1859), p. 256.
[339] J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ I. p. 341.
[340] _Prim. Folk-Moots_, pp. 53, 59, 115.
[341] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 181.
[342] S. and B. Webb, _op. cit._ I. p. 113, cf. pp. 13,
34.
[343] _Ibid._ I. p. 131.
[344] S. and B. Webb, _Eng. Local Govt._, Book 1.: _The Parish and the
County_, 1906, pp. 37-40.
[345] _The Parish and the County_, I. pp. 37, 38 n.
[346] _Ibid._ I. pp. 37, 39.
[347] F. W. Maitland, in _Law Quarterly Review_, 1893,
IX. p. 227.
[348] _The Parish and the County_, I. pp. 43 et seqq.
[349] _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., XII. p. 148.
[350] _Archaeologia Cantiana_, XIII. pp. 141-2.
[351] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 183.
[352] J. C. Cox and A. Harvey, _Eng. Church Furniture_, 1907, pp. 350,
353. _Notes and Queries_, 11th Ser., II. pp. 428-9,
513-4.
[353] _New Oxford Dict._, Skeat’s _Etymol. Dict._, under “Church.” Cf.
_Century Dict._, which is in substantial agreement.
[354] _New Oxford Dict._, _loc. cit._
[355] G. Baldwin Brown, _The Arts in Early England_, 1903,
I. pp. 251-2.
[356] S. O. Addy, _Evol. of the Eng. House_, p. 187.
[357] _Ibid._ pp. 182-3, 187.
[358] _Ibid._ pp. 173, 187. Cf. Sir G. L. Gomme, _Prim. Folk-Moots_, p.
157.
[359] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ pp. 191-6.
[360] _Ibid._ p. 186. Cf. G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._
I. p. 324 n., II. p. 303.
[361] J. H. Parker, _Glossary of Architect._, 1850, under “Squint.”
Cf. R. Sturgis, _Dict. of Architect. and Building_, 1901, under
“Hagioscope” and “Squint”: B. and B. F. Fletcher, _Hist. of
Architect._, 1905, p. 692.
[362] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ pp. 183-4.
[363] _The Inventories and Account Rolls ... of Jarrow and
Monk-Wearmouth_ (Surtees Society, Vol. XXIX.), p. xxvi.
[364] _New Oxford Dict._ under “Basilica.”
[365] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 298.
[366] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ pp. 185-6. J. Evelyn, _Diary_ (ed. W.
Bray, 1818), “Chandos Classics” edition, N.D. p. 19;
cf. p. ix. Dr J. C. Cox, in his _Rambles in Surrey_, 1910, p. 118,
considers that the porch must have had an upper room in Evelyn’s
day. G. S. Tyack, in _Eccles. Curiosities_, ed. W. Andrews, 1889,
p. 27. _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., XI. pp. 366,
394, 472; XII. pp. 37, 277, 334. _Twelfth Night_, Act
III. Sc. 2.
[367] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 185.
[368] J. H. Parker, _op. cit._ under “Parvise.” _Antiquary_, 1899,
XXXV. p. 179.
[369] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 370.
[370] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., X. p. 396;
XI. pp. 9-10, 136.
[371] _New Oxford Dict._ under “Parvis.” See also discussion in _Notes
and Queries_, 5th Ser., XI. pp. 49, 91, 149, 197.
[372] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. pp. 370-1.
S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 180. _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser.,
II. pp. 168, 238, 413.
[373] C. King Warry, _Old Portland Traditions_, 1908, pp. 50-1. Cf.
_Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VIII. pp. 81, 134, 248,
432.
[374] Chaucer, _Wife of Bath’s_ ‘_Prologue_,’ l. 6 (W. W. Skeat’s
edition, 1894, p. 320).
[375] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 371. G.
S. Tyack, in _Eccles. Curiosities_, pp. 25-6. J. Brand, _Popular
Antiquities_, ed. Sir H. Ellis, 1849, II. pp. 133-5. F.
A. Gasquet, _Parish Life in Mediaeval England_, 1906, pp. 209-10.
[376] _Prideaux’s Churchwarden’s Guide_, ed. F. C. Mackarness, 1895, p.
321.
[377] _Antiquary_, 1899, XXXV. p. 178.
[378] _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., XI. pp. 422-4. See
also 12th Ser., II. pp. 130-1.
[379] P. Vinogradoff, _Eng. Society in the Eleventh Century_, 1908, p.
30.
[380] J. C. Cox, in _Curious Church Customs_, ed. W. Andrews, pp.
179-80.
[381] _Ibid._ p. 180.
[382] _Antiquary_, 1910, N. S., VI. p. 122. It has been
stated that every parish church in the Isle of Wight formerly possessed
its gun. Brading gun, now preserved at Nunwell, is the only specimen
left. (_Notes and Queries_, 11th Ser., II. p. 176.)
[383] _Notes and Queries_, 11th Ser., I. p. 346,
II. p. 16. An attempt has been made to connect the
Robin Hood Dancers with a survival of the solar myth, and to show that
certain place-names, said to be compounded from _Robin Hood_, designate
pagan sites (_Notes and Queries_, 11th Ser., I. pp.
493-4). _Folk-Lore_, 1910, XXI. p. 248 n.
[384] Olaus Magnus, _Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus_, 1555, l.
xvi. c. 21.
[385] _Ibid._ l. xvi. c. 20.
[386] _Reliquary_, 1892, N. S., VI. pp. 65-67. Cf.
Dissertation by Olaus Magnus, _op. cit._ l. I. cc.
32, 33. Several Saxon dial-stones are described in _Surrey Archaeol.
Coll._, XV. pp. 74-77; XXI. pp. 86-88.
See also J. C. Cox, _Rambles in Surrey_, 1910, p. 190. G. Baldwin
Brown, _op. cit._ II. p. 131.
[387] _Antiquary_, 1899, XXXV. p. 360.
[388] _Bygone Hertfordshire_, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p. 153.
[389] _Trans. East Riding Antiq. Soc._, 1895, III. pp.
48-9.
[390] G. S. Tyack, _op. cit._ p. 74.
[391] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., XII. p. 297.
[392] _Ibid._ XII. p. 486.
[393] _Ibid._ IX. p. 479.
[394] G. S. Tyack, _op. cit._ p. 74.
[395] J. Nicholson, in _Curious Church Customs_, p. 157.
[396] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., IX. p. 479.
[397] _Ibid._ 7th Ser., I. p. 491.
[398] B. P. Row and W. Stanley Martin, _Kent’s Capital_, 2nd edition,
1899, pp. 52-3. Murray, _Handbook for Kent_, 3rd edition, 1892, pp.
62-3.
[399] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. pp. 371-2.
[400] P. Vinogradoff, _Eng. Soc. in the Eleventh Century_, p. 468-9.
[401] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 305. For
further evidence, see _Extracts from the Court Rolls of the Manor of
Wimbledon_ (Surrey), 1866, pp. 297, 386.
[402] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 180. An extensive list of church chests
is given in _Eng. Church Furniture_, by J. C. Cox and A. Harvey, 1907,
pp. 291-307.
[403] _Eccles. Curiosities_, ed. W. Andrews, 1899, pp. 161-182.
[404] J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ II. p. 2.
[405] J. E. Thorold Rogers, _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, 1899, p.
66.
[406] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 180.
[407] Quoted by Addy, _op. cit._ p. 179 and note.
[408] J. C. Cox, in _Curious Church Customs_, p. 1.
[409] J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ pp. 344-5. Cf. Barnabe Googe,
_Popish Kingdome_, 1570, translated from the Latin of Naogeorgus, Bk
IV. ll. 789-92.
[410] _Fabric Rolls of York Minster_ (Surtees Soc. XXXV.
1859), p. 271.
[411] W. Harrison, _Elizabethan England_, ed. Lothrop Withington,
N.D., p. 65. The first edition of Harrison’s work was
published in 1577.
[412] W. Harrison, _op. cit._ p. xxiii.
[413] E. Lega-Weekes, in _Notes and Queries_, 1910, 11th Ser.,
I. p. 346. Concerning Guilds, see E. L. Cutts, _Parish
Priests and their People in the Middle Ages of England_, 1898, pp.
473-85.
[414] A. Jessopp, _Before the Great Pillage_, 1901, pp. 29-31.
Parsonage houses are described by E. L. Cutts, _op. cit._ pp. 149-163.
[415] P. Stubbes, _Anatomie of Abuses in England_, 1583, ed. F. J.
Furnivall, 1877-9, pp. 150-2. J. Brand, _Pop. Antiquities_, ed. Sir H.
Ellis, 1843, I. pp. 276-284.
[416] F. A. Gasquet, _Par. Life in Mediaeval England_, pp. 233-7. J.
C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ I. pp. 354-5. J. Brand, _op.
cit._ I. p. 282. _Athenaeum_, 17 Sept. 1910, p. 333.
[417] J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ I. pp. 351-7.
_Curious Church Customs_, pp. 151-2. _Lore and Legend of the Eng.
Church_, pp. 71-74.
[418] _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 73.
[419] _Ibid._ pp. 117-8.
[420] A. W. Pollard, _Eng. Miracle Plays, Moralities, and Interludes_,
4th edition, 1904, pp. xiv, xvii. Mr Pollard reproduces many of the old
plays, e.g. “Castell of Perseverance,” “Everyman,” etc. K. L. Bates,
_The Eng. Religious Drama_, 1893, pp. 8-10. J. J. Jusserand, _Literary
Hist. of the Eng. People_, 1909, III. chap. i. J. C.
Cox, in _Curious Church Customs_, pp. 16-18.
[421] J. C. Cox, in _Curious Church Customs_, p. 17.
[422] E. Dale, _National Life and Char. in the Mirror of Eng.
Literature_, 1907, pp. 249-50.
[423] E. K. Chambers, _The Mediaeval Stage_, 1903, II.
p. vi (of preface), and “Book 3” of this volume especially.
[424] E. K. Chambers, _op. cit._ II. pp. 3 et seqq.
[425] _Ibid._ II. p. 79.
[426] _Before the Pillage_, pp. 49-50.
[427] E. K. Chambers, _op. cit._ II. p. 79; K. L. Bates,
_op. cit._ pp. 11-17.
[428] _Ibid._ II. pp. 134-5. K. L. Bates, _op. cit._ pp.
33-34.
[429] _Ibid._ II. p. 134.
[430] _Ibid._ II. p. 134.
[431] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 181.
[432] _Curious Church Customs_, p. 17.
[433] J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ I. pp. 346-7. A. W.
Pollard, _op. cit._ p. lvii. See account of Bale’s life in _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
[434] _Curious Church Customs_, pp. 10-12. The question of
morris-dancers is discussed at length by J. Brand, _Pop. Antiquities_,
I. pp. 247-252, etc.
[435] _New Oxford Dict._, under “Morris.”
[436] J. M. Robertson, _Christianity and Paganism_, 1900, ch.
xiv. (numerous authorities given). E. K. Chambers, _op. cit._
I. pp. 161-2.
[437] E. K. Chambers, _op. cit._ I. p. 163.
[438] J. Aubrey, _Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme_ (1686-7), ed. J.
Britten, 1881, p. 5; cf. p. 213. Cf. P. Stubbes, _Anatomie of Abuses_,
pp. 146-8.
[439] _Curious Church Customs_, pp. 13-14. Cf. T. S. Knowlson, _Origins
of Pop. Superstitions and Customs_, 1910, pp. 205-7.
[440] C. J. Von Hefele, _Hist. of the Councils of the Church_, 1896,
V. pp. 234-5.
[441] E. Stone, _God’s Acre: or Histor. Notices relating to
Churchyards_, 1858, pp. 99-100.
[442] D. Wilkins, _Leges Anglo-Saxonicae_, 1781, p. 24. Cf. E. L.
Cutts, _op. cit._ p. 69.
[443] E. Stone, _op. cit._ pp. 98-9. For detailed instances of laxity
in Essex, see J. C. Cox and J. H. Round, _Vict. Hist. of Essex_,
1907, II. pp. 41 et seqq. Cf. P. Kalm, _Account of
his Visit to England_ (1748), trans. J. Lucas, 1892, p. 42. In
A.D. 1603, the vicar of Lydden, Kent, built a stable in
the churchyard (_Home Counties Magazine_, 1911, XIII. p.
15).
[444] W. H. Beckett, _The Eng. Reformation of the Sixteenth Century_,
1890, p. 34.
[445] _Prideaux’s Churchwarden’s Guide_, ed. F. C. Mackarness, 1895, p.
321.
[446] _Antiquary_, 1899, XXXV. p. 361. Cf. _Notes and
Queries_, 11th Ser., II. pp. 49-50. Cf. pp. 95-6.
[447] _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, pp. 109-110. For a
bibliography of this subject, see _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser.,
XII. pp. 342-3. Hawks were also taken to church in the
days when hawking was popular.
[448] _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, pp. 114, 115.
[449] W. Jerrold, _Highways and Byways of Middlesex_, 1909, p. 213.
[450] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 362.
[451] _Fabric Rolls of York Minster_, p. 248. See also E. L. Cutts,
_op. cit._ pp. 205, 316-7.
[452] _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 116.
[453] J. Nicholson, in _Curious Church Customs_, pp. 149-50.
[454] _Statutes of the Realm_, 1810, I. p. 98.
[455] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 274.
[456] Sir J. N. Lockyer, _Stonehenge_, 2nd edition, 1909, pp. 447-8.
[457] _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., VIII. p. 250.
[458] _Ibid._ pp. 296-7. Sir G. L. Gomme, _Folklore as an Histor.
Science_, 1908, p. 45
[459] M. F. Davies, _Life in an Eng. Village_, 1909, p. 196.
[460] _Folk-Lore_, 1909, XX. p. 81; _Notes and Queries_,
2nd Ser., V. p. 247.
[461] T. F. Thiselton Dyer, _Brit. Pop. Customs_, 1876, pp. 156-7.
[462] _Folk-Memory_, p. 336.
[463] Alice B. Gomme, _Dict. of Brit. Folk-Lore_, 1898,
II. p. 528.
[464] _Fabric Rolls of York Minster_, p. 255.
[465] _Ibid._ p. 270.
[466] B. H. Malkin, _Scenery, Antiquities, and Biography of S. Wales_,
1820, pp. 69-70.
[467] _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 69.
[468] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 100, 125.
[469] A. Parey, _Chirurgical Works_, 1649. The incident is cited in
_Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VI. p. 325, but I have
been unable to trace the original passage in T. Johnson’s translation
of the _Workes_, 1649. (W. J.)
[470] _Folk-Lore_, XXI. 1910, pp. 60-78. Cf. Grimm,
_Teut. Myth._, IV. p. 1344.
[471] Acts xix. 35.
[472] Sir W. M. Ramsay, in _Dict. of the Bible_, ed. J. Hastings, 1898,
under “Diana of the Ephesians.”
[473] R. W. Rees, in _Eccles. Curiosities_, pp. 230-2.
[474] _Ibid._ p. 234. A good summary of the early opinions regarding
fossils is given by K. A. von Zittel, _History of Geology and
Palaeontology_, trans. M. M. Ogilvie-Gordon, 1901, pp. 10 et seqq. See
also G. F. Richardson, _Introduction to Geology_, ed. T. Wright, 1851,
ch. ii.
[475] E. A. Freeman, _Hist. of the Norman Conquest of England_, 3rd
edition, 1877, I. p. 390. See also _Home Counties
Magazine_, 1910, XII. p. 184.
[476] E. Stokes and J. H. Round, in _Vict. Hist. of Essex_,
II. p. 209, and note.
[477] The stained shirt and other relics of Charles I. were formerly
kept in the parish church of Ashburnham, Sussex, and were resorted to
for the cure of the “king’s evil” so recently as A.D.
1860.
[478] _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., VI. p. 206.
[479] W. Durandus, _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, ed. J. M. Neale
and B. Webb, 1843, pp. 79-80.
[480] G. Allen, _Evolution of the Idea of God_, R. P. A. reprint, 1903,
p. 149.
