THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME
Attack of the Tenth and Third Corps, July 1, 1916
Magnificent conduct of the Ulster Division--Local success but general
failure--Advance of Thirty-second Division--Advance of Eighth
Division--Advance of Thirty-fourth Division--The turning-point of the
line.
Morland's Tenth Corps consisted of the Thirty-sixth, Forty-ninth, and
Thirty-second Divisions. It lay between Hunter-Weston's Eighth Corps
upon the left and Pulteney's Third Corps upon the right. It covered
a front from a mile north of Hamel to a mile north of Ovillers. At
its northern end it was cut by the river Ancre, a sluggish canalised
stream, running between two artificial dykes which the Germans
periodically cut by their artillery fire and the British mended as
best they might. This sector of attack, together with the one
farther south which faced the Third Corps, presented peculiar
difficulties to the assailants, as the ground sloped upward to the
strong village of Thiepval with the ridge behind it, from which
German guns could sweep the whole long glacis of approach. Nowhere
were there more gallant efforts for a decision and nowhere were they
more hopeless.
{59}
The division to the north of the Tenth Corps was the Thirty-sixth
Ulster Division. This division was composed of magnificent material,
for the blend of Scot and Celt to be found in the North of Ireland
produces a soldier who combines the fire of the one with the solidity
of the other. These qualities have been brought to a finer temper by
the atmosphere of opposition in which they have lived, and the
difficult economical circumstances which they have overcome in so
remarkable a way. Long ago in unhappy civil strife they had shown
their martial qualities, and now upon a nobler and wider stage they
were destined to confirm them. It might well seem invidious to give
the palm to any one of the bands of heroes who shed their blood like
water on the slopes of Picardy, but at least, all soldiers would
agree that among them all there was not one which could at its
highest claim more than equality of achievement that day with the men
of Ulster.
The objective of this division was the German position from
Beaucourt-sur-Ancre on the north to the northern edge of Thiepval.
When the signal was given the two leading brigades, the 108th and the
107th, came away at a deliberate pace which quickened into the rush
of a released torrent, and went roaring over the German trenches.
"They were like bloodhounds off the leash." Like every one else they
were horribly scourged by shrapnel and machine-fire as they rushed
across, but whether it was that some curve in the ground favoured
part of their line, or whatever the cause, they suffered less than
the other divisions, and struck on to the German front line with
their full shattering momentum, going through it as though it were
paper. The 108th {60} Brigade, consisting of the 9th Irish Fusiliers
and the 11th, 12th, and 13th Irish Rifles, was on the left. Two of
these, the Fusiliers and one of the Irish Rifle battalions, were on
the north side of the Ancre, and were acting rather with the
Twenty-ninth Division upon their left than with their own comrades on
the right. This detachment fought all day side by side with the
regulars, made their way at one time right up to Beaucourt Station,
and had finally to retire to their own trenches together with the
rest of the line north of the Ancre. Next morning the survivors
crossed the Ancre, and from then onwards the Eighth Corps extended so
as to take over this ground.
South of the Ancre the two remaining battalions of the 108th Brigade,
and the whole of the 107th Brigade, consisting of the 8th, 9th, 10th,
and 15th Irish Rifles, advanced upon a front of 3000 yards. The men
had lost very heavily in the assembly trenches, and two companies of
the 10th Irish Rifles had dwindled to two platoons before ever they
got clear of the shattered wood in which they gathered. None the
less, the fire and fury of their onset was terrific and sustained.
"The place was covered with smoke and the explosion of heavy shells,"
says one who saw the scene from a front observation post. "I felt
that no attack was possible, when suddenly out of the clouds I saw
men advancing as if on parade, quite slowly. It seemed impossible,
and yet they went on, stormed at on the left by high explosive and
shrapnel, and on the right by enfilade machine-gun fire. Suddenly
they charged, and when I could next see through the clouds on the
slope (less than a mile away) I saw that they had taken the front
trench, and in another minute the trench behind was taken, {61} as
our fellows shouting, 'No surrender!' got through--God knows how! As
they advanced the fire of the guns became more and more enfilade, but
nothing could stop their steady progress."
