Pennant, T., his _Tour in Scotland_, cited, 49, 50;
Welsh burial custom, 331;
Fortingal yew, 376
Pennington, Canon A. R., on burial superstition, 351
Penny, Charon’s, 296
Penrith (Cumberland), 50, 231
Penwortham (Lancs.), 56, 57
Penzance (Cornwall), 37
Pepys, Samuel, quoted, 400 n.
Pérone, or Péronne (Picardy), 378
Persians, white horses of, 433;
horse sacrifices, 434
Persistence, of architectural types, 111, 117, 120, 122;
of custom, 203, 204, 259, 313, 445-6
Peruvians, burial customs, 247
Pessinus (Galatia), 198
Pet names, of oxen, 486
Petrie, Prof. W. M. Flinders, on Addington megaliths, 46
Pews, in churches, 173, 188
Pewsey (Wilts.), feather preserved in church, 201;
oxen, 453, 473
Philip II, of Macedon, 434
Phillimore, Sir R., his _Ecclesiastical Law_, cited, 213;
use of coffins, 271
Philology, its aid in archaeology, 145, 270
Piddinghoe (Sussex), 124, 125
Piercebridge (Durham), 464
“Pierres de foudre” (= stone celts), 197
“Pierres de tonnerre” (= stone celts), 197
_Piers the Plowman_ (see _Vision of William_)
Piette, M. É., excavations by, 414
Pilgrims’ Way, 131;
churches near, 338-9;
follows the Southern slope, 338;
yews, 374, 375
Pillory, the, 167
Pine trees, on barrows, 401
Pins, in graves, 295, 310
Pirton (Herts.), church, 41;
Toot Hill, 60, 64, 70
Pisa (Italy), 216
Pit-burial, 261, 271
Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A. L., on Church Barrow, 30;
his work in Cranborne Chase, 105;
Saxon burials, 250;
“dug-out” coffins, 275;
objects found in barrows, 282;
Winkelbury Hill barrow, 285, 406 n.;
broken pottery in graves, 288, 293;
charcoal in graves, 290;
coins in graves, 296;
fossils found at Rotherly and Woodcuts, 302;
burning corn on graves, 318;
ears of corn in grave, 318;
primitive bows, 388;
yews in Cranborne Chase, 392;
horseshoes discovered by, 424, 425;
hippo-sandals, 428;
ox-shoe, 468, 469, 470
Place-names, and early Christian settlements, 31, 32, 33, 147;
and the cardinal points, 339-40;
and the yew, 403
Plays, in churches, 180-3;
in churchyards, 181, 182, 183;
evolution of, 181
Pleurs (France), 248
Pliny, his _Natural History_, cited, 286;
objects placed in tombs, 294, 310;
mirrors, 310;
yew poison, 362, 363;
burial of horse, 432;
shoeing camels, 470;
slaughter of oxen, 483
Ploughing, Domesday terms relating to, 456;
by horses and oxen, 458;
composition of team, 458-61
Ploughs, early, 463, 464, 497;
specimen at Lewes Castle, 463;
modern, 475
Plumpton (Sussex), position of church, 101;
sycamore in churchyard, 384
Pluto, and black oxen, 483
Point Croix (Brittany), 202
Poitiers (France), 231, 285, 389
Poland, European bison in, 475, 477
Pole Star, 325
Pollard, Mr A. W., on miracle plays, 183
Ponies, Highland, 413
Pontypridd (Wales), 258
Poppaea, wife of Nero, 423
Porches, church, baptisms and weddings in, 143;
business, 143, 155-6;
schools, 152-5;
fireplaces in, 154;
chambers, 155;
stirrup stones at, 157;
as stables, 157;
armour, 157, 159, 160
Porchester (Hants.), 13
_Porosphaera globularis_ (= fossil sponge), 305, 306, 307
Portree (I. of Skye), 352
Post Office Guide, cited, 339
“Pot-boilers” (= calcined flints), 288, 292
Pott, A. F., and the Aryans, 333
Pottery in graves, 287, 288-90, 292
Powderham (Devon), 118
Prayer, towards the East, 212, 214, 217, 218;
towards the sun, 212, 218;
towards Jerusalem, 218
Prayer Book, first, of Edward I, cited, 156;
rubric of, 315, 316
Preaching crosses, 353
Prehistoric Society of East Anglia, 79
Prestbury (Glos.), 165
Preuilly-sur-Claise (Touraine), 236
_Prideaux’s Churchwarden’s Guide_, quoted, 187
Priests, attached to holy wells, 94;
as notaries, 168;
burial of, 311;
mares used by, for riding, 436, 457
Priest’s chamber, in church porches, 160
_Proceedings of Cambridge Antiquarian Society_, quoted, 424
Prothero, Mr R. E., on size of ox-team, 459-60
Provence, birthplace of Durandus, 210;
holm-oak on graves, 401
Proverbs, quoted, 360, 483
Pryce, Mr T. Davies, on castle-mounds, 55
Psalter of Eadwine, 464
Pugin, A. W. N., on deflected chancels, 236-7
Punish (Kent), 40
Puttenham (Surrey), 339
Puxton (Somerset), 141
Pyecombe (Sussex), position of church, 101;
oxen, 455
Pyramids, orientation of, 221 n.
Pytchley (Northants.), 80, 83, 90
Quakers’ Cemetery, Penzance, 37;
in Edinburgh, 351
Quarter-ales, 178
Quartz, pieces of, in graves, 299, 309
Quinsext Synod, 186
Radnorshire, sports in churchyards, 197
Rainham (Essex), 168, 169
Ralph de Nevil, letters of, 457
Ramage, Mr C. T., on Fortingal yew, 376
Ramsay, Sir A. C., on “greywethers,” 38
Ramsay, Prof. W. M., on image of Diana, 198
Ramsgate (Kent), 301
Rankin, Mr J., on Branxton churchyard, 355
Raphoe (Donegal), 119
“Raths” (= mounds), 66, 71
Rawlinson, Canon G., on Scythians, 288 n.;
on capture of wild horses, 414
Read, Dr C. H., on urn-burials, 250 n.
Reader, Mr F. W., on discoveries at Bramber, 78;
place-name, Canewdon, 201
Reading, morris dances at, 184;
Anglo-Saxon graves, 431
Reculver (Kent), 4, 20
Redbourn (Lincs.), 59
Red Indians, and horse sacrifice, 436
Reformation, the, 144, 174, 197, 238, 317, 489
Regulbium (= Reculver), 20
Reims, or Rheims, 231, 337
Repton (Derby), crypt, 148;
armour in church porch, 159
Resurrection, the, influence of doctrine, 263, 318;
and teeth superstition, 322;
symbolized by yew, 398
Reusens, E. H. J., on orientation, 224
Reversion of custom, 275, 277, 278-9
Reymerstone (Norfolk), 347
Rhaetia, horse-head superstition, 440
Rham, W. L., on the ox-team, 460;
ox-yoke, 462;
on ancient cultivation, 497
Rhŷs, Sir J., on “cronks,” 71;
holy springs in Wales, 94, 332;
Irish magicians, 401
Ribchester (Lancs.), 23
Riccal (Yorks.), 173
Ridgeway, Prof. W., on early horses, 416-17, 420;
Kalmucks, 419;
Herodotus, 419;
Irish epics, 419;
shoeing of horses, 424
Rievaulx Abbey (Yorks.), orientation, 208;
cartulary, 459
Right and left, determination of position by, 326-8
Ringmer (Sussex), 455, 462
Rings, in graves, 310
Rings, of trees, 364, 365, 366-9
Ripon cathedral, 138, 216 n.
Ritual of Brixen, 317
Rivenhall (Essex), 11
Robert de Brunne, cited, 319
Robin Hood, guilds, 160;
and Maid Marian, 441, 442 n.
Robin Hood’s Cave (Derby), 412
Rochdale (Lancs.), 104
Rochester (Kent), 187
Rock, Dr Daniel, on Saxon churches, 211;
orientation of churches, 211, 213;
churches in Rome, 214;
“leaning-head theory,” 236;
use of coffins, 277;
combs in ritual, 311;
St Cuthbert’s tomb, 312;
yews, 398;
Saxon churches, 404
Rock-basins, 36
Rock-carvings, 421, 481
Rock-shelters, 411
Rodmell (Sussex), horse-chestnut in churchyard, 384;
mulberries, 394;
oxen, 455;
ancient plough, 463;
ox-yoke, 462
Rogate (Hants.), 91
Rogers, J. E. Thorold, on use of church as garrison, 118, 496;
size of churches, 134;
cost of keeping horses and oxen, 466;
shoeing oxen, 470, 471
Roman Catholic churches, orientation of, 207, 208
Romanesque churches, 216
Romano-British churches, 3, 9, 150, 495;
shrines at Silchester, 24;
graves, 288, 296, 357;
ears of corn in graves, 318;
villages, 403;
horseshoes, 424, 428;
jars, 448;
ox-shoes, 468
Roman villas, 5, 6, 8, 9, 95, 428;
cemeteries, 7, 248;
pavements, 7, 8, 9;
altar, 7;
camps, 11, 12, 13, 87, 97;
miscellaneous remains, 69, 81, 83, 468;
schools, 154;
coffins, 271-3, 274;
coins, 273;
grave-gifts, 283, 294, 296;
funeral customs, 294, 318, 319, 323, 383, 401;
augurs, 326, 327;
urn, 399;
horseshoes, 423, 424, 425;
chariot-races, 440 n.;
acoustic jars, 447;
theatres, 447;
ploughs, 464;
oxen, 478-9, 480, 481
Rome, orientation of churches, 207, 212, 214, 215, 216;
liturgical custom, 215, 312, 316, 337;
oxen near, 468;
oracles, 482
Romford (Essex), 454
Rood-screens, removal of, 233, 238
Roos (Yorks.), 107, 108
Roseneath (Dumbarton), 372
Rotherly (Wilts.), 302, 403
Rottingdean (Sussex), churchyard, 90;
foxes’ heads on door, 443
Rouen, 237
Round, Dr J. H., on castle-mounds, 55, 57, 59;
Domesday Book, 375 n.;
ox-team, 458, 458 n.
Round towers, of Ireland, 118-22;
description, 118-20;
stages of development, 119, 120;
theories concerning, 120-2
Roundway Down (Wilts.), 402 n.
