still retains, in spite of the transformations of eight centuries,
something of the massiveness and the splendor of its Norman original,
of which it preserves the great Pisan tower,--once the repository
of the royal treasure,--the royal chapel, and one of the state
apartments of King Roger’s time. Its terraces and gardens have long
since disappeared, with their marble lions and plashing fountains
which resembled the Alhambra or the great pleasure-grounds of the
Mohammedan East; but we can easily call them to life with the aid of
the Saracen poets and of the remains of the other royal residences
which surrounded the city “like a necklace of pearls.” Here, amid
his harem and his eunuchs, the officers of his court and his retinue
of Mohammedan servants, the king lived much after the manner of an
Oriental potentate. On state occasions he donned the purple and gold
of the Greek emperors or the sumptuous vestments of red samite,
embroidered with golden tigers and camels and Arabic invocations to
the Christian Redeemer, which are still preserved among the treasures
of the Holy Roman Empire at Vienna. And when, on festivals, he entered
the palace chapel, Latin in its ground-plan, Greek and Arabic in its
ornamentation, the atmosphere was likewise Oriental. As described at
its dedication in 1140, with the starry heavens of its ceiling and the
flowery meadows of its pavement, the chapel preserves its fundamental
features to-day. Dome and choir are dominated by great Byzantine
figures of Christ, accompanied by Byzantine saints and scenes with
Greek inscriptions, all executed with the fullest brilliancy of which
mosaics are capable, while the stalactite ceiling, “dripping with
all the elaborate richness of Saracen art,” seems “to re-create some
forgotten vision of the _Arabian Nights_.” Harmonious in design yet
infinitely varied in detail, rich beyond belief in color and in line,
reflecting alike the dim rays of its pendent lamps or the full light
of the southern sun, the Cappella Palatina is the fullest and most
adequate expression of the many-sided art of the Norman kingdom and the
unifying force of the Norman kings.
* * * * *
Brilliant but ephemeral, precocious but lacking in permanent
results--such are the judgments commonly passed upon the Sicilian
kingdom and its civilization. At best the kingdom seems to reach no
farther than Frederick II, and of him Freeman has said that, though
qualified by genius to start some great movement or begin some new era,
he seemed fated to stand at the end of everything which he touched--the
mediæval empire, the Sicilian kingdom, the Norman-Hohenstaufen
line.[72] In the field of government these statements are in the main
true: the rapid changes of dynasties and the deep political decline
into which the south ultimately fell destroyed the unity of its
political development and nullified the work of Norman state-building,
so that the enduring results of Norman statesmanship and Norman law
must be sought in the north and not in Italy. That, however, is not
the whole of the story, and in the field of culture influences less
palpable, but none the less real, flowed from the Norman stream
into the general currents of European civilization. So long as the
Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was looked upon
as simply the negation of the Middle Ages by a return to classical
antiquity, figures such as King Roger and Frederick II were merely
‘sports,’ isolated flashes of genius and modernity without any relation
to their own times or to the greater movement which followed. Since,
however, we have come to view the Renaissance in its larger aspects
as far more than a classical revival, its relations to the Middle
Ages are seen to have been much more intimate and important than was
once supposed. The evolution is at times rapid, but the _Trecento_
grows out of the centuries which preceded as naturally as it grew
into the _Quattrocento_ which followed. The place of Italy in this
process is universally recognized; the place of southern Italy is
sometimes overlooked. We are too prone to forget that Niccola Pisano
was also called Nicholas of Apulia; that Petrarch owed much to his
sojourn at the Neapolitan court; that Boccaccio learned his Greek from
a Calabrian; that the first notes of a new Italian literature were
sounded at the court of Frederick II. Many phases of the relation
between south and north in this transitional period are still obscure,
but of the significance of the southern contribution there is now
reasonable assurance. Moreover, the continuity between the intellectual
movement under Roger and William I and that under Frederick II and
later can be followed in some detail in the history of individual
manuscripts and authors. When humanists like Petrarch and Salutati read
Plato’s _Phædo_ or Ptolemy’s _Almagest_, their libraries show that they
used the Latin versions of the Sicilian translators of the twelfth
century. The learning of the southern kingdom may have been a faint
light, but it was handed on, not extinguished.