The long line of Irish Riflemen had rolled over every obstacle, and
although their dead and wounded lay thick behind them they still
stormed forwards with the same fury with which they started.
Bunching up into platoons in artillery formation they pushed on and
carried the third line. Ahead of them, across a considerable
interval, was a fourth line, with a large redoubt upon the flank.
They steadied themselves for a few minutes, and then dashing onwards
once again they captured both the fourth line and the redoubt. So
far forward were they now that they had reached regions north of
Thiepval which were never trodden by a British foot again until three
months of constant fighting had cleared a way to them. It was the
great Schwaben Redoubt which was now before them. The reserve
brigade, the 109th, consisting of the 9th, 10th, and 11th
Inniskilling Fusiliers, with the 14th Irish Rifles, had dashed
forward at 10.40, leaving only the pioneer battalion, the 16th Irish
Rifles, to guard the trenches. With the additional weight of the
survivors of this reinforcing line the fringe of stormers, for they
were now a fringe and nothing more, again rushed forward and threw
themselves into the Schwaben trenches. This was their limit, and for
most of them their grave. They had no further supports, no
ammunition could reach them, and they were embedded in the depths of
the German line at a point far deeper than any unit upon the left of
the line had attained. The village of Thiepval commanded them from
their right rear. {62} Some remained in little groups, huddling in
some coign of vantage, and fighting to the last cartridge, absolutely
refusing to take one step to the rear. To the Germans they were as
dangerous as so many cornered wolves. Others fell back in orderly
fashion, but not an inch farther than was needful, for they held on
all day to the frontage taken by them. The first two lines were kept
in their fierce grip till nightfall of the next day, when they handed
them over to the relieving division.
In this splendid deed of arms the Thirty-sixth Division left half its
number upon the battlefield. The instances of gallantry were
innumerable, and so equally distributed that their General, when
asked to name a special battalion, could only answer that the whole
twelve had done equally well. Had the divisions to right and left
been able to get as far, the whole gain would have been permanent.
As it was, 540 prisoners were brought in, and few were lost save the
wounded, chief of whom was Colonel Craig, who directed the movements
of his men long after he was unable to direct his own. Colonel
Bernard of the 10th Rifles, Captain Davidson, who worked his
machine-gun after his leg was shattered, Captain Gaffikin, who died
while leading his company with an orange handkerchief waving in his
hand, are but a few of the outstanding names. The pressure upon the
different brigades is indicated by the losses in officers of the
107th, the 108th, and the 109th.
A very detailed account would be necessary to bring home to the
reader the full gallantry of this deed of arms. Experienced soldiers
who saw it were moved to the limit of human speech. "I wish I had
{63} been born an Ulsterman," cried one of them. "But I am proud to
have been associated with these wonderful men." To have penetrated
all alone for two miles into the German line, and to withdraw from
such a salient in military order, holding fast to all that could be
retained, was indeed a great feat for any troops to have performed.
The requiem for their fallen was best expressed by one of the
survivors, who wrote that "they died for the cause of Liberty,
Honour, and Freedom, for the Old Flag, the emblem of Britain, died
for Ireland, died for Ulster!"
The Thirty-second Division was on the immediate right of the men of
Ulster. Their advance was carried out with the 96th Brigade on the
left, the 97th upon the right, and the 14th in support. The reader
may be warned that from this time onwards he will often find, as in
this case, that old brigades have been added to new formations, so
that the former simplicity of numbering is often disturbed. The
storming lines went forward in each case with two battalions abreast
in front and two in succession in support. The front line of attack
taken from the north, or left, consisted of the 15th Lancashire
Fusiliers, 16th Northumberland Fusiliers, and the 16th and 17th
Highland Light Infantry. Of these four battalions the 16th
Northumberland Fusiliers came under very heavy fire, and were unable
to press their attack home. On the right the Highlanders had crawled
up to within a hundred yards of the Leipzig salient and were into it
with a rush the moment that the barrage lifted. The 15th Lancashire
Fusiliers upon the left made a particularly brilliant advance. The
right company was held up in front of Thiepval village, but the left
company swept on with the Thirty-sixth Division, {64} keeping pace
with their magnificent advance. It appears to have reached the east
end of Thiepval, but there it was buried deeply in the enemy's
position and was never heard of again. The supporting battalions of
the 96th Brigade, the 16th Lancashire Fusiliers and the 2nd
Inniskilling Fusiliers, tried hard to regain touch with their lost
comrades, but in vain. These various gallant bodies who, at
different points of our line, pushed forward into impossible
positions, were no doubt for the greater part killed or wounded, but
from among them came the 850 prisoners whom the Germans claimed to
have taken on the northern part of the line on that day. The left of
the divisional line was so weakened by these losses that they were
compelled to withdraw to their own front trenches.
