Chollerton (Northumberland), 7
Christchurch (Hants.), 154
Christian cemeteries, early, 80, 247-8, 262, 290
Christianity, early British, 2-3, 23-4, 26, 63, 437, 438, 446;
compromises of, 26-9, 399, 437;
“social theory” of, 133;
burial customs of, 246, 262, 263, 272, 274, 275, 277, 311-12, 316, 317
Christian Malford (Wilts.), 33
Christison, Dr D., 365, 371, 374
Christison, Sir R., on yew-trees, 365, 371, 372, 374, 375;
on Fortingal yew, 375
Christmas, originally a pagan festival, 27;
dancing at, 185;
evergreens at, 402;
tradition respecting oxen, 486
“Christ’s Book,” 168
“Church,” etymology of the word, 145-7;
Greek and Latin equivalents, 146;
Teutonic and Celtic equivalents, 146-7
Church-ales, 175-9
Church armour, 158
Church Barrow, Cranborne Chase, 30
Church Bottom (Cambs.), 30
Church, chancel, 140, 170-1 (see also Chancels)
Church chests, 168-70
Church doors, 143, 156;
position of, 328, 348
Churchdown (Glos.), 103, 104
Churches, on pagan sites, 1-100, 444, 488;
early Christian, in Britain, 2, 23;
of wattle, 3, 23;
Roman materials in, 4, 5, 495;
on sites of Roman villas, 6-9;
in Roman camps, 11-13;
near earthworks, 13-18;
removed by fairies or demons, 17;
near stone-circles, 28, 29 n., 45-8, 86;
near sarsens and megaliths, 34-49, 104;
near moated mounds, 55-63;
near Toot Hills, 60, 69-72;
near barrows, 74-83;
near early cemeteries, 83-6;
near holy wells, 92-7;
round, 99;
on hills, 101-4;
used as beacons, 127-32;
naves of, 132, 154, 170-1, 173, 183;
daily services in, 135;
courts held in, 136-40;
notices on doors, 143-4;
Royal Arms in, 144;
crypts of, 148, 150;
schools in porches of, 152-5;
armour stored in, 157, 159, 160;
dials on walls, 162, 164;
chained books in, 164;
weather-cocks on, 164;
records kept in, 168-70;
Court Rolls kept in, 168-70;
storage of wills in, 170;
of goods, 171-3;
markets held in, 173-4;
banquets, 178-80;
plays held in, 182-3;
animals admitted into, 186-7;
dovecots in, 188, 189;
cock-fighting in, 190;
dedications of, 191, 192;
aerolites and fossils in, 197-9;
eggs in, 202;
wheels of fortune, 202;
orientation of, 205-42;
standing North and South, 206, 207, 208;
supposed development from basilica, 215;
of Norfolk, 222;
of Hants., 222;
of Herts., 223;
deflected chancels of, 229-41;
burial in, 262;
hatchments in, 284;
position with respect to churchyard, 348-9;
“giant’s staff,” 496
Church fabric, secular uses, 101-204, 488-9;
tower, 107-18, 122-5;
nave, 132;
doors, 143, 404;
porch, 143, 152-60;
protection afforded by, 169-70;
repair of, 170
Church fonts, 7, 434
Church-gift, custom, 156
Church-house, armour stored in, 159, 160;
uses of, 175-6, 178-9;
leases respecting, 178
Church, nave of, 132, 154, 170-1, 173, 183
Church porch, baptisms and weddings in, 143;
schools, 152-5;
fireplaces, 154;
galleries, 155;
business, 155-6;
stirrup stones, 157;
armour, 157, 159, 160
Church towers, defensive, 107-18, 122-5, 150;
Saxon, 9, 10, 13, 62, 108-11, 117;
of Lincolnshire, 108-11;
of Gower, 112-13;
of Pembroke, 113-15;
comparison with castle keeps, 115-18;
detached, 122-3;
horse-skulls in, 445
Churchwardens, civil functions of, 142, 157;
and protection of the church and churchyard, 157;
published accounts of, 175, 184, 380, 391, 394;
and church-ales, 176;
responsibility for churchyard, 187
Churchyards, showing false appearance of fortification, 16, 88-91;
raised, 90-1, 372;
circular, 97-8;
meetings in, 139-40;
stocks in, 165;
plays performed in, 182, 183;
markets in, 191-2;
sports in, 196-7;
burials in, 261, 262-3;
yews, 328, 348;
North side disliked, 335;
burials on North side of, 341-52;
with North side wanting, 344;
with South side wanting, 344;
position with regard to the church, 348-9;
unconsecrated, 343, 352;
as playgrounds, 352;
butts erected in, or near, 353;
unenclosed, 354-6;
yews, 360-407;
and shelter trees, 383
Cicero, cited, 70
_Cidaris_ (= fossil echinoderm), 307
Cimbrians, the, and the brazen bull, 482
Cinerary urns, 84, 85
Cinque Ports, the, 137
“Cippi” (= stocks), 167
Cirencester (Glos.), 288
Cists, at Alloa, 275;
in burials, 277
City churches, and their parishes, 235
Civil War, use of mounds during the, 57;
churches used as fortresses during, 118, 496
“Clachan,” 49
Clapham (Bedford), church tower, 111;
re-dedication of church, 233
Clapham (Sussex), 356 n.
Clare, Lord, and oxen, 454
Clark, Mr G. T., on moated mounds, 54, 55;
Earl’s Barton mound, 62;
Irish round towers, 121
Clay-with-Flints, 303
Clee (Lincs.), church tower, 110;
walnut tree in churchyard, 384
Cleethorpes (Lincs.), 110
Clerk-ales, 179
Clerkenwell (London), spring, 96
Cleveland (Yorks.), burial customs, 291, 295
Cley Hill (Wilts.), 194
Cloictechs (= belfries), 120
Cloisters, position of, 329-30
Clovelly (Devon), 496
Clungunford (Salop), 180
Clynnog (N. Wales), 482
Cobbett, William, on raised churchyards, 91;
size of churches, 133
Cobham (Kent), 45
Cochet, M. L’Abbé, on acoustic jars, 447
Cockerington (Lincs.), 137
Cock-fighting, in churches, 190
“Coenacula” (= upper rooms), 148
Coffins, use of, 271-7;
stone, 271-2, 309;
wooden, 271, 272;
leaden, 271, 273, 274 n.;
of tree trunks, 273, 274, 275;
objects placed in, 309;
filled with shells, 309;
of chalk, 351
Coifi, destruction of heathen temple by, 436
Coins, placed in graves, 274, 295-8, 310;
early British, 434;
Athenian, 481
Coke, Lord, on agriculture, 468
Colchester, Museum, 84;
Archdeaconry of, 187;
leaden coffins at, 272, 273
Coldred (Kent), 15
Coleshill (Warwick), 353
Coliseum, the (Rome), 451
“Collis Credulitatis,” 65
Columbaria, or culver-houses, 188
Combs, in graves, 310-11
Compass, early use of mariner’s, 228;
points of, as determined by the Arabs and Eskimos, 326
Conciones (= assemblies), 383, 403
Congress of Archaeological Societies, on earthworks, 14
Conington, Prof. J., on the Carthaginians, 442
Consistory Courts, 138-9
Constantine (Cornwall), ruined church, 31, 41
Constantine, Emperor, 2, 274
Constantinople, 186
Continuity, of tradition, 3, 86, 106;
of sites, 3, 10, 23, 42, 80, 86-7, 95, 99;
in burial customs, 279, 313, 317
_Conulus_ (= fossil echinoderm), 303
Conway, Mr M. C., on Lord Palmerston’s funeral, 310
Conwenz, Prof. H., on “yew” in place-names, 403
Coombe (Sussex), 78
Coote, H. C., on yew superstitions, 399
Copenhagen, siege of, 439
Copenhagen (= Wellington’s horse), 432
Coppes (= stocks), 167
Coptic churches, 220
Corbett, Mr W. I., on shoeing oxen, 468
Corbridge (Northumberland), 107
Cordiner, C., on Benachie church, 48
Corfe Castle (Dorset), 52, 53
Corhampton (Hants.), mound, 74;
sundial, 162
Corn, burnt on graves, 318
Corn gods, 318, 436, 440 n.
