RESULTS: Conquest and organization of Gaul by Cæsar. Gauls
Romanized; boundaries of the old world enlarged (Cæsar’s expedition
to Britain 55-54 B. C.); means acquired for changing Rome into a
monarchy.
=SECOND ROMAN CIVIL WAR.=--49-31 B. C.
First period, 49-45 B. C.
(1) =Followers of Cæsar= (=democrats=) vs. (2) Followers of Pompey
(republican aristocrats).
CAUSE: Struggle for mastery between Cæsar, conqueror of Gaul, and
Pompey, conqueror of the East.
LEADERS: (1) =Cæsar=; (2) Pompey and his sons.
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) “=Crossing the Rubicon=,” =Pharsalus=, =Thapsus=,
=Munda.=
RESULT: Cæsar is appointed dictator for life. He is the founder of
the new monarchy at Rome.
Second period--43-42 B. C.
(1) =Friends of Cæsar= (=Second Triumvirate=) vs. (2) Cæsar’s
Assassins.
CAUSE: Assassination of Cæsar, 44 B. C.
LEADERS: (1) =Antony=, =Octavius=, =Lepidus=; (2) Brutus, Cassius,
Sextus Pompey.
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) =New proscription= (=Murder of Cicero=),
=Philippi=.
RESULT: Brutus and Cassius, defeated, commit suicide.
Third period--31-30 B. C.
(1) =Octavius= vs. (2) Antony.
CAUSE: A continued struggle for supreme power.
LEADERS: (1) =Octavius=; (2) Antony, Cleopatra.