Royal Arms, in churches, 144
Royston (Yorks.), 131
Royston, Rev. P., on Rudstone menhir, 43
Rubrics, of Missal, 213;
of Prayer Book, 316
Rudstone (Yorks.), menhir, 43, 44;
meaning of name, 43;
barrow, 417
Rugby (Warwick), 111
Ruined churches, 13, 31, 38, 42
Runic inscription, on sundial, 162;
and archery, 387
_Rural Rides_, Cobbett’s, quoted, 91, 133
Rushmere (Suffolk), 124
Rushmore (Wilts.), 468, 469, 470
Russia, white horses of, 433;
acoustic jars, 447
Rylston (Yorks.), 278
Ryton (Durham), 76
Saben, Rev. P., on Alphamstone discoveries, 84
Sacellum, 12, 495
Sacred trees, 28, 400;
springs, 92-7;
heads, 440, 442, 443
Sacrificial animals, 321
Saddlescombe (Sussex), 455
Saeters (= settlements), 340
Sagarthians, horses of the, 414
Sage, planted on graves, 400
St Agnes’ Well (Somerset), 95
St Alban, martyr, 4
St Albans cathedral, Roman remains, 4;
watching loft, 126
St Alban’s Head (Dorset), 127, 128
St Aldhelm’s Chapel (Dorset), 127, 128
St Aldhelm’s Well (Somerset), 95
St Anne’s Hill (Sussex), 15
St Audrey’s Fair, 192
St Augustine (= Aurelius Augustinus), 328
St Augustine, or Austin, his mission, 26;
holy well, 96
St Basil, on turning to the East, 212;
building towards the East, 224
St Benoît (Paris), church of, 210
St Bertrand-de-Comminges (Haute-Garonne), 201
St Beuno, sacrifice of oxen to, 482
St Boniface, letter to, 437;
forbids sacrifices of oxen, 482
St Budeaux (Devon), 118
St Catherine’s (Westminster), 223
St Chad’s Well (Lichfield), 95
St Christopher’s “ribbe bone,” 200
St Chrysostom, 262
St Clement’s Well (London), 96
St Columb Major (Cornwall), 256
St Columba, 119
St Cornély, “Pardon” of, 482
St Cubert (Cornwall), 37
St Cuthbert, 262;
burial of, 311, 312
“St Cuthbert’s beads” (= portions of fossil encrinites), 308
St Decumen’s Well (Somerset), 95
St Denis (France), 431
St Dennis (Cornwall), 15
St Dominic of Ossory, 395
St Edmund the King (London), church, 207
St Elian’s Well (Denbigh), 94
St Eloi, offerings to, 301
Ste Marie du Castel (Guernsey), 34
St Ethelwold, Bishop, 211
St Felix, 242
St Florence, Vale of, 113
St Frideswide, and the ox, 485
St Fursey, or Furseus, founds church at Burghcastle, 11
St Gall, burial of, 434-5;
monks of, 437-8
St George’s Cathedral (London), 207
“St George’s Wardens,” 175
St Giles-in-the-Fields (London), church, 336
St Giles’s Well (London), 96
St Hilda’s Day, 234
St Isidore, 210
St Jerome, on baptism, 220
St John, 226
St John Lateran (Rome), church, 214
St John’s Point (co. Down), 86
St Joseph’s Chapel (Glastonbury), 23
St Lawrence, churches dedicated to, 15, 16
St Leonard, 485
St Luke, ox symbolical of, 485
St Mabyn church (Cornwall), 42, 48
St Margaret’s church (Westminster), 223
St Mark’s Eve, 29
St Martha’s Hill (Surrey), church, 131-2;
Good Friday sports, 195;
earth-rings, 195;
tombstones, 269
St Martin, 226
St Martin’s church (Canterbury), 20
St Martin’s Hill, or Martinsell (Wilts.), 194, 381-2
St Mary-le-Bow (London), 138
St Mary Major (Exeter), 9, 206
St Mary the Virgin, 226
St Michael, churches dedicated to, 129
St Michael’s (St Albans), 495
St Michael’s Mount (Cornwall), 129, 130
St Michel, 129
St Molaise, priory of, 119
St Monacella, 199
St Nicholas, 226
St Ouen (Rouen), deflected choir, 237;
Fergusson’s opinion concerning, 237
St Pancras church (Canterbury), 22
St Patrick, and holy wells, 93
St Paulinus, missionary, 9, 32
St Paulinus, of Nola, 241
St Paul’s, Covent Garden (London), 206
St Paul’s Cathedral (London), probable pagan site, 83, 444;
folk-moots held in, 136, 148;
legal business transacted in, 139, 173;
chest, 169;
markets, 173;
and Wren, 242;
ceremony connected with stag’s head, 443;
discoveries at, 444
St Paul’s Cray (Kent), church, 4;
flints found at, 292
St Peter, 226
St Peter’s (Rome), altar, 207;
steps of, 212;
orientation, 214
St Peter’s Chapel, Bradwell (Essex), 23
St Peter’s Day, 234
St Peter’s, Vatican, 232
St Savin, 236
St Saviour’s Cathedral (Southwark), 8, 231
St Sepulchre’s church (London), 154
St Stephen’s, Coleman Street (London), 336
St Swithin’s (Lincoln), 7
St Sylvester, 485
St Tecla’s Spring (Denbigh), 94
St Teilo’s Well (Pembroke), 94
St Thomas of Canterbury, 131
St Ulrick’s Day, 174
St Weonards (Hereford), 56, 57
St Willibrord, 185
“Saint’s Day theory,” 224-7, 233, 235, 242
Saints’ Days, fairs held on, 191
Salisbury, gaol, 139;
horse-burial at, 432
Salt, on graves, 313
Saltfleetby All Saints (Lincs.), 342
Salton (Yorks.), 196
Samoa, burial customs, 247
Samoyads, heathenism among modern, 29
Sanctuary, churches and churchyards, 170, 354;
burial out of, 353, 359
Sanctus bell, 151
Sanderstead (Surrey), 372
Sandwich (Kent), mayor chosen in church, 143;
St Clement’s church, 448
Sandwich Kirk (Shetland Isles), 31
San Paolo fuori le Mura (Rome), 214
Sta Maria Maggiore (Rome), 214
Sarsens, 38, 40, 41, 50
Sarum Manual, 315
Saxon churches, 9, 10, 13, 62, 108-11, 117, 211;
modes of punishment, 68;
barrow at Taplow, 81-2;
church towers in Lincolnshire, 108-11;
use of church porch, 155;
burials, 247, 250, 260, 261, 277, 283, 285, 308, 314, 431;
crystal balls in graves, 299;
amber beads in tumuli, 300-1, 307;
necklaces, 301, 307;
combs, 311;
sacrificial animals, 321;
superstition respecting enclosed
spaces, 354;
archery, 387, 388;
horses, 422;
ploughs, 464
Saxony, open-air tribunals in, 68;
arms of, 433;
horse-head superstition, 440
Scandinavia, folk-lore, 246;
ancient burials, 262;
chariot-burials, 276, 429, 431;
amber axes, 299;
cattle, 479;
rock-carvings, 421, 481
Scarborough (Yorks.), 239
Scartho (Lincs.), 108, 109-10
Scheffer, Jean, his travels in Lapland, 29
Schools, in churches and church porches, 152-5
Schrader, Dr O., Roman methods of divination, 326;
on the yew, 363;
the Kalmucks, 419;
Celtic chariots, 421-2
Scissors in coffins, 212
Sclavonic folk-lore, 397;
horse sacrifices, 434, 441
Scolds’ bridles, 163
Scot-ales, 179
Scotland, churches on pagan sites, 48, 94;
holy wells, 94;
sports in churchyards, 196;
tombstones, 314;
cardinal points, 327;
burial of suicides, 358;
yew superstition, 399;
superstition respecting fox’s skull, 443;
paganism, 446
Scott, Dr D. H., his experiment on the elm, 366-7
Scott, Mr G. G., on churches of Rome, 214
Scott, Col. S., discovery by, 444
Scott, Sir W., quoted, 403, 486
Scottish Presbyterian Church, 445
Scottshall (Kent), 378
Scrapers, flint, 294, 305
Scythians, ceremonial purification, 287-8, 289;
chariot-burials, 429
Seaford (Sussex), 330
Seale (Surrey), 80 n.
_-Seats_, _-sets_, in place-names, 340
Sea-urchins (see Echinoderms)
Secondary burials, 263
Secular uses of the church fabric, 101-204
Seebohm, Prof. F., on continuity of village sites, 7;
moated mounds, 60;
Domesday ox-team, 458
Selborne (Hants.), churchyard, 343, 348, 354;
yew, 378
Selby Abbey (Yorks.), 154
_Seneschaucie_, cited, 456, 471
Sequoia, annual rings, 367
Serpulae, fossil, 305
Servia, burial of suicides in, 358
Seville (Spain), 185
Seyffert, O., and Greek augurs, 327
Seymour Place (London), 206
Shalford (Surrey), 165, 166
Sharpe, Mr Montagu, on Romano-British sites, 495
Shawford Downs (Hants.), 45
Shells, found at Little Coates, 72;
in cave deposits, 308;
in graves, 308, 309;
in stone coffins, 309
“Shepherd’s Crown,” or “Helmet” (= fossil echinoderm), 303
Sheriffs’ Courts, 137
Shetland Isles, 31
Shetland pony, 420
Shore, Mr T. W., on mounds near churches, 74;
Tooting church, 89;
holy wells of Hampshire, 96;
orientation of Hampshire churches, 222;
_Winter-_ in place-names, 341
Shropshire, Easter feasts in, 180;
teeth superstition, 322;
harvest customs, 436
Sibertswold (Kent), 277
Sidbury Hill (Wilts.), 255
Silbury Hill (Wilts.), 67, 194
Silchester, 13, 23, 30;
basilica, 23-4, 212;
shrines, 24;
Roman horse-races, 422;
ash-pits, 468
Silkworms, in Sussex, 394
Sinister, meaning of, 326
Sir Howel-y-Furyall, armour of, 285
Sirius, temples oriented to, 221
Site-occupancy, continuous or repeated, 3, 10, 23, 42, 80, 86-7, 95
Skeat, Prof. W. W., on place-names, 31, 32, 33;
“belfry,” 127;
“church,” 145;
Malay terms for points of compass, 327;
“yew,” 363
Skelton (Yorks.), 162
“Skew chancels,” 230, 232
Skinner’s Well (London), 96
“Skopia” (= watch-tower), 70
Skulls, superstitions regarding, 440-1, 442, 444, 449-51;
placed under buildings, 444-5
Slaves, manumission of, 168
Smith, Dr Angus, on white pebbles in graves, 299
Smith, Mr C. Roach, on Kentish churches, 4, 9;
crystal balls in graves, 300;
hippo-sandals, 428
Smith, James, of Deanston, on agriculture, 468
Smith, Mr Reginald A., on term “Saxon,” 19;
castle-mounds, 55;
Earl’s Barton, 62;
Taplow, 82;
Saxon burials, 247
Smith, Mr Worthington G., his discoveries on Dunstable Downs, 302, 303;
on fossils in barrows, 303
“Social theory of Christianity,” 133, 203
Solon, cited, 247
Solstices, orientation at the, 211, 227, 229, 256, 259
Solutré (France), 145
Solutrean caves, 411, 416
_Somer-_, _Summer-_, in place-names, 340
Somerset, holy wells, 95;
landmark towers, 130;
church-ales, 180;
teeth superstition, 322
Sompting (Sussex), 356 n., 455
South, folk-lore regarding the, 328-32;
favoured in churchyards, 328, 342, 343, 345, 348, 351;
symbolism of, 328-30;
in place-names, 339, 340
South Africa, 316
Southey, Robert, quoted, 335, 432
Southfleet (Kent), 4
Southgate (Middlesex), 340 n.