On the right, however, the Highlanders were able to hold on to a part
of the Leipzig salient. The losses, however, upon this flank had
been very heavy, not only in the front wave, but among the 1st
Dorsets and the 11th Borders as they came out from a wood in support.
Coming under a concentrated fire of machine-guns, these two
battalions suffered heavily. Colonel Machell, gallantly leading his
Borders, was shot dead, his adjutant, Lieutenant Gordon, was badly
wounded as he stooped over his body, Major Diggle was wounded, and
the greater number of the officers were on the ground. Colonel
Machell, it may be remarked, was a high civil official of the
Egyptian Government, Under Secretary for the Interior, whose
patriotism had led him to join the New Armies and thus to meet his
death upon the field of battle. The 1st Dorsets lost nearly as
heavily as the men of the Border; their leader, Major Shute, was
disabled, and their ranks thrown into temporary {65} confusion. They
were splendidly rallied, however, by the adjutant, who led them on
and succeeded with the survivors in reaching the Leipzig Redoubt.
Colonel Laidlaw, of the 16th Highland Light Infantry, had also been
wounded, the third commanding officer killed or injured on this wing
of the attack.
There had been no flinching anywhere, and the military virtue shown
had been of the highest possible quality; but the losses from the
machine-guns and from the barrage were so heavy that they deprived
the attack of the weight and momentum necessary to win their way
through the enemy's position. Under the desperate circumstances, it
might well be considered a remarkable result that a stretch of the
Leipzig Redoubt should be won and permanently held by the
Highlanders, especially by the 17th Highland Light Infantry. The
sappers had prepared a Russian sap running up to the enemy line, and
this was invaluable as a communication trench. On the 2nd and 3rd
the enemy endeavoured to turn out the intruders, but the 2nd
Manchesters and 15th Highland Light Infantry not only held their
ground, but enlarged it. On the night of the 3rd the division was
relieved by the Twenty-fifth Division and withdrew to refit after its
tragic but splendid exertions.
Out of the novel conditions of what may be called Bloch warfare
certain rules and axioms are slowly evolving. That it is impossible
without artificial protection to attack over the open against an
unshaken enemy provided with machine-guns is the most certain. But
there is another which might be formulated thus: If there are sharp
salients in the enemy line, either these salients must be taken first
or the attack must be made out of range of them, {66} otherwise their
guns must flank the whole advance. Very many examples might be
quoted where the disregard of this axiom has brought disaster to
either side. A conspicuous case would be that of the Third Corps now
to be described, where the sinister salient of Thiepval protruded to
the north, and a smaller but very efficient one to the south, so that
the whole advance was conducted under the fire of two lines of guns
which raked it from end to end. In addition the opposing infantry
included a division of the Prussian Guard. In the whole long
position there would appear to be no sector where there was less
prospect of success, and yet there was no sector where it was more
essential to hold the enemy fast, since victory might await us to the
immediate south.
The Third Corps, under General Pulteney, occupied the front
immediately to the east of Albert. This large town was almost
exactly in the centre of its rear, and the important road from Albert
to Bapaume bisected the British position. Ovillers to the north,
within the German lines, and Bécourt to the south, in the British,
marked roughly the two ends of the sector. It was a comparatively
narrow stretch, so that only two divisions were in the firing line,
and one in reserve. These were respectively the Eighth Regular
Division to the north, the Thirty-fourth of the New Army to the
south, and the Nineteenth, also of the New Army, in support.