[481] S. Baring-Gould, _A Book of Brittany_, 1901, pp. 198-9; F. M.
Gostling, _The Bretons at Home_, 1909, pp. 159-60.
[482] F. Kauffmann, _Northern Mythology_, p. 10.
[483] See _Century Dict._ and _New Oxford Dict._, s.v.
[484] G. S. Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, 1899, p. 31.
[485] Murray, _Handbook to Devon_, 11th edition, 1895, p. 22.
[486] _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VII. p. 503.
[487] _Ibid._ VIII. p. 431. (Numerous examples given.)
[488] _Ibid._ V. pp. 104-5.
[489] C. A. Ward, in _Antiquary_, XIX. 1889, p. 237; M.
E. C. Walcott, _Sacred Archaeology_, 1868, p. 238, art. “East”; _Notes
and Queries_, 5th Ser., III. p. 37.
[490] _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., V. pp. 104-5; M. H.
Bloxam, _Gothic Eccles. Architecture_, 9th edition, 1849, p. 314.
[491] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., II. p. 352.
[492] _Ibid._ 4th Ser., X. pp. 413, 476.
[493] _Ibid._
[494] K. R. H. Mackenzie, _Royal Masonic Cyclopaedia_, 1877, art.
“Orientation,” p. 537; “Grand Orient,” p. 291.
[495] W. A. Laurie, _Hist. of Free Masonry and the Grand Lodge of
Scotland_, 1859, p. 414.
[496] Wordsworth, “On seeing the Foundation preparing for the erection
of Rydal Chapel, Westmoreland” (1823), vv. 3, 4.
[497] M. L’Abbé Migne, _Dictionnaire d’ Archéologie Sacrée_ (in series,
“Nouvelle Encyclopédie Théologique”), 1851, t. II. p.
475.
[498] C. A. Ward, in _Antiquary_, XIX. p. 233 n.
[499] Migne, _loc. cit._
[500] Gulielmus Durandus, _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, l.
I., tr. J. M. Neale and B. Webb, 1843, p. 216.
[501] D. Rock, _The Church of our Fathers_, ed. G. W. Hart and W. H.
Frere, 1903, I. pp. 172-6.
[502] J. Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, ed. Sir H. Ellis, 1841,
II. p. 324.
[503] _Apost. Constit._ II. 57, “Ac primo quidem aedes
fit oblonga, ad Orientem versa, ex utraque parte Pastophoria versum
Orientem habens, et quae navi sit similis”; W. Smith and S. Cheetham,
_Dict. of Christian Antiquities_, 1880, art. “Orientation.” The date of
the “Constitutions” is discussed by the Rev. de Lacy O’Leary, in _The
Apostolical Constitutions and Cognate Documents_, 1906, p. 69.
[504] Rock, _op. cit._ I. p. 173.
[505] C. A. Ward, _Antiquary_, XIX. p. 237 (authority
given).
[506] Bloxam, _op. cit._ p. 314 n.; Migne, _op. cit._ p. 475; John,
Bishop of Bristol, _Eccles. Hist. of Second and Third Centuries_, 2nd
edition, N.D., pp. 62, 202.
[507] J. D. Mansi, continuation of _Sacrorum Conciliorum, nova ...
Collectio_ (by P. Labbe and G. Cossart), 1902, t. XXXIV.
p. 198.
[508] I. McBurney and S. Neil, _Cyclo. Univ. Hist._, 1855, p. 101,
give the date of the first Christian churches as A.D.
224. Cf. Dr J. H. Blunt and Sir W. G. F. Phillimore, _Book of Church
Law_, 5th edition, 1888, pp. 309-10, and 309 n. (authorities given); A.
Lamson, _The Church of the First Three Centuries_, ed. H. Ierson, 1875,
p. 405 n.
[509] M. E. C. Walcott, _Church and Conventual Arrangement_, 1861, pp.
61-2.
[510] J. Fergusson, _Illustrated Handbook of Architecture_, 2nd
edition, 1859, p. 516 n.; cf. G. Baldwin Brown, _The Arts in Early
England_, II. p. 22.
[511] E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, 1891, II. pp.
426-7.
[512] Rock, _op. cit._ I. p. 173.
[513] Mgr X. Barbier de Montault, _Traité pratique de la Construction
... des Églises_, 1878, t. I. p. 18. Cf. E. H. J.
Reusens, _Éléments d’Archéologie chrétienne_, 2nd edition, 1885, t.
I. p. 348, t. II. pp. 13-14.
[514] F. T. Elworthy, _The Evil Eye_, 1895, p. 68.
[515] J. Fergusson, _Hist. of Architecture_, ed. R. Phené Spiers,
1893, I. pp. 514-5 n. A list is given showing the exact
orientation of each church.
[516] Durandus, _op. cit._ p. 44; _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser.,
VII. pp. 469-70.
[517] Rock, _op. cit._ I. pp. 172-6.
[518] R. Phené Spiers, in his edition of Fergusson’s _Hist. of
Architecture_, 1893, I. p. 506 n.
[519] Spiers, _loc. cit._ (authorities given). Concerning the origin of
the Christian basilica, see O. M. Dalton, _Guide to Early Christian and
Byzantine Antiq._ (Brit. Mus.), 1903, pp. 32-5.
[520] Spiers, _loc. cit._; B. Fletcher and B. F. Fletcher, _Hist. of
Architecture_, 5th edition, 1905, pp. 136, 179-80.
[521] R. Sturgis, _Dict. of Archit. and Building_, 1902,
III. p. 34 (Art. “Orientation”); Reusens, _op. cit._ t.
I. p. 147.
[522] Sir E. Beckett, _A Book on Building_, 2nd edition, 1880, p. 85.
[523] Fergusson, _Illustrated Handbook of Architecture_, p. 516 n. The
probable Western “orientation” of the crypts of the early minsters of
Ripon and Hexham has been thought to be due to Italian influence (F.
Bond, _Gothic Architecture in England_, 1905, p. 155 n.).
[524] W. Smith, _Concise Dict. Bible_, 1900, Art. “Temple.”
[525] For example, Psalm lxxxviii. 13; cxix. 147; Wisdom of Solomon,
xvi. 28; Zech. xiv. 4. See also the remarks in _The Evil Eye_, pp.
65-6. Walcott, _Sacred Archaeol._, art. “Orientation,” has much curious
lore.
[526] Ezek. viii. 16. The influence of the sun on architecture and
mysticism is dealt with by W. R. Lethaby, _Architecture, Mysticism, and
Myth_, 1892, pp. 174-200.
[527] II. Kings xxiii. 5, 11. Cf. Smith, _Concise Dict. Bible_, art.
“Sun.”
[528] Dan. vi. 10.
[529] Jonah ii. 4.
[530] I. Kings viii. 43-5.
[531] _Antiquary_, XIX. pp. 235-6.
[532] Job xxxi. 26-8.
[533] _Prim. Culture_, II. p. 296.
[534] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._ II. p. 704. Cf. Westermarck,
_Origin and Devel. of the Moral Ideas_ II. pp. 120-2.
[535] E. Barclay, _Stonehenge_, 1895, p. 97. With the instances given,
we may compare the symbols used by the Greek and Roman churches in
pronouncing the benediction: the Greek symbol, C, formed by curving the
thumb and the third finger inwards; the Latin, the extension of the
thumb and two fingers to represent the Trinity. Cf. _Evil Eye_, ch.
VII.
[536] Smith, _Concise Dict. Bible_, art. “Sun.” Cf. _Evil Eye_, p. 65.
[537] Mal. iv. 2; Luke i. 78; 2 Pet. i. 19; Rev. ii. 28.
[538] See, _e.g._ Brand, _Pop. Antiq._ II. p. 318.
[539] J. M. Neale, _Hist. of Holy Eastern Church_ (General
Introduction), 1850, I. p. 222.
[540] A. J. Butler, _Anc. Coptic Churches of Egypt_, 1884,
I. p. 10.
[541] E. J. Simcox, _Prim. Civilisations_, 1897, II. p.
438.
[542] Consult Sir J. Norman Lockyer’s _Dawn of Astronomy_ (1894),
especially chs. vii., viii., ix., xxx., xxxviii.; also _Stonehenge_,
pp. 1-5. The views expressed, however, have been much canvassed (e.g.
_Edinburgh Review_, CLXXX. 1894, pp. 418-432); S.
Laing, _Human Origins_, 1892, pp. 136-149; E. J. Simcox, _op. cit._
II. pp. 438-440; W. M. Flinders Petrie, _Pyramids and
Temples of Gizeh_, 1885, pp. 125-7 (for orientation of Pyramids). In
England there is a tendency, in certain districts, for early churches
to be ranged in a North-to-South line, and roughly at equal distances
(F. J. Bennett, in _South-Eastern Naturalist_, 1904, pp. 29-36).
Again, the churchyard yews of the Surrey villages, Alfold, Dunsfold
and Hambledon, stand “almost in a mathematically straight line,” the
Dunsfold tree being almost exactly midway (E. Parker, _Highways and
Byways of Surrey_, 1908, p. 165). In all these cases the positions,
where not determined by geographical and geological considerations,
are, I think, accidental.
[543] Lockyer, _Dawn of Astron._, ch. xxxviii. For the orientation
of Chaldaean ziggurats, or temple-observatories, see Laing,
_Human Origins_, pp. 149-52. For Malabar, see Simcox, _op. cit._
II. p. 440. The oriented buildings of Mashonaland are
probably co-eval with some of the Old Testament practices. See J. T.
Bent, _Ruined Cities of Mashonaland_, 1892, pp. 120-149, 358-361. But
Dr R. MacIver, in _Mediaeval Rhodesia_, 1906, argues for a Mediaeval
date.
[544] _Handbook of Eng. Ecclesiology_ (Eccles. Soc.), 1847, pp. 39-41.
[545] Quoted in _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., V. pp.
500-1. Mr Airy’s paper, _On Festival Orientation_, was read before the
Beds. Archit. and Archaeol. Soc., 11th Nov. 1856. (I have not been able
to examine a copy of the original paper; it is missing from the volume
belonging to the British Museum. W. J.)
[546] _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, XX. 1890, p. 17.
[547] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VII. p. 166.
[548] Sir H. Chauncy, _Histor. Antiquities of Hertfordshire_, 1700, pp.
43-4.
[549] Walcott, _Sacred Archaeol._, p. 238.
[550] P. Larousse, _Grand Dictionnaire Universel_, 1874, art.
“Orientation.”
[551] Barbier de Montault, _op. cit._ t. I. p. 19. (See
chap. iv. generally.) Walcott, _Sacred Archaeol._, art. “Orientation.”
[552] E. H. J. Reusens, _Éléments d’Archéologie chrétienne_, second
edition, 1885, t. I. p. 146. Cf. Migne, _op. cit._ t.
II. p. 475.
[553] Neale, _op. cit._, Pt. I. p. 222.
[554] Brand, _Pop. Antiq._, II. pp. 6-7; _Notes and
Queries_, 8th Ser., IV. p. 133. The passage is based on
a manuscript by Aubrey, written in 1678, entitled _Customs and Manners
of the English_. During the Commonwealth, Domville ransacked the
Cathedral libraries of Hereford and Worcester with great zeal, and was
guilty of filching at least one document (_Dict. of Nat. Biog._, under
“Domville, Silas”). Hence he may have got his information from early
sources.
[555] _Dawn of Astron._, p. 96.
[556] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., V. pp. 500-1.
[557] W. Airy, _op. cit._
[558] _Geograph. Journal_, XXVII. 1906, p. 409.
[559] _Ency. Brit._, 10th edition, art. “Compass.” In the 11th edition,
the European case is put more strongly.
[560] _Nature_, XIV. 1876, pp. 147-8. But the account
given in the _Ency. Brit._, _loc. cit._, should be also read. It is
contended that Mediaeval writers were accustomed to speak of a new
contrivance as if it were already in common use.
[561] F. H. Butler, in _Ency. Brit._, art. “Compass.” The name is spelt
“Borough” in the _Dict. Nat. Biog._, where a life of the explorer is
given.
[562] _Ency. Brit._, _loc. cit._
[563] _Nature_, XIII. 1876, pp. 523-4; _Ency. Brit._,
_loc. cit._ Cf. Prof. Ganot, _Physics_, tr. E. Atkinson, 12th edition,
1886, p. 631, where the figures are slightly different.
[564] J. Griffith, in _Nature_, LXXIX. 1908, p. 37.
[565] The references to these churches are very widely scattered,
but many examples have been personally tested. See, among other
references, Walcott, _Church and Conventual Arrangement_, pp. 61-2;
_Handbook of Eng. Ecclesiology_ (Eccles. Soc.), pp. 40-41; _Notes
and Queries_, 2nd Ser., Vols. X., XI. _passim_,
5th Ser., IV. p. 354, 7th Ser., I.
and VII., 9th Ser., II.; _Bygone
Hertfordshire_, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p. 154; Rev. A. W. Lawson, _Hist.
of W. Malling Church_, 1904, p. 2, &c.
[566] J. K. Huysmans, _La Cathédrale_, 13th edition, 1898, p. 158.
[567] Walcott, _Church and Conventual Arrangement_, p. 62.
[568] S. Baring-Gould, _A Book of Brittany_, 1901, p. 193.
[569] J. M. Neale and B. Webb, in the “Introductory Essay” to Durandus,
_op. cit._ p. lxxxvii.
[570] G. Watson, in _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., II.
p. 58.
[571] _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., II. p. 150.
[572] _Ibid._ 9th Ser., II. p. 393.
[573] _Ibid._ 2nd Ser., X. p. 312.
[574] _Ibid._ 9th Ser., II. p. 58.
[575] _Ibid._ 9th Ser., II. p. 172.
[576] _Ibid._ 7th Ser., VII. p. 333.
[577] _Ibid._ 2nd Ser., XI. p. 34, 7th Ser.,
VII. p. 470.
[578] J. C. Atkinson, _Memorials of Old Whitby_, 1894, pp. 147-51.
[579] The Rev. Canon G. Austen, Rector of Whitby, in a letter to the
author, 5th April, 1909, states that two feast days seem to have been
commemorated in honour of St Hilda, one on 25th August, the supposed
date of the translation of the relics from Glastonbury, and the other
on 17th November. A fair was held by proclamation on the former date.
[580] On the question of re-dedications see F. Arnold-Forster,
_Studies in Church Dedications_, 1899, I. p. xi,
II. pp. 396, 507, 509, 513.
[581] J. C. Cox, _Rambles in Surrey_, 1910, pp. 167-8.
[582] Neale and Webb, _op. cit._ p. lxxxvii.
[583] _La Cathédrale_, pp. 108-9.
[584] _Ibid._ p. 108.
[585] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., X. p. 357. Cf. J.
C. Cox, _Rambles in Surrey_, 1910, pp. 167-68.
[586] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., XI. p. 34.
[587] _Church and Conventual Arrangement_, p. 62.
[588] _Illus. Handbook of Architecture_, II. p. 691.
The nave and chancel of Manorbier church, South Pembrokeshire, vary to
the extent of 16° (_Reliquary_, XV. 1909, p. 197), but
whether the difference is due to re-building is not known.
[589] F. Bond, _Screens and Galleries in Eng. Churches_, 1908, pp.
87-94; J. T. Page, in _Curious Church Customs_, ed. W. Andrews, 1898,
pp. 168-170.
[590] T. Ely, _Manual of Archaeology_, 1890, p. 17.
[591] _Ibid._ p. 132.
[592] _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., II. p. 256.
Barfreston church has been thus described, “Quite a gem as a specimen
of highly-enriched Norman work” (Sir S. R. Glynne, _Notes on the
Churches of Kent_, 1877, p. 42).
[593] Bond, _Gothic Arch. in England_, p. 632 and note.
[594] Murray, _Handbook for Lincs._, 2nd edition, 1903, p. 23.
[595] _Gothic Arch. in England_, p. 632.
[596] _Church and Conventual Arrangement_, p. 136.