For our general understanding of the Normans and their work, it is well
that we should trace them in the lands where their direct influence
grows faint and dim, as well as in those where their descendants still
rule. Only a formal and mechanical view of history seeks to ticket
off particular races against particular regions as the sole sources
of population and power; only false national pride conceives of any
people as continually in the vanguard of civilization. Races are mixed
things, institutions and civilization are still more complex, and no
people can claim to be a unique and permanent source of light and
strength. Outside of Normandy the Normans were but a small folk, and
sooner or later they inevitably lost their identity. They did their
work pre-eminently not as a people apart, but as a group of leaders
and energizers, the little leaven that leaveneth the whole lump.
Wherever they went, they showed a marvellous power of initiative and
of assimilation; if the initiative is more evident in England, the
assimilation is more manifest in Sicily. The penalty for such activity
is rapid loss of identity; the reward is a large share in the general
development of civilization. If the Normans paid the penalty, they also
reaped the reward, and they were never more Norman than in adopting the
statesmanlike policy of toleration and assimilation which led to their
ultimate extinction. _Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose!_
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
The best general account of the Norman kingdom is that of
Chalandon, who carries its history to 1194 and gives also a
provisional description of its institutions and an unsatisfactory
chapter on its civilization. E. Caspar, _Roger II_ (Innsbruck,
1904), is the best book on the reign; Curtis, _Roger of Sicily_,
is convenient. G. B. Siragusa, _Il regno di Guglielmo I_ (Palermo,
1885–86), and I. La Lumia, _Storia della Sicilia sotto Guglielmo il
Buono_ (Florence, 1867), need revision. For Constance, T. Toeche,
_Kaiser Heinrich VI_ (Leipzig, 1867), is still useful.
* * * * *
The treatment of Sicilian institutions by E. Mayer, _Italienische
Verfassungsgeschichte_ (Leipzig, 1909), is too juristic. There is
an excellent book on the chancery by K. A. Kehr, _Die Urkunden
der normannisch-sicilischen Könige_ (Innsbruck, 1902); and on the
_duana_ there are important monographs by Amari, in the _Memorie
dei Lincei_, third series, II, pp. 409–38 (1878); and by C. A.
Garufi, in _Archivio storico italiano_, fifth series, XXVII, pp.
225–63 (1901). For local administration see the valuable study of
Miss E. Jamison, _The Norman Administration of Apulia and Capua_,
in _Papers of the British School at Rome_, VI, pp. 211–481 (1913).
See also H. Niese, _Die Gesetzgebung der normannischen Dynastie im
Regnum Siciliae_ (Halle, 1910); Haskins, “England and Sicily in the
Twelfth Century,” in _English Historical Review_, XXVI, pp. 433–47,
641–65 (1911); W. Cohn, _Die Geschichte der normannisch-sicilischen
Flotte_ (Breslau, 1910); R. Straus, _Die Juden im Königreich
Sizilien_ (Heidelberg, 1910); F. Zechbauer, _Das mittelalterliche
Strafrecht Siziliens_ (Berlin, 1908); and various studies in the
_Miscellanea Salinas_ (Palermo, 1907) and the _Centenario Michele
Amari_ (Palermo, 1910). The commerce of the Sicilian kingdom is
described by A. Schaube, _Handelsgeschichte der romanischen Völker_
(Munich, 1906).
* * * * *
For Monte Cassino in this period see E. A. Loew, _The Beneventan
Script_ (Oxford, 1914), with the works there cited; R. Palmarocchi,
_L’abbazia di Montecassino e la conquista normanna_ (Rome, 1913).
On the Greek monasteries, see Gay, _L’Italie méridionale_; P.
Batiffol, _L’abbaye de Rossano_ (Paris, 1891); K. Lake, “The Greek
Monasteries in South Italy,” in _Journal of Theological Studies_,
IV, V (1903–04); and F. LoParco, _Scolario-Saba_, in _Atti_ of the
Naples Academy, new series, I (1910). The best account of Saracen
culture in Sicily is still that of Amari. On the south-Italian and
Sicilian translators, see O. Hartwig, “Die Uebersetzungsliteratur
Unteritaliens in der normannisch-staufischen Epoche,” in
_Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen_, III, pp. 161–90, 223–25, 505
(1886); Haskins and Lockwood, _The Sicilian Translators of the
Twelfth Century and the First Latin Version of Ptolemy’s Almagest_,
in _Harvard Studies in Classical Philology_, XXI, pp. 75–102
(1910); Haskins, _ibid._, XXIII, pp. 155–166; XXV, pp. 87–105. On
the Sicilian origin of the Greek MSS. of the papal library, see J.