Had the Thirty-second Division succeeded in holding its grip upon
Thiepval upon the north, there might have been some chance of
success, but as it was, the machine-guns from that quarter shaved the
whole of No Man's Land as a mower may shave a lawn, and after the
first rush, which {67} carried the brave fellows of the Eighth
Division over the trenches, it proved to be absolutely impossible to
send them either supports or supplies. The main body of this
magnificent division disappeared into the smoke and haze of the
battle, and their comrades in the trenches waited with aching hearts,
their eyes fixed upon their front where the roar of battle rose from
the other side of the pelting sleet of bullets. All day they waited,
dashing out occasionally and being beaten back with ever-dwindling
numbers. After dusk, they searched the shell-holes and brought in
some 400 wounded. A few bewildered men came staggering in during the
night, half-delirious with fatigue and strain, and unable themselves
to say how they had got back across the enemy's front line from the
depths to which they had penetrated.
This tragic but heroic attack in which the whole force who went
forward fought literally to the death, was carried out in the
following order:
On the right was the 23rd Brigade; in the centre the 25th; and on the
left the 70th. The 23rd and 25th were the old hard-working units of
Neuve Chapelle and many another fray. The 70th was a particularly
fine brigade of the New Army. This division had up to the last
moment been without a pioneer battalion, but the infantry had dug
themselves particularly good assembly and communication trenches,
which helped them much upon the day of battle. They had also, under
the direction of the Commander of Divisional sappers, run two covered
ways up to the enemy's trenches which might have been a vital factor
in the day's work, had it not been that the stormers pushed on,
leaving it to others to {68} secure their gains. The result was that
the advancing infantry passed rather than occupied the front
trenches, the barrage cut off supports, the enemy emerged from their
dug-outs, and the line still remained under their control, forbidding
the use or even the disclosure of the covered ways, since men could
not emerge in single file in an enemy trench.
Following the plan of describing operations always from the north, we
will first picture from such reliable material as is available the
attack of the 70th Brigade, which contained some of the finest
North-country stuff that ever fought the battles of the country.
This brigade was separated on the north by a clear space of about 300
yards from the Highland Light Infantry of the 97th Brigade, who
formed the extreme right of the Thirty-second Division. The 8th York
and Lancaster was the flank battalion, with the 8th Yorkshire Light
Infantry upon its right. The 9th York and Lancaster were behind
their comrades, and the 11th Sherwood Foresters behind the Light
Infantry.
As it is impossible to give with any fulness the story of any one
regiment, and as each may be taken as typical of the others, we may
follow the front flank battalion on its advance. This, the 8th York
and Lancaster, consisted almost entirely of miners, a class of men
who have furnished grand military material to the New Armies. This
unit came chiefly from the Rotherham district. The frontage of the
battalion was 750 yards.
As the hour of attack approached, the enemy's counter-bombardment
became so violent that there was the utmost difficulty in getting the
men into the front-line trenches. Many were killed and even {69}
buried before the advance had begun. When the whistles blew the
stormers went forward in four waves with 50 yards between, the
supporting battalions following instantly. The machine-guns were
sweeping the ground and about 350 yards had to be covered between the
lines. Officers and men went down in heaps under the enfilade fire
from four lines of guns, one behind the other, in the Thiepval
district. The approach was over a billiard-table glacis with no
cover of any kind. The ranks kept formation and trudged steadily
forward, throwing themselves head-long into the front German
trenches. There they steadied themselves for a few minutes, and then
advancing once more sprang down into the second German line which was
strongly held. Colonel Maddison had been shot down early in the
attack. Captain Dawson, the adjutant, had been wounded, but
staggered on with the men until he was killed at the second line of
trenches. "Come on, boys! let's get at 'em and clear 'em out!" were
his last words. On this second line the battalion, together with its
support, beat itself to pieces. A few survivors unable to get back
were taken prisoners, and a German report has stated that they were
very proud and defiant when marched away. At night a number of
wounded were carried in along the whole divisional front from No
Man's Land, but many lives were lost in the gallant work, and many of
the wounded also lost their lives in trying to crawl back, for the
Germans turned their machine-guns during the daytime upon everything
that moved in front of their lines.