[597] St Charles Borromeo, _Instructions on Eccles. Building_, ed. G.
J. Wigley, 1857, p. 22. Cf. Latin edition of M. L’Abbé Van Drival,
1855, p. 35. St Charles’s actual words are: “Tuncque id saltem curetur,
ut ne ad septentrionem, sed ad meridiem versus si fieri potest, plane
spectet.”
[598] The circumstances connected with the building of this church
are described by H. D. M. Spence (Dean of Gloucester) in _Early
Christianity and Paganism_, 1902, pp. 485-8. The passage quoted occurs
in the “Epistulae” of St Paulinus de Nola, Ep. XXXII.
(_ad Severum_), § 13. One edition inserts “id est, tumulum” after
“memoriam,” and Gulielmus de Hartel’s edition, 1894, gives “perspectus”
as an alternative to “prospectus.”
[599] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VII. p. 334.
[600] Durandus, _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, L.
vii. ch. 37.
[601] _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 80.
[602] _Zech._ xiv. 4.
[603] Larousse, _Grand Dict. Universel_, Art. “Orientation.”
[604] _Martin Months Minde_, orig. edition, 1589 (the tract is not
paginated). Cf. E. Arber, _Introd. sketch to the Martin Marprelate
controversy_, 1880. (Eng. Scholar’s Lib., No. 8.) The nickname of the
imaginary schismatic is obviously taken from the “Month’s Mind”--a
commemorative service which was held on a day one month from the date
of the death of the person. The authorship and genesis of the tracts
are discussed in W. Pierce’s _Hist. Introduction to the Marprelate
tracts_, 1908. For _Martin Months Minde_, see pp. 229, 328 of that work.
[605] J. J. Hissey, _Over Fen and Wold_, 1898, p. 399.
[606] _Pop. Antiquities_, II. p. 295.
[607] _Ibid._ p. 295.
[608] Mr P. M. Johnston gives these dates: nave, _c._
A.D. 1175; chancel, _c._ A.D. 1200-20.
[609] _Hamlet_, Act V. Sc. 1.
[610] _Cymbeline_, Act IV. Sc. 2.
[611] E. Howlett, in _Curious Church Customs_, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p.
136.
[612] W. A. Craigie, _Scandinavian Folk-Lore_, 1896, p. 301.
[613] E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, II. pp. 422-3.
[614] Sir T. Browne, _Hydriotaphia_, c. iii.; “Works,” ed. S. Wilkin,
1884, III. p. 30.
[615] _Pop. Antiquities_, II. p. 318.
[616] _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._ XLI. p. 53; cf. J.
Romilly Allen, _Monumental Hist. of the Early Brit. Church_, 1889, p.
65 (concerning early Christian graves). R. A. Smith, in _Vict. Hist.
Herts._, I. 1902, p. 258. Cf. the same writer in _Surrey
Archaeol. Coll._, XXI. pp. 26-32.
[617] T. Wright, _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, 2nd edition,
1861, p. 318. Cf. R. A. Smith, in _Vict. Hist. of London_,
I. 1909, pp. 12 et seqq.
[618] R. A. Smith, _Guide to Early Iron Age_, 1905, p. 60.
[619] _Ibid._ p. 64.
[620] _Ibid._ p. 112.
[621] _Ibid._ p. 112. On the contrary, “Lake-Dwelling cemeteries,”
in Switzerland, examined by Professor F. Forel, 1905-9, and ascribed
to the Bronze Age, showed no orientation of the skeletons. (_Man_,
IX. 1909, No. 92.)
[622] J. R. Mortimer, _Forty Years’ Researches_, 1905, pp.
xxxvii-xxxviii.
[623] W. Greenwell, _British Barrows_, 1877, p. 26; R. A. Smith, _Vict.
Hist. Herts._, I. 1902, p. 258.
[624] See, for example, _Naturalist_, 1909, p. 274.
[625] T. Rice Holmes, _Anc. Brit. and the Invas. of Julius Caesar_,
1907, p. 188. Dr Holmes has thoroughly sifted the evidence, and his
generalizations deserve to be carefully read. See also C. H. Read,
_Guide to the Bronze Age_, Brit. Mus. 1904, p. 55. On p. 46, Dr
Read describes urn-burials, without existing mounds, near Ashford,
Middlesex. The urns were arranged in straight lines, East to West, or
in crescents facing East. For Saxon graves, see _Excav. in Cranborne
Chase_, II. pp. 260-1. In the Jutish cemetery at
Droxford, Hants, the skeletons lay towards all points of the compass.
(J. Vaughan, _Lighter Studies of a Country Rector_, 1909, p. 138.)
[626] J. G. Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, 1910, III.
pp. 274-5; _Prim. Culture_, II. pp. 422-3.
[627] A. W. Howitt, _The Native Tribes of Australia_, 1904, pp. 453-5.
[628] _Guide to Bronze Age_, p. 16; T. Rice Holmes, _op. cit._ p. 103.
[629] Sir J. Norman Lockyer, _Stonehenge, and other British Monuments_,
1906, pp. 320 et seqq. This inquiry was to some extent anticipated by
Prof. W. M. Flinders Petrie, _Stonehenge_, 1880, pp. 18-20 (discussion
on the alinement of that monument to the Midsummer sunrise). The
question of earthwork orientation is also referred to by A. H.
Allcroft, _Earthwork of England_, 1908, pp. 337, 564, 589, &c.
[630] See Sir J. N. Lockyer’s contributions to _Nature_,
LXXIX., LXXX. passim.
[631] Sir J. N. Lockyer’s theories have been adversely criticized by
T. Rice Holmes, _Ancient Britain_, pp. 472-82; by C. W. Dymond, in
_Antiquary_, N.S., IV. pp. 447-9; _Edinburgh Review_,
CLXXX. 1894, pp. 418-432; A. R. Hinks in _Nineteenth
Century_, LIII. 1903, pp. 1002-9. Among papers upholding
the theory, see J. Griffith, in _Nature_, LXXIX.
pp. 36-7; LXXX. pp. 69-72; J. Gray, in _Nature_,
LXXIX. pp. 236-8. Mr Gray thinks that our stone
circles were raised by a race which came from Asia during the Bronze
Age--probably that of Akkadian type. See also A. L. Lewis, in _Jour.
Royal Anthrop. Inst._, XXIX. 1909, pp. 517-29, dealing
with Irish Cromlechs; E. Plunket, in _Nineteenth Century_, 1911, pp.
1036-53.
[632] Sir J. N. Lockyer, article in _Times_, 30th July, 1906.
[633] C. W. Dymond, in _Antiquary_, N.S., IV. pp. 447-9.
[634] T. Rice Holmes, _op. cit._ p. 473.
[635] J. Griffith, in _Nature_, LXXX. p. 71.
[636] G. Allen, _Evol. of Idea of God_, p. 41; cf. T. Wright, _The
Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, 2nd ed., 1861, p. 406. A similar view
is taken by G. Baldwin Brown, in _The Arts in Early England_, 1903,
I. pp. 266-7. See also T. Hearne, _Coll. of Curious
Discourses_, 1775, I. p. 225.
[637] T. Rice Holmes, _op. cit._ pp. 178-9.
[638] _Guide to Early Iron Age_, p. 103.
[639] Sir A. J. Evans in _Archaeologia_, LII. pp.
315-88; _Guide to Early Iron Age_, pp. 114-16.
[640] J. de Baye, _Indus. Arts of Anglo-Saxons_, p. 123.
[641] B. C. A. Windle, _Life in Early Britain_, 1897, pp. 112-13.
[642] _Guide to Early Iron Age_, pp. 111-12; J. R. Mortimer, in _Trans.
E. Riding Antiq. Soc._, III. 1895, pp. 53-62.
[643] T. Rice Holmes, _op. cit._ p. 178.
[644] J. Douglas, _Nenia Britannica_, 1793, p. 126.
[645] Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 78; G. Baldwin
Brown, _The Arts in Early England_, I. pp. 257-8.
[646] Douglas, _op. cit._ p. 126; Tyack, _op. cit._ p. 78; _The Arts in
Early England_, 1903, I. pp. 266-7.
[647] J. J. A. Worsaae, _Pre-History of the North_, tr. H. F. M.
Simpson, 1886, p. 192.
[648] J. de Baye, _op. cit._ p. 119 n.; _The Arts in Early England_,
I. p. 263 n.; J. C. Keysler, _Antiq. Selectae_, 1720,
pp. 108-9.
[649] Keysler, _loc. cit._
[650] O. Olufsen, _Through the unknown Pamirs_, 1904, p. 151.
[651] Mortimer, _Forty Years’ Researches_, 1905, pp. xix, xx, lxxviii,
&c.
[652] G. Allen, _op. cit._ p. 31.
[653] E. Howlett, in _Curious Church Customs_, ed. W. Andrews, 1898,
p. 134. See also list of references given in _Notes and Queries_, 7th
Ser., VIII. pp. 158, 491.
[654] E. Howlett, _op. cit._ pp. 133-4. Authority cited. For general
examples, consult _Notes and Queries_, references _supra_.
[655] E. Howlett, _loc. cit._
[656] O. Manning and W. Bray, _Hist. and Antiquities of Surrey_, 1809,
II. p. 146. This example is valuable as illustrating the
growth of myth. A legend of the district, dating perhaps nearly as far
back as the time of Manning and Bray, states that Mr Hull was “buried
on horseback, upside down,” because he believed that, at the last
day, the world would be “turned topsy-turvy.” (See Murray, _Handbook
for Surrey_, 5th edition, 1898, p. 114; Black, _Guide to Surrey_, 5th
edition, 1898, p. 126.)
[657] J. Earle, _Microcosmographie_, 1628, p. 31.
[658] W. Johnson, _Folk-Memory_, 1908, pp. 134-5; S. Baring-Gould, _A
Book of Dartmoor_, 1900, pp. 64-6. The “statue-menhirs” are described
in _La Revue préhistorique_, 5e Année, 1910, pp. 129-37.
[659] J. Romilly Allen, _Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times_,
1905, p. 186.
[660] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 132, 134, 136; S. Baring-Gould, _loc. cit._
[661] E. Clodd, _Story of Primitive Man_, 1898, p. 136; _Evol. of Idea
of God_, p. 41.
[662] _Evol. of Idea of God_, pp. 50-1.
[663] _Ibid._ p. 55. (See ch. VII. generally.)
[664] _Ibid._ p. 55. For information on Tree-worship and Tree-spirits
generally see J. G. Frazer, _The Golden Bough_, 1890, pp. 56-108.
[665] _New Oxford Dict._ and _Cent. Dict._ under “Bury,” “Barrow,”
“Bergh.”
[666] Sir R. Phillimore, _Eccles. Law of the Church of England_, 1873,
I. p. 857; E. Howlett, in _Curious Church Customs_,
pp. 134-5; _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 84; M. H. Bloxam,
_Monumental Architecture_, 1834, p. 54.
[667] J. Romilly Allen, _op. cit._ p. 182. A description of stone
coffin lids is given by G. Clinch, in _Old Eng. Churches_, 1903, pp.
180-3. Very small coffin lids of stone, probably memorials of children,
and assigned to the late 13th or early 14th century, have been recorded
from Deddington, Oxford, and from Houghton-le-Spring, Durham. (_Gent.
Mag._, N.S., XVIII. 1865, pp. 327, 488-9.)
[668] G. Maynard, in _Memorials of Old Essex_, ed. A. Clifton Kelway,
1908, p. 37. For Roman coffins of clay and lead, see _The Celt, the
Roman, and the Saxon_, 2nd edition, 1861, pp. 313-5. The 4th edition,
1885, pp. 370-5, contains a fuller account of wooden coffins.
[669] _Guide to Bronze Age_, p. 54.
[670] Sir J. Evans, _Anc. Stone Impts of Gt Britain_, 2nd edition,
1897, p. 185; W. Greenwell, _British Barrows_, 1877, p. 376 n., gives a
summary of discoveries of this kind.
[671] Sir J. Evans, _op. cit._ p. 398; J. R. Mortimer, _Forty Years’
Researches_, p. xxvii and note.
[672] Sir J. Evans, _op. cit._ p. 398.
[673] L. Jewitt, _Grave Mounds and their Contents_, 1870, pp. 143-7.
Cf. Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, _Excavations in Cranborne Chase_, II. pp. 3,
32, 40; III. pp. 15, 17, 321, etc.
[674] Sir A. Mitchell, _The Past in the Present_, 1889, pp. 242-3.
[675] _Folk-Memory_, p. 134.
[676] J. Romilly Allen, _Monumental Hist. of the Early Brit. Church_,
1889, p. 65.
[677] _Archaeologia_, XXXVII. p. 456-7.
[678] _De Macrobii Saturnaliorum fontibus_, L. vii. ch.
7.
[679] _Folk-Lore_, XII. 1901, pp. 361-2; 468-9.
[680] Sir A. J. Evans, in _Archaeologia_, LII. pp. 386-7.
[681] _Ibid._ p. 386. The exploration of “King Bjorn’s Tumulus,” near
Upsala, afforded still another phase of transition. The mound, which
belonged to the 4th period of the Northern Bronze Age, contained
an oak stem, hollowed to serve as a coffin, but intended, as the
relics proved, to hold the cremated remains of the deceased person.
(_Reliquary_, XV. 1909, p. 148.) Cf. _Vict. Hist. of
Kent_, I. pp. 434-5.
[682] _Mon. Hist. of the Early Brit. Church_, p. 65. Cf. D. Rock,
_Church of our Fathers_, 1903, II. pp. 252-3.
[683] _Curious Church Customs_, p. 132; _Mon. Architecture_, p. 76.
[684] _Guide to Bronze Age_, p. 43.
[685] E. B. Tylor, _Prim. Culture_, 3rd edition, 1891, I. pp. 424, 425.
[686] Tylor, _op. cit._ I. p. 424. Cf. Lord Avebury, _Marriage,
Totemism, and Religion_, 1911, passim.
[687] _Ibid._ p. 487.
[688] Cf. Tylor, _op. cit._ I. p. 485 with _Evol. of
Idea of God_, pp. 30-31. See also J. J. A. Worsaae, _Pre-history of the
North_, H. F. M. Simpson, 1886, p. 37.
[689] _Evol. of Idea of God_, p. 156.
[690] _Ibid._ p. 6. On the general question, reference should be made
to Chapter iv. of the same work, and to H. Spencer, _Principles of
Sociology_, III. ch. i. et passim. Cf. J. G. Frazer,
_The Golden Bough_, 1890, 2 vols., passim; _Totemism and Exogamy_,
I. p. 204; II. pp. 148 n., 327;
IV. p. 32 etc.; Lord Avebury, _Origin of Civilisation_,
6th edition, 1902, chaps. vi., vii., viii.; E. Westermarck, _Origin
and Development of the Moral Ideas_, 1908, II. ch.
xlvii.; A. Lang, _Origins of Religion_, R.P.A. edition, 1908, ch. xii.;
G. Tyrrell, _The Faith of the Millions_, 1901, pp. 215-76; L. Hopf,
_The Human Species_, authorized English edition, 1909, pp. 308-313;
E. Metchnikoff, _Nature of Man_, tr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, 1906, ch.
vii. See also _Athenaeum_, 5 June 1909, pp. 665-6. For a criticism from
the mythological standpoint, see J. M. Robertson, _Christianity and
Mythology_, 1900, pp. 40-51, 71-8; A. E. Crawley, _Origin and Function
of Religion_ (_Sociological Papers_: Sociol. Soc.), 1907, pp. 243-277.
The report of a valuable discussion is appended. S. Reinach, _Orpheus,
Histoire Générale des Religions_, 1909, ch. i.; W. Crooke, in _Nature_,
LXXXIV. pp. 414-5.
[691] Tylor, _op. cit._ I. pp. 483-4.
[692] _Ibid._ p. 501.
[693] W. Greenwell, _British Barrows_, p. 51.
[694] _Anc. Stone Impts._, p. 144.