Corn spirit (see under Corn gods)
Cornwall, crosses of, 36, 46-7;
megaliths, 48, 253, 308;
holy wells, 92, 96-7;
churches with double dedications, 234;
prehistoric monuments, 253, 256;
burial custom, 310;
teeth superstition, 322;
use of oxen in, 457, 486
Coronation Stone, the, 43
Coulsdon (Surrey), 101
Councils, of Arles, 2;
Milan, 212;
Celchyth, 437
Countisbury (Devon), 345
County Courts, 136
Court of Arches, 138
Courts, held in churches, 65, 136-8, 140;
rolls of, kept in churches, 168
Coventry, St Michael’s church, 230;
St Mary’s church, 230
Coverdale, Miles, on symbolism of cardinal points, 337-8
Cowries, 296, 308
“Cow-souls” (= shells in Lappish graves), 309
Cox, Mr J., chipped celt, 80
Cox, Dr J. C., on Hathersage earthwork, 16;
Abinger mound, 63;
church armour, 159, 284;
plays in churches, 181, 183;
secular drama, 183;
horn dancers, 185;
deflection in churches, 235, 236
Crag (geological formation), 308
Cranborne Chase, barrow, 30;
discoveries in, 105, 296;
yews, 392, 403;
horseshoes, 424, 428
Crawley, Mr A. E., his _Idea of the Soul_, cited, 282
Creçy (France), 389
Cremation, early, 260, 275;
disuse of, 275-6, 277;
Macrobius on, 276;
ceremonies, 290, 316
Cressets, on churches, 162
Crinan (Argyle), 299
Cro-Magnon (France), 415
Cromlech, use of term, 28, 34;
near churches, 45, 48, 49;
theories concerning, 98, 253-8;
as places of assembly, 98;
developments from, 270
(see also Stone-circles)
Cronks (= toot-hills), 71
Crooke, Mr W., on research, 494
Cross-bow, antiquity of, 385-9;
description, 387;
later history, 389-90
Crosses, of Devon and Cornwall, 36;
Bewcastle, 87;
evolution of, 270;
wooden, 312, 347;
churchyard, 328, 348;
Bakewell, 329;
preaching, 353;
symbolism, 357, 358
Crossing, Mr W., on crosses of Dartmoor, 36
Cross-roads, burials at, 357-9
Crowhurst (Surrey), 377, 378, 404
Crowhurst (Sussex), 377
Crowle (Lincs.), 165
Croyland (Lincs.), 480
Crozier, in graves, 312
Crypts, 148, 150, 216 n.
Crystal balls, in Saxon graves, 299-300
Cublington (Bucks.), 59
Cudham (Kent), 101
Cues, 471, 472-3
Cult of the horse, the, 408-51
Cultivation, ancient, 460, 497
Culver-houses, 188
Cupar-Angus (Perth), 12
Cuxton (Kent), 4
Cybele, image of, 198
Cycles, in astronomy, 256
_Cymbeline_, quoted, 246
Cypress, the, in Greece, 383;
Rome, 383;
in English churchyards, 384;
in Southern Europe, 401
Cyrus, king of the Persians, 433
Czechs, burial custom of the, 287
Dale, Mr W., on Mottestone menhir, 45;
Twyford stones, 45
Danby-in-Cleveland (Yorks.); charcoal in graves, 289;
funeral feasts, 319;
burial-mounds, 357
Dancing, in churches, 183-5;
at Easter, 185;
at Christmas, 185
Danes, and white horses, 435;
and horseflesh, 439
Danes’ Graves, 71, 261
Daniel, praying towards Jerusalem, 218
Danish invasion, in Yorkshire, 108;
in Lincolnshire, 108-11;
in Ireland, 122;
and Irish round towers, 122;
in Essex, 200
Darenth (Kent), 428, 429
Darley (Derby), armour stored in church, 159;
yew-tree, 369, 376, 403;
British dwellings, 403
David, his cavalry and chariots, 420
Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, on horse remains in caves, 417-18;
long-horned cattle, 479
Dawns Mên (Cornwall), 256
Day spring, day star, 220
De Candolle, Augustin de, on age of yews, 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 371, 375;
his _Physiologie végétale_, 370;
Fortingal yew, 375;
Brabourne yew, 376;
Fountains yew, 377
Deccan, meaning of the word, 326
Declination of magnetic needle, 228
Deddington (Oxford), 272 n.
Dedication festivals, 191, 192
Dedications of churches, to St Michael, 129;
lost, 191;
connection with alinements, 209, 225-6, 227, 234-5;
double, 234-5
Defensive towers, 107-18, 150
Deflected chancels, theories concerning, 232-9;
and rebuilding of church, 232-4, 237;
and double dedications, 234-5;
symbolism of, 235-7;
aesthetical explanation, 238-41
Defoe, Daniel, on carriage oxen, 484, 484 n.
De Groot, J. J. M., on Chinese burial custom, 296
De Henley (see Walter de Henley)
Deiseal, the, 330
Dekker, Thomas, on the yew, 382
De Montfaucon, Father B., on ancient gem, 318;
early horseshoe, 424, 424 n.
Denbighshire, circular churchyards of, 99
Denford (Northants.), 448
Denmark, horse sacrifices in, 435;
acoustic jars found in, 447
_Dentalium_ (= marine shell), 308
Denton (Sussex), 345
Derbyshire, church quarrel, 187;
teeth superstition, 322
Deritend (Birmingham), 211
Detached towers, 122-3
Devenish (Fermanagh), 118, 119
Devil’s Door, 18, 331, 332, 336;
Dykes, 18;
Highways, 18;
Nightcap, 36
Devon, crosses of, 36;
church towers of, 118;
tombstones, 275;
teeth superstition, 322;
skull superstition, 444;
oxen, 454
_Dexter_, dexterous, meaning of, 326, 327
Diabolism, 18, 83, 103
Dials (see Sundials)
Diana, supposed temple in London, 43;
image of, 198
Didron, M. É., on acoustic jars, 447
Diocletian persecution, the, 274
Dionysos, and Yule-tide, 27
Ditchling (Sussex), use of oxen, 455;
shoeing of oxen, 469, 473
Dithmar, Bishop of Mersburg, 435
Divination, 327, 402, 434, 435
Dode (Kent), 40
Dog, domestication of the, 415
Dogs, in churches, 189-90
“Dog-souls” (= shells in Lappish graves), 309
Dog tongs, 169, 190
Dog-whippers, 189, 190
Dolmens, 28, 34;
developments from, 270
Domesday Book, place-names, 33, 45;
and traditions, 375;
respecting yews, 375, 377;
horseshoes, 426;
oxen, 455-6, 458
Dominicum, meaning of word, 147
Domville, Silas (see Taylor, Silas)
Donative (= church outside episcopal jurisdiction), 132
Donington (Salop), 95
Donner-stral (= thunder-stone), 198
Doom-rings (= stone-circles), 65
Dooms, over church gateways, 336
Doors, church, notices on, 143;
baptisms at, 143;
marriages at, 143, 156;
position of, 348, 349
Doorward, the, 149
Dorchester (Dorset), 402;
Roman ash-pits, 468
Dorset, burials, 264, 288, 307;
employment of oxen in, 452, 454, 458
Douglas, J., his _Nenia Britannica_, 288, 289, 307;
fossil belemnites, 307
Doulting (Somerset), 95
Dovecots, in churches and churchyards, 188
Dover Castle, church at, 19, 20;
pharos, 19, 20
Down (Kent), 101
Downton (Wilts.), moot-hill, 64;
horse-burial, 431
Doyle, Sir A. Conan, quoted, 391
Drax, Col., on fossils found in Dorset barrow, 307
Drontheim (Norway), 433
Droxford (Hants.), 250 n.
Druids, and the Agglestone, 36;
circles of, 98;
as astronomers, 254, 257;
and yew-trees, 400, 401;
persistence of, 402
Dryburgh (Berwick), 372
Dryden, on the yew, 382;
translation of Virgil, 442
Duddingston (Midlothian), 157
Duddo (Northumberland), 426
Duff, Sir Mountstuart Grant, on Burgundian burial custom, 296
Dufour, M. L’Abbé V., translation of Keysler, 435 n., 438;
on horseflesh, 438-9
Duggleby Howe (Yorks.), 66
“Dug-out” coffins, 275, 278
Duguesclin, Bertrand, burial of, 431
Duloe (Cornwall), 48
“Dumb borsholder” (= court mace), 167, 496
Dun Cow of Warwick, 199, 485
Dungiven (co. Derry), 93
Dunsfold (Surrey), 221 n.