South Harting (Sussex), discovery of celts, 80;
parish stocks, 165
South Hayling (Hants.), 377
South Moreton (Berks.), 15
South Tawton (Devon), 175
Southwark (London), 8, 231, 352
Southwell cathedral, 9
Spain, Royal Arms in churches, 144;
councils held in churches, 148;
eggs suspended in churches, 202;
burial custom, 318;
horses imported from, 422;
caves of, 497
Spearhead, of yew, 389
“Specula” (= toot-hill), 61, 70
Speeton (Yorks.), 78
Spencer, B. (and F. J. Gillen), on Australian custom, 321-2
Spencer, Herbert, on ancestor-worship, 280;
on development of society, 493
Spica, orientation to, 221
Spindle-whorls, 302, 307
Spires, entasis in, 240
Splint bones of horse, 411
Sports, held in churches, 184, 185-6;
in churchyards, 186, 196-7, 352;
in earthworks, 194-5
Springthorpe (Lincs.), 342
Squarey, Mr E. P., on Downton Moot, 64
Squints, in churches, 148-9, 151, 329
Stag’s head ceremony, 443
Stamford Fair, 457
Standish (Glos.), 14
Stanley, Dean, on St Martin’s, Canterbury, 20
Stanley, Thomas, on the yew, 382
Stanton Drew (Somerset), 46, 47
Starnberger See (Bavaria), 418 n.
Stars, temples oriented to, 221
Statius, on the yew, 399
Statue-menhirs, 268
Statutes, of Winchester, 192;
respecting burial in woollen, 278-9;
“Ne rector prosternat,” 383;
concerning archery, 389-90;
against eating horseflesh, 438-9
Stebbing, Miss A., on Alphamstone urns, 84, 85
Steers (= young oxen), 465
Stennis (Orkney Isles), 99
Stevens, Dr J., on Taplow barrow, 82
Steyning (Sussex), 455
Stillingfleet, Rev. E. W., and barrows of Arras, 430
Stirks, or steers (= oxen), 465
Stirrup-stones, 157
Stocks, kept near churches, 164-7;
antiquity of, 167
Stoke-by-Nayland (Essex), 11
Stoke D’Abernon (Surrey), dial, 162;
fireplace, 188
Stoke Newington (London), 308
Stokes, Miss M., on round towers, 120, 121
Stoke St Milborough (Salop), holy well, 95;
games in churchyard, 197
Stone-circles, near churches, 28, 29 n., 34, 66, 86;
connected with heathen worship, 24, 45, 66, 98;
and open-air courts, 34, 136;
Stanton Drew, 46, 47;
Duloe, 48;
churches on sites of, 45-9;
as dials, 253-8;
number of pillars in, 256;
gaps in, 256
Stonehenge, 48, 99, 219, 255;
Sir J. N. Lockyer on, 48, 253;
trilithons of, 219, 256;
barrows near, 261
Stone-rings (see Stone-circles)
Stowell, Lord, on use of coffins, 271
Strabo, and omens, 434
Strasburg (Germany), 447
Stratford-on-Avon, church, 230;
oxen near, 453
Strathfieldsaye (Hants.), 432
Strathfillan (parish in Argyle and Perth), 94
Streatham (Surrey), 207
Streatham Common (Surrey), 207
Streatley (Berks.), 349
Street, or Streat (Sussex), 101, 344
Strigils, in graves, 294
Strike-a-lights, 285, 293
Strutt, J. G., on yew at Pérone, 378-9;
Boldre maple, 384;
yews at Inchlonaig, 392
Stubbs (or Stubbes), Philip, on church-ales, 178;
dancing in church, 185
Studland (Dorset), 35
Stuttgart (Germany), 231
Suffolk, round church towers of, 123;
burial custom, 330;
burial on North side, 343
“Sugar-loaf” (= fossil echinoderm), 303
Sugolia (Hungary), 197
Suicides, burial of, on North side, 341, 351, 352;
unburnt, 357;
at crossroads, 357-9;
in open fields, 359
Summer-houses, 340
Sun, worship of, 202, 213, 218, 219, 255, 439;
bowing to the, 212;
praying towards, 218, 219;
burials facing, 249-52;
as determining orientation, 325
Sundials, attached to churches, 162, 163;
stone-circles used as, 255, 256-7
Sunken Kirk (Cambs.), 30
Sunninghill (Berks.), 432
“Sun of Righteousness,” 220, 244
Superstition, and sites of churches, 17, 18;
connected with church objects, 29;
and burial-places, 87;
building of churches, 103-4, 106;
and Christian burials, 286-7, 292-3, 294-7;
fossils, 303-4;
shells, 309;
teeth, 321-2;
funerals, 331;
baptisms and weddings, 332;
North side of churchyard, 341-3, 350-2;
yews in churchyards, 396;
yews at Christmas, 402;
horse-skulls, 440-1, 442, 444-5;
oxen, 442, 444, 451
Surrey, position of churches, 101;
yew trees, 404-5;
oxen, 465
Survivals, in burial customs, 268-323;
trees on graves, 270;
horse-burial, 431-2
Sussex, church towers, 124-5;
grave-mounds, 264;
barrow, 302;
gable ornaments, 441;
oxen in, 452, 454-5, 465, 472, 475;
size of ox-team, 459, 461;
ox-yoke, 461, 462;
shoeing of oxen, 472-3
Sutton, as place-name, 339
Swallowfield (Berks.), 378
Swanage (Dorset), 111
Swanscombe (Kent), 62, 349
Sweating sickness, 16
Sweden, burial customs of, 310;
rock-carvings, 421;
acoustic jars, 447;
sacred cows, 481
Swerford (Oxford), 62
Sweyn, nephew of Canute, 200
Swift, Jonathan, quoted, 230
Swindon (Glos.), 111
Swine (Yorks.), 352
Swinhope (Lincs.), 351
Switzerland, lake-dwellings, 249 n., 416, 421;
discovery of bows, 388;
horse in, 417;
oxen of, 477;
decoration of cows, 482
Sycamore, in churchyards, 384
Sykes, Sir Tatton, excavation of Duggleby Howe, 66
Symbolism, weathercock, 164;
of East and West, 217;
of sun, 219 n;
deflected chancels, 235-6, 240, 242;
in churches, 235-8;
of the Cross, 236;
graves, 264;
grave-gifts, 291, 295, 299, 318;
ashes, 316, 317;
evergreens, 323;
cardinal points, 324, 332;
of priest’s position in church, 337;
yew, 398, 400-1, 407;
of the ox, 485
Syme, J. T. B., on Welsh yews, 398
Sympathetic magic, 295, 322
Syncretism, 25
Synods, Exeter, 140, 196, 383;
Winchester, 140;
Westminster, 170;
Quinsext or Trullan, 186
Tabernacle, of Moses, 217, 223
Tacitus, use of _covinus_, 422;
on white horses, 433;
horse-skulls, 440
Tait, Prof. J., on “Toot Hill,” 70
Tandridge (Surrey), 370-1
Tankersley Park (Yorks.), 377
Taplow (Bucks.), 81, 86, 283
Tara, the king of, 402
Tartars, horses of the, 419, 472;
chariot-burial, 429
Tatsfield (Surrey), 331
Taunton (Somerset), 232
Tavern signs, 433, 485
Taxine, 362
“Taxus,” word discussed, 362
Taylor, Isaac, on place-names, 31, 32;
on determination of position, 325-6;
cardinal points, 339-40;
Domesday ox-team, 458
Taylor, Silas, on orientation of churches, 225, 227
Teeth, fossil, in barrows, 307;
abundance of, in graves, 321;
superstitions regarding, 321-2;
of horse, in barrows, 430
Teisterbant, meaning of name, 326
Telscombe (Sussex), 90
Temple, meaning of word, 210;
of Herod, 217;
of Solomon, 217
Temple Downs (Wilts.), 30
Temples, pagan, 28, 30-1
Tenby (Pembroke), 151
Tenison, Archbishop, and Lambeth burial-ground, 343
Tennyson, quoted, 405, 475, 496
Tertullian, reference to Christians, 2;
on sun-worship, 219
Teutonic invasion, 3;
settlement, 105-6;
use of word “church,” 146-7;
sun-worship, 219;
mythology, 334, 440;
horse cult, 433-4, 436, 441
Tewkesbury (Glos.), 140
Texel, meaning of name, 326
Thaxted (Essex), 133
Thegn-right, 73
Theodosius, Edict of, 26
Things (= popular assemblies), 65
Thomas, Mr Edward, quoted, 486
Thor, feasts to, 27, 28;
hammer of, 27, 198
Thracians, and white stones, 299
Thrapstone (Northants.), 346
Thruxton Tump (Hereford), 56
Thugs, and prayer towards the East, 217
Thunderbolts, 197
Thursley (Surrey), 384
Thuxton (Norfolk), 347
Tidenham (Glos.), 8
Tideswell (Derby), 153
Timbs, John, on Wrexham yews, 374
Tisbury (Wilts.), 377
Tissington (Derby), earthwork, 16;
well-worship, 92
Tithe-barns, use of, 159, 160, 171-2, 182;
Brand on, 176
Tiverton (Devon), church used as fortress, 118;
burial of gipsy at, 312
Tlingits, or Tlinkits (tribe), 251
Toll-holz (charm), 397
Tombs, simple, 268-9
Tombstones, vaulted, 260;
flat, 270, 347;
box-shaped, 275;
table, 275;
vertical, 347
(see also Headstones)
Toot-hills, 7, 51, 60-1, 70-3;
at Pirton, 60-1, 70;
meaning of term, 70-1;
at Macclesfield, 71;
Little Coates, 72
Tooting (Surrey), 89
Torrington (Devon), 496
Totemism, 281
_Totemism and Exogamy_, cited, 281, 436
Tothill, Tothill Fields, etc., 71
Tours (France), 231
Toussaint, M., on horse bones, 415
Touting Hills, 71
Towcester (Northants.), 59, 62
Tower of London, 285
Towers, church, used as fortresses, 107-18, 150;
portcullis in, 107;
Irish round, 118-22;
detached, 122-3;
circular, 123-4
Town armour, 158
Town halls, 138
Town meeting, 141
Townstall (Devon), 118
Toys, in graves, 312
Tozer, Mr Basil, on horseshoes, 423, 424
Tradition, concerning churches, 30-1, 103-4, 106;
yews, 392, 396, 404;
horse-skulls, 445-6;
ploughing oxen, 487, 492 (see also Folk-memory)
Trees, on barrows, 270, 400;
on graves, 270, 400;
in churchyards, 383-5, 401
Tree-trunks, for coffins, 274, 278
Tree-worship, 28, 400
Tregaron (Cardigan), 48
Trepanning, 321
Trephine, and yew trees, 365
Trevis (= beam used in shoeing oxen), 473
Trial by ordeal, 136, 354
Trilithons, 255
Trottescliffe (Kent), 40
Trullan Synod, 186
Tull, Jethro, on agriculture, 468
Tumulus, meaning of word, 51
(see also Barrow)
Tunbridge Wells (Kent), 454
Turanians, burial customs, 284
Turlagh, burial at, 352
Turner, Robert, on yew superstition, 395-6
Turner, Sir W., on Australian burial custom, 313
Turris, or bretasche, 53
Tusser, Thomas, quoted, 483
Tutt Hill (Suffolk), 71
Tweeddale, churchyards of, 343
Tweedside superstitions, 301
_Twelfth Night_, quoted, 154, 382
Twyford (Hants.), megalith, 45;
yew, 378
Tyack, Rev. G. S., on holy wells, 97;
church-ales, 180
Tylor, Prof. E. B., on value of details, 2;
orientation of churches, 213, 216-7, 219;
comparative burial customs, 251-2, 312;
animism, 279-81;
burial of coins, 296;
on grave-gifts, 279-82;
East and West, 332
Tyndall, John, his grave at Haslemere, 264
Tynemouth (Northumberland), 230
Tynwald Hill (I. of Man), 64
Uffington (Berks.), 433-4
Uganda, 358
Ulm (Germany), 126
Unbaptized children, burial of, 351, 353 n.
