Alten Testaments_ (1829-1835; 2nd ed., 1854-1857; Eng. trans. by R.
Keith, 1835-1839, also in Clark's "Foreign Theological Library," by T.
Meyer and J. Martin, 1854-1858), a work of much learning, the estimate
of which varies according to the hermeneutical principles of the
individual critic; _Beitrage zur Einleitung in das Alte Testament_
(1831-1839); Eng. trans., _Dissertations on the Genuineness of Daniel
and the Integrity of Zechariah_ (Edin., 1848), and _Dissertations on
the Genuineness of the Pentateuch_ (Edin., 1847), in which the
traditional view on each question is strongly upheld, and much capital
is made of the absence of harmony among the negative critics; _Die
Bucher Moses und Agypten_ (1841); _Die Geschichte Bileams u. seiner
Weissagungen_ (1842; translated along with the Dissertations on Daniel
and Zechariah); _Commentar uber die Psalmen_ (1842-1847; 2nd ed.,
1849-1852; Eng. trans. by P. Fairbairn and J. Thomson, Edin.,
1844-1848), which shares the merits and defects of the _Christologie;
Die Offenbarung Johannis erlautert_ (1849-1851; 2nd ed., 1861-1862;
Eng. trans. by P. Fairbairn, also in Clark's "Foreign Theological
Library," 1851-1852); _Das Hohe Lied ausgelegt_ (1853); _Der Prediger
Salomo ausgelegt_ (1859); _Das Evangelium Johannis erlautert_
(1861-1863; 2nd ed., 1867-1871; Eng. trans., 1865) and _Die
Weissagungen des Propheten Ezechiel erlautert_ (1867-1868). Of minor
importance are _De rebus Tyriorum commentatio academica_ (1832); _Uber
den Tag des Herrn_ (1852); _Das Passa, ein Vortrag_ (1853); and _Die
Opfer der heiligen Schrift_ (1859). Several series of papers also, as,
for example, on "The Retention of the Apocrypha," "Freemasonry"
(1854), "Duelling" (1856) and "The Relation between the Jews and the
Christian Church" (1857; 2nd ed., 1859), which originally appeared in
the _Kirchenzeitung_, were afterwards printed in a separate form.
_Geschichte des Reiches Gottes unter dem Alten Bunde_ (1869-1871),
_Das Buch Hiob erlautert_ (1870-1875) and _Vorlesungen uber die
Leidensgeschichte_ (1875) were published posthumously.
See J. Bachmann's _Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg_ (1876-1879); also his
article in Herzog-Hauck, _Realencyklopadie_ (1899), and the article in
the _Allgemeine deutsche Biographie_. Also F. Lichtenberger, _History
of German Theology in the Nineteenth Century_ (1889), pp. 212-217;
Philip Schaff, _Germany; its Universities, Theology and Religion_
(1857), pp. 300-319.
HENKE, HEINRICH PHILIPP KONRAD (1752-1809), German theologian, best known
as a writer on church history, was born at Hehlen, Brunswick, on the 3rd
of July 1752. He was educated at the gymnasium of Brunswick and the
university of Helmstadt, and from 1778 to 1809 he was professor, first of
philosophy, then of theology, in that university. In 1803 he was
appointed principal of the Carolinum in Brunswick as well. He died on the
2nd of May 1809. Henke belonged to the rationalistic school. His
principal work (_Allgemeine Geschichte der christl. Kirche_, 6 vols.,
1788-1804; 2nd ed., 1795-1806) is commended by F. C. Baur for fullness,
accuracy and artistic composition. His other works are _Lineamenta
institutionum fidei Christianae historico-criticarum_ (1783), _Opuscula
academica_ (1802) and two volumes of _Predigten_. He was also editor of
the _Magazin fur die Religionsphilosophie, Exegese und Kirchengeschichte_
(1793-1802) and the _Archiv fur die neueste Kirchengeschichte_
(1794-1799).
His son, ERNST LUDWIG THEODOR HENKE (1804-1872), after studying at the
university of Jena, became _professor extraordinarius_ there in 1833,
and professor ordinarius of Marburg in 1839. He is known as the author
of monographs upon _Georg Calixt u. seine Zeit_ (1853-1860), _Papst Pius
VII._ (1860), _Konrad von Marburg_ (1861), _Kaspar Peucer u. Nik. Krell_
(1865), _Jak. Friedr. Fries_ (1867), _Zur neuern Kirchengeschichte_
(1867).