To show how uniform was the experience, one may quote the doings of a
battalion of the 23rd Brigade. This brigade was on the right of the
Eighth Division {70} line, and the 2nd Middlesex, the battalion in
question, formed the right battalion joining on with the Tyneside
Scottish of the Thirty-fourth Division to the south. Upon its left
was the 2nd Devons. The supporting troops, two companies of the 2nd
West Yorkshires and the 2nd Scottish Rifles, seem to have been held
back when it was seen how fatal was the advance, and so in part
escaped from the catastrophe. The Middlesex advanced almost opposite
to La Boiselle. There was a slight dip in the ground to the
immediate front which formed a partial protection from the
machine-guns, so that although the losses were very heavy, about 300
men with six Lewis guns made good their footing in the German
front-line trench. Their gallant commander was wounded twice, but
still kept at their head while they swept onwards to the second line.
It was stuffed with Germans, but the handful of British stormers
flung themselves in among them and cleared a standing place in the
trench. The German guns, however, had the exact range, and four out
of the six Lewis guns were blown into the air. Finally, only five
men and a sergeant were left unwounded in this trench. This handful
made its way back. One hundred and thirty of the Middlesex men seem
to have got through or round on to the Pozières Road, but their fate
was never cleared up. Finally, only 30 men of this grand battalion
answered the roll-call that night.
The space between the two attacks described from the point of view of
the two wing battalions of the division was occupied by the 25th
Brigade, whose advance and losses were exactly similar to those which
have been narrated. The 2nd Lincolns and 2nd Berkshires were the
leading battalions, and their {71} devotion in attempting the
impossible was as great as that of their comrades to right and left.
Both regiments suffered heavily, and it is probable that the
Berkshires went deeper than any other. The 1st Irish Rifles had
occupied the trenches for six days in dreadful weather, and had
suffered heavily from the retaliatory bombardment of the Germans.
They were therefore held in reserve, but none the less made repeated
efforts and with great loss to cross the barrage and help their
comrades, for which they afterwards received a special message of
thanks from the Divisional Commander.
Up to this point the writer has been faced by the painful and
monotonous task of one long record of failure from Gommecourt in the
north to La Boiselle in the south. It cannot be doubted that we had
over-estimated the effects of our bombardment, and that the German
guns were intact to a degree which was unexpected. Our one
consolation must be that the German reserves were held in their
position, and that improved prospects were assured for the remainder
of the British line and for the whole of the French line. Had the
front of the battle covered only the region which has been treated up
to now, the episode would have been a tragic one in British military
history. Thousands of men had fallen, nor could it be truthfully
said that anything of permanence had been achieved. Next day the
remains of the Eighth Division were withdrawn, the 70th Brigade was
restored to the Twenty-third Division, to which it rightfully
belonged, and the Twelfth Division came forward to fill the gap in
the line, helped by the gunners and sappers of the Eighth, who
remained at their posts until July 4.
{72}
On the right of the Eighth Division was the Thirty-fourth, a unit
which consisted of one mixed English and Scotch Brigade; while the
other two were raised respectively from the Tyneside Irish and from
the Tyneside Scots, hardy and martial material from the coalpits and
foundries of the North. They attacked upon the front between the
Albert-Bapaume Road on the north and the village of Bécourt on the
south. The idea was to storm La Boiselle village, and to push the
attack home both north and south of it upon Contalmaison, which lay
behind it. Immediately before the assault two great mines were
blown, one of which, containing the unprecedented amount of 60,000
lbs. of gun-cotton, threw hundreds of tons of chalk into the air.
Within a few minutes of the explosion the Thirty-fourth Division were
out of their trenches and advancing in perfect order upon the German
trenches. The 101st Brigade, consisting of the 15th and 16th Royal
Scots, the 10th Lincolns, and 11th Suffolks, were on the right, the
Tyneside Scots upon the left, and the Tyneside Irish in support
behind the right brigade. In the immediate rear lay the Nineteenth
Division with instructions to hold and consolidate the ground gained.
In no part of the line was the advance more gallant, and it marks the
point at which unalloyed failure began first to change to partial
success, ripening into complete victory in the southern section.