[695] _Ibid._
[696] _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._ XL. 1884, p. 63.
[697] _Anc. Stone Impts_, pp. 282-3, 397.
[698] _Ibid._ pp. 144-5.
[699] J. Macpherson, _Ossian_, 1773, I. p. 290.
[700] Metchnikoff, _op. cit._ p. 130.
[701] _Hamlet_, Act IV. Sc. 5.
[702] 2 _K. Henry VI._, Act IV. Sc. 10.
[703] J. C. Cox, in _Curious Church Customs_, pp. 174-181.
[704] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., XII. p. 474; see
also same volume, pp. 29, 112, 193, 517.
[705] E. A. Kilner, _Four Welsh Counties_, 1891, p. 129.
[706] _Anc. Stone Impts_, pp. 282-3, 397. For records of flint and
pyrites, see e.g. _Anc. Stone Impts_, pp. 16, 313-4; _Vict. Hist. of
Bedfordshire_, 1904, I. p. 169.
[707] Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, _Excavations in Cranborne Chase_,
II. 1888, pp. 34, 42, 252, 258.
[708] Pitt-Rivers, _op. cit._ p. 4.
[709] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, L. xxxvi. cc. 17, 28.
[710] _Hamlet_, Act V. Sc. 1.
[711] S. Baring-Gould, _The Deserts of Southern France_, 1894,
I. p. 207. See also a valuable essay in J. G. Frazer’s
_Psyche’s Task, ... the Growth of Superstition_, 1909, pp. 52-81.
[712] S. Baring-Gould, _op. cit._ p. 207. Cf. methods described by Leo
Frobenius, _Childhood of Man_, ed. A. H. Keane, 1909, pp. 158-63; E. B.
Tylor, _Anthropology_, 2nd edition 1889, p. 237. Cf. E. S. Hartland, at
Brit. Assoc. Meeting, 1910 (_Nature_, LXXXV. p. 24).
[713] Herodotus, l. IV. (Melpomene), c. 73. Cf.
Translation in Isaac Taylor’s edition, 1829, p. 297.
[714] Canon G. Rawlinson, _Hist. of Herodotus_, 4th edition, 1880,
III. pp. 63-4. Rawlinson argues (III. pp.
198-200) that the Scythians were not Slavs, Celts, or Teutons, but a
distinct race, and (III. pp. 201-8) that Scythia did not
extend so far West as to touch the present Germany.
[715] J. Douglas, _Nenia Britannica_, 1793, p. 10. Cf. Pitt-Rivers,
_Excav. in Cranborne Chase_, II. pp. 29, 33;
IV. pp. 148-157, 164-5.
[716] W. M. Wylie, _Fairford Graves_, 1852, pp. 24-5. Pitt-Rivers
records the finding of worn pebbles in a barrow: _Excav. in Cranborne
Chase_, II. p. 33.
[717] J. Y. Akerman, _Remains of Saxon Pagandom_, 1853, pp. xvi,
xvii; Baron J. de Baye, _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, tr. J. B.
Harbottle, 1893, pp. 119-20, makes the same statement.
[718] R. A. Bullen, _Harlyn Bay_, 1902, p. 24.
[719] J. C. Atkinson, _Forty Years in a Moorland Parish_, 2nd edition,
1891, pp. 213-5, 220.
[720] Atkinson, _op. cit._ p. 432.
[721] _Guide to Bronze Age_, pp. 60-61.
[722] Atkinson, _op. cit._ p. 220. Cf. Mortimer, _Forty Years’
Researches_, p. xl; Pitt-Rivers, _Excav. in Cranborne Chase_,
II. pp. 33-36, 45.
[723] Greenwell, _British Barrows_, p. 29.
[724] _Archaeologia_, XXXV. pp. 301-3.
[725] Durandus, _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, l.
VII. c. 37. In the same way Durandus states that ivy
and laurel were used because they were typical of eternal life. These
plausible explanations have received acute comment in _Archaeologia_,
XXXV. pp. 301-3.
[726] _Forty Years in a Moorland Parish_, p. 157.
[727] _Prim. Culture_, I. p. 483 n. (Long list of
authorities given.)
[728] Quoted by R. A. Bullen, _Harlyn Bay_, p. 23 n.
[729] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 190-3.
[730] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, l. XXXVI. c. 27. The practice
was common in the Late-Celtic period. (See _Archaeologia_, 1909,
LXI. pp. 329-346.)
[731] P. Holland, edition of Pliny’s _Nat. Hist._, 1601,
II. p. 587.
[732] É. Littré, translation of Pliny’s _Nat. Hist._, 1850, t.
II. p. 521.
[733] _Anc. Stone Impts_, p. 422.
[734] Prof. G. Stephens, cited by Atkinson, _Forty Years in a Moorland
Parish_, pp. 213-5.
[735] S. Baring-Gould, _Curious Myths of the Middle Ages_, new edition,
1888, pp. 560-1.
[736] _Folk-Lore_, X. p. 253. The Lincolnshire example
is given in Vol. IX. p. 187. The burial of pins is
recorded in _Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church_, ed. W.
Andrews, 1897, p. 248.
[737] E. Howlett, in _Curious Church Customs_, pp. 42-3.
[738] B. Thorpe, _Northern Mythology_, 1851, I. p. 291.
[739] _Prim. Culture_, I. p. 494. J. J. M. De Groot,
_Religious Systems of China_, 1892, pp. 278-9.
[740] _Forty Years in a Moorland Parish_, pp. 213-5.
[741] J. Romilly Allen, _Mon. Hist. of Early Brit. Church_, 1889, p. 34.
[742] Sir M. G. Duff, _Notes from a Diary_, 1904, I. p.
253. Cf. P. G. Hamerton, _Round my House_, 1876, p. 254.
[743] T. Hardy, _The Mayor of Casterbridge_, 1895, pp. 143-4. Cf.
H. M. Neville, _A Corner in the North_, 1909, p. 102; _Folk-Lore_,
XX. pp. 209-10.
[744] _Folk-Lore_, IV. 1893, p. 14; R. Munro,
_Prehistoric Scotland_, 1899, p. 284.
[745] _Harlyn Bay_, p. 36.
[746] Sir J. Rhŷs, _Celtic Folklore, Welsh and Manx_, 1891,
I. pp. 344-5 (authority given).
[747] W. G. Wood-Martin, _Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland_, 1902,
I. p. 329; _Pagan Ireland_, pp. 110-14.
[748] _Folk-Lore_, IV. 1893, pp. 13-14.
[749] Rev. ii. 17.
[750] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, l. VII. c. 40.
[751] _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, pp. 79-83; C. Roach Smith,
Introduction to Bryan Fausett’s _Inventorium Sepulchrale_, 1856, p.
xxvii.
[752] Quoted by C. I. Elton, _Origins of Eng. Hist._, 2nd edition,
1890, p. 63.
[753] Elton, _loc. cit._ Cf. C. Roach Smith, Introd. to _Invent.
Sepul._ pp. xxvi-xxvii.
[754] _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, pp. 78-9. Cf. Pliny, _Nat.
Hist._, l. XXXVII. c. 3.
[755] W. Henderson, _Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties_, 1879, p. 145.
[756] _Origins of Eng. Hist._ pp. 144-5. Cf. J. J. A. Worsaae, _Indus.
Arts of Denmark_, 1882, pp. 199-200; Elworthy, _Evil Eye_, p. 203. The
general use of stones, teeth, etc. as Anglo-Saxon charms is discussed
in the _Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore_, XXII. 1909, pp. 134,
135-6.
[757] E. Lovett, Lecture at Horniman Museum, London, 27 March, 1909.
[758] Gen. A. L. Pitt-Rivers, _Excavations in Cranborne Chase_, 1887
etc. II. pp. 68, 78, 79-86, 93, 94, 98, 102, 103, 106
etc. Cf. _Folk-Memory_, pp. 147-9, and illustration facing p. 296;
_Athenaeum_, 15 July, 1911, p. 80.
[759] Worthington G. Smith, _Man the Primeval Savage_, 1894, pp.
334-9; also his article in _Vict. Hist. of Bedfordshire_, 1904,
I. p. 169.
[760] _Anc. Stone Impts_, p. 227.
[761] _Man, the Primeval Savage_, pp. 273-4.
[762] _Anc. Stone Impts._, p. 469.
[763] _Nenia Britannica_, p. 158.
[764] _Anc. Stone Impts._, p. 467.
[765] J. G. Frazer, _Early Hist. of the Kingship_, 1905, pp. 157-8.
[766] _Man, the Primeval Savage_, p. 398. In this connection, see H. A.
Burrows, in _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, IV. 1876, pp. 165-166.
[767] _Man, the Primeval Savage_, p. 273.
[768] _Anc. Stone Impts._, p. 470.
[769] _Essex Naturalist_, XIV. 1905, p. 24.
[770] _Origins of Eng. Hist_., pp. 144-5.
[771] _Guide to Bronze Age_, p. 62.
[772] _Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Field Club_,
XVII. 1896, p. 75.
[773] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 112.
[774] _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, p. 425.
[775] _Origins of Eng. Hist._, pp. 144-5.
[776] _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, VI., 1877, p. 323.
[777] G. von Düben, _Om Lappland och Lapparne_, 1873, p. 251. Much
curious lore on kindred topics will be found in Jean Scheffer’s
_Lapponia_, 1673 (there is a useful English edition, published by Thos.
Newborough, 1704).
[778] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 112.
[779] _Ibid._ VII. p. 507.
[780] Possibly collected by masons for making mortar, during
alterations (W. J.).
[781] _Curious Church Customs_, p. 141. Cf. _Guide to Bronze Age_, pp.
109, 126, for Siberian and Indian examples.
[782] M. D. Conway, _Autobiography and Experiences_, 1904,
II. p. 77. The incident is not mentioned in Evelyn
Ashley’s _Life of Lord Palmerston_, 1879, nor in the Marquis of Lorne’s
_Viscount Palmerston_, 1892. Cf. Cornish Customs, as described in
_Vict. Hist. of Cornwall_, 1906, I. p. 367.
[783] _Guide to Bronze Age_, p. 139.
[784] _Guide to Early Iron Age_, pp. 127, 129, 140.
[785] _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, p. 88; _The Celt, the Roman,
and the Saxon_, p. 425.
[786] Sir T. Browne, _Hydriotaphia_. See “Works,” ed. S. Wilkin, 1884,
III. p. 13.
[787] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., II. p. 230.
[788] _Ibid._ p. 269.
[789] D. Rock, _Church of Our Fathers_, 1903, II. p. 101.
[790] J. R. Allen, _Mon. History of the Early Brit. Church_, pp. 34, 65.
[791] J. R. Allen, _op. cit._ pp. 34, 243; _Surrey Archaeol. Coll._
III. p. 394; XI. p. 12. There is a good
collection of such objects in the Cathedral library at Chichester.
[792] _Prim. Culture_, I. pp. 494-5.
[793] _Nature_, LVII., 1898, pp. 257-8.
[794] _Prim. Culture_, I. pp. 492-4.
[795] See e.g. _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, p. 425.
[796] _Ibid._ pp. 327-8.
[797] _Guide to Bronze Age_, pp. 60-3.
[798] _Hydriotaphia_, ch. v. (Browne’s “Works,” ed. S. Wilkin,
III. p. 40).
[799] _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., I. p. 388; 4th
Ser., VIII. p. 169. Cf. Gen. iii. 19, xviii. 27; Job
xxxiv. 15; Eccles. iii. 20, xii. 7 etc.
[800] Horace, _Carm._ l. I. xxviii. 35 (_licebit injecto
ter pulvere curras_). Cf. Evan Daniel, _The Prayer Book_, 12th edition,
n.d. p. 411.
[801] _British Barrows_, p. 5.
[802] _Notes and Queries_, 4th Ser., VIII. p. 107.
[803] E. Daniel, _op. cit._ p. 410; J. H. Blunt, _Annotated
Book of Common Prayer_, 1903 (new impression, 1899), p. 481 n.
See also authorities given in _Notes and Queries_, 4th Ser.,
VIII. pp. 107, 169.
[804] _Church of Our Fathers_, II. pp. 397-8; _Notes and
Queries_, 4th Ser., VIII..p. 169.
[805] _Catholic Encyclopedia_, ed. C. G. Herbermann and others, 1908,
III. p. 75.
[806] W. E. Addis and T. Arnold, _Catholic Dict._, 1893, p. 393; J. H.
Blunt, _loc. cit._
[807] _Notes and Queries_, 4th Ser., VIII. p. 107.
[808] _Ibid._
[809] J. H. Blunt, _loc. cit._ Cf. _Church of Our Fathers_,
II. p. 388.
[810] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VI. pp. 267, 356.
[811] I Cor. xv. 36-8; St John xii. 24.
[812] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VI. p. 356.
[813] _Excav. in Cranborne Chase_, II., 1887, p. 196.
[814] _Ibid._
[815] O. Olufsen, _Through the Unknown Pamirs_, 1904, p. 151.
[816] E. Metchnikoff, _Nature of Man_, tr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, 1906,
pp. 140-1.
[817] Brand, _Pop. Antiquities_, II. pp. 237-45.
[818] _Ibid._, II. p. 240. Pagan feasts at interments
were forbidden to Christians in Saxon times (_Indus. Arts of the
Anglo-Saxons_, p. 120 n.).
[819] _Forty Years in a Moorland Parish_, pp. 226-7.
[820] _Ibid._ pp. 226-7. Cf. J. W. Clark and T. McKenny Hughes, _Life
and Letters of Adam Sedgwick_, 1890, I. p. 27.
[821] Grant Allen, _Falling in Love: Essays_, new edition, 1891, p.
296-7. Cf. Imaginative description given by R. S. Lineham, _The Street
of Human Habitations_, 1894, pp. 43-8.
[822] _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, pp. 120-1. Cf. _The Celt, the
Roman, and the Saxon_, p. 408.
[823] _Harlyn Bay_, p. 35.
[824] _Evol. of the Idea of God_, pp. 26, 31, 32, 33.
[825] B. Spencer and F. J. Gillen, _The Northern Tribes of Central
Australia_, 1904, pp. 588, et seqq., p. 593, and ch. xxi. generally.
[826] _Harlyn Bay_, p. 35. Cf. _Antiquities and Curiosities of the
Church_, ed. W. Andrews, 1897, p. 249.
[827] _Lore and Legend of the English Church_, p. 63. The sanctity
attached to objects connected with the church and churchyard is
discussed in Gomme’s _Folk-Lore as an Histor. Science_, pp. 197-9.
[828] _Evil Eye_, p. 437.
[829] _Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties_, p. 145. Cf. _The Golden
Bough_, I. pp. 193-207. The Incas preserve such relics
and place them in the tomb. (_Folk-Lore_, VI. p. 301.)
[830] _Folk-Lore_, V. p. 343; VI. p. 301.
[831] _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, l. VII. c. 37.
[832] _Prim. Culture_, I. p. 495; _Nature of Man_, pp.
140-1.
[833] See e.g. _Folk-Lore_, XII. 1901, p. 211.
[834] Isaac Taylor, in _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser. IV.
p. 335.
[835] Taylor, _loc. cit._ Cf. O. Schrader, _Prehist. Antiquities_,
trans. F. B. Jevons, 1890, p. 254. Certain passages in the Bible, e.g.
Gen. xiii. 9, may be studied in this connection.
[836] Sir J. Rhŷs, _Celtic Philology_, 2nd edition, 1879, p. 10;
_Folk-Lore_, XII. p. 211; I. Taylor, _loc. cit._
[837] Rhŷs, _loc. cit._
[838] _Folk-Lore_, XII. p. 210.
[839] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser. V. p. 332.
[840] Schrader, _op. cit._ p. 256. O. Seyffert, _Dict. Class.
Antiquities_, ed. H. Nettleship and J. E. Sandys, 1899, p. 86. Cf.
Liddell and Scott, _Greek Lexicon_, under δεξιός.
[841] _Folk-Lore_, XII. p. 211.
[842] _Ibid._ pp. 210-11.