Upper Beeding (Sussex), 344
Upsala, heathen temple at, 28;
tumulus, 276 n.
Upton (Notts.), 448
Uriconium, discoveries at, 479
Urn-field, at Aylesford, 261, 276
Urns, cinerary, 277, 292, 399;
burial in, 261, 451;
containing flint chips, 285
Urus, the, 477
Usher of school, his origin, 149, 154
Utterby (Lincs.), 351
Uttoxeter (Staffs.), 71
Vaigatch, 228
Vale of Pewsey (Wilts.), 453, 473
Vale of Pickering (Yorks.), 453
Varanger Fiord (Norway), 309
Variation of magnetic needle, 228
Vatican, museum of, 199;
St Peter’s church, 232
Vedic hymn, quoted, 283;
literature, 439
Veile, or Vejle (Denmark), 28
Venta Silurum (= Caerwent), 25
Verona (Italy), 216
Verulam, Roman station, 4
Vessels, models of, in churches, 203
Vestry, Easter, 141;
“open,” 141;
the word and the institution, 142;
origin of, 142-3;
“close,” 142;
records of, 271
Victoria, burial of, 432
_Victoria Histories_:
London, 9;
Cumberland, 50;
Kent, 52;
Cornwall, 310
Viking burials, 262, 294, 431
Village, stockaded, 16;
plays, 181-3;
fairs, 191, 193
Villas, Roman, 5, 6, 8, 9, 95
Vindomora, Roman station, 12
Vinogradoff, Prof. P., on gallows, 69 n.;
on cost of iron weapons, 158;
Domesday ox-team, 458
Virgil, and word _dexter_, 327;
chariot-burial, 429;
on white horses, 433;
story of the Carthaginians, 442;
the Golden Age, 483
Vishnu, mythology of, 307, 442
_Vision of William_, cited, 456, 457 n.
Vitruvius, on acoustic vessels, 447
Vogt, M. Carl, on domestication of the horse, 414
Von Hefele, C. J., on Trullan Synod, 186
Votive offerings, 203, 293
Vulgate, the, and use of the word “specula,” 71
Waith (Lincs.), 108
Wakefield (Yorks.), 344
Walcott, M. E. C., on orientation of churches, 212
Wales, churches of, near stone-circles, 48;
well-worship, 92, 94-5;
circular churchyards, 97, 99;
legends regarding churches, 104;
sports in churchyards, 197;
folk-lore, 246;
bards, 257, 398;
burial customs, 331;
well superstition, 332;
bone-caves, 417;
mummers, 442;
black cattle, 480;
pagan deities, 482
Wallace, Mr R. Hedger, on long-horned cattle, 479
Walnut trees, in churchyards, 384
Walrond, Col. F., on bows, 389
Walsall (Staffs.), 104
Walsingham (Norfolk), 192
Walter de Henley, on ploughing, 458, 467, 468;
speed of oxen, 467;
shoeing oxen, 468, 470-1
Waltham Abbey (Essex), 165
Walthamstow (Essex), 416
Walton (Norfolk), 122
Walton-on-the-Hill (Lancs.), 165
Walton-on-the-Hill (Surrey), 67
Walton-on-Thames (Surrey), 163
Wandsworth (London), 260
Ward, Mr John, on Roman sites, 495
Wareham (Dorset), 274
Warlingham (Surrey), 291
Warmsworth (Yorks.), 123
Warne, Charles, on Knowlton earthworks, 401
Warner, R., on tradition concerning the yew, 392
Warnford (Hants.), 162
Warrington (Lancs.), 56-7
Warry, Mrs C. King, on “church-gift,” 155
Watchet (Somerset), 95
Watching-lofts, 126
Watcombe (Berks.), 377
Wateringbury (Kent), 167
Watson, Mr G., on deflected chancel, 231
Watson, Mr William, quoted, 407
Weapons, in churches, 158-62;
in graves, 282-4, 293;
offered to, 285
Weathercocks, on churches, 164
Weatherston, Mr J., on horseshoes, 426
Webb, Mr E. A., on Chislehurst grave, 77
Webb, Mr and Mrs S., on meetings held in churches, 140-2
“Weeping chancels,” 228;
theories concerning, 233-8
Wehner, H., on orientation, 227
Welbourn (Lincs.), 240
Well (Lincs.), 206, 207
Wellesbourne (Warwick), 272
Wellington (Somerset), 347
Wellington, Duke of, burial of his horse, 432
Well-worship, 92-7, 442, 482
Welsh courts, old, 64;
poem quoted, 301;
bards, 398;
laws, 398
Wendish settlements, 341;
burials, 429
Wendover (Bucks.), 104
Wenlock Priory (Salop), 95
Wessex, superstitions, 296-7
West, prayer towards, 217, 333;
symbolism of the, 217, 332-3;
in place-names, 339-40
West Beckham (Norfolk), 222
West Dean (Sussex), 177, 344, 455
Westermarck, Prof. E., on primitive religion, 281;
burial of suicides, 358, 359 n.
West Malling, 230
West Mersea (Essex), 7
Westmeston (Sussex), 384, 443
Westminster Abbey, Roman remains, 9;
size of, 134;
orientation of, 223;
deflected choir, 232;
Ben Jonson’s grave in, 266;
burial of Lord Palmerston in, 310
Westminster Gate House, 139
Weston, as place-name, 339
Weston-in-Gordano (Somerset), 155
Weston-under-Redcastle (Salop), 165
West Tarring (Sussex), 496
West Wycombe (Bucks.), 15
Wexford (Ireland), 271
Weybridge (Surrey), 344
Wharfedale (Yorks.), 444
Whatley (Somerset), Roman villa, 9;
sarsens near church, 41;
squint, 151;
burial on North side, 345
Wheat, at funerals, 318
Wheels, of fortune, 202-3;
chariot, in barrows, 430
Whitby (Yorks.), parish church, 127, 234;
oxen employed near, 453
Whitby Abbey, used as a beacon, 127;
alinement of, 230, 239;
double dedication, 233-5;
Pugin’s opinion concerning, 236;
oxen, 453
Whitchurch (Oxford), 344
White, Gilbert, burial on North side, 343, 348;
connection with Faringdon, 344;
Selborne churchyard, 354;
yew, 378;
“shelter theory,” 383
White, H. Kirke, quoted, 335
White horses, 433-4;
carvings of, 433-4
Whitemoorstone Down (Devon), 256
Whitepark Bay (Antrim), 418, 418 n.
White pebbles, in graves, 299
Whitestaunton (Somerset), 95, 97
Whitsun-ales, 177
Whittlebury (Northants.), 84
Wickes (Essex), 123
Wickham, East and West (Kent), 340
Widdicombe (Devon), 345
Widford (Glos.), 7
Wiggonholt (Sussex), 418
William the Conqueror, at Hastings, 57;
and punishment by hanging, 68
William Fitzstephen, on horse-races, 422;
London market, 457;
his _Life of Becket_, 477
William of Malmesbury, on Glastonbury, 23;
racehorses, 422
Wills, stored in churches, 170
Willy Howe (Yorks.), 66-7
Wilson, Prof. J., on British oxen, 477;
Park cattle, 478;
polled cattle, 479;
Celtic shorthorn, 480
Wilson, Sir D., on Gaelic, 49
Wiltshire, barrows of, 249, 250, 288, 305;
prehistoric monuments, 253;
burial custom, 313;
superstition, 334;
oxen, 453, 473;
discovery in barrow, 483
Winchester, cathedral, 9, 10;
Synod of, 140;
Statute of, 192
_Windr-_, in place-names, 341
Wingham (Kent), 8
Winkelbury (Wilts.), Saxon burials at, 250, 285;
yew grove, 403
_Winter-_, in place-names, 341
Winterbourne, place-name, 341
Winterton (Lincs.), 342
Wisdom of Solomon, quoted, 217-18
Witches, legends concerning, 103-4, 106, 438;
horseshoe charm, 157;
amber charms against, 301;
and churchyard yew, 396;
Bede’s injunction, 397;
kept away by fox’s skull, 443
Wodin (see under Odin)
Woldingham (Surrey), 355, 356
Wolstan, monk of Winchester, 211
Wolves, teeth of, 301-2, 310
Woodbury Hill (Dorset), 193
Woodchester (Glos.), 8
Woodcuts (Dorset), 302, 403, 424
Woodcuts Common, 30
Wood-Martin, Mr W. G., on cromlechs in churchyards, 49, 86;
holy wells, 93;
Irish graves, 299;
the deiseal, 330
Woodnesborough (Kent), 74
Woodward, Dr H., on fossil teeth, 307
Woodyates (Dorset), 275;
horseshoes found at, 424
Wookey (Somerset), 382
Wool, stored in churches, 173;
in coffins, 313
Woollen, burial in, 271, 278-9
Woolwich and Reading Beds, 40
_Words and Places_, cited, 32
Wordsworth, W., quoted, 135, 209-10, 240-1, 355, 496
Worth (Sussex), 332
Worth Matravers (Dorset), 275
Wotjo (Australian station), 252
Wotton (Surrey), church porch, 153;
curious burial, 245
Wrabness (Essex), 123
Wrexham (Denbigh), 374
Wright, Mr A. G., on Alphamstone discoveries, 84, 85
Wright, Thomas, on Addington church, 45;
St Weonards mound, 56;
Roman inscriptions, 69;
grave-mounds, 83, 260;
yew found in cinerary urn, 399
Wroxeter (Salop), 7, 10
Wyatt, Mr J., on fossils used as beads, 307
Wyclif’s Bible, 71
Wylie, W. M., on Fairford graves, 288-9
Wyre Piddle (Worcester), 78-9
Xenophon, cited, 70
Yarnborough, or Yarnbury Camp (Wilts.), 193
Yateley (Hants.), 344
Yesso (Japan), 247
Yew, at St Weonards, 56;
Taplow, 81;
the churchyard, 160, 328, 348, 353, 360-407, 490-1;
botanical description, 360-1;
Irish variety, 361, 406;
indigenous tree, 361;
whether poisonous, 361-2, 385, 395;
origin of word, 362-3;
De Candolle on, 364-6, 368;
methods of estimating age, 364-74;
theory of annual rings, 366-8;
on Pilgrims’ Way, 374-5;
Fortingal, 375-6, 379, 403;
Brabourne, 376;
Hensor, 376;
Darley Dale, 376;
Kersal, 377;
Fountains Abbey, 377;
Watcombe, 377;
miscellaneous specimens, 377-8;
why planted in churchyards, 380-98, 407;
use on Palm Sunday, 380-2;
“Yew Cross,” 382;
symbolism theory, 382-3;
protection theory, 383-4;
why enclosed, 385;
bow theory, 385-94;
foreign yew formerly imported, 390-2;
in Irish folk-lore, 395, 401-2;
in witchcraft, 396-7;
in symbolism, 398, 400-1;
in magic, 399, 401-2;
vessels and implements made of, 402;
fossil condition, 403;
and open-air courts, 404;
position in churchyards, 404-6;
conclusions respecting, 406-7
Yggdrasil, magic tree of the Eddas, 328, 334
Yoke, used for oxen, 461-2;
description of, 462
York Fabric Rolls, quoted, 173
York, Minster Yard, 165;
cathedral, 170;
St Michael’s-le-Belfry, 191;
alinement of cathedral, 230, 232;
St Mary’s, 230;
ancient will referred to, 471
Yorkshire, holy wells of, 92, 97;
councils in churches and churchyards, 140;
dancing in churches, 185;
barrows, 249, 261-2, 276, 307, 417;
teeth superstition, 322;
churchyard trees, 406;
use of ox in, 452-3, 458, 465
Youatt, W., on horseshoes, 427;
on horse-sandals, 428;
ox-team, 461, 465;
ox-races, 467;
shoeing oxen, 473;
on the trevis, 474
Youens, Mr E. C., and horseshoe, 425-6
Youghal (Cork), 448
Young, Arthur, on use of ox in Yorkshire, 452;
Essex farmers, 454;
ox-collars, 461;
ox-labour, 467
“Young Men’s Wardens,” 175
Yspytty Kenwyn (Cardigan), 48
Yule-tide, 27
Zaborowski, M., on drawings of cave-horse, 414
Zodiac, and Gorsedd circles, 256
Zoological Gardens (London), 413, 478
Zoomorphic stones, ornament, 434
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] E. B. Tylor, in the preface to the second edition of _Primitive
Culture_, 1873.