Dunsley (Yorks.), 289
Dunstable Downs (Beds.), 303
Dunston pillar (Lincoln), 130
Dupont, M., on shells found in caverns, 308
Durandus, on eggs in churches, 202;
on word “temple,” 210-11;
orientation of churches, 211, 224, 226;
editors of, 231;
orientation of graves, 243;
charcoal in graves, 291, 292;
evergreens at funerals, 291 n., 323;
reading of the Gospel, 337;
burial out of sanctuary, 353, 353 n.;
graveyards, 353
Durham, cathedral, court held in, 138;
St Cuthbert’s grave, 311;
Abbey, 459
Dymond, Mr C. W., on Stanton Drew circle, 46
Earle, John, quoted, 268
Earl’s Barton (Northants.), 62
Early Iron Age, 248, 249, 257, 261, 283, 312, 429, 433, 483
Earth-burial (see Inhumation)
“Earth-to-earth,” discussion of phrase, 315-16
_Earthwork of England_, cited, 14
Earthworks, churches near, 13-18;
classification, 14, 15, 16, 495;
Mediaeval, 16, 60, 89;
fairs held in, 193;
sports in, 193-4;
superstitions concerning, 195-6;
alinement of, 252, 258-9
Easington (Yorks.), 274
East, prayer towards the, 212, 214, 217;
orientation to, 214-24;
symbolism respecting, 217, 224;
Welsh superstition, 246;
as cardinal point, 326, 327;
in place-names, 339, 340
East-and-West burial, 80, 83, 243-9
(see also Orientation)
East Bedfont (Middlesex), 384
East Blatchington (Sussex), 79
Eastbourne (Sussex), 430
East Cardinham (Cornwall), 37
East Dean (Sussex), discovery at, 80;
church tower, 125
East Dereham (Norfolk), 97
Easter, feasts, 180, 255;
Passion Plays, 180-1;
dances, 185;
eggs, 202
East Harling (Norfolk), 448
East Ilsley (Berks.), 454
Eastville (Lincs.), 206
East Wellow (Hants.), 201
Ebchester (Durham), 12
Ecclesfield (Yorks.), name, 147;
church porch, 155;
burial on North side, 342
Eccleshall (Staffs.), 147
_Ecclesia_, meaning of word, 146, 148;
in place-names, 147
Ecclesiastes, cited, 337
Eccleston (Cheshire), 82 n.
Eccleston (Lancs.), 147
_Echinocorys ovatus_, 303
Echinoderms, fossil, 302-4, 309
Echternach (Luxembourg), 185
Eclipses, 397
Eddas, the, cited, 328
Edenbridge (Kent), 425, 426
Edgar, injunction of, 187
Edinburgh, graveyard, 351;
Bristol Street meeting-house, 445
Edlingham (Northumberland), 107
Edlington (Lincs.), 157
Edmund Ironsides, battle with Canute, 200
Edward the Confessor, 108
Edward VII, funeral of, 432
Efenechtyd (Denbigh), 98
Eggs, in churches, 202;
Easter, 202
Egypt, churches of, 220;
temples of, 221-2, 239, 254;
the horse in, 420;
horse-head custom, 440;
paintings on sepulchres, 481;
ox-worship, 484
Eisteddfod, its aims, 98;
stone-circles erected at, 98, 256
Ekkehard, the Younger, grace written by, 438
Elkstone (Glos.), 188
Elms, experiment on, 366-7;
in churchyards, 384, 385
Elsdon (Northumberland), 445, 446
Elton, Mr C. I., on amber ornaments, 301;
hive bees in Ireland, 395
Ely cathedral, market in, 192;
deflection, 230
Enclosure Act, of 1811, 141
Encrinites, fossil, 308
Enfield Chase, 162
_English Dialect Dictionary_, quoted, 473
Enisheim (Alsace-Lorraine), 198
Entasis, of spires, 239, 240
Eocene ancestors of the horse, 408-9
Eostre (deity), 195
Epistle, the, read from South side, 337
Epworth (Lincs.), 342
Equinoxes, orientation at, 211, 222, 229, 237, 241, 256, 258
_Equus_, genus, 411;
_prejevalskii_, 413, 416;
_caballus_, 417
Esgor, Welsh church of, 398
Eskimos, and the points of the compass, 326
Essex, Roman remains in church walls, 4;
animals in churches and churchyards, 186, 187;
oxen, 454
Ethelbert, conversion of, 26
Evans, Sir A. J., on cremation and inhumation, 276
Evans, Sir J., on tumulus in Flanders, 283;
perforated hammer from Wiltshire, 305;
Saxon necklace, 307;
Roman cross-bow, 387
Evelyn, John, taught in a church porch, 153;
on Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 208;
funeral custom, 310;
Woldingham church, 355;
Brabourne yew, 376;
Scottshall yew, 378
Evergreens, at funerals, 291 n., 323;
on graves, 400
Eversley (Hants.), 345
Evesham (Worcester), 122
_Evolution of the English House_, cited, 71
Evolution of Irish round towers, 120
Ewart, Prof. H. Cossar, on the ancestry of the horse, 408;
cave horses, 413;
wild horses, 418 n.
Excommunicated persons, burial of, 351
Exeter, St Mary Major, 9, 206;
Synod of, 140, 196, 383
Eynesford (Kent), 38, 272
Ezekiel, and the sun-worshippers, 218
“Facing the sun theory,” 249-52
Fairford (Glos.), 288
Fairies, 103, 104, 106, 196
Fairs, miracle plays performed at, 183;
dates of, 191;
held in earthworks, 193;
and Gorsedds, 193;
of the “May-Year,” 193;
near yew-trees, 404
Fairwell (Staffs.), 448
“Fairy loaf” (= fossil echinoderm), 303
Fairy’s Toot (Staffs.), 71
Fairy tales, 440
Falmer (Sussex), position of church, 101;
churchyard, 344;
oxen employed at, 454, 455
Faringdon, or Farington (Hants.), 344
Faversham (Kent), 79
“Feld-cirice” (= field-church), 354
Fergusson, J., on Mediaeval municipal buildings, 137;
orientation of churches, 213, 215, 216;
development of early churches, 215;
on St Ouen, 237
Fermanagh (Ireland), 361
Ferrara (Italy), 216
Ferring (Sussex), 496
Festivals, pagan, 27, 195, 255, 435;
plural, for one saint, 225-6
Fewston (Yorks.), 52
Ffynnon Baglan (Carnarvon), 94
Ffynnon Beris (Carnarvon), 94
“Fig Sunday” (= Palm Sunday), 194
Fiji, burial customs, 247
Fimber (Yorks.), 78
Finglas (co. Dublin), 395
Finmark, 228
Finns, burial custom, 429
Finntann, and the king of Tara, 402
Fire-engines, in churches, 163
Fire-kindlers, in barrows, 285-6, 293, 294, 313
Fireplaces, in churches, 154, 188
Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony, on ox-bows, 462;
beef as food, 466;
comparison of horse and ox, 466;
shoeing horses and oxen, 470, 471
Fitzstephen (see William Fitzstephen)
Flanders, tumulus in, 283
Fleming, J., on hippo-sandals, 428
Fletcher, Mr H. P., on orientation, 209
Flint, implements, in churchyards, 79, 80;
in barrows, 283;
chips, in graves 285-6, 291-3;
in Saxon and British barrows, 285, 305, 315;
works, 375
Flintshire, circular churchyards of, 99
Florence Court yew, 361
Flowers, on graves, 322-3
Fluor spar, in graves, 308
Folk-lore, respecting isolated churches, 17, 103-4, 106;
thunderbolts, 197, 198;
Welsh, 246;
concerning the East, 246;
Scandinavian, 246;
objects in graves, 294-8, 300;
funeral coins, 295-7;
amber, 300-2;
fossils, 302-4, 308;
teeth, 321-2;
of the cardinal points, 324-59, 404;
burial on the North side, 342, 343, 352;
yew, 396-9;
Sclavonic, 397;
of horse, 438, 439;
of horse-skulls, 440-1, 442;
oxen, 473, 475, 481
Folk-memory, concerning graves, 86, 87, 320;
and treasure, 87;
and the Danes, 108, 120;
Civil War, 118;
squints, 149;
earthworks, 194;
church customs, 203, 489;
orientation of graves, 252, 259, 490;
burial of coins, 296;
determination of one’s position, 326;
churchyard yew, 360, 396, 490-1;
and horseshoes, 427;
horse-burial, 431;
horse-skulls, 444;
acoustic jars, 451;
ploughing oxen, 475, 492;
general conclusions, 488-94
Folk-moots, at megaliths, 34, 63;
in stone-circles, 34, 66;
at mounds, 64;
in churches, 66, 148;
of Saxons, 167;
and sacrifices, 438
Food, offered to weapons, 285
Ford (Northumberland), 426, 427
Ford (Sussex), 345
Fordington (Dorset), 80 n.
Forel, Prof. F., 249 n.
Fortingal, or -gale (Perth), 375-6, 379, 403
Fortuna, goddess, 202
Forum, at Silchester, 25
Fossils, at Little Coates, 72;
in churches, 197, 199;
in graves, 302-8
Foulis, Mr W. A., on Inchlonaig, 392 n.
Foundation sacrifices, 83, 444
Fountains Abbey (Yorks.), yews of, 377;
acoustic jars, 448
Fox, Mr G. E., on basilica at Silchester, 24
Fox’s skull, on door, 443;
paws, 443 n.