L. Heiberg, in _Oversigt_ of the Danish Academy, 1891, pp. 305–18;
F. Ehrle, in _Festgabe Anton de Waal_ (Rome, 1913), pp. 348–51. The
connection of the intellectual movement of the twelfth century with
the renaissance under Frederick II is well brought out by Niese,
“Zur Geschichte des geistigen Lebens am Hofe Kaiser Friedrichs
II,” in _Historische Zeitschrift_, CVIII, pp. 473–540 (1912). In
general see F. Novati, _Le origini_, in course of publication in
the _Storia letteraria d’Italia_ (Milan, since 1897).
* * * * *
The development of art in the south in this period is treated
by A. Venturi, _Storia dell’ arte italiana_ (Rome, 1901 _ff._),
II, ch. 3; III, ch. 2. See also C. Diehl, _L’art byzantin
dans l’Italie méridionale_ (Paris, 1894). For the continental
territories there is an excellent account in E. Bertaux, _L’art
dans l’Italie méridionale_ (Paris, 1904). There is nothing so good
for Sicily, although there are monographs on particular edifices.
Diehl, _Palerme et Syracuse_ (Paris, 1907), is a good sketch with
illustrations; Miss C. Waern, _Mediæval Sicily_ (London, 1910),
is more popular. Freeman has a readable essay on “The Normans at
Palermo,” in his _Historical Essays_, third series, pp. 437–76.
See also A. Springer, “Die mittelalterliche Kunst in Palermo,”
in his _Bilder aus der neueren Kunstgeschichte_ (Bonn, 1886), I,
pp. 157–208; and A. Goldschmidt, “Die normannischen Königspaläste
in Palermo,” in _Zeitschrift für Bauwesen_, XLVIII, coll. 541–90
(1898). Interesting aspects of twelfth-century Palermo are depicted
in the Bern codex of Peter of Eboli, reproduced by Siragusa for the
Istituto Storico Italiano (1905) and by Rota for the new edition
of Muratori (1904–10). Surviving portions of the royal costume are
reproduced by F. Bock, _Die Kleinodien des heil.-römischen Reiches_
(Vienna, 1864).
THE END
FOOTNOTES
[1] _La France_, p. 161.
[2] _Pages normandes_, dedication.
[3] _Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres_, p. 55.
[4] _Ystoire de li Normant_ (ed. Delarc), p. 10.
[5] _Historia Sicula_, I, 3.
[6] _Gesta Regum_ (Rolls Series), p. 306.
[7] Ed. LePrévost, III, p. 474; cf. p. 230.
[8] _Roman de Rou_ (ed. Andresen), II, lines 9139–56.
[9] H. W. C. Davis, _England under the Normans and Angevins_, p. 3.
[10] _Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres_, p. 4.
[11] II, 14, as translated by Keary, _Vikings_, p. 136.
[12] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, p. 257.
[13] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, pp. 236–40.
[14] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, p. 265 _f._
[15] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, pp. 268–70.
[16] _Ibid._, I, p. 281 _f._
[17] _Germanic Origins_ (New York, 1892), p. 305 _f._
[18] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, p. 373.
[19] _Ibid._, II, p. 345.
[20] “Primitive Iceland,” in his _Studies in History and Jurisprudence_
(Oxford, 1901), pp. 263 _ff._
[21] Pollock and Maitland, _History of English Law_, I, p. 66.
[22] _History of the Norman Conquest_ (third edition), II, pp. 164–67.
[23] _Norman Conquest_, II, p. 166.
[24] Translated by Giles (London, 1847), pp. 461–63.
[25] Fulk Rechin, in _Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou_ (ed. Marchegay),
p. 378 _f_; (ed. Halphen and Poupardin, Paris, 1913), pp. 235–37.
[26] Luchaire, _Les quatre premiers Capétiens_, in Lavisse, _Histoire
de France_ (Paris, 1901), II, 2, p. 176.
