RESULTS: Alexander conquers Asia from the Mediterranean Sea to the
Indus River and from the Arabian Sea to the Jaxartes River and
begins the Hellenizing of the East. Founds Alexandria in Egypt. The
empire breaks up after Alexander’s death 323 B. C.
=ROMAN WAR WITH TARENTUM AND EPIRUS.=--282-272 B. C.
(1) =Romans= vs. (2) Tarentum and King Pyrrhus.
CAUSE: The people of Tarentum capture Roman ships and insult Roman
embassy. They call in King Pyrrhus of Epirus.
LEADERS: (1) =Manius Curius=; (2) Pyrrhus.
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) =Beneventum=, =Tarentum=; (2) Heraclea, Asculum.
RESULTS: Pyrrhus returns to Epirus and his allies one by one submit
to Rome, which is left supreme from Straits of Messina to the River
Arno and the headland of Ancona.
=FIRST PUNIC WAR.=--264-241 B. C.
(1) =Romans= vs. (2) Carthaginians.
CAUSES: A struggle for supremacy in Sicily. Pretext, Campanian
mercenaries, having seized Messina, appeal to Rome for aid.
LEADERS: (1) =C. Duilius=, =M. Atilius Regulus=, =P. Claudius
Pulcher=, =C. Lutatius Catulus=; (2) Hamilcar Barca, Himilco, Hanno.
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) =Agrigentum=, =Mylæ=, =Ecnomus=, =Panormus=,
=Ægadian Islands=; (2) Siege of Lilybæum, Drepana.
RESULTS: Carthaginians surrender Sicily and pay a war indemnity.
Carthage retains the Western Mediterranean and Rome is launched on
her career of conquest.
=SECOND PUNIC WAR.=--218-201 B. C.
(1) =Romans= vs. (2) Carthaginians.
CAUSES: A duel to the death between East and West. Pretext,
Hannibal’s attacks on Saguntum in Spain.
LEADERS: (1) =Q. Fabius Maximus=, =Publius Scipio=, =P. Cornelius
Scipio Africanus=; (2) Hannibal, Hasdrubal.
CHIEF ACTIONS: (1) =Syracuse=, =Capua=, =Metaurus=, =Zama=; (2)
Ticinus, Trebia, Trasimene, Cannæ.
RESULTS: Hannibal succumbs as a result of the loyalty of Italy.
Carthage forced to give up Spain, to pay an annual tribute, to
surrender her fleet, and to agree not to go to war without the
permission of Rome.
=FOUR MACEDONIAN WARS.=--214-146 B. C.
(1) =Romans= vs. (2) Greeks.
CAUSE: Alliance of Philip, King of Macedon with Carthage.
LEADERS: (1) =T. Quinctius Flaminius=, =L. Aemilius Paulus=; (2)
Philip of Macedon, Perseus.