Fraipoint, M. J., on domestication of the horse, 415
Frampton (Dorset), 5
Frampton (Lincs.), 309
France, church porches, 143;
orientation, 210;
statue-menhirs, 268;
caves of, 308;
burial customs, 311;
sale of horseflesh, 439;
oxen, 452
Francis, Mr J., on Pirton church, 41
Frankfort-on-the-Main, 126
Frankish burials, 283, 285, 290;
burial of chariots, 429;
oxen, 484
Frazer, Prof. J. G., on burial customs, 251, 319, 358;
on animism, 280;
_Totemism and Exogamy_, cited, 281, 436;
_Golden Bough_, cited, 400;
harvest customs, 436;
Athenian sacrifices, 484;
Egyptian reverence for the ox, 484
Fream, Dr W., on ancient ploughs, 497
Freeman, E. A., on church towers of Gower, 113;
of South Pembroke, 113, 115;
battle near Canewdon, 200;
place-name Canewdon, 200-1
Freemasons, orientation practised by, 209;
Scotch lodges and orientation of churches, 209;
and magnetic needle, 227, 228
Frensham (Surrey), 178
Freya, prayers to, 28
Friedlander, L., on early Christianity and paganism, 28
Frost, Nicholas, bowyer to Henry IV, 393
Fulstow (Lincs.), traces of earthwork, 16;
pillar cross, 36
Funeral superstitions, 280, 286-7, 292-300;
feasts, 319-21, 419;
use of yew, 382-3, 399, 403
Furies, and yew torches, 399
Gable ornaments, 440, 441
Gaelic, survival of terms, 49
“Galilee” (= porch), 138
Galleries in church porches, 155
Gallows, discussion of word, 68, 69 n.
Gallows (or Galley) Hill, 68
Gamekeepers’ gibbet, 443
Gamla Upsala (Sweden), 28
Gardner, Mr W., on castle-mounds, 55
Garvestone (Norfolk), 347
Garway (Hereford), 188
Gasquet, Dr F. A., on guilds, 175
Gatty, Dr A., on burials at Ecclesfield, 342
Gatty, Rev. R. A., and horse remains, 418 n.
Gauchos, horses of the, 472
Gayton-le-Wold (Lincs.), 462
Geneva, 231
Genoese bowmen, 389
_Gentleman’s Magazine_, cited, 447
Geologists’ Association, London, 41
Germanicus Caesar, 432
Germany, stone-circles, 256;
ancient burial customs, 276, 296;
folk-lore respecting yew, 397;
ancient tribal groves, 433;
horse sacrifice, 434;
horse-head superstition, 440, 444;
gable ornaments, 441;
“hoodening horse,” 441;
oxen, 452, 477
Ghosts, worship of, 280;
fear of, 287, 357-8, 359
Giant’s Grave (Penrith), 50
“Giants’ bones,” in churches, 198, 199
Gillebrand, on variation of magnetic needle, 228
Gillen, F. J. (and B. Spencer), on Australian custom, 321-2
Gilpin, William, on Boldre maple, 384;
on bows, 389
Gipsy burial, 312
Giraldus de Barri (or Cambrensis), on yews in Ireland, 394, 395
Glacial period, 72, 361
Glastonbury (Somerset), Abbey, 23;
Tor, 16, 131;
shrine, 192;
lake-village, 302
Glinton (Northants.), 240
Gloucester cathedral, 170
Gloucestershire, tombstones, 275;
oxen of, 454
Gneist, H. R. von, on parish vestry, 141
Gobi Desert, 413
_God-_, prefix in place-names, 31, 32
Godley, hundred in Surrey, 32
Godney (Somerset), 31, 32
“God’s Acre,” 263, 404
“God’s Cows,” 481
Gods of cultivation, 318
Godstone (Surrey), 31, 32
“Godstones,” in Irish graves, 299
Gold, in graves, 310
Golden Age, the, 484
Gomme, Sir G. L., on early Christianity, 25;
open-air courts, 63, 136, 140, 404;
well-worship, 94;
St Paul’s Cathedral, 136;
courts leet, 140;
Irish druidism, 402;
Essex custom, 443
Good Friday, sports, 195;
dancing, 195
Goodmanham, or Godmundingham (Yorks.), 32, 436
Goodrich (Hereford), name, 32;
castle, 58
Googe, Barnabe, his _Popish Kingdome_, quoted, 174
Gordon-Cumming, Miss C. F., determination of position
among the Highlanders, 327;
Hebridean burial custom, 352
Gorm, grave of, 28
Gorseddau (= assemblies), 98;
dates of, 193, 257;
connected with stone-circles, 255, 256, 257
Gospel, read from North side, 337
“Gospel Book,” 168
Gothic architecture, 216, 240, 241
Gould, Mr I. Chalkley, on castle-mounds, 54;
St Weonard’s mound, 56
Gower, churches of, 112-16
Gowland, Prof. W., on trilithons in Japan, 255
Grantham (Lincs.), 143
Grasmere (Westmoreland), 496
Grave-gifts, 80, 279, 280, 282-315
Grave-mounds, derivation of modern examples, 259-60;
round, 264, 265;
trees on, 270 (see also Barrows)
Graves, orientation of, 243-67;
early, 259;
ancient groups, 261-2;
objects found in, 279, 282-5;
flints, 285-6, 287, 288-9, 291-4;
broken pottery, 286-7, 289, 292-3;
charcoal, 289-91, 292;
coins, 295-8;
white pebbles, 299;
fossils, 302-8;
mirrors, 310;
combs, 310-11;
chalice and paten, 312;
trees on, 400
Gravesend (Kent), 187
Gravestones (see Headstones)
Gray, Mr J., on stone-circles, 254 n.
Gray, Thomas, _Elegy_, quoted, 264, 384
Great Bear, used for direction, 325
Great Bookham (Surrey), 384
Great Canfield (Essex), 54, 59
Great Casterton (Rutland), 12
Great Coates (Lincs.), 384
Great Missenden (Bucks.), 267
Great Salkeld (Cumberland), font, 7;
church tower, 107
Great Wigborough (Essex), 76
Greece, temples of, 152, 222;
divination in, 327;
funeral custom, 401;
horses, 419
Greeks, and sun-worship, 219;
temples of, 239;
burial customs, 295, 296, 312, 317, 319, 383;
wheat at funerals, 318;
divination, 327;
horse-lore of, 419, 434;
at Marathon, 419;
sacrifice of ox, 481
Greenland, burial customs, 284
Greenwell, Canon W., on barrow burials, 249;
statistics respecting burial alinements, 249, 251;
objects in barrows, 282, 307;
white stones in graves, 299;
fossil ammonite, 307;
barrow funerals, 316;
burial on North side of mound, 356;
on the horse, 416, 417;
Arras burials, 430;
discovery at Hunmanby, 430
Gregory I, Pope, letter to Abbot Mellitus, 26, 482;
on burial in churchyards, 353
Gregory II, Pope, 437
Gregory III, Pope, letter to St Boniface, 437
Gresham (Norfolk), 79, 80
“Greywethers” (= sarsen stones), 38
Griffith, Rev. J., on fairs and Gorseddau, 192-3;
orientation of Welsh churches, 229;
alinement of earthworks, 258-9
Grimm, J., on heathen trees and temples, 26, 32;
“donner-stral,” 198;
sun-worship, 219;
epigram, 333;
sacred horses, 433;
horse-heads, 441, 442;
sacrifice of the ox, 481;
“God’s cows,” 481
Grimsby (Lincs.), 73
Gristhorpe (Yorks.), 272, 273, 274
Grosseteste, Bishop, and markets in churches, 173
“Grosseteste’s Rules,” cited, 471
Gubernatis, Prof. A. de, on mythology of the horse, 439
_Guide to the Antiquities of the Early Iron Age_, cited, 248, 430
Guildhall Museum, London, 424
Guildhalls, 138, 175, 176
Guilds, Mediaeval, 138, 181
Gumfreston (Pembroke), healing springs, 95;
church tower, 113, 114, 115, 116;
dovecot, 115, 188
Gunwalloe (Cornwall), 14
Guy of Warwick, 485
Gwinnell, Mr W. F., on the horse, 418
Gyndes, crossed by Cyrus, 433
Hadad, worship of, 220
Haddon, Prof. A. C., on Irish round towers, 120
Hagbourne Hill (Berks.), 261
Hagioscopes (see Squints)
_Haliotis_ (= marine shell), 309
Hallaton (Leicester), 62
Halling (Kent), 40
Hambledon (Hants.), 96
Hambledon (Surrey), 221 n., 378, 381,
496
_Hamlet_, quoted, 246, 284, 286, 288, 289, 347
Hammer, of Thor, 27, 198;
in graves, 294, 305;
perforated, 305
Hampshire, holy wells of, 96;
orientation of churches, 222, 229;
yews, 406;
oxen, 454, 458
Hanchurch (Staffs.), 104
Hanging, punishment by, 68-9
Hanover, 362
Hansard, G. A., on supply of yew for bows, 393
Hardy, Rev. C. R., on bone in Canewdon church, 200, 201
Hardy, Mr T., _Far from the Madding Crowd_, cited, 193;
burial of coins with the dead, 296
Harlyn Bay (Cornwall), Late-Celtic cemetery, 249, 299, 321, 322;
quartz in graves, 299;
teeth found in graves, 321
Harnack, Prof. A., on early Christianity, 25
Harptree-under-Mendip (Somerset), 46
Harrison, Mr Benjamin, on Maplescombe church, 38
Harrison, William, on churches used for markets, 174
Hartland, Mr E. S., on mourning dress, 287
Harvest customs, 436
Hascombe (Surrey), 183
Haslemere (Surrey), 265
Hasted, E., on Buckland yew, 377
Hastings, Battle of, 57, 387
Hatchments, in churches, 284
Hatfield Peverel (Essex), 344
Hathersage (Derby), earthwork near church, 16;
court held in church, 140
Haverfield, Prof. F. J., pavement at Wroxeter, 7;
Castle Acre, 12;
Whitestaunton villa, 95
Havering-atte-Bower (Essex), 165
Hawker, R. S., on symbolism of the cardinal points, 328;
his “Daughter of the Rock,” 343
Haydon (Northumberland), 7
Hayes (Middlesex), 190
Hayes, Rev. J. W., tombstone at Chadwell St Mary, 50;
Gorseddau and stone-circles, 98, 255-7;
purposes of stone-circles, 255, 257
Heads, of animals, superstitions regarding, 440, 441, 442, 443
Headstones, evolution of, 269;
early examples, 346;
distribution in the churchyard, 347-50
Healing springs, 94, 95, 97, 332
Hearne, Thomas, his grave, 245;
on grave-mounds, 260
_Heart of Midlothian_, cited, 486
Heart-urchin (= fossil echinoderm), 303
Hebrew proverb, quoted, 465
Hebridean burial custom, 352
Hehn, Prof. P., on range of yew-trees, 363
Helmdon (Northants.), 453
Hems, Mr H., on position of churches, 348, 349
Henderson, W., on churchyard yew and witches, 396
Hengist and Horsa, 441
Henley-on-Thames (Oxford), 265
Henry V, burial of, 432
Hensor (Bucks.), 376
Hereford, blacksmiths of, 426
Herefordshire, detached church towers, 122-3
Herodotus, cited, 70;
on Scythian burial customs, 287-8, 289;
horses of the Sagarthians, 414;
Danubian tribes, 420;
white horses, 433;
Egyptian custom, 440
Hertfordshire, churches of, 223;
harvest custom, 436;
horse lore, 497
Hesse, 362
Hessle (Yorks.), 165
Heûllan (Wales), 398
Hexham (Northumberland), 216 n.