[27] W. S. Ferguson, _Greek Imperialism_, p. 1.
[28] Salzmann, _Henry II_, where the continental aspects of Henry’s
reign are dismissed in a brief chapter on “foreign affairs.” The
heading would be more appropriate to the account of Henry’s campaigns
in Ireland.
[29] _Benedict of Peterborough_, II, p. xxxiii.
[30] _Benedict of Peterborough_, II, p. xxxi.
[31] _Recueil des actes de Henri II_, Introduction, p. 1; cf. p. 151.
[32] Delisle, p. 166, from Madox, _Exchequer_, I, p. 390.
[33] _The English Constitution_, p. 3.
[34] _Origin of the English Constitution_ (London, 1872), p. 20 _f._
[35] Stubbs, _Benedict of Peterborough_, II, p. xxxv.
[36] Poole, _The Exchequer in the Twelfth Century_, pp. 42–57; Haskins,
“The Abacus and the King’s Curia,” in _English Historical Review_,
XXVII, pp. 101–06.
[37] Salzmann, _Henry II_, p. 176.
[38] Pollock and Maitland, _History of English Law_, I, p. 142.
[39] Pollock and Maitland, I, p. 141.
[40] Giraldus Cambrensis (Rolls Series), VIII, p. 283.
[41] Salzmann, _Henry II_, p. 214.
[42] _Constitutional History_, I, p. 551.
[43] See the extracts from the chroniclers translated in T. A. Archer,
_The Crusade of Richard I_ (London, 1888), pp. 285 _ff._
[44] Guillaume le Breton, _Philippide_, V, lines 316–27.
[45] _Le Château-Gaillard_, in _Mémoires de l’Académie des
Inscriptions_, XXXVI, 1, p. 330.
[46] _The Loss of Normandy_, p. 449.
[47] _General View of the Political History of Europe_ (translated by
Charles Gross), p. 64.
[48] _William the Conqueror_, p. 2.
[49] Armitage, _Early Norman Castles of the British Isles_, p. 359.
[50] _The Loss of Normandy_, pp. 298 _ff._
[51] Printed by Delisle, _Études sur la classe agricole_, pp. 668 _ff._
[52] _Kirche und Staat_, p. 41.
[53] Robert of Torigni (ed. Delisle), I, p. 344.
[54] The text is printed in the _Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes_,
XXI, pp. 120 _ff._
[55] Ordericus Vitalis (ed. Le Prévost), III, p. 431.
[56] Guillaume de Jumièges, _Gesta Normannorum Ducum_ (ed. Marx),
Société de l’Histoire de Normandie, 1914.
[57] _La littérature normande avant l’annexion_, p. 22.
[58] _Gallia Christiana_, XI, instr., coll. 219–23; Mortet, _Recueil
de textes relatifs à l’histoire de l’architecture_ (Paris, 1911), pp.
71–75.
[59] _Norman Conquest_, III, p. 109.
[60] _Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres_, p. 4.
[61] Delarc, _Les Normands en Italie_, p. 35.
[62] Bertaux, _L’art dans l’Italie méridionale_, p. 15.
[63] Aimé, _Ystoire de li Normant_, p. 124.
[64] William of Malmesbury, _Gesta Regum_, p. 322.
[65] Geoffrey Malaterra, II, p. 1.
[66] _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, fourth series, VI,
p. 65.
[67] Laodicea ad mare, not the Phrygian Laodicea of the Apocalypse.
[68] The phrase is Amari’s: _Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia_, III, p.
365.
[69] _Bilder aus der neueren Kunstgeschichte_, I, p. 159.
[70] _L’art dans l’Italie méridionale_, p. 344.
[71] His description is translated by Amari, _Biblioteca arabo-sicula_
(Turin, 1888), I, pp. 155 _ff._; and by Schiaparelli, _Ibn Gubayr_
(Rome, 1906), pp. 328 _ff._ Cf. Waern, _Mediæval Sicily_, pp. 64 _ff._
[72] “The Emperor Frederick the Second,” in _Historical Essays_, first
series, p. 291.
INDEX
Abacus, 106 _f._
Abruzzi, 196, 204, 222 _f._
Adams, Henry, quoted, 12, 22, 188 _f._
Adelaide, countess, 210.