[843] C. F. Gordon-Cumming, _In the Hebrides_, 1883, p. 247.
[844] R. S. Hawker, in _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser. V.
pp. 253-4. Cf. W. R. Lethaby, _Architecture, Mysticism, and Myth_,
1892, ch. viii. pp. 174-200.
[845] _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser. IV. pp. 261-2.
[846] W. Andrews, ed. _Curious Church Customs_, p. 137.
[847] _Ibid._
[848] Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 96.
[849] _Prim. Culture_, II. p. 48.
[850] _Ibid._ II. p. 61.
[851] J. Deniker, _Races of Man_, 1900, p. 317.
[852] R. Kipling, _The Ballad of East and West_.
[853] Peter Heylyn, _Cosmographie_, 1652, p. 22.
[854] M. D. Conway, _Demonology and Devil-Lore_, 1879,
I. pp. 83 et seqq.; II. p. 115.
[855] R. Jefferies, _Wild Life in a Southern Country_, 1889, p. 33.
[856] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._ II. pp. 493, 802;
III. p. 1001; IV. p. 1605.
[857] _Teut. Myth._ II. p. 802. F. Kauffmann, _Northern
Mythology_, tr. M. Steele Smith, pp. 95-6.
[858] Job xxvi. 6, 7; Isa. xiv. 12, 13; Jer. iv. 6; Eph. ii. 2, vi. 12,
etc.
[859] _King Henry VI_, Pt I. Act v. Sc. 3.
[860] _Par. Lost_, V. l. 726. (Cf. ll. 689, 755-6.)
[861] Milton, _Sonnet_ xv. l. 7.
[862] H. Kirke White, _Christiad_, V. viii. (cf.
V. xi.).
[863] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser. VI. p. 235.
[864] E. S. Armitage, _Introd. to Eng. Antiquities_, 1903, p. 116.
[865] _Antiquary_, XIX. p. 234.
[866] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., IX. p. 53.
[867] Durandus, _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, L. 4,
c. 23.
[868] Discussion in _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., VI.
pp. 428, 512-3. Numerous authorities cited.
[869] Eccles. xi. 3; Miles Coverdale, _Remains_, ed. G. Pearson (Parker
Society), 1846, p. 258.
[870] F. Seebohm, _English Village Community_, 1896, p. 23.
[871] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._, II. p. 34.
[872] H. Belloc, _The Old Road_, 1904, pp. 60-1; cf. F. C.
Elliston-Erwood, _The Pilgrims’ Road_, 1910, p. 84.
[873] I. Taylor, in _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., IV.
p. 335.
[874] “There is no Northgate, Eastgate, or Westgate in Middlesex: what
then is Southgate?” (Leigh Hunt, _Autobiography_, new edition, 1885, p.
25.)
[875] S. O. Addy, _Evolution of the English House_, 1898, pp. 34-5.
[876] T. W. Shore, _Origin of the Anglo-Saxon Race_, 1906, pp. 226,
229, 304.
[877] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 204.
[878] _Lore and Legend of the English Church_, p. 80. Cf. Brand, _Pop.
Antiquities_, II. p. 293; other instances given.
[879] E. Stone, _God’s Acre_, 1858, p. 390.
[880] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 276.
[881] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., V. p. 126.
[882] Letter from R. S. Hawker, in _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser.,
VI. p. 235.
[883] T. F. Thiselton-Dyer, _Domestic Folk-Lore_, 1881, p. 62.
[884] Brand, _op. cit._ II. p. 293. (Particulars given.)
[885] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 276.
[886] Brand, _op. cit._ II. p. 292 et seqq. See also
_God’s Acre_, pp. 390-1.
[887] G. White, _Selborne_, ed. J. E. Harting, 1880, p. 418.
[888] G. Masters, _Lambeth Parish Church_, 1904, p. 75.
[889] J. T. Micklethwaite, in _The Builder_, LVI.
(1889), p. 184.
[890] M. H. Bloxam, _Monumental Architecture_, 1834, p. 262.
[891] _Ibid._
[892] _Reliquary_, XV., 1909, p. 22.
[893] _Durham Arch. Trans._, V. p. 103. (Quoted in
_Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., IX. p. 56.) See also
_Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., VIII. pp. 452-3. _Proc.
Soc. Antiq._, VII. p. 299.
[894] _Hamlet_, Act iv. Sc. 5.
[895] Further references on the general subject will be found in _Notes
and Queries_, 6th Ser., I. pp. 105, 466; 8th Ser.,
XI. p. 428; XII. pp. 17, 91, 175, 357.
T. Hearne, _Collection of Curious Discourses_, 1771, I.
p. 226. J. Savage, in _Memorabilia_, 1820, pp. 316-8. Note also the
horizontal stones with inlaid brasses, dating from the 13th century
(H. W. Macklin, _Monumental Brasses_, 1898, pp. 48, 51). _Proc. Soc.
Antiq._, XX. p. 220.
[896] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 496.
[897] _Ibid._
[898] _Ibid._, 1st Ser., VIII. p. 207.
[899] _Ibid._, 1st Ser., VI. pp. 112-113.
[900] _Ibid._, 9th Ser., VII. p. 113.
[901] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., V. p. 332.
[902] L. C. Miall, _Round the Year_, 1896, pp. 79-80 (cf. p. 229).
[903] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., VI. p. 132.
[904] _Ibid._
[905] Brand, _op. cit._ II. p. 297. _Notes and Queries_,
1st Ser., II. p. 55; V. p. 126.
[906] Brand, _op. cit._ II. p. 297.
[907] T. Thompson, _History of the Church and Priory of Swine_, 1824,
p. 145.
[908] Brand, _Pop. Antiquities_, II. p. 294.
[909] C. F. Gordon-Cumming, _In the Hebrides_, 1883, p. 185.
[910] J. Burn, _History of Parish Registers in England_, 1829, p. 96 n.
[911] T. F. Thiselton-Dyer, _Old English Social Life_, 1898, p. 148.
[912] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., II. p. 55. Cf. A.
Jessopp, _Before the Great Pillage_, 1901, p. 28 n.
[913] Quoted by H. Hems, in _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser.,
VII. p. 113. I cannot find the exact words attributed
to Durandus, though they are in harmony with his remarks in the
_Rationale_, lib. V., c. 14, 15, concerning unbaptized
and still-born children, as well as those persons who die in mortal sin.
[914] G. Baldwin Brown, _The Arts in Early England_, 1903,
I. p. 374.
[915] Durandus, _Rat. Div. Officiorum_, lib. V., c. 12.
Sir R. Phillimore, _Eccles. Law_, 1873, II. p. 1761. E.
S. Armitage, _op. cit._ p. 116. The subject is discussed by G. Baldwin
Brown, _op. cit._ I. pp. 254-6.
[916] S. Baring-Gould, _A Book of the West_, 1899, II.
pp. 38-40.
[917] Phillimore, _op. cit._ II. 842-3, 1758, 1780.
G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 362. E. L. Cutts,
_Parish Priests and their People in the Middle Ages of England_, p. 53.
[918] I. Taylor, in _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VII.
pp. 112-3.
[919] G. White, _Selborne_, p. 418.
[920] Wordsworth, _A Parsonage in Oxfordshire_, ll. 1-2.
[921] J. Evelyn, _Diary_, ed. W. Bray, n.d. (Chandos Classics), p. 397.
[922] The churches of Sompting and Clapham, Sussex, at the foot of the
Downs, seem to have been originally unenclosed.
[923] W. Greenwell, _British Barrows_, 1877, pp. 12-13; cf. T. Rice
Holmes, _Ancient Britain_, p. 188.
[924] J. R. Mortimer, _Forty Years’ Researches_, pp. xxvi-xxvii.
J. C. Atkinson, letters in _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser.,
VIII. p. 335.
[925] T. Wright, _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, 2nd edition
1861, p. 329.
[926] W. Andrews, _Curious Church Customs_, p. 144.
[927] E. Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_,
1908, II. pp. 255-6.
[928] A. Lang, in _Folk-Lore_, 1909, XX. pp. 88-9.
[929] Westermarck, _op. cit._ II. Chap. xxv. which is
full of curious lore concerning suicide. Cf. J. G. Frazer, _Totemism
and Exogamy_, 1910, II. p. 508; III. p.
152.
[930] Westermarck, _op. cit._ II. p. 256 n.
[931] A. Lang, _loc. cit._
[932] Westermarck, _op. cit._ II. p. 255.
[933] H. T. Stephen, _Commentaries on the Laws of England_, ed. J.
Stephen, 1868, IV. p. 152, et seqq. Sir R. Phillimore,
_op. cit._ II. p. 860.
[934] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., V. p. 189. The
burials of which particulars are given occurred at the church of St
Nicholas, Newcastle. An invaluable bibliography of “Suicide” is given
in _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., IX. pp. 489-91.
Westermarck, _op. cit._, also gives voluminous references.
[935] J. T. B. Syme and J. E. Sowerby, _English Botany_, 3rd edition,
1868, VIII. pp. 276-7. _Ency. Brit._, 9th edition, under
“Yew.” A good description is given by W. Dallimore, _Holly, Yew, and
Box_, 1908, pp. 153-8. For an account of the timber, see G. S. Boulger,
_Wood_, 2nd edition, 1908, p. 371, and plate.
[936] Sir J. D. Hooker, _Student’s Flora_, 3rd edition, 1884, pp.
380-1. J. Lowe, _Yew-Trees of Great Britain and Ireland_, 1897, p. 20.
[937] G. S. Boulger, _Familiar Trees_, n.d., 2nd Ser., p. 58.
[938] Sir J. Evans, _Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain_, 2nd
edition, 1897, p. 575. Sir A. C. Ramsay, _Geology and Geography of
Great Britain_, 3rd edition, 1878, p. 358.
[939] _Science Gossip_, XXII. pp. 116, 150, 191,
262; XXIII. p. 21; xxiv. pp. 44, 93, 142. G. White,
_Nat. Hist. of Selborne_, Harting’s edition, 1880, pp. 420-1. J.
Carroll, in _Country Side_, III. p. 252. _Jour. Board
Agric._ X. (1903), pp. 235-6. _Trans. Chem. Soc._
LXXXI. (1902), p. 874. Lowe, _Yew-Trees_, pp. 147 et
seqq. E. Step, _Wayside and Woodland Trees_, 1904, p. 76, asserts that
the “kernels” are not poisonous.
[940] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, lib. XVI., c. 20.
[941] Liddell and Scott, _Greek-English Lexicon_, 8th edition, 1883,
s.v.
[942] Caesar, _De Bello Gall._, lib. VI., c. 20.
[943] Liddell and Scott, _Greek-English Lexicon_, W. Smith, _Latin
Dict._, 19th edition, s.v.
[944] _Cent. Dict._, under “Yew.”
[945] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Series, IV. p. 532.
[946] _Cent. Dict._, _loc. cit._
[947] W. W. Skeat, _Etymol. Dict._, under “Yew.”
[948] O. Schrader, _Prehist. Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples_, trans.
J. B. Jevons, 1890, pp. 226, 274-5. See also V. Hehn, _Wanderings of
Plants and Animals_, ed. J. S. Stallybrass, 1885, pp. 407-8.
[949] A. de Candolle, quoted by Lowe, _op. cit._, p. 46. The exact
source is not given, but one may infer, from the context, that the rule
is given in _Notice sur la Longévité des Arbes_, 1831. I have not seen
this work, as it is not in the British Museum.
[950] Quoted by Lowe, _Yew-Trees_, pp. 45-6.
[951] _Science Gossip_, XXIV. (1888), p. 167. De
Candolle’s equation of the measurements of the largest yew at Fountains
Abbey is consistent only on the basis of 12 lines to the inch
(_Physiologie Végétale_, t. II. p. 1001).
[952] G. A. Hansard, _Book of Archery_, 1840, p. 328.
[953] Sir R. Christison, _Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin._, XIX.
p. 11. Cited by Lowe: this volume is not in the British Museum.
[954] Lowe, _Yew-Trees_, p. 57.
[955] A. J. Harrison, in _Naturalists’ Journal_, 1905, p. 200. See also
H. Marshall Ward, _Timber, and some of its Diseases_, 1889, pp. 44-7.
S. H. Vines, _Students’ Text-Book of Botany_, 1896, pp. 197-9.
[956] _Yew-Trees_, pp. 42-3, and especially Chap. III.
[957] _Yew-Trees_, p. 43.
[958] _Ibid._, p. 45.
[959] _Yew-Trees_, pp. 45-6. Cf. De Candolle’s own precautions,
_Physiologie Végétale_, t. II. pp. 977, 983-4.
[960] _Yew-Trees_, p. 64.
[961] _Life of Sir R. Christison_ (edited by his sons), 1886,
II. p. 254.
[962] _Life of Sir R. Christison_, _loc. cit._
[963] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., X. p. 431.
[964] _Antiquary_, XX. 1889, pp. 219-20.
[965] J. Timbs, _Things not generally known_, new edition, p. 96.
[966] _Yew-Trees_, pp. 64-5.
[967] _Antiquary_, XX. pp. 219-20.
[968] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 353-7.
[969] Dr J. Horace Round, in a letter to the author, Nov. 9, 1906.
[970] _Life of Sir R. Christison_, II. p. 264.
_Physiologie Végétale_, t. II. p. 1002.
[971] _Philosoph. Trans._ 1770, LIX. p. 37.
[972] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., V. p. 376.
Naturalists’ Jour. 1896, p. 99.
[973] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., V. p. 477.
[974] J. C. Loudon, _Arboretum Britannicum_, IV. p. 2079.
[975] Murray, _Handbook for Kent_, 5th edition, 1892, p. 37.
[976] _Physiologie Végétale_, t. II. p. 1002.
[977] _Handbook for Kent_, l.c., Black’s _Kent_, p. 143.
[978] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., V. p. 376.
[979] _Things not generally known_, pp. 96-7.
[980] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., XI. p. 334.
[981] Murray, _Handbook for Yorkshire_, 1874, p. 289; cf. 3rd edition,
1882.
[982] _Physiologie Végétale_, t. II. p. 1001.
[983] _Antiquary_, XX. pp. 219-20.
[984] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., XI. p. 162.
[985] _Science Gossip_, XXIV. p. 24.
[986] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., V. p. 376.
[987] Murray, _Handbook for Surrey_, 5th edition, 1898, p. 67.
[988] Murray, _Handbook for Sussex_, 5th edition, 1893, p. 16.
[989] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., V. p. 154.
[990] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., XII. p. 495.
[991] G. White, _Selborne_, Harting’s edition, 1880, p. 420. See also
E. A. Martin, _Bibliography of Gilbert White_, 1897, p. 219.
[992] J. G. Strutt, _Sylva Britannica_, 1822, p. 1.
[993] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., VIII. pp. 346,
447. _Handbook to English Ecclesiology_ (_Ecclesiol. Soc._), 1847,
p. 190. Brand, _Pop. Antiq._, II. pp. 255-266 (whole
question discussed). H. Friend, _Flowers and Flower Lore_, 1892,
II. pp. 586-9.
[994] Boulger, _Familiar Trees_, II. p. 60.
[995] F. H. Stratmann, _Middle-English Dict._, ed. H. Bradley, 1891, p.
194.
[996] W. Caxton, _Liber Festivalis_, 1483, _Dominica in ramis
palmarum_, sig. g (no pagination).
[997] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., V. pp. 391-2.
[998] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., V. p. 447.
[999] J. Brady, _Clavis Calendaria_, 1812, I. pp. 276-80.
[1000] _Yew-Trees_, p. 98, cf. _Folk-Lore_, XIII. p. 201.
[1001] _Fam. Trees_, p. 61.
[1002] _Twelfth Night_, Act ii. Sc. 4.
[1003] Concerning the use of the yew at funerals, see Brand, _Pop.
Antiq._, II. p. 312; Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the
Eng. Church_, p. 56; _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., IV.
p. 532. The purely literary references might be greatly extended;
consult, e.g., Lowe, _Yew-Trees_, _passim_, also T. N. Brushfield, in
_Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church_, ed. W. Andrews, 1897, pp.