Heygate, Rev. E. W., on place-name, Canewdon, 201
Heylyn, Peter, on the cardinal points, 333
Heywood, Thomas, cited, 483
Hicks, Canon E. L., on Christmas, 27
High Commission Court, the, 140
High Halden (Kent), 347
Highlands, burial feasts, 319;
use of terms East and West, in the, 328;
yew superstition, 399;
ponies of, 413;
black cattle, 480
Hill of Scone (Perth), 65
Hills, Mr G. M., on acoustic jars, 447, 449
Hill-top churches, 101-4
Himalayas, the, 382
Hindoos, and white stones, 299;
and eclipses, 397
_Hipparion_, 409
Hippo-sandals, 428, 429
Hissey, Mr J. J., on Lincolnshire burial, 244
_History of the Protestant Reformation_, cited, 133
Hitchin (Herts.), 7
Hive-bees, 395, 395 n.
Hoare, Sir R. C., on Chisbury camp, 14;
discovery at Amesbury, 483
Hobhouse, Bishop, on parish vestry, 142
Hobson, Mr W. F., on orientation, 241, 242
Hockliffe (Bedford), 453
Holland, use of horse-pattens, 428;
horse-skull superstition, 440
Holland, Philemon, translation of Pliny, 294
Holmes, Dr T. Rice, and Sidbury Hill, 255;
moundless graves, 261;
Scandinavian rock-carvings, 481
Holm oak, in churchyards, 384, 401
Holton-le-Clay (Lincs.), 108
Holybourne (Hants.), 96
Holy wells, 92-7
Homer, cited, 327; on the horse, 419
Honolulu (Sandwich Islands), 208
Honorius, Edict of, 26
“Hoodening horse,” the, 441-2
Hope (Derby), 153
Hope, Mr R. C., on Cornish holy wells, 96
Hope, Mr W. St John, on basilica at Silchester, 24;
castle-mounds, 55
Horace, cited, 316
Horncastle (Lincs.), 12
Hornchurch (Essex), 443
Horn dancers, 185
Hornsea (Yorks.), 150, 418 n.
Hornsey (Middlesex), 207, 211
Horsa and Hengist, 441
Horse, in the churchyard, 157, 186-7;
cult of the, 408-51;
ancestry, 408-11;
modifications of structure, 411;
carvings of, by cave-man, 411-12;
possible domestication by cave-man, 414-16;
eaten by cave-man, 415, 416;
during Neolithic period, 416, 417, 418;
in round barrows, 417, 419;
at Whitepark Bay, 418;
in lake-dwellings, 418 n., 421;
reared by nomadic tribes, 419, 421;
in the Bible, 420, 472;
attached to chariots, 421;
how mounted in early times, 421;
in warfare, 421;
shoeing, 423-9, 470, 471, 472, 473;
buried with owner, 429, 431-2;
slaughtered at altar, 432;
white, 433-4;
sacrifices of, 433, 434, 435, 436;
in augury, 433, 434;
as food, 436-40;
as beast of draught, 454, 455, 457, 458, 466-8, 474;
yoked with oxen, 458;
breeding, 468;
superstitions, 497
Horse-chestnut, in churchyards, 384
Horseflesh, eating of, 436-40, 466, 483, 491;
Keysler’s view, 436-7, 438;
forbidden by Gregory III, 437;
dictum of Gregory II, 437;
connected with Odin and witches, 438;
Dufour on, 438-9;
eaten by cave-men, 439-40
Horse-heads, ceremonial eating of, 440
Horse-races, early, 422
Horses, in church porch, 157;
in churchyards, 187-8
Horseshoes, in church porch, 157;
Roman, 423, 424, 425, 468-70;
Saxon, 424, 424 n., 426;
in Domesday Book, 426;
in Northumberland, 426-7;
round, 426, 427-8
Horse-skulls, deemed accursed by the Egyptians, 440;
ceremonies attached to, 440;
offered to Odin, 440;
in magic, 440;
as gable ornaments, 440, 441;
in mythology, 442;
under buildings, 444-5;
in acoustics, 445, 446, 449-51;
sacrifice, 481
Horsley, East and West (Surrey), 340
Houghton-le-Spring (Durham), 272 n.
Housman, Prof. A. E., his _Shropshire Lad_, quoted, 351
Hove (Sussex), 78, 274
Howden (Yorks.), 168
Howitt, Dr A. W., on Australian burial customs, 252
Howlett, Mr E., on burial of candles in graves, 295
_Hudibras_, quoted, 257
Hughes, Prof. T. McKenny, on horseshoes, 424
Hull, Miss E., on Irish round towers, 119, 121
“Humanist” school, 280
Hundsjael (= snail shells), 309
Hunmanby (Yorks.), 285, 430
Hurstbourne Tarrant (Hants.), 372
Hutchinson, Miss T., photograph by, 265
Hutchinson, W., on Penrith tomb, 50
Huxley, T. H., on the human skeleton, 90;
on the horse, 408
Huysmans, M. J. K., on deflected chancels, 231;
on “leaning-head theory,” 236
_Hydriotaphia_, Browne’s, cited, 311
_Hyracotherium_, 409, 410
Iceland, stone-circles of, 65
Ickleton (Cambs.), 30
Iford (Sussex), 384
Ilford (Essex), 454
“Incense-cups,” 314
Inchlonaig, or Inchconakhead (island in Loch Lomond), 392, 392 n.