[2] T. Hodgkin, _Hist. of Eng._ (Vol. I. of _Polit.
Hist. of Eng._, ed. W. Hunt and R. L. Poole), p. 76; E. Conybeare,
_Roman Britain_, 1903, p. 258.
[3] R. Camber-Williams, in _Social England_, ed. H. D. Traill, 1894,
I. p. 37, and F. T. Richards, same volume, p. 29.
[4] T. Hodgkin, _op. cit._ p. 76; Conybeare, _op. cit._ p. 259. Cf. W.
E. Addis, _Christianity and the Roman Empire_, 1893, p. 48.
[5] Conybeare, _op. cit._ p. 259; O. M. Dalton, _Guide to the Early
Christian and Byzantine Antiquities_ (Brit. Mus.), 1903, p. 3, and many
other writers.
[6] See Conybeare, _op. cit._ p. 267, and his authorities.
[7] O. M. Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 2.
[8] Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, L. i. c. 7; _Vict. Hist. of Herts._, 1908,
II. p. 483; F. Bond, _English Cathedrals_, 1899, pp.
208-9.
[9] C. Roach Smith, _Collectanea Antiqua_, 1861, v. p. 199, and art. in
_Archaeologia_, XXIX. pp. 217-26. Some of the examples,
along with others, are considered by J. R. Allen, _Monumental Hist. of
the Early Brit. Church_, 1899, pp. 12-19, 20-31.
[10] _Proc. Geol. Assoc._ XXIII. p. 464.
[11] G. Maynard, in _Memorials of Old Essex_, ed. A. Clifton Kelway,
1908, p. 32. The list was compiled from R. Miller Christy’s _Durrant’s
Guide to Essex_, 1887, _passim_.
[12] _Athenaeum_, 1889, p. 314. Examples from other districts will be
found recorded in the _Victoria Histories_ for the respective counties.
[13] G. Baldwin Brown, _The Arts in Early England_, 1903,
I. p. 270.
[14] O. M. Dalton, _op. cit._ pp. 3-4.
[15] J. Romilly Allen, _op. cit._ pp. 29-31, 40-1.
[16] J. C. Cox and A. Harvey, _Eng. Church Furniture_, 1907, p. 167.
Cf. F. J. Haverfield and M. V. Taylor in _Vict. Hist. of Salop._, 1908,
I. pp. 228, 238. The church at West Mersea has a double dedication (St
Peter and St Paul); this fact is believed by some to indicate an early
foundation.
[17] J. C. Cox and A. Harvey, _loc. cit._
[18] Murray, _Handbook for Oxfordshire_, 1894, pp. 195-6; A. H.
Allcroft, _Earthwork of England_, 1908, p. 345 n.
[19] F. Seebohm, _Eng. Vill. Community_, 1896, p. 431 (map given).
[20] Seebohm, _loc. cit._
[21] _Vict. Hist. of Herts._, 1908, II. p. 119.
[22] Seebohm, _op. cit._ p. 433.
[23] _Ibid._ p. 436. Cf. Murray, _Handbook for Gloucestershire_, 1895,
p. 10.
[24] F. Bond, _Eng. Cathedrals_, p. 235. The Westminster discovery is
recorded by Mr Bond in _Westminster Abbey_, 1909, p. 3.
[25] _Collectanea Antiqua_, 1861, v. p. 199.
[26] A. H. Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 346 n. For other Sussex examples,
see _Vict. Hist. of Sussex_, 1907, II. p. 333.
[27] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., x. p. 11. Cf. G. Baldwin Brown,
_op. cit._ II. p. 336.
[28] Murray, _Handbook for Devon_, 1895, p. 22.
[29] The discoveries now include a tessellated pavement, pottery, and a
Roman lamp (_Antiquary_, 1911, N.S., VII. p. 162).
[30] W. Johnson, _Folk-Memory_, 1908, p. 88, et seqq.
[31] Conybeare, _op. cit._ pp. 265-6.
[32] _Essex Naturalist_, 1890, IV. p. 155.
[33] W. Harrod, _Norfolk Archaeology_, 1859, V. pp.
146-160 (plates and illustrations given); A. Suckling, _Hist. and
Antiq. of Suffolk_, 1846, I. pp. 323-324; G. Baldwin
Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 270; M. Stokes, _Three Months in
the Forests of France_, 1895, pp. xxxii, 158-62; A. H. Allcroft, _op.
cit._ p. 344 n.
[34] C. Roach Smith, _Collect. Antiq._, V. p. 200.
[35] F. J. Haverfield, in _Vict. Hist. of Norfolk_, 1901,
I. p. 290. The whole series of Prof. Haverfield’s
contributions to the _Victoria Histories_ will repay study. See also
his valuable paper, _The Romanization of Roman Britain_, 1905, p. 33
(reprinted from the _Proc. Brit. Academy_, II.).
[36] Haverfield, in _Vict. Hist. of Norfolk_, I. pp.
314-5.
[37] _Vict. Hist. of Rutland_, 1908, I. p. 37; _Notes
and Queries_, 3rd Ser., V. p. 173.
[38] _Vict. Hist. of Rutland_, 1908, I. p. 89; _Notes
and Queries_, _loc. cit._
[39] _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Ser., V. p. 173.
[40] _Ibid._ 3rd Ser., VI. p. 37.
[41] _Naturalist_, XI. 1886, p. 27.
[42] _Vict. Hist. of Durham_, I. pp. 221, 350.
[43] _Ibid._ I. p. 350.
[44] _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Ser., IX. p. 332.
[45] W. Roy, _Milit. Antiquities_, 1793, p. 133.
[46] Murray, _Handbook for Sussex_, 5th edition, 1893, p. 46.
[47] Haverfield, in _Vict. Hist. of Hants._, I. p. 329.
[48] Allcroft, _op. cit._ pp. 564, 566; C. Warne, _Ancient Dorset_,
1872, pp. 101-105; _Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Soc._ XVII.
1896, pp. 138, 140; _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., IX.
p. 77.
[49] Murray, _Handbook for Gloucestershire_, 1895, p. 11.
[50] J. B. Cornish, in _Vict. Hist. of Cornwall_, I. p.
458.
[51] _Ibid._ I. p. 462.
[52] _Vict. Hist. of Sussex_, 1905, I. p. 479. (Most of
the earthworks, cited from the _Vict. Histories_, are illustrated, in
those volumes, by plans.)
[53] _Vict. Hist. of Berks._, I. p. 266.
[54] _Vict. Hist. of Kent_, 1908, _I._ p. 394.
[55] _Ibid._ I. p. 397.
[56] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 134 n.; G. Clinch, in _Vict. Hist. of
Bucks._, 1908, II. pp. 22-24.
[57] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 134 n.; _Vict. Hist. of Bucks._,
II. p. 26.
[58] J. C. Cox, in _Vict. Hist. of Derbyshire_, 1905, I.
p. 372.
[59] _Ibid._ I. p. 374.
[60] Allcroft, _op. cit._ pp. 548-9.
[61] _Ibid._ p. 344 n.
[62] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 70-1.
[63] Seebohm, _op. cit._ p. 436.
[64] Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 3; G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._
II. pp. 3, 122; H. M. Scarth, _Rom. Brit._, n.d., p. 213
n.; M. H. Bloxam, _Gothic Eccles. Architecture_, 1849, pp. 41-2.
[65] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 279,
II. pp. 118-9, 340; Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 3. Cf.
_Collectanea Antiqua_, V. p. 167.
[66] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. pp. 270-3,
II. p. 341; Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 3.
[67] A. P. Stanley, _Hist. Memorials of Canterbury_, 1875, p. 37.
[68] Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, L. i. cc. 26, 33.
[69] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ II. pp. 119, 294, 337;
Bloxam, _op. cit._ p. 33; Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 3.
[70] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ II. pp. 122, 294, 337.
[71] _Vict. Hist. of Lancashire_, II. pp. 6, 553.
[72] B. Williams, in _Social Eng._ I. 1894, p. 36;
Conybeare, _op. cit._ p. 265.
[73] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ II. p. 339.
[74] _Ibid._ II. pp. 260-3, 294.
[75] See discussion in _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser.,
II. pp. 101, 158, 277, 429; III. pp. 11,
110, 275, 322, 374. Cf. _Archaeologia_, LIII. pp. 564-8.
[76] F. J. Haverfield, in _Vict. Hist. of Hants._, I. p.
284.
[77] G. E. Fox and W. St John Hope, in _Vict. Hist. of Hants._,
I. p. 364. See also _Archaeologia_, LIII.
pp. 564-8; G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. pp. 145-6,
II. p. 11; F. Bond, _Gothic Archit. in England_, pp.
195, 215, 223; O. M. Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 3.
[78] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ II. pp. 125, 293.