HENLE, FRIEDRICH GUSTAV JAKOB (1809-1885), German pathologist and
anatomist, was born on the 9th of July 1809 at Furth, in Franconia.
After studying medicine at Heidelberg and at Bonn, where he took his
doctor's degree in 1832, he became prosector in anatomy to Johannes
Muller at Berlin. During the six years he spent in that position he
published a large amount of work, including three anatomical monographs
on new species of animals, and papers on the structure of the lacteal
system, the distribution of epithelium in the human body, the structure
and development of the hair, the formation of mucus and pus, &c. In 1840
he accepted the chair of anatomy at Zurich, and in 1844 he was called to
Heidelberg, where he taught not only anatomy, but physiology and
pathology. About this period he was engaged on his complete system of
general anatomy, which formed the sixth volume of the new edition of S.
T. von Sommerring's treatise, published at Leipzig between 1841 and
1844. While at Heidelberg he published a zoological monograph on the
sharks and rays, in conjunction with his master Muller, and in 1846 his
famous _Manual of Rational Pathology_ began to appear; this marked the
beginning of a new era in pathological study, since in it physiology and
pathology were treated, in Henle's own words, as "branches of one
science," and the facts of disease were systematically considered with
reference to their physiological relations. In 1852 he moved to
Gottingen, whence he issued three years later the first instalment of
his great _Handbook of Systematic Human Anatomy_, the last volume of
which was not published till 1873. This work was perhaps the most
complete and comprehensive of its kind that had so far appeared, and it
was remarkable not only for the fullness and minuteness of the
anatomical descriptions, but also for the number and excellence of the
illustrations with which they were elucidated. During the latter half of
his life Henle's researches were mainly histological in character, his
investigations embracing the minute anatomy of the blood vessels, serous
membranes, kidney, eye, nails, central nervous system, &c. He died at
Gottingen on the 13th of May 1885.
HENLEY, JOHN (1692-1759), English clergyman, commonly known as "Orator
Henley," was born on the 3rd of August 1692 at Melton-Mowbray, where his
father was vicar. After attending the grammar schools of Melton and
Oakham, he entered St John's College, Cambridge, and while still an
undergraduate he addressed in February 1712, under the pseudonym of
Peter de Quir, a letter to the _Spectator_ displaying no small wit and
humour. After graduating B.A., he became assistant and then headmaster
of the grammar school of his native town, uniting to these duties those
of assistant curate. His abundant energy found still further expression
in a poem entitled _Esther, Queen of Persia_ (1714), and in the
compilation of a grammar of ten languages entitled _The Complete
Linguist_ (2 vols., London, 1719-1721). He then decided to go to London,
where he obtained the appointment of assistant preacher in the chapels
of Ormond Street and Bloomsbury. In 1723 he was presented to the rectory
of Chelmondiston in Suffolk; but residence being insisted on, he
resigned both his appointments, and on the 3rd of July 1726 opened what
he called an "oratory" in Newport Market, which he licensed under the
Toleration Act. In 1729 he transferred the scene of his operations to
Lincoln's Inn Fields. Into his services he introduced many peculiar
alterations: he drew up a "Primitive Liturgy," in which he substituted
for the Nicene and Athanasian creeds two creeds taken from the
Apostolical Constitutions; for his "Primitive Eucharist" he made use of
unleavened bread and mixed wine; he distributed at the price of one
shilling medals of admission to his oratory, with the device of a sun
rising to the meridian, with the motto _Ad summa_, and the words
_Inveniam viam aut faciam_ below. But the most original element in the
services was Henley himself, who is described by Pope in the _Dunciad_
as
"Preacher at once and zany of his age."
He possessed some oratorical ability and adopted a very theatrical style
of elocution, "tuning his voice and balancing his hands"; and his
addresses were a strange medley of solemnity and buffoonery, of clever
wit and the wildest absurdity, of able and original disquisition and the
worst artifices of the oratorical charlatan. His services were much
frequented by the "free-thinkers," and he himself expressed his
determination "to die a rational." Besides his Sunday sermons, he
delivered Wednesday lectures on social and political subjects; and he
also projected a scheme for connecting with the "oratory" a university
on quite a utopian plan. For some time he edited the _Hyp Doctor_, a
weekly paper established in opposition to the _Craftsman_, and for this
service he enjoyed a pension of L100 a year from Sir Robert Walpole. At
first the orations of Henley drew great crowds, but, although he never
discontinued his services, his audience latterly dwindled almost
entirely away. He died on the 13th of October 1759.