Adelard of Bath, 177, 179, 238.
Africa, 196 _f._, 222, 232.
Aimé of Monte Cassino, 13, 200 _f._
Alençon, 63, 178.
Alexander II, Pope, 74, 79, 165, 175.
Alfred, king, 34.
Alphonso VIII, king, 90.
Amalfi, 197 _f._, 204, 213, 232.
Amari, M., 216, 248;
quoted, 234.
Anacletus II, Pope, 210.
Andeli, 134.
Angers, 61–63.
Angoulême, 160.
Anjou, counts of, 61, 85;
relations with Normandy, 61–63, 85, 100, 112, 131, 136 _f._
Anna Comnena, quoted, 201.
Anselm, 175–78.
Antioch, 212;
principality, 214–16.
Apulia, 186, 197–211, 222 _f._, 228, 238, 246.
Aquitaine, 87 _f._, 90, 100, 120 _f._, 136.
Arabic elements in Sicilian state, 226–30, 235, 238–44.
Architecture, Norman, 9–12, 102, 186–89;
Sicilian, 189, 241–44.
Archives, Norman, 9, 66 _f._, 105, 178.
Argentan, 10, 71, 133, 139, 153.
Arlette, mother of William the Conqueror, 53, 166.
Arnulf of Chocques, patriarch, 212.
Arnulf, bishop of Lisieux, 167.
Arthur, duke of Brittany, 136–39.
Assizes, Anglo-Norman, 94, 100, 111 _f._, 161;
Sicilian, 230 _f._, 234.
Aversa, 200, 204, 206.
Avranches, 172, 175, 178.
Avranchin, 28.
Avre, 7.
_Bailli_, 103, 145.
Barfleur, 132, 160.
Bari, 189, 197, 202, 232, 241.
Baudri of Bourgueil, 76.
Bayeux, 10, 46, 49, 67, 76, 150 _f._, 162, 166, 172, 187;
_Black Book_, 111.
See Odo, Turold, Richard, Philip d’Harcourt.
Bayeux Tapestry, 76 _f._, 80, 84, 151, 167.
Bayonne, 161.
Bec, 171, 185;
schools, 175 _f._;
library, 177–80.
Becket, 4, 100, 118, 168.
Bellême, 154.
Benevento, 198, 203.
Benoît de Sainte-More, 184.
Bertaux, E., quoted, 197, 241.
Bessin, 10, 28.
Bibliographical notes, 24 _f._, 51, 83 _f._, 114 _f._, 147, 189–91,
216 _f._, 247–49.
Bisignano, 201.
Bocage, 10.
Boccaccio, 246.
Bocherville, Saint-Georges de, 169, 187.
Bohemond I, prince of Antioch, 207, 213–16.
Böhmer, H., quoted, 165.
Bonneval, 154.
Bordeaux, 88.
Boutmy, E., quoted, 101.
Breteuil, 154, 160.
Brittany, 6–8, 10, 57, 61, 75, 88, 136–39.
Bryce, James, Viscount, quoted, 43.
Buchanan, James, 17 _f._
Bury St. Edmund’s, 173.
Caen, 10 _f._, 71, 133, 139, 143, 153, 160, 166, 172, 184;
abbeys, 12, 58, 160, 163, 171, 174, 186–88, 213.
Calabria, 176, 198, 201–11, 222, 226, 237, 246.
Caliphs, Fatimite, 196, 230.
Campania, 197, 222.
Canada, Normans in, 3 _f._, 13, 16.
Canaries, Normans in, 4, 13.
Canne, 199.
Canosa, 214.
Canterbury, 56, 81, 175.
Canute, king, 52, 54, 74, 194.
Cappella Palatina, 242–44.
Capua, 198, 207, 223, 228.
Carentan, 172.
Carlyle, Thomas, quoted, 101, 173.
Castles, Norman, 68 _f._, 102, 133–35, 139, 150–53, 163, 209.
Castrogiovanni, 209.
Caux, 8.
Cefalù, 189, 241.
Cerisy, 187.
Chancery, of Henry II, 96–99;
of Sicilian kingdom, 226 _f._
Channel Islands, 144 _f._, 172, 184.