[79] _Ibid._ I. p. 271.
[80] G. E. Fox and W. St John Hope, in _Vict. Hist. of Hants._,
I. p. 364.
[81] _Ibid._, _loc. cit._
[82] A. Harnack, _Expansion of Christianity in the First Three
Centuries_, tr. J. Moffatt, 1905, I. pp. 391-97; O. M.
Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 28. Cf. W. E. Addis, _Christianity and the Roman
Empire_, 1893, pp. 17, 18, 185-90.
[83] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Folk-Lore as an Historical Science_, 1908, p.
321.
[84] G. S. Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, 1899, p. 11;
Conybeare, _op. cit._ p. 266.
[85] Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, L. i. c. 30.
[86] Bede, _op. cit._ L. i. c. 26. See also A. J.
Giles’s edition, 1887, p. 29.
[87] J. Grimm, _Teutonic Mythology_, tr. from the 4th edition by J.
G. Stallybrass, 1882, I. pp. 43, 86-7 (and generally,
chaps, iv. and vi.), IV. p. 1313. [I quote Stallybrass’s
translation throughout. It should be noted that the volumes are
variously dated: I. 1882; II. and
III. 1883; IV. 1888 (W. J.).] Cf. B.
Thorpe, _Northern Mythology_, 1851, I. pp. 268-9.
[88] J. M. Robertson, _Christianity and Mythology_, 1900, p. 36 et
passim; Canon E. L. Hicks, in _The Roman Fort at Manchester_, ed. F. A.
Bruton, 1909, pp. 44-5; Sir J. Norman Lockyer, _Stonehenge_, 1906, pp.
178-88.
[89] _Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore_, XXII., 1909, pp. 144 et
seqq.
[90] _Folk-Lore as an Hist. Science_, p. 329.
[91] Thorpe, _op. cit._ I. pp. 268-9. Cf. J. B. Bury,
_Life of St Patrick_, 1905, pp. 107-8; W. G. Wood-Martin, _Traces of
the Elder Faiths of Ireland_, 1902, I. pp. 140-1; M.
Stokes, _Early Christian Architect. in Ireland_, 1878, pp. 92, 96;
_Antiquary_, 1910, n.s. VI. pp. 184-8.
[92] _Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore_, ut supra. Cf. E. Dale, _National Life and
Character in the Mirror of Eng. Literature_, 1907, pp. 61-75.
[93] W. Henderson, _Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties_, 1879, p.
3. See also L. Friedlander, _Roman Life and Manners under the Early
Empire_, tr. J. H. Freese, 1900, III. pp. 120-22,
210-14, for the struggle between Christianity and Paganism in Rome.
[94] F. Kauffmann, _Northern Mythology_, tr. M. S. Smith, 1903, p. 8.
Cf. O. Montelius, _Civilization of Sweden in Heathen Times_, tr. F. H.
Woods, 1888, p. 200.
[95] _Reliquary_, XIV. 1908, pp. 273-4.
[96] Thorpe, _op. cit._ II. pp. 221-5.
[97] C. F. Gordon-Cumming, _In the Hebrides_, 1883, p. 240. Cf.
C. Warne, _Ancient Dorset_, p. 104, where it is asserted that the
cathedral of Le Mans is built on the site of a stone-circle.
[98] Johannes Schefferus, _Lapponia, id est, Regionis Lapponum_, 1673,
passim. An English edition by T. Newborough appeared in 1704.
[99] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 271.
[100] A. L. Pitt-Rivers, _Excav. in Cranborne Chase_, I.
1887, pp. 23-5.
[101] A. H. Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 592.
[102] Pitt-Rivers, _op. cit._ I. pp. 23-25. Cf.
_Archaeol. Jour._ VI. pp. 17-18, 19-24.
[103] A. H. Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 593 n. Cf. Haverfield, in _Vict.
Hist. of Northampton_, I. p. 193, and, for Welsh
evidence, _Cambrian Journal_, 1858, 2nd Ser., I. pp.
204-5; Sir R. Colt Hoare, _Anc. Hist. of North Wilts._, 1819, p. 42.
[104] _Antiquary_, n.s. I. 1905, pp. 133-8.
[105] R. Ashington Bullen, _Harlyn Bay_, 1902, pp. 69-70.
[106] I. Taylor, _Names and their Histories_, 1896, p. 390. Cf. 1898
edition, p. 136, also his _Words and Places_, ed. A. Smythe Palmer,
1909, p. 237. For _kil_, see _New Oxford Dict._, s.v. For _llan_, see
_Words and Places_, 1909, p. 328; _Cambrian Jour._, 1857, 1st Ser.,
IV. p. 101; 1858, 2nd Ser., I. p. 204;
_Archaeologia Cambrensis_, 1850, 2nd Ser., I. p. 17.
[107] _Folk-Memory_, 1908, p. 139 et seqq.
[108] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Prim. Folk-Moots_, pp. 108-9, 129-30, 192,
227-33; H. N. Hutchinson, _Prehist. Man and Beast_, 1896, p. 258; R.
W. Eyton, _A Key to Domesday_, 1878, p. 143. Cf. T. Cato Worsfold,
_The French Stonehenge_, n.d. p. 40. Some curious information, to be
read critically, will be found in W. Charleton’s _Chorea Gigantum, or
Stone-Heng restored to the Danes_, 1663, pp. 42-50.
[109] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 144-5, 336.
[110] The stone is fully described by C. Warne, _Anc. Dorset_, 1872,
pp. 137-9.
[111] Bede, _Eccles. Hist._ L. iii. c. 7.
[112] A. G. Langdon, _Old Cornish Crosses_, 1896, passim; W. Crossing,
_Anc. Stone Crosses of Dartmoor_, 1887, passim.
[113] See F. W. Harmer, in _Geology in the Field_, ed. H. W. Monckton
and R. S. Herries, 1901, Pt i. pp. 110-113.
[114] _Vict. Hist. of Cornwall_, I. pp. 407, 415, etc.
[115] _Ibid._
[116] Z. de Rouzic, _Les Monuments Mégalithiques_, 1901, pp. 29-30, 34;
T. Cato Worsfold, _The French Stonehenge_, n.d., pp. 15-16; G. Allen,
_Evol. of the Idea of God_, 1903, p. 147.
[117] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 133-6, and authorities quoted. This view is
also taken by J. Romilly Allen in _Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian
Times_, 1905, p. 186. Cf. A. G. Langdon, _op. cit._ pp. 4-7; W.
Henderson, _Folk-Lore of Northern Counties_, 1879, p. 3, notices
several Scottish examples.
[118] _Antiquary_, n.s. VI. 1910, pp. 21-26,
illustration given.
[119] A description of the ruins will be found in _Harlyn Bay_,
pp. 69-70; _Vict. Hist. of Kent_, 1908, I. p. 320;
_South-Eastern Naturalist_, 1904, p. 32. For discussion of the word
“sarsen” see _Folk-Memory_, pp. 260-2.
[120] _South-Eastern Naturalist_, _loc. cit._ See also A. E. Salter, in
_Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc._ 1911, XIV. pp. 135-142.
[121] _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, 1906, XIX. p. 317.
[122] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., VIII. p. 365. Cf.
8th Ser., VII. p. 485; VIII. p. 431; and
Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, L. xxvi. c. 29; L.
xxix. c. 13.
[123] _Antiquary_, N.S. II., 1906, p. 120.
[124] _Harlyn Bay_, pp. 69-71.
[125] _Vict. Hist. of Cornwall_, 1906, I. p. 379.
[126] _Vict. Hist. of Yorkshire_, 1907, I. p. 369; _Lore
and Legend of the Eng. Church_, pp. 24-5; P. Royston, _Rudstone, a
sketch of its History and Antiquities_, 1873, pp. 43-83.
[127] _Harlyn Bay_, p. 70.
[128] _S.-E. Naturalist_, 1909, p. 28, and Plate xx.
[129] G. E. Jeans (editor), Murray’s _Handbook for Isle of Wight_, 5th
edition, 1898, p. 51.
[130] G. E. Jeans, _loc. cit._
[131] _S.-E. Naturalist_, 1909, p. 28; _Antiquary_, N.S., 1906,
II. p. 80.
[132] H. Belloc, _The Old Road_, 1904, p. 64.
[133] _S.-E. Naturalist_, 1904, p. 32.
[134] Murray, _Handbook for Kent_, 5th edition, 1892, pp. 207-8;
_Archaeologia Cantiana_, 1880, XIII. pp. 14, 16 (and
plate); _Vict. Hist. of Kent_, 1908, I. p. 319; F. J.
Bennett, _Ightham, the Story of a Kentish Village_, 1907, pp. 47-8.
[135] W. Boyd Dawkins, in _Vict. Hist. of Somerset_, 1906,
I. p. 191; C. W. Dymond, _Guide to Stanton Drew_, 1896,
p. 11 et seqq.; Sir J. Norman Lockyer, _Stonehenge and other British
Monuments_, 1906, pp. 166-77.
[136] _Vict. Hist. of Cornwall_, I. p. 399.
[137] Sir J. Norman Lockyer, _op. cit._ p. 219.
[138] _Ibid._, _op. cit._ pp. 217-20.
[139] _Cambrian Jour._, 1858, 2nd Ser., I. p. 205.
[140] C. Cordiner, _Antiquities and Scenery of the North of Scotland_,
1780, p. 34; W. G. Wood-Martin, _Pagan Ireland_, 1895, p. 590.
[141] Sir D. Wilson, _Archaeology and Prehist. Annals of Scotland_,
1851, p. 10. See also T. Pennant, _Tour in Scotland_, 3rd edition,
1774, I. p. 274: chapter by Rev. Mr Shaw; C. Cordiner,
_op. cit._ p. 34. Mr P. McIntyre informs me that, in conversation,
_clachan_ is employed, and, in that case, the question should be
written, _Am beil thu dol d’an clachan?_ The phrase is also given, with
slight variations, by Lockyer, _op. cit._ pp. 219-20, and by H. N.
Hutchinson, _op. cit._ p. 258 (Chap. XI., generally, of
this book is worthy of study).
[142] G. E. Jeans, _op. cit._ p. 4. Cf. J. W. Hill, _Historical
Directory of the I. of Wight_, 2nd edition, 1879, p. 130.
[143] W. G. Collingwood, in _Vict. Hist. of Cumberland_, 1901,
I. p. 265. See also _Archaeologia_, 1773,
II. pp. 48-53, where the tomb is said to be
either British or Danish; _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, N.S.
XIV., 1908, p. 205.
[144] A. H. Allcroft, _Earthwork of England_, p. 403 n.
[145] J. H. Round, in _Quarterly Review_, CLXXIX.,
1894, pp. 27-57; E. S. Armitage, in _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._
XXXIV., 1900, pp. 260-88: also a good summary by this
writer in _Introd. to Eng. Antiquities_, 1903, pp. 119-124.
[146] G. T. Clark, _Mediaeval Military Architecture_, 1884, 2
vols., passim; I. Chalkley Gould, in _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser.,
VI. p. 134. Cf. Paper by this writer in _Jour. Brit.
Archaeol. Assoc._, 1907, N.S., XIII. pp. 51-64.
