=,
=Tigranocerta=; (2) Massacre of Italians in Asia.
RESULTS: Reorganization of the East; Pontus, Syria and Cilicia
become Roman provinces.
=GLADIATORIAL AND THIRD SERVILE WAR.=--73-71 B. C.
(1) =Romans= vs. Revolted Gladiators and Slaves.
CAUSE: Uprising of a band of gladiators, escaped from Capua and
joined by many slaves of southern Italy.
LEADERS: (1) =Crassus=, =Pompey=; (2) Spartacus.
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) =Silarus=; (2) Mt. Vesuvius.
RESULTS: Revolt put down with cruelty, six thousand crucified.
=GALLIC WAR=--58-51 B. C.
(1) =Romans= vs. (2) Tribes of Gaul.
CAUSE: Desire to extend the Roman empire.
LEADERS: (1) =Julius Cæsar=; (2) Vercingetorix, Ariovistus.