India, Christian churches in, 208;
superstition regarding white stones, 299;
burial of suicides, 358;
horse sacrifice, 434;
oxen, 467, 482
Ingatestone (Essex), 40
Ingelow, Jean, pet names for cows, 486
Inhumation, practice of, 263, 264, 275, 277, 316;
why introduced, 263
Inn-signs, 433, 485
Inverary (Argyle), 299
Ireland, early Christianity in, 27;
churches on pagan sites, 48, 49, 86;
holy wells, 93, 94;
round towers, 118-22, 123;
stone-circles, 256;
hammers in graves, 294;
“Godstones” in graves, 299;
deiseal, 330;
burial on “wrong side,” 352;
yew-trees of, 394, 395, 403;
hive-bees, 395;
magicians, 401;
epics, 419;
skull superstition, 444;
horse-skull in church, 445;
paganism, 446
Irish yew, the, 361, 406
Iron Age, Early, 248, 249, 257, 261, 283, 312, 429, 433
Iron pyrites, 285, 286
Irving, Dr A., discoveries at Bishops Stortford, 418
Isis, and ox-worship, 484
Islay (Scotland), 294
Isle of Man, Tynwald, 64;
“cronks,” 71;
burial without coffins, 271
Isle of Portland, church-gift custom, 155
Isle of Purbeck, discovery of stone coffins, 275
Isle of Sheppey, 192
Isle of Wight, landmark towers, 130;
graves, 264;
churches, 495
Italy, orientation of churches in, 213, 214;
abbeys of, 330;
holm oak on graves, 401;
use of horse-labour, 468;
horse superstition, 497
Itchenswell (Hants.), 96
Jackson, Mr J. R., on Hensor yew, 376
Japan, sun-worship, 255;
burial of suicides, 358;
yews of, 361
Jarrow, early church, 23;
Bede’s chair, 43;
inscription at, 149
Jars, acoustic, 446-9
Jeaffreson, J. C., on powers of Mediaeval ecclesiastics, 139
Jeans, Rev. G. E., on Mottestone, 45
Jerusalem, orientation towards, 208;
prayer towards, 218
Jesse, Edward, on age of yews, 364
Jessopp, Canon A., on Old Hunstanton mound, 69;
hill-digging, 82;
church treasure, 125-6;
miracle plays, 182
Jet beads, in graves, 300
Jewellery, in graves, 310, 312, 314
Jewitt, L., on grave-mounds, 274;
horseshoes, 424 n.;
chariot-burial, 430
Jews, the, and orientation, 216-20;
burial custom, 317;
symbolism of right and left hand, 326;
and shoeing horses, 472;
on sacrifice, 481
Job, on sun-worship, 218;
and the North, 334;
his description of the war-horse, 420
Johnston, Mr P. M., on Burpham church, 16;
on orientation, 209;
on Bosham church, 495
Joly, Prof. N., on domestication of the horse, 415
Jones, Inigo, church built by, 206
Jones, Prof. Rupert, on Bede’s chair, 43;
burial superstition, 292-3
Jonson, Ben, burial of, 266
Josiah, and priests of Baal, 218
Jossing-blocks, or stirrup stones, 157
Jowett, Prof. B., quoted, 297
“Jugum” (of oxen), 456
Julian calendar, 254
Juno, temple of, 442
Jupiter, and white oxen, 483
Jurby (I. of Man), 71
Justinian, Emperor, on church-building, 353
Jutland, horse-skulls on gables, 441
Kalm, Peter, on raised churchyards, 91;
cattle kept in churchyards, 187
Kalmucks, and the horse, 419
Karnak (Egypt), 221
Kauffmann, Prof. F., on temple of Upsala, 28;
pagan temples, 65;
ancient modes of thought, 204
Keeps, castle, 52, 107
Kells (co. Meath), 119, 120
Kemble, J. M., on bulls in divination, 435
Kemsing (Kent), 40
Kenardington (Kent), 15
Kennett, Dr White, on graves, 244
Kent, churches of, 4;
churchyards, 187;
White Horse of, 433, 435;
“hoodening horse,” 441
Kerdreuff (Brittany), 202
Kerry (Montgomery), 99
Kersal Cell (Lancs.), 377
Kesserloch (Baden), 415 n.
“Kews” (= ox-shoes), 472-3
Keysler, J. G., on inhumation, 263;
chariot-burial, 429;
horse sacrifices, 435;
eating of horseflesh, 436-8
_Kil-_, prefix in place-names, 33
Kilfowyr (Carmarthen), 33
Kilham (Yorks.), stocks, 165;
Danes’ graves, 248-9, 261
Kilpeck (Hereford), 52, 63
Kilsant (Carmarthen), 33
_King Henry IV_, Second pt, quoted, 457
_King Henry VI_, First pt, quoted, 335;
Second pt, 284
Kingly Bottom, or Vale (Sussex), 375, 401
“King’s evil,” 202 n.
Kingsley, Charles, on the North wind, 334;
and Eversley, 345;
Swallowfield yew, 378
Kingusie, or Kingussie (Inverness), 65
Kipling, Mr Rudyard, quoted, 333
Kirby Grindalythe (Yorks.), 354
_Kirk-_, prefix in place-names, 33;
etymology of, 145-7
Kirkamool (Shetland Isles), 31
Kirkcolm (Wigtown), 33
Kirkdale (Yorks.), 162
Kirk Ella (Yorks.), 33, 165
Kirton-in-Lindsey (Lincs.), 346
Kitchen-midden, near Constantine church, 42
Kitchin, Dean, on Twyford megalith, 45
Knollton (see Knowlton)
Knowles, Mr W. J., on remains of the horse at Whitepark Bay, 418
Knowlton (Dorset), church within earthwork, 13;
yews, 401
Kyre Park (Worcester), 365
_Lady of the Lake_, quoted, 403
Lake-dwellings, 249 n., 416, 421, 480
La Laugerie (France), 415
Laleston (Glamorgan), 31
La Madelaine cave (France), 412
Lamb-ales, 179
Lambeth (London), 343
Lammas (Norfolk), 230
Lammer-beads (= amber-beads), 301
Lancashire, funeral custom, 318
Lancisi, and the writings of Mercati, 199
Lang, Mr A., on burial of suicides, 358
Langdon, Mr A. G., on the study of Cornish crosses, 36
Langham, Archbishop, on Sunday markets, 192
Langsett (Yorks.), 404
Laniscat (Brittany), 202
Lankester, Sir E. Ray, on the horse, 408
Lapland, heathen customs, 29, 286;
graves, 286, 309
Larousse, Pierre, on burial of clergy, 244
Lascars, burial custom of, 316
Late-Celtic period, cemetery of, 249, 299, 321, 434;
burials, 276, 430;
bucket, 434
La Tène, period of culture, 276
Laud, Archbishop, and tribunals held in churches, 140;
Easter feasts in churches, 180
Laughton-en-le-Morthen (Yorks.), 59, 192
Lavants (= intermittent springs), 96
Lavenham (Suffolk), 346
Leach, Mr A. L., on Gumfreston springs, 95
Leake, John, his map referred to, 222, 227
“Leaning-head theory,” 235-6
Leatherhead (Surrey), squint, 151-2;
deflection of tower, 235
Ledbury (Hereford), 122
Ledger stones, 347
Leeds (Kent), church, 4;
acoustic jars, 448-9
Lega-Weekes, Miss E., on church armour, 158
Legge, Dr W. Heneage, on ox-teams, 455;
ox-yoke, 462
Leicester, 30, 283
Leicestershire, church, 236
Leith Hill (Surrey), 266
Le Mans (France), 29 n.
Leo I, Pope, and bowing to the sun, 212
_Lepidotus gigas_ (= fossil fish), 307
Lewes (Sussex), St John’s-sub-Castro, 13;
Saxon cemetery, 83;
Castle, 463;
race-course, 467;
ox-carriage, 484
_Liber Festivalis_, quoted, 381
Libraries in churches, 155, 163
Lichens, 334
Lichfield, holy well, 95;
alinement of cathedral, 230
_Life of St Cuthbert_, quoted, 459
Lighthouse, supposed, at Dover Castle, 19, 20
Linchets, on Shawford Downs, 45
Lincoln, cathedral, 126;
cathedral watchmen, 126;
Heath, 130;
St Mary’s Guildhall, 178;
execution at, 351
Lincolnshire, burial superstition, 18;
holy wells, 97;
Danish invasion of, 108-11;
burials, 248;
burial superstition, 292, 295;
church doors, 331;
unenclosed churchyards, 355;
churchyard trees, 406;
oxen, 453, 460;
ox-yoke, 462
Lindisfarne, Priory church, 245
Linton Heath (Cambs.), 402 n.
Lithuania, 363, 477
Litlington (Cambs.), 8
Little Coates (Lincs.), 72
Little Dunkeld (Perth), 94
Little Stukeley (Hunts.), 289
Littleton (Middlesex), 344
Little Washbourne (Glos.), 355
Littré, É., translation of Pliny, 294
Livy, cited, 70, 327
_Llan-_, prefix in place-names, 33
Llanbedr (Vale of Conway), 79
Llanberis (Carnarvon), 94
Llandegla (Denbigh), 94
Llandeilo Llwydarth (Pembroke), 94
Llanelian (Denbigh), holy well, 94;
church chest, 168, 169;
dog-tongs, 190
Llanfaglan (Carnarvon), 94
Llanfechain (Montgomery), 99
Llangenydd (Glamorgan), 31
Llanllechid (Denbigh), 104
Llanwrythwl (Brecon), 48
Local Government Act, of 1894, 142
Lockyer, Sir J. Norman, on cromlechs, 28, 48;
sites of churches, 48;
dates of fairs, 192-3;
Egyptian temples, 221;
“Saint’s Day theory,” 225;
alinement of megaliths, 252-4, 255, 258;
earthworks, 259
Logan, J., on stone-circles, 65-6
Lollards, trial of, in churches, 139
Lombardic treaties, 338
London, holy wells, 96;
ancient burials, 247, 271;
burials without coffins, 271;
horseshoes, 427;
market for oxen, 457;
bell-casting, 459;
wild bulls near, 477
London Clay, 409
London Geologists’ Association, 41
Long-bow, antiquity of, 387-9;
at Creçy and Poitiers, 389;
supersedes cross-bow, 389-90
Longman, Mr C. F. (and Col. F. Walrond), on bows, 389
Lord’s House, the, 150-1
Loudon, J. C., on Fortingal yew, 376
Louth (Lincs.), 240, 453, 462
Loversall (Yorks.), 346
Lovett, Mr E., on Sussex barrow, 302
Lowe, Dr J., his _Yew-Trees_ cited, 364;
estimate of age of yews, 364, 365-6, 368, 369, 370, 372, 373-4, 375;
his rule discussed, 365, 368-70, 373-4;
“shelter theory,” 384;
“bow theory,” 393;
prehistoric respect for the yew, 400
Lower Greensand, 269
Lower Halstow (Kent), 4
Low side windows, 237, 329
Lucarnes (= dormer windows), 117
Lucas, Mr Seymour, on Mendlesham armour, 160
Lucas, Mr W. J., on Good Friday sports, 195
Ludborough (Lincs.), 16
Ludlow (Salop), 82, 95
Lull, Prof. R. S., 408
Lullingstone (Kent), 384
Luppitt (Devon), 449-50
Luxembourg, dancing in churches, 185;
burial customs, 311
_Lycidas_, quoted, 397
Lydd (Kent), 143
Lydden (Kent), 187 n.