Some slight cover seems to have helped the troops for the first few
hundred yards, and it would appear also that though the small-arm
fire was very severe, the actual shell-fire was not so heavy as that
which devastated the divisions in the north. None the less, the
obstacles were sufficient to test to the highest any {73} troops in
the world, and they were gloriously surmounted by men, none of whom
had been in action before. "I, their commander," wrote the
Divisional General, "will never forget their advance through the
German curtain of fire. It was simply wonderful, and they behaved
like veterans." The scream of the war-pipes, playing "The Campbells
are coming," warmed the blood of the soldiers. Upon the left, the
Tyneside Scots penetrated two lines of trenches and found themselves
to the north of the village of La Boiselle, where further progress
was made impossible by a murderous fire from front and flank. Of the
four battalions of the 101st Brigade, the two English units were
nearly opposite the village, and though they advanced with great
resolution, they were unable to get a permanent lodgment. The two
Royal Scots battalions upon the flank got splendidly forward, and
some of them made their way deeper into the German line than any
organised body of troops, save only the Ulster men, had succeeded in
doing, getting even as far as the outskirts of Contalmaison. The
valiant leader of the advanced party of the 15th Royal Scots was
wounded, but continued to encourage his men and to try to consolidate
his desperate position, which was nearly a mile within the German
lines. He was again severely wounded, and Lieutenant Hole was
killed, upon which the only remaining officer fell back to a point
some hundreds of yards westward, called Round Wood or Round Alley.
Here the Scots stuck fast, and nothing could budge them. Germans
were in front of them, were in La Boiselle upon their left rear, and
were behind them in the trenches, which led from the village. By all
the laws of war, the detachment was {74} destroyed; but in practice
the Germans found that they could not achieve it. A small
reinforcement of the 27th Northumberland Fusiliers (from the 103rd of
the Brigade), under an experienced soldier, had joined them, and
their situation was less forlorn because they were in slight touch
with the skirts of the 64th Brigade of the Twenty-first Division, who
had also, as will presently be shown, won a very forward position.
By means of this division communication was restored with the
isolated detachment, and the colonel of the 16th Royal Scots, a very
well-known volunteer officer of Edinburgh, succeeded in reaching his
men. His advent gave them fresh spirit, and under his leadership
they proceeded next morning not only to hold the position, but to
enlarge it considerably, sending bombers down every sap and
endeavouring to give the impression of great numbers. Two companies
of the East Lancashire Regiment from the Nineteenth Division made
their way forward, and joined with effect in these attacks. This
small body of men held their own until the afternoon of July 3, when
the advance of the Nineteenth Division upon La Boiselle enabled them
to be relieved. It was time, for the water was exhausted and
munitions were running low. It was a glad moment when, with their
numerous German captives, they joined up with their cheering
comrades. It should be said that in this fine feat of arms a small
party of the 11th Suffolks played a valiant part. General Pulteney
issued a special order thanking these troops for their stout defence,
and the matter was in truth of wider importance than any local issue,
for it had the effect of screening the left flank of the Twenty-first
Division, enabling them to make {75} good their hold upon Crucifix
Trench and the Sunken Road, as will now be told.
Before leaving the Thirty-fourth Division it should be said that
although La Boiselle remained untaken, the Tyneside Scots and Irish
carried a number of trenches and returned with many prisoners. It
has been the universal experience of our soldiers that the Germans,
though excellent with their guns, and very handy with their bombs,
are wanting in that spice of devilry called for in bayonet work--a
quality which their ally the Turk possesses to a marked degree. In
this instance, as in many others, when the Tyneside men swept roaring
into the trenches the Germans either fled or threw up their hands.
The condition of the prisoners was unexpectedly good. "They have new
uniforms, new brown boots, leggings, and are as fat as butter," said
one spectator, which is at great variance with descriptions from
other parts of the line.
We have now completed our survey of that long stretch of line in
which our gallant advance was broken against an equally gallant
resistance. The account has necessarily had to concern itself with
incessant details of units and orders of battle, since these are the
very essence of such an account, and without them it might read, as
contemporary descriptions did read, like some vague combat in the
moon. But, casting such details aside, the reader can now glance up
that long line and see the wreckage of that heroic disaster--the
greatest and also the most glorious that ever befell our arms.
{76}