[147] E. S. Armitage, _Introd. to Eng. Antiq._, p. 120; _New Oxford
Dict._ under “Borough.”
[148] W. Gardner, in _Vict. Hist. of Warwick_, 1904, I.
pp. 352-3; R. A. Smith, in _Vict. Hist. of Northampton_, 1902,
I. p. 256; T. Davies Pryce, in _Jour. Brit. Archaeol.
Assoc._, N.S., XII. 1906, pp. 231-68.
[149] J. H. Round, in _Quarterly Review_, _loc. cit._, and in
_Commune of London_, 1899, pp. 52-4: also in _Archaeologia_,
LVIII. pp. 312-40; E. S. Armitage, _loc. cit._; W. H.
St John Hope, in _Archaeol. Jour._ LXX. pp. 72-90; G.
Neilson, _Scottish Review_, LIV. 1898, pp. 209-38; A. H.
Allcroft, _op. cit._, Chap. xiii.
[150] I. C. Gould, in _Vict. Hist. of Herefordshire_, 1908,
I. p. 230.
[151] _Archaeol. Cambrensis_, 3rd Ser., I. 1855, pp.
168-174; _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VI. p. 77.
[152] _Vict. Hist. of Herefordshire_, I. p. 231.
[153] _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VI. p. 77.
[154] _Vict. Hist. of Lancashire_, 1908, II. pp. 533-6.
[155] _Ibid._ II. pp. 521-2.
[156] _Ibid._ II. pp. 539-43.
[157] _Archaeologia_, LVIII. p. 333.
[158] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 452.
[159] D. H. Montgomerie, in _Vict. Hist. of Herts._, 1908,
II. pp. 117-8. In this connection see E. L. Cutts,
_Parish Priests and their People in the Middle Ages in England_, 1898,
Chap. xxvii. The manor-house long continued to have its chapel or
oratory. See N. J. Hone, _The Manor and Manorial Records_, 1906, pp.
32-7. The private chaplain was a well-known personage in Addison’s time.
[160] _Archaeologia_, LVIII. p. 333.
[161] G. Baldwin Brown, _Arts in Early England_, II. p.
340. Cf. I. p. 274.
[162] _Vict. Hist. of Lancashire_, II. pp. 529-30.
[163] _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VI. p. 11.
[164] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 548 n.
[165] F. Seebohm, _Village Community_, p. 434. Cf. A. R. Goddard, in
_Vict. Hist. of Bedford_, 1904, I. pp. 296-7.
[166] Seebohm, _loc. cit._
[167] _Vict. Hist. of Hertford_, II. pp. 117-8.
[168] R. A. Smith, in _Vict. Hist. of Northampton_, I.
p. 256. Cf. II. p. 408.
[169] R. A. Smith, _op. cit._ I. p. 256; _Proc. Soc.
Antiq._, VII. p. 316-21.
[170] _Vict. Hist. of Northampton_, II. p. 405.
[171] _Ibid._ I. p. 256.
[172] _Vict. Hist. of Kent_, 1908, I. p. 407.
[173] _Ibid._ I. pp. 208, 363.
[174] _Surrey Archaeol. Coll._, XII. p. 162.
[175] _Surrey Archaeol. Coll._, XII. pp. 155, 162;
_Vict. Hist. of Surrey_, I. p. 250; J. C. Cox, _Rambles
in Surrey_, 1910, pp. 126-7.
[176] _Vict. Hist. of Hereford_, I. p. 240; _Notes and
Queries_, 9th Ser., VI. p. 171.
[177] _New Oxford Dict._ under “Moot.”
[178] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Prim. Folk-Moots_, 1880, Chap. ii. Cf. Seebohm,
_op. cit._ p. 434.
[179] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 542.
[180] Sir G. L. Gomme, _op. cit._ pp. 62, 105, 106, 112, 215, etc.; R.
W. Eyton, _A Key to Domesday_, 1878, p. 143.
[181] Addy, _Evol. of the Eng. House_, 1898, pp. 197-8.
[182] _Archaeologia_, XXII. p. 200 Cf. S. O. Addy, _op.
cit._ p. 178 (and authorities given).
[183] _Archaeologia_, _loc. cit._ Cf. _Archaeol. Jour._,
I. p. 154.
[184] _Ibid._
[185] F. Kauffmann, _Northern Mythology_, pp. 22-3. Cf. P. H. Mallet,
_Northern Antiquities_, tr. Bishop Percy, 1847, p. 291 (Iceland
evidence).
[186] See instances given in _Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc._, N.S.
XIV., 1908, p. 208.
[187] _Trans. E. Riding Antiq. Soc._, 1895, III. pp.
13-14; J. R. Mortimer. _Forty Years’ Researches_, 1905, pp. 23-4, 26-7.
[188] _Forty Years’ Researches_, p. 23 n.
[189] _Ibid._ p. 295. Moot-hills are also referred to on pp. lxxxv,
25-26, 261, 264, 294.
[190] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 523.
[191] _Forty Years’ Researches_, pp. 36, 388, 390.
[192] _Ibid._ pp. 388-94.
[193] _Ibid._ p. 388.
[194] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Prim. Folk-Moots_, 1880, p. 86.
[195] _Forty Years’ Researches_, p. 396.
[196] _New Oxford Dict._, under “Gallows” and “Gallows-tree.” Cf. _The
Anglo-Saxon Poems of Beowulf_, ed. B. Thorpe, 1889, p. 257; Sir E. F.
Du Cane, _The Punishment and Prevention of Crime_, 1885, pp. 10-11;
Sir J. Fitzstephen Stephen, _Hist. of the Criminal Law of England_,
1883, I. pp. 59, 458. Cf. P. Vinogradoff, _Villainage in
England_, 1892, p. 170, with regard to the expression _terra ad furcam
et flagellum_. This expression is declared to have no connection with
the lord’s power to punish by gallows and whip, but to refer to base
holdings, occupied by tenants who work with pitchfork and flail. See
also letters from Prof. W. W. Skeat and others in _Notes and Queries_,
11th Ser., I. p. 458; _Ency. Brit._, 11th edition, under
“Gallows.”
[197] _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1884, L. p. 70;
_Folk-Memory_, p. 166; T. Wright, _Hist. of Ludlow_, pp. 13-14, also
his _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, 1861, p. 326.
[198] _Nineteenth Century_, 1887, p. 57.
[199] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 540. In this connection see W. Greenwell,
_British Barrows_, 1877, p. 28 n.
[200] _New Oxford Dict._ under “Toot”; Skeat, _Etymol. Dict._ under
“Tout”; J. Tait, in _Class. Assoc, of Eng. and Wales_; _Ann. Rept._,
Supplementary Vol. II., 1909, pp. 1-3; _Home Counties
Magazine_, IX. p. 315, X. pp. 75-7.
[201] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 421 n.
[202] Sir J. Rhŷs, _Celtic Folklore, Welsh and Manx_, 1891,
I. p. 311. See also J. G. Kohl, _Ireland_, 1843, pp.
17-18.
[203] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 153. Cf. _Jour. Brit. Archaeol.
Assoc._, 1873, XXIX. pp. 264-5, describing a “Toot
Hill,” which proved to be a barrow; cf. _Vict. Hist, of Stafford_,
1908, I. p. 377. Further evidence is given in _Jour.
Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1906, N.S. XII. pp. 249-54.
[204] _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, 1890, XX. p. 9.
[205] F. J. Bennett, Sketch _Hist. of Marlborough in Neolithic Times_,
1891, p. 11.
[206] _Vict. Hist. of Oxford_, 1907, II. 346.
[207] _Vict. Hist. of Durham_, 1905, I. pp. 208, 363.
[208] _Vict. Hist. of Warwick_, 1904, I. pp. 353. 360-1.
[209] Cf. E. A. Webb, G. W. Miller, and J. Beckwith, _History of
Chislehurst_, 1899, pp. 49, 52, 261.
[210] _Antiquary_, 2nd Ser., II. pp. 120, 160.
[211] _Ibid._
[212] _Ibid._ Cf. _Vict. Hist. of Cornwall_, I. p. 360.
[213] _Vict. Hist. of Cornwall_, I. pp. 369-70.
[214] _Repts. Associated Architect. Societies_, 1888,
XIX. pp. 427-8; G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._
I. p. 263.
[215] _Nature Notes_ (Selborne Soc.), 1907, XVIII. p.
223.
[216] A. and C. Black, _Guide to N. Wales_, 1900, p. 45.
[217] _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1857, XIII. p.
313; R. A. Smith, in _Vict. Hist. of Kent_, I. p. 385.
[218] _Archaeologia_, 1787, VIII. p. 449; _Vict. Hist.
of Kent_, I. p. 385.
[219] Two stone axes have recently been discovered in Seale churchyard,
Surrey (_S.-E. Naturalist_, 1910, p. xxxvii).
[220] _Archaeol. Jour._, 1846, III. pp. 105-15; D.
Rock, _Church of Our Fathers_, ed. G. W. Hart and W. H. Frere, 1903,
II. pp. 262.
[221] R. A. Smith, in _Vict. Hist. of Buckingham_, 1905,
I. p. 199.
[222] J. Stevens, in _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1884,
XI. p. 62.
[223] R. A. Smith, _op. cit._ I. p. 200.
[224] _Ibid._; J. Stevens, _op. cit._ p. 63.
[225] J. Stevens, _op. cit._ p. 63.
[226] R. A. Smith, _op. cit._ I. p. 200.
[227] In addition to the references given, these may be noted: _Proc.
Soc. Antiq._ X. pp. 19-20; _Jour. Brit. Archaeol.
Assoc._, XXXIX. pp. 431-33, XL. pp.
61-71; _Antiquary_, 2nd Ser., II. p. 80; P. H.
Ditchfield, _Our English Villages_, 1889, p. 23.
[228] T. Wright, _Hist. of Ludlow_, 1852, pp. 13-14. The mound near
Eccleston church, Cheshire, seems to be a barrow (W. Shone, _Prehist.
Man in Cheshire_, 1911, pp. 55-6).
[229] _Nineteenth Century_, 1887, pp. 40-59.
[230] R. A. Smith, _Vict. Hist. of Hertfordshire_, 1902,
I. p. 257.
[231] _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, N.S. III. p. 205.
The whole question is thoroughly discussed by R. A. Smith in _Vict.
Hist. of London_, 1909, I. pp. 124-5.
[232] J. De Baye, _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, trans. T. R.
Harbottle, 1893, p. 125.
[233] _Vict. Hist. of Buckinghamshire_, I. p. 198; De
Baye, _loc. cit._; J. Y. Akerman, _Remains of Saxon Pagandom_, 1853, p.
xx.
[234] _Vict. Hist. of Bucks_, _loc. cit._; _Archaeologia_,
XXXV. pp. 379-82.
[235] _Vict. Hist. of Northampton_, I. p. 215. The
Norman church of Fordington, Dorchester (Dorset), was also built over a
Roman cemetery.