256-78.
[1004] Sir T. Browne, _Hydriotaphia_, ed. S. Wilkins, 1884,
III. p. 25.
[1005] Sir R. Phillimore, _Eccles. Law_, 2nd edition, 1895, p. 1407.
Brand, _Pop. Antiq._, II. p. 256. G. White, _Selborne_,
p. 421. _Statutes of the Realm_, 1810, I. p. 221. The
date of the Act said to be uncertain.
[1006] _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 54. C. G. Prideaux,
_Prac. Guide to the Duties of Churchwardens_, ed. F. C. Mackarness,
1895, p. 331. H. W. Cripps, _Laws relating to the Church and Clergy_,
1886, pp. 433-4.
[1007] _Yew-Trees_, p. 101. The error was apparently due to a
misunderstanding of the reference in Brand’s _Popular Antiquities_,
1849, II. p. 256 n.
[1008] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., XII. p. 113.
[1009] G. White, _Selborne_, pp. 421-2.
[1010] Daines Barrington, _Observations on the more ancient Statutes_,
1785, p. 191. See also J. Vaughan, _Lighter Studies of a Country
Rector_, 1909, ch. xii. pp. 121-8.
[1011] Cedars and cypresses are common in Sussex churchyards.
[1012] _Yew-Trees_, pp. 131-2.
[1013] _Yew-Trees_, pp. 112-113. C. J. Longman and H. Walrond,
_Archery_ (Badminton Library), 1894, p. 28.
[1014] _Archery_, p. 28. G. A. Hansard, _Book of Archery_, 1840, pp.
226-7.
[1015] _Archery_, p. 103. _Ency. Brit._, 11th edition, under _Archery_.
J. Strutt, _Sports and Pastimes of the People of England_ (1801), Bk
II. chap. i., gives several facts to prove that the
Saxons were acquainted with the bow and arrow. For a more guarded view,
see Baron J. de Baye, _Industrial Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, trans. T.
B. Harbottle, 1893, pp. 30-1.
[1016] _New Oxford Dict._, under “Bow” and “Arrow.”
[1017] _Ency. Brit._, l.c.
[1018] Sir J. Evans, _Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain_, 2nd
edition, 1897, p. 411.
[1019] _Archery_, p. 16.
[1020] _Archery_, pp. 10-11. For a full account of the construction
and distribution of the different kinds of bows, see H. Balfour, in
_Jour. Anthrop. Inst._ XIX. 1889, pp. 220-254. See also
Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, _Evolution of Culture_, ed. J. L. Myres, 1906,
pp. 45-184. A useful, concise account of the bow is contained in Dr H.
S. Harrison’s _Handbook to the Weapons of War and the Chase_ (Horniman
Museum), 1908, pp. 39-43.
[1021] _Yew-Trees_, p. 110. Sir John Evans possessed a flint flake,
hafted in yew wood, which was found at Nussdorf, in Switzerland (see
_Anc. Stone Impts._, p. 292).
[1022] _Archery_, p. 115.
[1023] _Ibid._ p. 115.
[1024] _Archery_, pp. 109-10. _Yew-Trees_, pp. 131-2. Daines
Barrington, in _Archaeologia_, 1785, VII. pp. 46-48.
[1025] Chambers’s _Cyclopaedia_, Art. “Archery.”
[1026] _Archery_, p. 141.
[1027] The authorities for the facts given in this paragraph are very
numerous. Most important is _Archery_ (Badminton Series), especially
chs. vii. and ix. The bibliography given on pp. 472-499 is exhaustive,
and a concise list of the statutes is presented on pp. 500-1. See also
F. Grose, _Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons_, 1786, pp. 37-8.
_Ency. Brit._, Art. _Archery_; J. Strutt, _Sports and Pastimes of the
People of England_ (1801), ed. J. C. Cox, 1903, Book ii.
[1028] Sir A. C. Doyle, _The Song of the Bowmen_.
[1029] R. Ascham, _Toxophilus_, 1545, Arber’s reprint, p. 113.
[1030] _Archery_, p. 144.
[1031] J. Brady, _Clavis Calendaria_, 1812, I. p. 257.
[1032] R. Warner, _Collections for a History of Hampshire_, 1795,
I. p. 104.
[1033] _Yew-Trees_, p. 103. Hansard, _Book of Archery_, p. 330. I
cannot find any such legislation mentioned in _Statutes of the Realm_.
The statement seems to be copied from Strutt (W. J.).
[1034] J. G. Strutt, _Sylva Britannica_, 1826, p. 28. Mr W. Adamson
Foulis informs me that the island referred to must be Inchlonaig (= Yew
Island).
[1035] _Yew-Trees_, p. 103. Cf. J. G. Strutt, _Sylva Brit._, 1826, p.
4, where the same statement is made.
[1036] _Yew-Trees_, p. 155.
[1037] _Book of Archery_, p. 330. Cf. T. S. Knowlson, _Origins of
Pop. Superstitions and Customs_, 1910, pp. 222-5. (General question
discussed.)
[1038] R. Warner, _Collections for a History of Hampshire_, 1795,
I. p. 105 n.
[1039] _Book of Archery_, p. 332.
[1040] _Ibid._ p. 329.
[1041] _Pop. Antiquities_, II. p. 263.
[1042] Giraldus Cambrensis, _Topog. Hiberniae_, dist.
III. c. 10, p. 739 in Camden’s edition, 1602. Cf. D.
Rock, _Church of our Fathers_, ed. G. W. Hart and H. Frere, 1903,
II. pp. 262-3.
[1043] Cf. Translation by T. Forester, in T. Wright’s edition of
_Topog. Hiber._, 1887, p. 125; also J. F. Dimock’s edition of
Giraldus’s works, 1867, V. pp. 135, 280.
[1044] _Topog. Hiber._ dist. II. c. 54. Camden’s
edition, p. 734; Wright’s edition, p. 109.
[1045] Elton, _Origins_, p. 221 n. Some species of rhododendrons and
azaleas are said to be productive of poisonous honey. (F. R. Cheshire,
_Bees and Bee-keeping_, 1886, p. 291.) Laurel and ivy, though probably
agreeable to bees, are similarly sources of bad honey. (A. Neighbour,
_The Apiary_, 1878, pp. 297-8.)
[1046] R. Turner, _Botanologia_, 1664, pp. 362-3.
[1047] Tyack, _Lore and Legend_, p. 77.
[1048] W. Henderson, _Folk-Lore of Northern Counties_, 1879, p. 226.
[1049] W. G. Black, in _Antiquary_, VI. 1882, pp. 12-15.
Among the Anglo-Saxons, it was customary to consecrate charms by
bringing them in contact with the church. See _Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore_,
XXII. 1909, p. 153.
[1050] _Macbeth_, Act. iv. Sc. I.
[1051] _Cent. Dict._, s.v.
[1052] Milton, _Lycidas_, ll. 100-1.
[1053] M. D. Conway, _Demonology and Devil-lore_, 1879,
I. pp. 44-45.
[1054] W. G. Black, _l.c._
[1055] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., XII. p. 191;
_Folk-Lore_, XIII. p. 96.
[1056] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., VIII. p. 244.
[1057] Rock, _Church of Our Fathers_, II. pp. 262-3.
[1058] J. T. B. Syme and J. E. Sowerby, _Eng. Bot._,
VIII. p. 281.
[1059] W. H. Ablett, _Eng. Trees_, 1880, p. 154.
[1060] _Notes and Queries_, 6th Ser., II. pp. 184-5.
[1061] C. H. Coote, _The Romans of Britain_, 1878, p. 427.
[1062] Statius, _Thebaïd_, VIII. vv. 9, 10.
[1063] Cf. Coote, p. 427.
[1064] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., XII. p. 8.
[1065] T. Wright, _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, 1861, p. 328.
[1066] _Yew-Trees_, p. 101.
[1067] Brand, _Pop. Antiquities_, II. p. 312; Hansard,
_Archery_, p. 331. Pepys mentions a churchyard near Southampton
where the graves were “sowed with sage” (_Diary_, ed. Richard, Lord
Braybrooke, 1887, p. 98).
[1068] G. Allen, _Evolution of the Idea of God_ (R. P. A. edition,
1903), p. 55.
[1069] _Gentleman’s Magazine_, LI. p. 10.
[1070] J. Macpherson, _Poems of Ossian_, 8th edition, I.
p. 240, quoted by Lowe and others. (I cannot discover the passage. W.
J.)
[1071] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., IX. p. 77; _Proc.
Dorset Nat. Hist. Soc._, XVII. 1896, pp. 135, 138-140.
The earthworks are described by A. H. Allcroft, _Earthwork of England_,
1908, pp. 564, 566.
[1072] Sir J. Rhŷs, _Celtic Folklore_, 1891, II. p. 424.
[1073] E. O’Curry, _Manners and Customs of the Irish_, 1873,
II. pp. 193-4. Cf. J. B. Bury, _Life of St Patrick_,
1905, p. 76.
[1074] Gomme, _Ethnology in Folklore_, p. 60.
[1075] R. Forby, _Vocab. of East Anglia_, 1830, I. p.
413.
[1076] _Manners and Customs of the Irish_, l.c. Buckets made of yew
have been discovered in Anglo-Saxon graves at Linton Heath (Cambs.) and
Roundway Down (Wilts.). _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, p. 102. Cf.
_Folk-Lore_, XIII. p. 96.
[1077] _Naturalists’ Journal_, 1895, p. 99.
[1078] _Nat. Jour._, l.c.; J. G. Strutt, _Sylva Britannica_, 1826, p.
28. Strutt gives a fine illustration of the Fortingal yew.
[1079] Murray, _Handbook for Derbyshire_, 3rd edition, 1892, p. 30.
[1080] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Primitive Folk-Moots_, 1880, p. 133.
[1081] Murray, _Handbook for Surrey_, 5th edition, 1898, p. 67.
[1082] _Church of Our Fathers_, p. 178.
[1083] I have not yet observed a yew growing on a British burial
mound, but Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, in describing a British barrow which
he opened on Winkelbury Hill, seems to supply an instance. He states
that he found no relics within the mound, and that this absence
was probably due to a dead yew, locally called a “scrag,” which he
removed. Gen. Pitt-Rivers calls the yew an “insertion,” but was the
tree “inserted” alive or dead? A dead yew would scarcely work much
havoc. He continues--and the addition is noteworthy--“I afterwards
learnt that the people of the neighbourhood attached some interest to
it, and it has since been replaced by Sir Thomas Grove.” (_Excav. in
Cranborne Chase_, II. 1888, p. 258.) Cf. _Folk-Lore_,
XIII. p. 96; Prof. H. Conwenz, in _Brit. Assoc. Report_,
1901, p. 839.
[1084] W. Watson, _The Father of the Forest_, V.
I.
[1085] J. Cossar Ewart, in _Ency. of Agriculture_, ed. by C. E. Green
and C. Young, 1908, II. p. 427. W. Watts, _Geology
for Beginners_, 2nd edition, 1907, p. 300. H. A. Nicholson, _Manual
of Palaeontology_, 1889, II. pp. 1360-3, claims
_Phenacodus_, a fossil animal from the lowest Eocene of North America,
as representing the five-toed ancestor of the horse. On the general
question of ancestry, see p. 411 n. _infra_. An acute criticism of the
modern theory is offered in J. Gerard’s _The Old Riddle and the Newest
Answer_, 5th edition, 1908, pp. 93-106.
[1086] J. Cossar Ewart, _op. cit._ II. p. 426.
[1087] W. Watts, _op. cit._ p. 300.
[1088] _Ibid._ p. 300.
[1089] R. Lydekker, _Guide to the Specimens of the Horse Family_ (Brit.
Mus.), 1907, p. 5.
[1090] Lydekker, _loc. cit._ Ewart, _op. cit._ II. p.
428.
[1091] _Guide ... Horse Family_, pp. 8-9.
[1092] The following authorities may also be consulted: W. Ridgeway,
_The Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse_, 1905, pp. 1-12.
E. Ray Lankester, _Extinct Animals_, 1905, pp. 134-42. C. W. Saleeby,
_Organic Evolution_, 1905, pp. 56-64. R. Lydekker, in _Knowledge_,
XXV. 1902, pp. 100-2, and N.S. III.
1906, pp. 472-4. _Guide to Fossil Mammals and Birds_ (Nat. Hist.
Mus., South Kensington), 8th edition, 1904, pp. 22-6. R. S. Lull,
“Evolution of the Horse Family,” in _Amer. Jour. Science_, 4th
Ser., XXIII. pp. 161-82. _Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc._
LXV. 1909, pp. cxix-cxx, where there is an allusion to
gaps in the pedigree.
[1093] C. H. Read, _Guide to the Stone Age_, 1902, pp. 48, 49. Many
representations of horses and horse-heads have been detected among the
coloured drawings (ochre and black) on the walls of two Palaeolithic
caves at Combarelles and Font-de-Gaune, explored in 1901. (See
Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 85.)
[1094] B. C. A. Windle, _Life in Early Britain_, 1897, pp. 28, 29.
_Cavernes du Périgord_, by MM. E. Larty and H. Christy, 1864, should be
specially consulted.
[1095] _Guide to Stone Age_, p. 65. W. Boyd Dawkins, _Early Man in
Britain_, 1880, p. 184.
[1096] Ewart, in _Ency. of Agric._ II. p. 434. Ridgeway,
_op. cit._ p. 82, claims two distinct species, “at least,” of
Palaeolithic horses.
[1097] Ewart, _Trans. Highland and Agric. Soc. of Scotland_, 5th Ser.,
XVI. 1904, pp. 230-68. A. C. Haddon, _Nat. Home-Reading
Union Mag._ (Gen. Course), XV. p. 114.
[1098] T. Rice Holmes, _Anc. Brit. and the Invas. of Jul. Caes._, 1907,
p. 56 n.
[1099] Herodotus, _History_, l. vii., c. 15.
[1100] G. Rawlinson, translation of _Hist. of Herodotus_, 4th edition,
1880, IV. p. 72 n. Ridgeway, _op. cit._ pp. 23, 117,
130, 192, gives particulars of the use of the lasso by other peoples.
[1101] A. Doigneau, _Nos Ancêtres Primitifs_, 1905, pp. 129-30.
[1102] _Ibid._ pp. 129-30.
[1103] _Guide to Stone Age_, pp. 39-40. S. Baring-Gould, _Deserts of
Southern France_, 1894, I. p. 151. Ridgeway, _op. cit._
pp. 83-4.
[1104] Baring-Gould, _loc. cit._ The exploration of the Kesserloch
cavern, at Thaingen, Baden, showed that the horse had been used for
food in the Magdalenian period. See _Nature_, LXXIX.
1909, p. 343.
[1105] N. Joly, _Man before Metals_, 4th edition, 1887, p. 265 and note.
[1106] Ewart, _Trans. Highland and Agric. Soc. of Scotland_, 5th Ser.,
XVI. pp. 237-42. For a contrary English view, see
Ridgeway, _op. cit._ pp. 89-91.
[1107] B. Tozer, _The Horse in History_, 1908, p. 4.
[1108] _Guide to Horse Family_, p. 14. Mr R. Lydekker, in a letter
to the author, dated Jan. 6, 1909, stated that little is known
of the Walthamstow skull exhibited in the Zoological Department
(S. Kensington). There are other horse skulls from Pleistocene
river-gravels to be seen, however, in the Geological Department. Most
of our bone-caves (e.g. Kent’s Cavern, near Torquay) have yielded horse
remains; and many specimens have been obtained from brick-earths and
raised beaches. J. Cossar Ewart, _Trans. Highland and Agric. Soc. of
Scotland_, 5th Ser., XVI. 1904, p. 233.
[1109] Lord Avebury, _Pre-historic Times_, 6th edition, 1900, pp. 160-1.
[1110] Ridgeway, _op. cit._ pp. 91-2.