Henley is the subject of several of Hogarth's prints. His life,
professedly written by A. Welstede, but in all probability by himself,
was inserted by him in his _Oratory Transactions_. See J. B. Nichols,
_History of Leicestershire_; I. Disraeli, _Calamities of Authors_.
HENLEY, WILLIAM ERNEST (1849-1903), British poet, critic and editor, was
born on the 23rd of August 1849 at Gloucester, and was educated at the
Crypt Grammar School in that city. The school was a sort of Cinderella
sister to the Cathedral School, and Henley indicated its shortcomings in
his article (_Pall Mall Magazine_, Nov. 1900) on T. E. Brown the poet,
who was headmaster there for a brief period. Brown's appointment,
uncongenial to himself, was a stroke of luck for Henley, for whom, as he
said, it represented a first acquaintance with a man of genius. "He was
singularly kind to me at a moment when I needed kindness even more than
I needed encouragement." Among other kindnesses Brown did him the
essential service of lending him books. To the end Henley was no
classical scholar, but his knowledge and love of literature were vital.
Afflicted with a physical infirmity, he found himself in 1874, at the
age of twenty-five, an inmate of the hospital at Edinburgh. From there
he sent to the _Cornhill Magazine_ poems in irregular rhythms,
describing with poignant force his experiences in hospital. Leslie
Stephen, then editor, being in Edinburgh, visited his contributor in
hospital and took Robert Louis Stevenson, another recruit of the
_Cornhill_, with him. The meeting between Stevenson and Henley, and the
friendship of which it was the beginning, form one of the best-known
episodes in recent literature (see especially Stevenson's letter to Mrs
Sitwell, Jan. 1875, and Henley's poems "An Apparition" and "Envoy to
Charles Baxter"). In 1877 Henley went to London and began his editorial
career by editing _London_, a journal of a type more usual in Paris than
London, written for the sake of its contributors rather than of the
public. Among other distinctions it first gave to the world _The New
Arabian Nights_ of Stevenson. Henley himself contributed to his journal
a series of verses chiefly in old French forms. He had been writing
poetry since 1872, but (so he told the world in his "advertisement" to
his collected _Poems_, 1898) he "found himself about 1877 so utterly
unmarketable that he had to own himself beaten in art and to addict
himself to journalism for the next ten years." After the decease of
_London_, he edited the _Magazine of Art_ from 1882 to 1886. At the end
of that period he came before the public as a poet. In 1887 Mr Gleeson
White made for the popular series of _Canterbury Poets_ (edited by Mr
William Sharp) a selection of poems in old French forms. In his
selection Mr Gleeson White included a considerable number of pieces from
_London_, and only after he had completed the selection did he discover
that the verses were all by one hand, that of Henley. In the following
year, Mr H. B. Donkin in his volume _Voluntaries_, done for an East End
hospital, included Henley's unrhymed rhythms quintessentializing the
poet's memories of the old Edinburgh Infirmary. Mr Alfred Nutt read
these, and asked for more; and in 1888 his firm published _A Book of
Verse_. Henley was by this time well known in a restricted literary
circle, and the publication of this volume determined for them his fame
as a poet, which rapidly outgrew these limits, two new editions of this
volume being called for within three years. In this same year (1888) Mr
Fitzroy Bell started the _Scots Observer_ in Edinburgh, with Henley as
literary editor, and early in 1889 Mr Bell left the conduct of the paper
to him. It was a weekly review somewhat on the lines of the old
_Saturday Review_, but inspired in every paragraph by the vigorous and
combative personality of the editor. It was transferred soon after to
London as the _National Observer_, and remained under Henley's
editorship until 1893. Though, as Henley confessed, the paper had almost
as many writers as readers, and its fame was mainly confined to the
literary class, it was a lively and not uninfluential feature of the
literary life of its time. Henley had the editor's great gift of
discerning promise, and the "Men of the _Scots Observer_," as Henley
affectionately and characteristically called his band of contributors,
in most instances justified his insight. The paper found utterance for
the growing imperialism of its day, and among other services to
literature gave to the world Mr Kipling's _Barrack-Room Ballads_. In
1890 Henley published _Views and Reviews_, a volume of notable
criticisms, described by himself as "less a book than a mosaic of scraps
and shreds recovered from the shot rubbish of some fourteen years of
journalism." The criticisms, covering a wide range of authors (except