Charlemagne, 18, 31 _f._, 80, 86, 193 _f._
Charles VII, king of France, 144.
Charles of Anjou, king of Naples, 221.
Charles the Simple, 27, 45.
_Charte aux Normands_, 142.
Charter, Great, 140, 142.
Chartres, cathedral, 169–71, 186, 194;
school, 177.
Château Gaillard, 9, 134 _f._, 139.
Chaucer, his ‘povre persoun,’ 169.
Cherbourg, 4 _f._, 59, 162.
Chinon, 116.
_Chronicle_, Anglo-Saxon, quoted, 32, 34, 55–58.
Church, Norman, 67, 71 _f._, 81, 100, 164 _ff._;
the Greek, 198, 203, 209, 223, 225, 237, 241.
Civitate, 203.
Classics, Latin, in Norman libraries, 179;
at Monte Cassino, 235–37;
Greek, in Sicily, 239 _f._, 246.
Clermont, 211.
Clovis, 207.
Cluny, 164.
Colombières, 116.
Commerce, Norman, 4, 73, 81, 160–63;
Sicilian, 231–33, 242;
Viking, 37.
Compostela, 16, 193, 217.
Conan, 163.
Conches, 154.
Conquest, Norman, of England, 72–81;
its results, 81–83, 100 _ff._, 145 _f._;
of Italy, 198 _ff._;
the two compared, 223–25.
Constance, empress, 220.
Constantine the African, 236.
Constantinople, 194–96, 212, 214, 235 _f._, 240.
Corneille, 4, 12.
Cotentin, 28, 50.
Courcy, 154.
Coutances, 169, 172, 200;
cathedral, 10, 186 _f._
See Geoffrey de Mowbray.
_Coutume de Normandie_, 11, 48 _f._, 108, 142, 145.
Crusades, Normans in, 2, 89, 91, 100, 127–31, 184, 208, 211–17.
_Curia regis_, 103, 108, 227 _f._
Danegeld, 34, 104.
Danelaw, 31.
Daudet, Alphonse, quoted, 5.
Davis, H. W. C., quoted, 15.
Delarc, O., quoted, 196.
Delbrück, H., quoted, 77 _f._
Delisle, L., 4, 114, 189 _f._;
quoted, 97.
Dieppe, 4 _f._, 160.
Dieulafoy, quoted, 135.
Dives, 75.
Domesday, 66, 110, 172, 229.
Domfront, 63, 154, 172.
Dover, 166.
Downing, E., 208.
Drogo of Hauteville, 200–02.
_Duana_, 228 _f._
Dudo of Saint Quentin, 27, 47, 180.
Durham, 188.
Edrisi, 238–40.
Edward the Confessor, king, 73–75.
Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen, 89, 118, 120, 123, 184.
Emma, queen, 73.
Empire, Angevin, 85;
Eastern, 91, 94, 129, 197–99, 201 _f._, 206, 214–17, 222, 226–31,
243;
German, 87;
Holy Roman, 64, 86, 244;
Norman, 85–113;
its destruction, 116–39.
England, Normandy compared with, 5 _f._;
Northmen in, 32–34;
before the Normans, 101–03, 223;
Norman Conquest, 52, 72–83;
results, 22 _f._, 100–13, 145 _f._, 151 _f._;
loss of Normandy, 139–44.
Enna, 209.
Eryx, 208.
Escorial, 178.
Ethelred, king, 73.
Etna, 209, 239.
Eudes Rigaud, archbishop of Rouen, 168 _f._, 183.
Eugene of Palermo, emir, 239 _f._
Eure, 7.
Évreux, 184, 187.
Exchequer, 11, 103–08, 142, 229.
Exmes, 71.
Falaise, 10, 53, 59, 133, 139, 153.
Fécamp, 160, 164, 171, 178.
Feudalism, 60, 64, 93, 133, 136–38, 233;
Norman, 67–69, 82, 145, 149–57;
in southern Italy, 209, 223–31.
Finance, Anglo-Norman, 69–71, 103–08;
Sicilian, 225, 228 _f._, 232 _f._
Flanders, 61, 75.
Flaubert, G., 4, 8, 12;
quoted, 5.
Fontevrault, 117.