[1111] W. Greenwell, _British Barrows_, 1877, p. 750.
[1112] _Ibid._ p. 136.
[1113] _Ibid._ p. 220.
[1114] _Ibid._ p. 262 n.
[1115] J. R. Mortimer, _Forty Years’ Researches_, 1905, pp. 25, 26, 37,
41 etc.
[1116] _British Barrows_, pp. 122, 127-9, 482, 543, 549. Dr W. Wright,
in _Jour. of Anatomy_, N.S. XIX. 1905, esp. pp. 441-2.
[1117] W. Boyd Dawkins, _Cave Hunting_, 1874, p. 166. Rev. R. A. Gatty
has recorded the discovery of bones of a young horse in Neolithic
pit-dwellings near Hornsea, Yorkshire (_Chambers’s Journal_, 6th Ser.,
Feb. 1909, p. 109). For the Whitepark Bay discoveries, see _Jour. Roy.
Hist. and Archaeol. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4th Ser., VII.
pp. 122-3, 123 n. Professor J. Cossar Ewart thinks that “it is
extremely probable that in Neolithic, as in Pleistocene times, Britain
possessed several species of wild horses.” (_Trans. Highland and
Agric. Soc. of Scotland_, 5th Ser., XVI. p. 242.) W. F.
Gwinnell, in _S.E. Naturalist_, 1907, p. L. F. Keller,
_Lake Dwellings of Switzerland_, 2nd edition, 1878, I.
pp. 592, 595, records, with reserve, the discovery of iron horseshoes
at the Early Iron lake settlement at Starnberger See, Bavaria.
[1118] _Nature_, LXXXI. p. 223; LXXXV. p.
22. _Naturalist_, 1911, p. 174.
[1119] _Forty Years’ Researches_, p. 198.
[1120] Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 478. Cf. O. Schrader, _Prehist.
Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples_, 1900, p. 263.
[1121] W. E. Gladstone, _Homer_ (Macmillan, 1889), pp. 137-8. Homer’s
references to chariots are discussed by A. Lang, in _Anthropology and
the Classics_, ed. R. R. Marett, 1908, pp. 55-6. Cf. _Athenaeum_, May
7th, 1910, pp. 557-8.
[1122] Herodotus, _Hist._ l. V. c. 9. Cf. Rawlinson’s
translation, III. p. 215, and Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p.
94. For a discussion concerning Herodotus as an observer and speculator
on ancient customs see J. L. Myers, in _Anthropology and the Classics_,
ed. R. R. Marett, 1908, pp. 121-68.
[1123] Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 94. V. Hehn, _Wanderings of Plants and
Animals_, ed. J. S. Stallybrass, 1885, pp. 35-68, has some valuable
information on this phase of the subject.
[1124] Rawlinson, _op. cit._ II. pp. 352-3.
[1125] Job xxxix. 19-25.
[1126] 2 Sam. viii. 4.
[1127] _Guide to Bronze Age_, p. 104.
[1128] _Ibid._ pp. 140-1.
[1129] _Spectator_, Sept. 19, 1908, p. 407. See also, especially,
Ridgeway, _op. cit._ Chap. V. (“The Development of
Equitation”).
[1130] Caesar, _De Bell. Gall._, l. IV. cc. 24, 33;
l. V. cc. 8, 11, 12, 13, 15. Cf. E. Conybeare, _Roman
Britain_, 1903, pp. 93, 99.
[1131] _De Bell. Gall._, l. V. c. 16. On the question
of early chariots see Ridgeway, _op. cit._ pp. 215, 217, 481-2. Tozer,
_op. cit._ pp. 20-1, 24-6.
[1132] Schrader, _Prehist. Antiquities_, p. 263.
[1133] C. T. Lewis and C. Short, _Lat. Dict._, under the words cited.
[1134] P. H. Newman, in _Social England_, ed. Traill, 1894,
I. p. 225.
[1135] _The Horse in History_, pp. 75-6.
[1136] _Chambers’s Encyclopaedia_, 1906, Art. “Horse.”
[1137] Gulielmus Malmsburiensis, _Gesta Regum Anglorum_, l.
II. c. 135.
[1138] See edition of Fitzstephen’s work, edited by “An Antiquary” (S.
Pegge), 1772, pp. 37-8, 67-8. Cf. H. Morley’s translation, prefixed to
the edition of Stow’s _Survey of London_, 1890, pp. 26-7.
[1139] _Chambers’s Encyclopaedia_, _loc. cit._
[1140] Tozer, _op. cit._ pp. 207, 236. For the question of
horse-breeding generally, see Ridgeway, _op. cit._, especially pp.
358-60.
[1141] Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 502. Tozer, _op. cit._ pp. 42, 83.
[1142] Tozer, _op. cit._ p. 73. The iron shoes of mules were detachable
(Catullus, _Carm._, XVII. ll. 25-6).
[1143] Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 502. J. Beckmann, _History of
Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins_, tr. W. Johnston, 4th
edition, 1846, I. p. 444. See Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ l.
XXXIII. c. 49.
[1144] Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 502.
[1145] _Ibid._ p. 503. Cf. Syer Cumming, in _Jour. Brit. Archaeol.
Assoc._, VI. p. 411.
[1146] R. Berenger, _Hist. and Art of Horsemanship_, 1771, p. 322. [I
have not seen the original drawing by Father B. De Montfaucon, but
have read his remarks on horseshoes, in _L’Antiquité expliquée_, tr.
D. Humphreys, 1722, IV. pp. 50-1.] J. Beckmann, _op.
cit._ I. pp. 451-2, gives several reasons against the
genuineness of the Childeric shoe.
[1147] Tozer, _op. cit._ p. 83. Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, _Excavations
in Cranborne Chase_, I. pp. 83-4, 97, 247;
II. p. 139; III. pp. 84, 138, 141. The
hippo-sandal is discussed in I. pp. 77-9. C. Roach
Smith, _Collectanea Antiqua_, III. pp. 128-9; also his
_Illustrations of Roman London_, 1859, pp. 145-6. F. Keller, _Lake
Dwellings of Switzerland_, I. pp. 592, 595. G. Payne,
in _Archaeologia Cantiana_, 1897, XXII. p. 73. Cf. W.
Youatt, _The Horse_, 1888, pp. 440-1. For the Northumberland horseshoe
see H. M. Neville, _A Corner in the North_, 1909, pp. 110-11. For the
merits of shoeing horses see _Encyclopaedia of Agriculture_, ed. C.
E. Green and D. Young, 1908, Art. “Horse shoeing.” A somewhat popular
account of the horse’s foot is given in Sir Charles Bell’s _The Hand_,
8th edition, 1885, pp. 61-64.
[1148] Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 503. Mr L. Jewitt, _Grave-Mounds
and their Contents_, 1870, asserts (p. 201) that horseshoes are
occasionally met with in burials of the Roman-British period and (p.
264) that they have been recorded from Anglo-Saxon graves in Berkshire.
The conclusions reached by Prof. T. McKenny Hughes, in _Proc. Camb.
Antiq. Soc._, X. 1904, pp. 249-58, should be consulted;
they vary somewhat from those given in the text. On the general
question, see _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, VI. pp.
406-18; _Antiquary_, 1911, N.S., VII. p. 275.
[1149] This form was also formerly used around Cerne Abbas, Dorsetshire.
[1150] See list of references, p. 424 _supra_.
[1151] J. G. Keysler, _Antiquitates Selectae Septentrionales et
Celticae_, 1720, pp. 115, 168-9, 518.
[1152] Virgil, _Aeneid_, l. VI. ll. 885-7.
[1153] J. R. Allen, _Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times_, 1904,
pp. 64-5, 94-5, R. A. Smith, _Guide to Early Iron Age_ (Brit. Mus.),
1905, pp. 50, 73, 90 etc. L. Jewitt, _op. cit._ pp. 201, 264-5. J.
R. Mortimer, _Forty Years’ Researches_, pp. 358, 359. Ridgeway, _op.
cit._, deals fully with the subject. The _Naturalist_, 1905, pp.
264-5, also gives a list of chariot-burials. _Archaeologia_, 1906,
LX. pp. 281 et seqq., pp. 311-2. R. Munro, _Prehistoric
Scotland_, 1899, pp. 247-50.
[1154] _British Barrows_, pp. 454, 455.
[1155] _Ibid._ p. 456.
[1156] B. C. A. Windle, _Remains of the Prehistoric Age in England_,
1904, p. 287.
[1157] J. J. A. Worsaae, _Pre-history of the North_, tr. H. F. M.
Simpson, 1886, p. 192; also (by the same writer), _Industrial Arts of
Denmark_, 1882, pp. 190-2.
[1158] Baron J. de Baye, _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, p. 18.
Prof. É. Metchnikoff, who cites the case of Duguesclin, gives an
additional instance from Treves, A.D. 1781. See _Nature
of Man_, tr. P. Chambers Mitchell, 1906, p. 141. See also _Prim.
Culture_, I. p. 474.
[1159] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., XII. p. 158. See,
especially, E. P. Squarey, _The “Moot” and its Traditions_, 1906, pp.
34-5.
[1160] R. Southey, _Letters of Espriella_, 1st edition, 1807,
I. pp. 52-3.
[1161] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VI. p. 73.
[1162] G. Rawlinson, in his edition of Herodotus, 1880,
III. p. 63 n.
[1163] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, l. VIII. c. 64.
[1164] E. Howlett, in _Curious Church Customs_, ed. W. Andrews, 1898,
p. 129.
[1165] G. S. Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, 1899, p. 245.
M. H. Bloxam, _Monumental Architecture of Great Britain_, 1834, pp. 96,
102.
[1166] Tacitus, _De Moribus Germaniae_, c. 10.
[1167] J. Grimm, _Teutonic Mythology_, trans. J. G. Stallybrass, 1883,
II. p. 655.
[1168] Herodotus, _Hist._, l. I. c. 189; l.
VII. c. 55. Grimm, _op. cit._ IV. p.
1483, concerning sacred horses alluded to by Plutarch.
[1169] Herodotus, _Hist._, l. IV. c. 52.
[1170] Rev. vi. 2, and xix. 11.
[1171] See the authorities cited by J. Timbs, _Curiosities of Science_,
6th edition, 1862, p. 191.
[1172] See the details collected in _Folk-Memory_, 1908, pp. 323, 325.
[1173] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 323-6; _Archaeologia_, XXI.
289-98; _Vict. Hist. of Berks._, 1906, pp. 188-92.
[1174] _Guide to Early Iron Age_, p. 29.
[1175] _Ibid._ pp. 115-6.
[1176] J. Stevens, in _Jour. Archaeol. Assoc._, XL.
1884, pp. 64-6.
[1177] Concerning the development of the interlacing ornament from
animal forms, and the further question of the supposed Scandinavian
origin of some of these animal figures, see J. Romilly Allen, _Celtic
Art in Pagan and Christian Times_, 1904, pp. 249-50.
[1178] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._, I. p. 49.
[1179] _Ibid._ II. p. 664.
[1180] J. M. Kemble, _The Saxons in England_, 1876, II.
p. 429.
[1181] Keysler, _op. cit._ p. 326. Dufour’s French translation gives
the number of each kind of victim as 89, but this is evidently an error.
[1182] Kemble, _op. cit._ II. p. 429.
[1183] Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, l. II. c. 13.
[1184] _Ibid._
[1185] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._, II. p. 665.
[1186] Grant Allen, _Evolution of the Idea of God_, R.P.A. edition,
1903, p. 122. J. G. Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 1890, II.
pp. 24-5; Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, 1910, III. p.
391. Cf. _Folk-Lore_, XI. pp. 257-8.
[1187] Keysler, _op. cit._ pp. 322-48.
[1188] _Ibid._ pp. 322-3.
[1189] _Ibid._ p. 348.
[1190] W. Boyd Dawkins, _Cave Hunting_, 1874, p. 132.
[1191] Keysler, _op. cit._ p. 339.
[1192] _Ibid._ p. 340.
[1193] W. Boyd Dawkins, _op. cit._ p. 132.
[1194] _Ibid._ pp. 132, 133.
[1195] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._, III. p. 1049;
IV. pp. 1302, 1304, 1619.
[1196] Grimm, _op. cit._ IV. p. 1050.
[1197] _Ibid._ p. 1619.
[1198] L’Abbé V. Dufour, _Une Question Historique_, 1868, translated
from Keysler’s _Antiquitates_, p. 65.
[1199] Dufour, _op. cit._ p. 66.
[1200] _Ibid._ p. 67.
[1201] _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., X. 1908, p. 245.
[1202] A. de Gubernatis, _Zoological Mythology_, 1872,
I. pp. 283-357.
[1203] Doigneau, _Nos Ancêtres Primitifs_, p. 127. Dr J. G. Frazer,
_Golden Bough_, II. pp. 64-5, refers to the Roman
custom, at the October chariot-race, of cutting off the tail of the
right-hand horse of the victorious team, and states that this was done
to ensure a good crop: the horse represented the corn spirit.
[1204] Herodotus, _Hist._, l. II. c. 39. For
superstitions respecting the sanctity of the human head, see _Golden
Bough_, I. pp. 187-93.
[1205] _Teut. Myth._, IV. p. 1483.
[1206] _Ibid._ II. p. 661.
[1207] _Zool. Myth._, I. p. 303.
[1208] _Teut. Myth._, II. p. 661.
[1209] _Ibid._ p. 660.
[1210] _Ibid._ p. 660.
[1211] M. Braitmaier, in _Folk-Lore_, XI. pp. 322-3, and
plates II-VI.
[1212] _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Ser., VII. p. 10.
[1213] _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., XI. pp. 71-2, 395.
[1214] P. Maylam, _“The Hooden Horse,” an East Kent Christmas Custom_,
1909, pp. 72-91, 110-20. _Athenaeum_, Feb. 19, 1910, p. 214. In
_Folk-Lore_, XXI. 1910, pp. 248-9, it is argued that the
“hoodening horse” dates, at least, earlier than the Robin Hood period.
Cf. W. Henderson, _Folk-Lore of the N. Counties_, 2nd edition, 1879,
pp. 70-1.
[1215] _Daily Chronicle_, Jan. 2, 1908. Much horse lore of a
similar kind may be found in the volumes of _Folk-Lore_, especially
XI. and XIII.
[1216] Virgil, _Aeneid_, lib. I. ll. 144 et seqq.
[1217] J. Conington, in a note in _Works of Virgil_, ed. G. Long, 1884,
II. p. 52 n.
[1218] _Zool. Myth._, I. p. 333.
[1219] At Burpham, Sussex, the paws of a fox were nailed on the door of
the blacksmith’s shop “for luck” (1911).
[1220] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Ethnology in Folk-Lore_, 1892, pp. 35-6.
(Many instances cited.) Mr Baring-Gould’s experience is related in
_Folk-Lore_, IV. p. 6.
[1221] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., V. p. 274.
[1222] _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, N.S. III. 1897,
pp. 89-103, 192-206.
[1223] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., VIII. p. 248.
[1224] _Ibid._ Additional instances are given in _Folk-Lore_,
XII. 1901, pp. 348-9.
[1225] _Notes and Queries_, 4th Ser., III. p. 564.
[1226] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Folk-Lore Relics in Early Village Life_, 1883,
pp. 34-7. (Other examples given.)
[1227] _Notes and Queries_, 4th Ser., IV. p. 66.
[1228] _Ibid._ 4th Ser., III. p. 500.
[1229] _Ibid._ 6th Ser., I. p. 424.
[1230] Grant Allen, _Evol. of the Idea of God_, p. 122.
[1231] Sir E. Beckett, _Book on Building_, 2nd edition, 1880, p. 281.
[1232] G. M. Hills, in _Jour. Archaeol. Assoc._, XXXV.
p. 97.
[1233] L’Abbé Cochet, in _Gentleman’s Magazine_, N.S.,
XV. pp. 540-3.
[1234] For confirmatory evidence, see E. E. Viollet-le-Duc,
_Dictionnaire raisonné de l’Architecture française du xie au xvie
siècle_, 1865, s.v. “Pot” (t. VI. pp. 471-2).