Heine and Tolstoy, all English and French), though wilful and often
one-sided were terse, trenchant and picturesque, and remarkable for
insight and gusto. In 1892 he published a second volume of poetry, named
after the first poem, _The Song of the Sword_, but on the issue of the
second edition (1893) re-christened _London Voluntaries_ after another
section. Stevenson wrote that he had not received the same thrill of
poetry since Mr Meredith's "Joy of Earth" and "Love in the Valley," and
he did not know that that was so intimate and so deep. "I did not guess
you were so great a magician. These are new tunes; this is an undertone
of the true Apollo. These are not verse; they are poetry." In 1892
Henley published also three plays written with Stevenson--_Beau Austin_,
_Deacon Brodie_ and _Admiral Guinea_. In 1895 followed _Macaire_,
afterwards published in a volume with the other plays. _Deacon Brodie_
was produced in Edinburgh in 1884 and later in London. Beerbohm Tree
produced _Beau Austin_ at the Haymarket on the 3rd of November 1890 and
_Macaire_ at His Majesty's on the 2nd of May 1901. _Admiral Guinea_ also
achieved stage performance. In the meantime Henley was active in the
magazines and did notable editorial work for the publishers: the _Lyra
Heroica_, 1891; _A Book of English Prose_ (with Mr Charles Whibley),
1894; the centenary Burns (with Mr T. F. Henderson) in 1896-1897, in
which Henley's Essay (published separately 1898) roused considerable
controversy. In 1892 he undertook for Mr Nutt the general editorship of
the _Tudor Translations_; and in 1897 began for Mr Heinemann an edition
of Byron, which did not proceed beyond one volume of letters. In 1898 he
published a collection of his _Poems_ in one volume, with the
autobiographical "advertisement" above quoted; in 1899 _London Types_,
Quatorzains to accompany Mr William Nicolson's designs; and in 1900
during the Boer War, a patriotic poetical brochure, _For England's
Sake_. In 1901 he published a second volume of collected poetry with the
title _Hawthorn and Lavender_, uniform with the volume of 1898. In 1902
he collected his various articles on painters and artists and published
them as a companion volume of _Views and Reviews: Art_. These with "A
Song of Speed" printed in May 1903 within two months of his death make
up his tale of work. At the close of his life he was engaged upon his
edition of the Authorized Version of the Bible for his series of _Tudor
Translations_. There remained uncollected some of his scattered articles
in periodicals and reviews, especially the series of literary articles
contributed to the _Pall Mall Magazine_ from 1899 until his death. These
contain the most outspoken utterances of a critic never mealy-mouthed,
and include the splenetic attack on the memory of his dead friend R. L.
Stevenson, which aroused deep regret and resentment. In 1894 Henley lost
his little six-year-old daughter Margaret; he had borne the
"bludgeonings of chance" with "the unconquerable soul" of which he
boasted, not unjustifiably, in a well-known poem; but this blow broke
his heart. With the knowledge of this fact, some of these outbursts may
be better understood; yet we have the evidence of a clear-eyed critic
who knew Henley well, that he found him more generous, more sympathetic
at the close of his life than he had been before. He died on the 11th of
July 1903. In spite of his too boisterous mannerism and prejudices, he
exercised by his originality, independence and fearlessness an inspiring
and inspiriting influence on the higher class of journalism. This
influence he exercised by word of mouth as well as by his pen, for he
was a famous talker, and figures as "Burly" in Stevenson's essay on
_Talk and Talkers_. As critic he was a good hater and a good fighter.
His virtue lay in his vital and vitalizing love of good literature, and
the vivid and pictorial phrases he found to give it expression. But his
fame must rest on his poetry. He excelled alike in his delicate
experiments in complicated metres, and the strong impressionism of
_Hospital Sketches_ and _London Voluntaries_. The influence of Heine may
be discerned in these "unrhymed rhythms"; but he was perhaps a truer and
more successful disciple of Heine in his snatches of passionate song,
the best of which should retain their place in English literature.
See also references in _Stevenson's Letters_; _Cornhill Magazine_
(1903) (Sidney Low); _Fortnightly Review_ (August 1892) (Arthur
Symons); and for bibliography, _English Illustrated Magazine_, vol.
xxix. p. 548. (W. P. J.)
HENLEY-ON-THAMES, a market town and municipal borough in the Henley
parliamentary division of Oxfordshire, England, on the left bank of the
Thames, the terminus of a branch of the Great Western railway, by which
it is 35(3/4) m. W. of London, while it is 57(1/2) m. by river. Pop.