France, Normandy as a part of, 6 _f._, 16, 18–24, 48;
feudal relations with Normandy, 63–66;
government compared with that of Normandy, 64, 69–71;
geographical unity, 124–26;
how it conquered and absorbed Normandy, 126–44;
Norman influence on, 23, 144.
France, Anatole, quoted, 178.
Franks, Normandy under, 16, 20 _f._, 26.
Frederick Barbarossa, emperor, 86 _f._, 128 _f._
Frederick II, king of Sicily and emperor, 24, 215, 219–21, 240, 245
_f._
Freeman, E. A., 83;
on William the Conqueror, 53–56;
on the Norman Conquest, 73, 83, 101, 145 _f._;
on the battle of Hastings, 77;
on Norman castles, 151;
on the abbeys of Caen, 188;
on Frederick II, 245.
Fulk Rechin, quoted, 62 _f._
Gaeta, 197 _f._
Gaimar, 184.
Gascony, 88–91, 100, 139, 161.
Gavrai, 172.
Genoa, 232.
Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, 120.
Geoffrey Malaterra, quoted, 13, 207.
Geoffrey Martel, count of Anjou, 61–63.
Geoffrey de Mowbray, bishop of Coutances, 10, 186 _f._
Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou, 85, 89, 99, 112.
Geoffrey, illegitimate son of Henry II, 116.
George of Antioch, admiral, 226, 242.
Gilbert Crispin, abbot of Westminster, 175.
Giobair, Ibn, quoted, 243.
Giraldus Cambrensis, quoted, 117 _f._, 123.
Girgenti, 209.
Gisors, 132 _f._, 135 _f._
Glanvill, 108.
Goethe, 219, 243.
Greek influences in southern Italy and Sicily, 198, 209, 219, 223,
225–31, 235, 237–46.
Green, J. R., quoted, 122.
Gregory VII Pope, 72, 165 _f._, 202, 204 _f._
Grentemaisnil, 154.
Grimoud, 60.
Guernsey, 144 _f._
Gummere, F. B., quoted, 41.
Guy of Amiens, 76.
Hamburg, 33.
_Haro_, 145.
Harold, king of England, 73–80.
Harold Fairhair, 28, 38.
Hastings, battle of, 75–80, 84, 151, 166, 202.
Hastings, Viking leader, 33.
Hauteville, house of, 2, 200–02, 207, 209, 213. See Robert Guiscard,
Roger.
Havre, Le, 4 _f._
Henricus Aristippus, 239 _f._
Henry I, king of England, 89, 94, 105 _f._, 133, 160, 162 _f._, 181,
184, 229.
Henry II, king of England, 49, 85, 133, 219;
empire, 86–90;
European position, 87, 90 _f._;
character, 92–94, 114, 117 _f._;
government, 93–113, 153, 227–30;
death, 116 _f._, 154;
sons, 118–23;
relations with Philip Augustus, 127 _f._;
privileges to Rouen, 161–63.
Henry V, king of England, 142.
Henry VI, king of England, 143.
Henry the Young King, 119–21, 123, 127, 154–57.
Henry I, king of France, 62 _f._, 65.
Henry III, emperor, 201.
Henry IV, emperor, 205.
Henry VI, emperor, 220.
Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, 90.
Historians, Norman, 47, 154, 180–84.
Hohenstaufen, in Sicily, 220 _f._
Honorius II, Pope, 210.
Hugh Capet, 65.
Hugh of Amiens, archbishop of Rouen, 179.
Hugo, Victor, quoted, 144.
Humphrey of Hauteville, 200–02.
Iceland, 3, 12, 31, 43 _f._
Ile-de-France, 7, 125.
Innocent III, Pope, 137.
Ireland, 22, 31, 33, 57, 85 _f._, 88, 90, 160, 162 _f._
Italy, influence on Normandy, 175;
Normans in, 181 _f._, 192, 198–211, 218–49;
political condition ca. 1000, 196–98;
relation to Renaissance, 246.
James, Henry, quoted, 6.
Jersey, 144 _f._, 184.
Jerusalem, Normans at, 128, 130, 167, 193–95, 198 _f._, 212, 214.
Jews, in Sicily, 225, 242.
Joan of Arc, 10, 19, 143 _f._
Jocelin of Brakelonde, 173.