[1235] É. Didron, _Annales archéologiques_, 1862, t.
XXI. p. 297.
[1236] Didron, _loc. cit._
[1237] _Notes and Queries_, 6th Ser., III. p. 168.
[1238] _Bygone Hertfordshire_, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p. 157.
[1239] _Papers read at the Royal Institute of British Architects_,
1853-4, pp. 133-4.
[1240] _Jour. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1873, XXIX. p. 306;
1879, XXXV. p. 95.
[1241] _Notes and Queries_, 6th Ser., III. pp. 412-3.
_Rept. Norfolk and Norwich Archaeol. Soc._ 1861, p. iii.
[1242] _Jour. Archaeol. Assoc._, XXXV. pp. 95 et seqq.;
cf. XXXVIII. pp. 218-21; see also XVI.
pp. 359-63. There is an interesting article on “Acoustic jars,” by
G. C. Yates, in _Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church_, ed. W.
Andrews, 1897, pp. 34-43.
[1243] _Jour. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1882, XXXVIII. pp.
218-21.
[1244] Quoted from the 1770 edition of A. Young’s _Six Months’ Tour
through the North of England_, I. pp. 162-3, in _Notes
and Queries_, 7th Ser., II. p. 266.
[1245] W. Marshall, _Rural Econ. of Yorkshire_, 1788, I.
p. 261.
[1246] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., II. p. 266.
[1247] _Ibid._, 7th Ser., II. p. 354.
[1248] _Ibid._, 8th Ser., VII. p. 470.
[1249] _Ibid._, 7th Ser., II. p. 318.
[1250] _Ibid._, 8th Ser., VII. p. 396.
[1251] _Ibid._, 8th Ser., VII. p. 469.
[1252] A. Young, _Six Weeks’ Tour through the Southern Counties_, 1769,
pp. 73-4.
[1253] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., II. pp. 372-3.
[1254] _Ibid._, 7th Ser., II. p. 317. A good description
of Sussex oxen is given by W. H. Hudson, in _Nature in Downland_, 1900,
Chap. III.
[1255] W. de Gray Birch, _Domesday Book_, 1887, p. 222; P. H. Newman,
in _Social England_, ed. H. D. Traill, 1894, I. p. 214.
[1256] Another probable mode was to employ four yoke of two each.
[1257] Bartholomew Anglicus, _Mediaeval Lore_, ed. R. Steele, 1905, p.
143. For “langhaldes,” see _Cent. Dict._; for “spanells,” _Eng. Dial.
Dict._ and Funk’s _Standard Dict._ (1906), s.v.
[1258] _Social England_, ed. H. D. Traill, 1894, I. p.
128.
[1259] _Seneschaucie_, reprinted with Walter de Henley’s _Le Dite de
Hosebondrie_, tr. E. Lamond, 1890, p. 113.
[1260] _King Henry IV._, 2nd Pt, Act iii. Sc. 2.
[1261] R. Burns, _My ain Kind Dearie O_, v. 2.
[1262] R. Carew, _Survey of Cornwall_, 1769, p. 23.
[1263] Fitzstephen’s _Descrip. of the City of London_, ed. by “An
Antiquary” [S. Pegge], 1772, pp. 39, 70. Cf. Translation by H. Morley,
in his edition of Stow’s _Survey of London_, 1890, p. 27. See also P.
Vinogradoff, _Eng. Society in the Eleventh Century_, 1908, p. 154.
[1264] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., II. p. 195. Cf.
_Piers the Plowman_, VI. 289-90: “and a cart-mare to
drawe a-fielde my donge.”
[1265] _Le Dite de Hosebondrie_, p. 11.
[1266] W. J. Corbett, in _Social England_, II. p.
545. Note, however, that towards the end of the sixteenth century
(A.D. 1577) William Harrison, in Holinshed’s
_Chronicle_, speaks of “our cart or plough horses (for we use them
indifferently),” Bk. III. c. 1 (edition 1807, 1. p. 370).
[1267] W. L. Rham, _Dict. of the Farm_, new edition, 1858, p. 202.
[1268] On this theory, a bovate represents one-eighth of a carucate.
[1269] Birch, _Domesday Book_, pp. 225-6. For contrary view, see J. H.
Round, _Feudal England_, 1909, pp. 35-36. Dr Round argues that not only
was the _caruca_ a plough team of eight oxen, but that the number was
fixed. Also P. Vinogradoff, _Villainage in England_, 1892, pp. 252-3.
The number of oxen was perhaps partly dependent upon the practice
of co-aration, or co-operative ploughing. See G. Slater, in _Geogr.
Jour._, 1907, XXIX. p. 39. P. Vinogradoff, _Eng. Society
in the Eleventh Century_, 1908, pp. 154, 164-5. See also F. Seebohm,
_Eng. Vill. Community_, 1896, pp. 62-5, 74, 85, 123.
[1270] Publications of Surtees Society, No. 83, p. 65.
[1271] _Ibid._, No. 87 (_Life of St Cuthbert in Eng. Verse_), p. 170.
[1272] _Ibid._, p. 176.
[1273] G. Roberts, _Social Hist. of the People of the Southern Counties
of England_, 1856, p. 487. Cf. D. Defoe, _Tour thro’ the whole Island
of Great Britain_, 1724, I. pp. 59-60. Timber taken
by road from Sussex to Maidstone, and thence by river to Chatham,
sometimes required three years for the journey.
[1274] R. E. Prothero, in _Social England_, V. p. 455.
Cf. N. J. Hone, _The Manor and Manorial Records_, 1906, pp. 41-3. See
Addenda, p. 497 _infra_.
[1275] Birch, _Domesday Book_, p. 225.
[1276] Rham, _Dict. Farm_, p. 202.
[1277] W. Youatt, _Cattle, their Breeds, Management, and Diseases_, new
edition, 1876, p. 42.
[1278] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., VII. p. 470.
[1279] _Reliquary_, 1905, XI. p. 223.
[1280] Rham, _Dict. Farm_, p. 385.
[1281] _Reliquary_, XI. p. 223.
[1282] Youatt, _Cattle_, p. 42.
[1283] Marshall, _Rural Econ. Yorks._, I. pp. 266-7.
[1284] Rham, _Dict. Farm_, p. 250.
[1285] Cf. _Country Life_, 1911, XXX. pp. 719-20.
[1286] J. E. Thorold Rogers, _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, 1889,
p. 77. Rham, _Dict. Farm_, p. 203.
[1287] A. Fitzherbert, _Boke of Husbandry_ (1534), ed. Skeat, 1882, p.
16. Concerning the academic question whether the _Boke of Husbandry_
is the work of Anthony or of John Fitzherbert, see the _Dict. of Nat.
Biog._, under “Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony”--decision in favour of Sir
Anthony.
[1288] Rham, _Dict. Farm_, p. 385. Rogers, _Six Centuries_, p. 76. N.
J. Hone, _The Manor and Manorial Records_, 1906, p. 81.
[1289] Rogers, _Six Centuries_, p. 76.
[1290] Youatt, _Cattle_, p. 42.
[1291] _Le Dite de Hosebondrie_, pp. 10-13.
[1292] A. Young, _Six Months Tour, N. of England_, 1771,
IV. pp. 116-137.
[1293] _Ibid._, p. 144.
[1294] _Boke of Husbandry_, p. 15.
[1295] _Ibid._, p. 15.
[1296] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., II. p. 317.
[1297] W. J. Corbett, in _Social England_, II. p. 545.
[1298] Gen. A. L. Pitt-Rivers, _Excavations in Cranborne Chase_, 1887,
etc., I. p. 84. Figure given on Plate XXVII.
[1299] E. Conybeare, _Rom. Brit._ 1903, p. 177 n. (authorities given).
W. Ridgeway, _The Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse_,
1905, p. 504. Cf. T. McKenny Hughes, in _Proc. Camb. Antiq. Soc._,
X. 1904, pp. 256-7.
[1300] J. Beckmann, _Hist. of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins_,
tr. W. Johnston, 4th edition, 1846, I. p. 443. Cf.
Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, l. XI. c. 105.
[1301] Beckmann, _l.c._ This writer, and the authorities whom
he quotes, deserve careful study. On the whole, Beckmann sums
up somewhat against the theory that horses were usually shod in
classical times. This conclusion is in practical agreement with that
of Professor Hughes, _loc. cit._ See Aristotle, _Hist. Animal._ l.
II. c. 2, § 6.
[1302] Catullus, _Carm._ xvii. ll. 25-6. Cf. Beckmann,
I. p. 445.
[1303] P. Vinogradoff, _Villainage in England_, 1892, p. 15.
[1304] Rogers, _Six Centuries_, p. 76.
[1305] _Le Dite de Hosebondrie_, p. 13.
[1306] _Boke of Husbandry_, p. 16.
[1307] _Ibid._, p. 16.
[1308] Pub. Surtees Soc., No. 65, p. 250 n.
[1309] _Ibid._, No. 65, p. 250 n.
[1310] Isa. v. 28. Cf. Smith, _Dict. of the Bible_, Art. “Horse.”
[1311] T. McKenny Hughes, in _Proc. Camb. Antiq. Soc._,
X. 1904, pp. 256-7. J. J. Hissey, _Over Fen and Wold_,
1898, p. 127.
[1312] The number of nails required for an ox-shoe varied locally. See,
e.g., the illustration in Youatt’s _Cattle_, p. 569, where three nails
only are shown.
[1313] Youatt, _Cattle_, pp. 569-70. On the general question, see also
T. McKenny Hughes, _loc. cit._
[1314] Marshall, _Rural Econ. Yorks._, II. p. 182.
Arthur Beckett, in _The Spirit of the Downs_, 1909, pp. 285-290, has
a good description of a South Down ploughing match, in which oxen
competed.
[1315] _Rural Econ. Yorks._, I. pp. 262-3. Cf. H. M.
Neville, _A Corner in the North_, 1909, pp. 247-50.
[1316] H. E. Forrest, in _Naturalist_, 1908, p. 330.
[1317] Caesar, _De Bell. Gall._, l. VI. c. 28. The value
of this passage is seriously questioned by Professor J. Wilson, in
_Evolution of British Cattle_, 1909, Ch. I.
[1318] _Naturalist_, 1908, p. 330. Chambers’s _Cyclopaedia_, Art.
“Cattle.” Lord Avebury, _Pre-hist. Times_, 6th edition, 1900, p. 286,
says that the urus survived in Germany until the sixteenth century.
[1319] Lord Avebury, _l.c._
[1320] _Naturalist_, 1908, p. 361.
[1321] W. Boyd Dawkins, _Early Man in Britain_, 1880, p. 261.
[1322] R. Hedger Wallace, “White Cattle,” in _Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Glasgow_, v., N.S. Pt 2 (1897-8), pp. 220-273. Mr Wallace gives
twenty-one pages of bibliography. This excellent paper may be referred
to on many points. J. Wilson, _Evol. of Brit. Cattle_, especially pp.
22-3, 38-40, 61-9, and the whole of Chap. iii. See also R. Lydekker,
in _Knowledge_, XXV. pp. 101-2; H. Woodward, _Guide
to Fossil Mammals and Birds_ (S. Kensington), 8th edition, 1904,
pp. 43-4. An article on Park Cattle appeared in _Nature Notes_,
IX. 1898, pp. 46-9.
[1323] Chambers’s _Cyclopaedia_, Art. “Cattle.” Cf. J. Wilson, _Evol.
of Brit. Cattle_, p. 17. (The view taken is in harmony with that of
Professor T. McKenny Hughes.)
[1324] H. A. Nicholson, _Manual of Palaeontology_, 3rd edition, 1889,
II. p. 1352.
[1325] _Ibid._, 3rd edition, 1889, II. p. 1352.
[1326] H. A. Nicholson, _Manual of Palaeontology_, 3rd edition, 1889,
II. p. 1352. _Naturalist_ 1908, p. 332.
[1327] N. Joly, _Man before Metals_, 4th edition, 1887, p. 268.
[1328] T. Rice Holmes, _Anc. Brit. and the Invas. of Jul. Caesar_,
1907, p. 152 n.
[1329] J. Grimm, _Teutonic Mythology_, tr. J. S. Stallybrass, 1883,
IV. p. 1302.
[1330] _Ibid._, l.c.
[1331] 1 Sam. vi. _vv._ 7 et seqq.
[1332] _Teut. Myth._, IV. p. 1302.
[1333] _Ibid._, I. p. 49.
[1334] Bede, _Ecclesiastical Hist._, l. I. c. 30.
[1335] _Teut. Myth._, II. p. 665.
[1336] S. Baring-Gould, _A Book of Brittany_, 1901, pp. 231-3.
[1337] _Teut. Myth._, II. p. 664.
[1338] A. de Gubernatis, _Zoological Mythology_, 1872,
I. p. 258. The whole of Chap. 1, Section 5, will repay
attention.
[1339] _Zool. Myth._, I. p. 247.
[1340] J. M. Kemble, _The Saxons in England_, 1876, II.
p. 429.
[1341] Greenwell, _British Barrows_, pp. 168, 230. References are also
given to Bateman’s discoveries of ox skulls in Derbyshire barrows.
J. R. Mortimer, _Forty Years’ Researches_, pp. 9, 10, 18, 22, etc. A
barrow near Bridlington yielded a dagger-knife of bronze, with two
plates of ox-horn, of which the hilt had been composed (Evans, _Anc.
Stone Impts_, p. 265).
[1342] R. Colt Hoare, _Anc. Hist. of South Wilts_, 1812,
I. p. 199.
[1343] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, l. VIII. c. 70.
[1344] Virgil, _Georg._, l. II. line 537. Pliny, _Nat.
Hist._, l. VIII. c. 70. For parallel practices see
Westermarck, _Origin and Devel. of the Moral Ideas_, II.
pp. 330-1, 493, 494.
[1345] W. Smith, _Dict. Greek and Roman Antiq._, Art. “Nummus.” For
the Athenian sacrifice of the ox, see J. G. Frazer, _Golden Bough_,
II. pp. 38, 39, 41; and for the sacred cattle of Egypt,
see II. pp. 59-61.
[1346] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._, II. p. 665.
[1347] _Ibid._, II. p. 664.
[1348] D. Defoe, _A Tour thro’ the whole Island of Great Britain_,
1724, I. p. 60. It will be well to note the reference,
since the passage is incorrectly ascribed to other writers. G. Roberts,
_Soc. Hist. of the S. Counties of England_, 1856, p. 487, cites Fuller
as the author; and Lord Avebury, _Scenery of England_, 1902, pp.
440-7, attributes the statement to Arthur Young. About the close of
the seventeenth century, carriage-teams of oxen were popular among
Roman Catholics, who were prevented by the Penal Laws from possessing a
horse (Tozer, _The Horse in History_, p. 264). Such a carriage-team was
used by Lord Sheffield so late as the close of the eighteenth century
(_Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., XI. p. 136). See also
L. V. Lucas, _Highways and Byways in Sussex_, 3rd edition, 1907, p.
286, where another instance is recorded from Sussex.
[1349] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., II. p. 317.
[1350] E. C. Brewer, _Dict. of Phrase and Fable_, under “Ox.”
[1351] T. Percy, _Reliques of Anc. Eng. Poetry_, ed. H. B. Wheatley,
1891, III. p. 112.
[1352] _Zoological Mythology_, I. p. 258.
[1353] _Survey of Cornwall_, p. 24.
[1354] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., XI. p. 62.
R. Southey, _Commonplace Book_, ed. J. W. Warter, 1876, Ser.
IV. p. 388.
[1355] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., XI. p. 236.
[1356] J. Ingelow, _High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire_, vv. 5, 23.
Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_, chs. xxxix., xlv. See also _Notes
and Queries_, 11th Ser., IV. p. 466.
[1357] E. Thomas, _The South Country_, 1909, p. 129.
[1358] Deut. xxv. 4.
End of Project Gutenberg's Byways in British Archaeology, by Walter Johnson