(1901) 5984. It occupies one of the most beautiful situations on the
Thames, at the foot of the finely wooded Chiltern Hills. The river is
crossed by an elegant stone bridge of five arches, constructed in 1786.
The parish church (Decorated and Perpendicular) possesses a lofty tower
of intermingled flint and stone, attributed to Cardinal Wolsey, but more
probably erected by Bishop Longland. The grammar school, founded in
1605, is incorporated with a Blue Coat school. Henley is a favourite
summer resort, and is celebrated for the annual Henley Royal Regatta,
the principal gathering of amateur oarsmen in England, first held in
1839 and usually taking place in July. Henley is governed by a mayor, 4
aldermen and 12 councillors. Area, 549 acres.
Henley-on-Thames (Hanlegang, Henle, Handley), not mentioned in Domesday,
was a manor or ancient demesne of the crown and was granted (1337) to
John de Molyns, whose family held it for about 250 years. It is said
that members for Henley sat in parliaments of Edward I. and Edward III.,
but no writs have been found. Henry VIII. having granted the use of the
titles "mayor" and "burgess," the town was incorporated in 1570-1571 by
the name of the warden, portreeves, burgesses and commonalty. Henley
suffered from both parties in the Civil War. William III. on his march
to London (1688) rested here and received a deputation from the Lords.
The period of prosperity in the 17th and 18th centuries was due to
manufactures of glass and malt, and to trade in corn and wool. The
existing Thursday market was granted by a charter of John and the
existing Corpus Christi fair by a charter of Henry VI.
See J. S. Burn, _History of Henley-on-Thames_ (London, 1861).
HENNA, the Persian name for a small shrub found in India, Persia, the
Levant and along the African coasts of the Mediterranean, where it is
frequently cultivated. It is the _Lawsonia alba_ of botanists, and from
the fact that young trees are spineless, while older ones have the
branchlets hardened into spines, it has also received the names of
_Lawsonia inermis_ and _L. spinosa_. It forms a slender shrubby plant of
from 8 to 10 ft. high, with opposite lance-shaped smooth leaves, which
are entire at the margins, and bears small white four-petalled
sweet-scented flowers disposed in panicles. Its Egyptian name is
_Khenna_, its Arabic name _Al Khanna_, its Indian name _Mendee_, while
in England it is called _Egyptian privet_, and in the West Indies, where
it is naturalized, _Jamaica mignonette_.
Henna or Henne is of ancient repute as a cosmetic. This consists of the
leaves of the _Lawsonia_ powdered and made up into a paste; this is
employed by the Egyptian women, and also by the Mahommedan women in
India, to dye their fingernails and other parts of their hands and feet
of an orange-red colour, which is considered to add to their beauty. The
colour lasts for three or four weeks, when it requires to be renewed. It
is moreover used for dyeing the hair and beard, and even the manes of
horses; and the same material is employed for dyeing skins and
morocco-leather a reddish-yellow, but it contains no tannin. The
practice of dyeing the nails was common amongst the Egyptians, and not
to conform to it would have been considered indecent. It has descended
from very remote ages, as is proved by the evidence afforded by Egyptian
mummies, the nails of which are most commonly stained of a reddish hue.
Henna is also said to have been held in repute amongst the Hebrews,
being considered to be the plant referred to as camphire in the Bible
(Song of Solomon i. 14, iv. 13). "The custom of dyeing the nails and
palms of the hands and soles of the feet of an iron-rust colour with
henna," observes Dr J. Forbes Royle, "exists throughout the East from
the Mediterranean to the Ganges, as well as in northern Africa. In some
parts the practice is not confined to women and children, but is also
followed by men, especially in Persia. In dyeing the beard the hair is
turned to red by this application, which is then changed to black by a
preparation of indigo. In dyeing the hair of children, and the tails and
manes of horses and asses, the process is allowed to stop at the red
colour which the henna produces." Mahomet, it is said, used henna as a
dye for his beard, and the fashion was adopted by the caliphs. "The use
of henna," remarks Lady Callcott in her _Scripture Herbal_, "is scarcely
to be called a caprice in the East. There is a quality in the drug which
gently restrains perspiration in the hands and feet, and produces an
agreeable coolness equally conducive to health and comfort." She further
suggests that if the Jewish women were not in the habit of using this
dye before the time of Solomon, it might probably have been introduced
amongst them by his wife, the daughter of Pharaoh, and traces to this
probability the allusion to "camphire" in the passages in Canticles
above referred to.