Lydekker, Mr R., on the horse, 408, 416 n.
Lyme Park (Cheshire), 477
Lyminge (Kent), 4, 20, 21
Lyminster (Sussex), 496
Lysons, Daniel, cited, 78
_Macbeth_, quoted, 396
Macclesfield (Cheshire), 71
Mackarness, F. C., cited, 187
Mâcon (France), 420
Macpherson, J., his _Ossian_ quoted, 283-4, 401
Macrobius, on cremation, 276
Magdalenian caves, 411, 412, 497
Magna Charta, referred to, 383
Magnetic needle, early knowledge of, 227-8, 233;
where first discovered, 228, 324;
variation of, 228, 233
Magnus, Olaus, on armour in churches, 161
Maid Marian, 441
Maidstone (Kent), 459 n.
Maitland, Prof. F. W., on the parish vestry, 142
Malabar, 222 n.
Malay, terms for points of compass, 327
Malden (Beds.), 342
Malden (Surrey), 32, 33
Maldon (Essex), 33
Malkin, B. H., on churchyard sports, 197
Mallett, Mr Reddie, and Harlyn Bay discoveries, 299
Malmesbury (Wilts.), 154
Manning and Bray, cited, 266 n., 371
Manningford Bruce (Wilts.), 344
Manorbier (Pembroke), 237 n.
Manor Courts, 137
Manuscripts, illuminated, 455, 459
Maplederwell (Hants.), 96
Maples, in churchyards, 384
Maplescombe (Kent), 38, 39, 40
Marathon, Battle of, 419
Mares, kept for milk, 419, 421;
ridden by priests, 436, 457;
used for draught, 457, 457 n.
Mariner’s compass, 228
Market Overton (Rutland), 12
Markets, in churches, 173-4;
in churchyards, 191-2;
on Sundays, 192
Market Weighton (Yorks.), 32, 430
Marlborough (Wilts.), 434
Marlborough Downs, 38
_Marprelate Tracts_, the, 244, 244 n.
Marriage, at the church-door, 156
Marsh, Prof. O. C., on the horse, 408
Marshall, W., on use of oxen in Yorkshire, 453, 465;
working age of oxen, 465
Martin Hussingtree (Worcester), 348
_Martin Monthes Mind_, quoted, 244
Marylebone (London), 206
Mas d’Azil (France), 414, 416
Mashonaland, 222 n.
Mason, W., poet, quoted, 497
Maxton, Mr W. J., on St Saviour’s, Southwark, 231
Mayall, Mr A., on Kersal yew, 377
May-Day, and well-dressing, 92;
customs, 92, 97 n.
Mayence, museum, 428
Maylam, Mr P., on the “hoodening horse,” 441
Maynard, Mr G., on Essex churches, 4;
discoveries at Colchester, 274
Mayors, chosen in church, 143
May-year, the, 193, 253
McIntyre, Mr P., on Gaelic, 49 n.
Mecklenburg, horse-skull superstition, 440
Mediaeval earthworks, 16, 60, 89;
settlements, 16, 89;
treasure-diggers, 82-3;
churches, 125;
villages, 167;
burials, 271, 289, 311, 317;
symbolism, 324, 337, 407;
tombstones, 347;
superstition, 446;
use of salt meat, 465-6;
shoeing of oxen, 470-1
Megaliths, kinds of, 28, 34;
new churches, 34, 42-9, 104, 400;
destruction of, 42-3;
orientation of, 229, 252-8;
discoveries at, 308
Melling (Lancs.), 59
Mellitus, Abbot, letter to, 482
Mells (Somerset), 377, 380
Melsonby (Yorks.), 107
Mendlesham (Suffolk), 160
Menhirs, 34-5, 37, 45, 136, 255;
at St Mabyn, 42;
Rudstone, 43;
Mottestone, 45
Mentmore (Bucks.), 83
Meopham (Kent), 40
Meppershall (Beds.), 60
Mercati, Michele, on fossils, 199
Merovingian burials, 283, 285
Merrington (Northumberland), 107
Merstham (Surrey), 96, 101
_Mesohippus_, 409, 410
Mesolithic period, 418
Metz (Germany), 447
Miall, Prof. L. C., on “negative exceptions,” 350
Mickleham (Surrey), 230
Micklethwaite, Mr J. T., on Wakefield parish church, 344
_Micraster_ (= fossil echinoderm), in graves, 302, 303, 304
Middlesex, yews of, 406
Middleton, Bishop, and the orientation of churches, 208
Middleton Stoney (Oxford), 244
Midsummer festivals, 192;
fires, 440, 446
Migne, M. L’Abbé, on church of St Benoît, 210
Milan (Italy), 212, 216
Mildmay, Sir W., on orientation, 208, 210
Miln, Mr James, his discoveries at Carnac, 482
Milton, John, _L’Allegro_, quoted, 326;
_Paradise Lost_, quoted, 335;
_Comus_, quoted, 452
Milton Lilbourne (Wilts.), 90
Minster (Kent), 79
Miracle plays, development of, 181-3;
in church, 182-3;
in the churchyard, 182-3;
in the market-place, 182
Mirrors, placed in coffins, 310
Mistletoe, 399
Mitcham (Surrey), pre-Saxon cemetery, 247;
churchyard, 384
Mitchell, Sir A., on discoveries at Alloa, 275
Mithraism, 27
Moated mounds, or mounts, 51, 54;
St Weonards, 56;
Thruxton, 56;
Penwortham, 56, 57;
Arkholme, 56;
Warrington, 56, 57
Moats, 52, 66, 67, 89, 98
Molech, worship of, 220
Monasteries, dissolution of, 289
Money, Mr W., 373
Mongolian horse, 413, 416
Monken Hadley (Middlesex), 162
Montaigne, Michel, on annual rings in trees, 369
Montault, Mgr B. de, on orientation of churches, 213
Montelius, Prof. O., on stone-circles, 28;
Thor’s hammer, 198;
holy wells, 93;
amber axes, 299
Montgomerie, Mr D. H., on Pirton Toot Hill, 61
Montgomery, round churches of, 99
Mont St Michel (Brittany), 129
Mont St Michel (Normandy), 129
Moot-hills, 51, 63, 67, 70;
near churches, 63, 66;
meaning of word, 63
Moresby (Cumberland), 12
Morocco, burial of suicides in, 358
Morris dances, in church, 184-5, 195;
meaning of word, 184
Mortillet, M. G. de, on domestication of the horse, 415
Mortimer, Mr J. R., on Duggleby Howe, 66;
Willy Howe, 66-7;
mound-crosses, 68;
Fimber, 78;
Kilham graves, 248;
statistics of alinements, 249, 250, 251;
groups of barrows, 261-2;
Easington barrow, 274;
objects found in barrows, 282;
position of body in the mound, 356;
remains of the horse in barrows, 417, 419;
chariot-burial, 430
Morwenstow (Cornwall), 343
Mosaic Law, 436
“Mother Ludlam’s Kettle,” 178
“Motte” and “mota,” 52
Mottes (see Moated mounds)
Mottistone (I. of Wight), 165;
menhir, 45;
stocks, 165
Mound-crosses, 68
Mounting blocks, 157, 188
Much Wymondley (Herts.), 7
Mud, Mude, or Mundal Hill, 67
Mules, shoeing of, 423, 423 n., 470
Müller, Max, and the Aryans, 333
Murderers, burial of, 351, 352, 358-9
Murols (Puy de Dôme), 298
Murray, Sir James, on “belfry,” 127;
“church,” 145-6
Museums, Brighton, 80;
Colchester, 84;
Vatican (Rome), 199;
British, 223, 402;
Guildhall (London), 272, 424, 425, 426;
Science and Art (Dublin), 402;
Natural History, 411;
Mayence, 428;
Horniman (London), 441;
Louth, 462;
Lewes (Sussex), 463
Musselburgh (Midlothian), 94
Myfyr Morganwg, Arch-Druid, 258
_Names and their Histories_, cited, 32
Nanterre (France), 430
Naogeorgus, Thomas, on markets in churches, 174
Narburgh (Nottingham), 266
Nativity plays, 181
Nave, uses of the, 132, 154, 170-1;
as warehouse, 171;
used for markets, 173-4;
miracle plays in, 182, 183;
morris dances in, 184
Neale, J. M., on orientation of churches, 224
Neckham, Alexander, on magnetic needle, 228
Necklaces, in graves, 301, 305, 307, 308
“Negative exceptions,” 242, 350
Neilson, Mr G., on castle-mounds, 55