[236] W. G. Wood-Martin, _Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland_, 1902,
II. p. 313. Cf. _Pagan Ireland_, p. 590 et seqq.
[237] _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1908, N.S. XIV.
pp. 206-8. The cross is illustrated and discussed in _Vict. Hist. of
Cumberland_, 1901, I. pp. 254-7; J. Nicolson and R.
Burn, _Hist. and Antiquities of Westmorland and Cumberland_, 1777,
II. pp. 478-9; W. Hutchinson, _Hist. of Cumberland_,
1794, I. p. 80 et seqq.
[238] T. W. Shore, _Archaeol. Remains of Streatham, Balham and
Tooting_, 1903, p. 20. In connection with entrenched woodlands, notice
Caesar, _De Bell. Gall._, V.C. 21, ‘_Oppidum autem
Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt_’
(when the Britons have fortified a tangled woodland with rampart and
ditch, they call it a town).
[239] T. H. Huxley, _Elem. Physiology_, 1885, p. 365.
[240] Chambers’s _Encyclopaedia_, Art. “Bone.”
[241] P. Kalm, _Acct. of his visits to England_ (1748), trans. J.
Lucas, 1892, p. 42; W. Cobbett, _Rural Rides_, ed. Pitt Cobbett,
1886, II. p. 15. Cf. _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser.,
II. p. 126.
[242] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., III. pp. 456-8,
IV. p. 72.
[243] W. G. Wood-Martin, _op. cit._ II. p. 47, and
generally pp. 46-115; also his _Pagan Ireland_, pp. 157-164, and
especially p. 160; J. Bonwick, _Irish Druids and Old Irish Religions_,
1894, pp. 240-1; W. Henderson, _Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties_,
pp. 2-3.
[244] O. Montelius, _Civilization of Sweden in Heathen Times_, tr. F.
H. Woods, 1888, p. 200 n.
[245] G. S. Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, 1899, p. 15.
[246] _Ibid._
[247] Sir J. Rhŷs, _Celtic Folk-Lore_, 1901, I. pp.
363-4, 396-7.
[248] _Ibid._ pp. 397-400.
[249] A. L. Leach, _Guide to Tenby_, 1898, p. 66.
[250] G. S. Tyack, _op. cit._ p. 15.
[251] _Ibid._
[252] _Ibid._
[253] _Ibid._
[254] F. J. Haverfield, in _Vict. Hist. of Somerset_, 1906,
I. p. 334.
[255] S. Baring-Gould, _A Book of the West_, 1899, II.
pp. 39-40; R. C. Hope, _The Legendary Lore of the Holy Wells of
England_, 1893, pp. 9-38.
[256] J. Sydenham, _Antient Colossal Figure at Cerne, Dorsetshire_,
1842, p. 9.
[257] _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, 1890, XX. pp. 9, 15.
[258] J. Stow, _Survey of London_, ed. H. Morley, 1890, pp. 46-7;
Stow’s authority is Fitzstephen. See also H. B. Woodward, _Geol. of the
London District_ (Mem. Geol. Surv.), 1909, p. 120.
[259] G. S. Tyack, _loc. cit._
[260] In addition to the works already cited, these are useful: Sir
G. L. Gomme, _Ethnology in Folk-Lore_, 1880, ch. iv. and table on p.
105; also his _Folk-Lore as an Historical Science_, 1908, pp. 163-4,
323, 326; W. S. Walsh, _Curiosities of Popular Customs_, 1898, pp.
987-90; _Folk-Lore_, _passim_, especially Vols. III. and
IV.; Sir J. Rhŷs, _Celtic Folk-Lore_, I.
pp. 332-5, 354-400. May-day customs are treated at some length
by J. G. Frazer, _The Golden Bough_, 1890, I. pp.
72-86. R. C. Hope, _op. cit._, gives extensive lists for the English
counties. Some curious facts will be found in J. Aubrey’s _Remaines
of Gentilisme and Judaisme_, 1686-7, pp. iii, 34, 58 etc. Sir Norman
Lockyer, _Stonehenge_, 1906, ch. xxi.; T. S. Knowlson, _Origins of Pop.
Superstitions and Customs_, 1910, pp. 193-205.
[261] Rev. E. Owen, in _Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church_, ed.
W. Andrews, 1897, pp. 229-35.
[262] _Ibid._, p. 230. Cf. Gomme, _Prim. Folk-Moots_, 1880, pp. 98-103.
[263] W. Borlase, _Observations on the Antiquities of Cornwall_, 1769,
p. 117; J. Toland, _Hist. of the Druids_, 1726, p. 108; _Archaeologia
Cambrensis_, 2nd Ser., 1850, I. p. 5.
[264] _Cambrian Journal_, 1856, II. p. 97; _Archaeologia
Cambrensis_, 2nd Ser., 1850, I. p. 11; Allcroft, _op.
cit._ pp. 594-5.
[265] E. Owen, _loc. cit._; G. S. Tyack, _op. cit._ pp. 12-13.
[266] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 269.
[267] _Ibid._
[268] _Neolithic Man in N.E. Surrey_, pp. 108-9.
[269] D. MacRitchie, _The Testimony of Tradition_, 1890, pp. 85-6, cf.
pp. 70-1.
[270] _Lore and Legend of the English Church_, p. 20.
[271] _Ibid._ pp. 21, 23. Cf. E. Clodd, _Tom Tit Tot_, 1898, pp. 47-9.
[272] _Lore and Legend_, &c. pp. 20, 23-4. Cf. A. Beckett, _The Spirit
of the Downs_, 1909, pp. 261-2; _Folk-Lore_, 1909, XX.
p. 315.
[273] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 280-4, 343.
[274] Murray, _Handbook to the Lakes_, 1889, p. 103. _Notes and
Queries_, 3rd Ser., XI. p. 60.
[275] _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Ser., X. p. 49. _Lore and
Legend of the English Church_, p. 49.
[276] J. H. Parker, _Glossary of Architecture_, 1850, under
_Pile-Tower_.
[277] S. O. Addy, _Evolution of the Eng. House_, 1898, p. 169. A. H.
Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 529 n.
[278] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 172.
[279] _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Ser., XI. p. 160.
[280] T. Sheppard, _Hull Museum Publications_, No. 4, 1901, pp. 1-5.
[281] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ II. pp. 339, 341, 342.
[282] F. Bond, _Gothic Architecture in England_, p. 590.
[283] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. pp. 166-7, 305-6.
[284] _Ibid._, II. p. 56.
[285] Murray, _Handbook for Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, and
Huntingdonshire_, 1895, p. 147.
[286] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 169.
[287] _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Ser., X. p. 473.
[288] E. A. Freeman, in _Archaeol. Cambr._, 1850, N. S.
I. p. 44. G. T. Clark, _Mediaeval Milit. Archit._, pp.
114, 117.
[289] E. A. Freeman, _loc. cit._, pp. 45-6.
[290] Quoted by A. L. Leach, _Guide to Tenby_, 1898, p. 69.
[291] Quoted by A. L. Leach, _loc. cit._ A good description of the
church, from an artist’s point of view, is given by S. C. and A. M.
Hall, in _Tenby_, 1860, pp. 86-93.
[292] _Archaeol. Cambr._, N. S. II. p. 168. Cf. p. 172.
[293] A. H. Allcroft, _Earthwork of England_, p. 529 n.
[294] G. S. Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 50.
[295] J. E. Thorold Rogers, _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, 1889, p.
66.
[296] Eleanor Hull, _Early Christian Ireland_, 1905, p. 206.
[297] _Ibid._, pp. 206-7.
[298] _Ibid._, p. 108.
[299] _Ibid._, pp. 108-9, 200.
[300] A. C. Haddon, _Evolution in Art_, 1895, p. 90.
[301] E. Hull, _op. cit._ pp. 208, 213-4. Cf. p. 247.
[302] E. Hull, _op. cit._, _passim_, and esp. Chap. XX.
M. Stokes, _Early Christian Architecture in Ireland_, 1878, Chaps.
V. and VI., and pp. 137-141. S. O. Addy,
_op. cit._ pp. 173-5.
[303] G. T. Clark, Letters reprinted in _Early Christian Architecture
in Ireland_, pp. 137 et seqq.
[304] J. Romilly Allen, _Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times_,
1905, pp. 195-6. For detached towers, see _Notes and Queries_, 7th
Ser., IX. pp. 169-70, 277; X. pp. 18, 356
and references there given.
[305] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 173.
[306] A. Jessopp, _Before the Great Pillage_, 1901, pp. 59-60. See also
S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 172. _Eccles. Curiosities_, ed. W. Andrews,
1899, pp. 153-60.
[307] F. Bond, _English Cathedrals_, 1899, p. 217.
[308] _New Oxford Dict._, and Skeat’s _Etymol. Dict._ under _Belfry_.
[309] St Catherine’s Chapel, Abbotsbury Hill, Dorset, is even a better
example of the beacon-chantry (Perpendicular).
[310] Murray, _Handbook for Kent and Sussex_, 1863, p. 17.
[311] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 170.
[312] _Antiquary_, 1896, XXXII. p. 350.
[313] F. Arnold-Forster, _Studies in Church Dedications_, 1899,
II. p. 510.
[314] _Ibid._ II. p. 510 n. Cf. _Surrey Archaeol. Coll._
XV. pp. 158-9; XVI. p. 248. J. C. Cox,
_Rambles in Surrey_, 1910, p. 213.
[315] F. Bond, _Westminster Abbey_, 1909, p. 33.
[316] _Ibid._ p. 28. Cf. Mandell Creighton, _Hist. Essays and Reviews_,
ed. L. Creighton, 1903, p. 276.
[317] _Ibid._ p. 30.
[318] J. E. Thorold Rogers, _op. cit._ p. 66.
[319] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., XII. pp. 167, 269,
412.
[320] F. A. Inderwick, _The King’s Peace_, 1895, p. 20.
[321] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Prim. Folk-Moots_, 1880, p. 59.
[322] F. A. Inderwick, _op. cit._ p. 12. The various courts are briefly
described on pp. 12-17. See also P. Vinogradoff, _Villainage in
England_, 1892, pp. 354-96.
[323] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 181.
[324] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., XII. p. 32.
[325] S. and B. Webb, _English Local Government_, Book
I.: _The Manor and the Borough_, 1908, I.
p. 113 n.
[326] S. and B. Webb, _op. cit._ I. p. 375.
[327] T. Longley, before the Louth Antiq. and Nat. Hist. Soc., April
21, 1908.
[328] J. Fergusson, _Hist. of Architecture_, 3rd edition, 1873,
II. p. 413.
[329] J. C. Jeaffreson, _A Book about the Clergy_, 2nd edition, 1870,
I. p. 339.
[330] _Antiquary_, 1896, XXXII. p. 350.
[331] J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ I. pp. 339-40.
See especially, for an account of the Worcester Consistory Court,
_Reliquary_, 1892, N. S. VI. pp. 230-234.
[332] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 182.
[333] J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ I. p. 340.
[334] _Ibid._ I. p. 342.
[335] W. J. Loftie, _In and Out of London_, N. D., pp. 101-2.
[336] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 177.
[337] F. A. Inderwick, _op. cit._ p. 13.