Neolithic celts, 79-80, 197, 298;
burials, 249, 280, 320;
yew, 361;
bows, 387-8;
horses, 416, 417, 418;
bone-caves, 417-18;
oxen, 477, 479, 481
Nero, and shoeing of mules, 423
Netherby (Yorks.), 422
Neville, Rev. H. M., on horseshoes, 426
Newbourne (Suffolk), 343
Newcastle, St Nicholas’ church, 131, 138, 175, 359
New Forest proverb, 360
Newfoundland, 199
Newhaven (Sussex), 465
Newington (Kent), 448
Newlands Corner (Surrey), 407
_New Oxford Dictionary_, cited, 149, 320
New Romney (Kent), 143
Nine Maidens (stone-row), 256
Nordvi, A. G., discoveries in Lapland, 309
Norfolk, hill-digging in, 83;
round towers, 123;
orientation of churches, 222;
burial custom, 311;
burial on North side, 343, 347
Norham (Northumberland), court held in church, 136;
churchyard, 345
Norman castles, 52-9;
churches, 55-6, 57-8, 63, 80, 97, 239;
cross-bow, 389
Normandy, objects in churches, 203;
churchyard yews, 406;
acoustic jars, 447
North, side of churches, 239;
determination of position by the, 327;
symbolism of the, 324-38;
Bible references, 334-5;
in place-names, 339-40;
side of churchyards disliked, 341-53
Northam (Devon), 496
Northampton, round church, 99;
mayor chosen in church, 143;
fairs in churchyard, 192
North Cockerington (Lincs.), 344
North Cotes (Lincs.), 340
North Curry (Somerset), 230
Northfleet (Kent), 128
North Mimms (Herts.), 384
North Molton (Devon), 41
Northolt (Middlesex), 291
North Ormsby (Lincs.), 453
Northorpe (Lincs.), 165, 189
North side of churchyards, burial on, 341-53, 490;
headstones, 344-5, 347-8;
sports held there, 352-3
North Thoresby (Lincs.), 193
Northumberland, burial custom, 297;
horseshoes, 426;
ox-team, 461
Norton, as place-name, 339
Norton (Derby), 111
Norton (Worcester), 355
Norway, aerolite tradition, 198;
folk-medicine, 298;
settlements, 340;
rock carvings, 421;
and horseflesh, 438;
domestic utensils of, 440-1
Norwich, desecration of churches, 174;
acoustic jars, 448
_Notes and Queries_, referred to, 158, 342
Notices on church doors, 143
Nunney (Somerset), 115
Nun Ormsby (see North Ormsby)
Nursery rhymes, concerning oxen, 486
Oak, growth of the, 369
Ockham (Surrey), 62
O’Curry, E., on wands of yew, 402
Odin, burial-place of, 28;
and horseflesh, 438;
horse-heads offered to, 440;
and the “hoodening horse,” 441
Offchurch (Warwick), 369
Offerings to the dead, 280, 282, 295
Ogams, or Oghams, 401
Ogbourne Maisey (Wilts.), 75
Ogbury Downs (Wilts.), 320
“Oillets” (= slits in castle walls), 117
Old Hunstanton (Norfolk), 69
_Old Topography of London_, cited, 222-3
Olufsen, O., on burial customs of the Pamirs, 263
Open-air courts, near megaliths, 34, 63, 64, 70, 136;
near barrows and tumuli, 34, 64, 70;
in Wales, 64;
and churches, 150
Open-field system, the, 338
Organs, Mediaeval, 447
Orientation, of graves, 80, 83-4, 205, 243-67, 490;
meaning of word, 205, 325;
of churches, 205-42, 489;
East and West, 205, 207, 208, 211, 219, 337;
North and South, 206, 207, 208;
of Freemasons’ lodges, 209;
origin of idea, 216-24;
allusions in Bible, 217-20;
Egyptian, 219, 221;
symbolism, 223-4;
theories concerning, 224-37;
of long barrows, 252;
of earthworks, 258-9;
by natural features, 325;
by the sun, 325;
of skeletons, 483
Origen, and earth’s centre, 335
Orlygüs, 35
Ornaments in graves, 302-10
Ossian, poems of, quoted, 283, 401, 402, 419
Ossuaries, 270
Ostiarius (= doorkeeper), 149, 154
Ostrich eggs, in churches, 202
Othona (Essex), 23
Ottery St Mary (Devon), 118
Over Worton (Oxford), 75
Ovid, on grave-gifts, 313
Owen, Rev. E., on circular churchyards, 98
Owston (Lincs.), 59
Ox-bells, 475
“Ox-bows,” use of, 461, 462
Oxen, in agriculture, 423;
blessing of, at Carnac, 446;
as beast of labour, 452-75, 491;
in various countries, 452;
breeds, 453, 455;
early use in ploughing, 455-60;
Domesday Book, 455, 456;
terms referring to, 455, 456;
Bartholomew Anglicus on, 456;
formerly yoked with horses at plough, 458;
number in a team, 458-61;
yokes, 461-2;
value of services, 465, 466, 467, 471;
limitation in use of word, 465;
value of flesh, 465-6;
how fed in winter, 466;
labour value, 466, 467;
trotting, 467;
comparison with horses, 467, 470-1;
discussion on shoeing, 468-74;
why displaced by the horse, 474-5;
ancestral forms, 475-81;
folk-lore, 475, 481-6;
sacrifice of, 481-2, 483, 484;
white and black, 483, 485;
sacrificed at graves, 483;
as food, 483;
drawing carriages, 484 n.;
symbolism of, 485;
on tavern signs, 485;
pet names, 486
Oxford, port-moot, 140;
Movement, 206;
St Aldate’s church, 232
Oxfordshire, oxen in, 453
Oxgang (= bovata), 456
Ox-herd, in literature, 456;
duties of, 456
“Ox-kews,” or “cues,” 469, 472, 473
Ox-shoes, 428, 468, 470, 472, 473, 475
Ox-skull, found by Carthaginians, 442;
in ornament, 451;
prehistoric, 475, 476
Oystermouth (Glamorgan), church tower, 112;
burial on North side, 348
Paddington (London), 206
Paddlesworth, near Lyminge (Kent), 40
Paddlesworth, near Snodland (Kent), 40, 339
Paganism, hidden forces of, 88, 312
Pagan sites, churches on, 1-100, 488
Palaeolithic Age, references to the, 305, 308, 414, 416, 437, 439;
“floor,” 308;
oxen, 477
_Palaeotherium_, 409
Palestine, 217, 472
Palgrave, Sir F., on persistence of custom, 470
Palmerston, Lord, funeral of, 310
Palm Sunday, singing on, 155;
sports, 194, 195;
Bulgarian feast, 318;
yew displayed, 380, 381, 382, 402, 491;
fairs, 404
Pamirs, burial customs in the, 263, 318
Pangdean (Sussex), 455
Pantheon, conversion into a church, 30
_Paradise Lost_, quoted, 335
Parchments, inscribed, buried with the dead, 312
Parey Ambrose (= Paré Ambroise), cited, 197
Paris, dancing in churches of, 185;
churches of, 210;
laws regarding horseflesh, 438;
acoustic jars, 447
Parish boundaries, 34, 69;
registers, 50, 359, 372, 373;
vestry, 141-3;
armour, 158
Park cattle, 477, 478, 479
Parker, J. H., on Westminster Abbey, 232;
deflected chancels, 237
Parsonage-houses, 175, 177
Parthenon, columns of the, 239
Parvise, erroneous use of word, 155, 167
Pasque eggs, 502
Passion plays, 180
Patagonia, burial custom, 432
Pateley Bridge (Yorks.), 258
Patrick, Bishop of the Hebrides, 35
Patron saints, of churches, 129, 191, 224-6
“Paul’s Walk” (St Paul’s Cathedral), 139
Payne, Mr G., discoveries at Darenth, 428
Pearson, Prof., on burial custom, 318
Pebbles, in graves, 286, 288, 299
Peckham (London), 206
Pele, or peel towers, 107
Pembridge (Hereford), 123
Pembrokeshire, holy wells, 94-5;
churches, 113;
squints, 151