1583 at Criech, Fifeshire. He graduated at the university of St Andrews
in 1603, and in 1610 was appointed professor of rhetoric and philosophy
and questor of the faculty of arts. Shortly after this he was presented
to the living of Leuchars. As Henderson was forced upon his parish by
Archbishop George Gladstanes, and was known to sympathize with
episcopacy, his settlement was at first extremely unpopular; but he
subsequently changed his views and became a Presbyterian in doctrine and
church government, and one of the most esteemed ministers in Scotland.
He early made his mark as a church leader, and took an active part in
petitioning against the "five acts" and later against the introduction
of a service-book and canons drawn up on the model of the English
prayer-book. On the 1st of March 1638 the public signing of the
"National Covenant" began in Greyfriars Church, Edinburgh. Henderson was
mainly responsible for the final form of this document, which consisted
of (1) the "king's confession" drawn up in 1581 by John Craig, (2) a
recital of the acts of parliament against "superstitious and papistical
rites," and (3) an elaborate oath to maintain the true reformed
religion. Owing to the skill shown on this occasion he seems to have
been applied to when any manifesto of unusual ability was required. In
July of the same year he proceeded to the north to debate on the
"Covenant" with the famous Aberdeen doctors; but he was not well
received by them. "The voyd church was made fast, and the keys keeped by
the magistrate," says Baillie. Henderson's next public opportunity was
in the famous Assembly which met in Glasgow on the 21st of November
1638. He was chosen moderator by acclamation, being, as Baillie says,
"incomparablie the ablest man of us all for all things." James Hamilton,
3rd marquess of Hamilton, was the king's commissioner; and when the
Assembly insisted on proceeding with the trial of the bishops, he
formally dissolved the meeting under pain of treason. Acting on the
constitutional principle that the king's right to convene did not
interfere with the church's independent right to hold assemblies, they
sat till the 20th of December, deposed all the Scottish bishops,
excommunicated a number of them, repealed all acts favouring episcopacy,
and reconstituted the Scottish Kirk on thorough Presbyterian principles.
During the sitting of this Assembly it was carried by a majority of
seventy-five votes that Henderson should be transferred to Edinburgh. He
had been at Leuchars for about twenty-three years, and was extremely
reluctant to leave it.
While Scotland and England were preparing for the "First Bishops' War,"
Henderson drew up two papers, entitled respectively _The Remonstrance of
the Nobility_ and _Instructions for Defensive Arms_. The first of these
documents he published himself; the second was published against his
wish by John Corbet (1603-1641), a deposed minister. The "First Bishops'
War" did not last long. At the Pacification of Birks the king virtually
granted all the demands of the Scots. In the negotiations for peace
Henderson was one of the Scottish commissioners, and made a very
favourable impression on the king. In 1640 Henderson was elected by the
town council rector of Edinburgh University--an office to which he was
annually re-elected till his death. The Pacification of Birks had been
wrung from the king; and the Scots, seeing that he was preparing for the
"Second Bishops' War," took the initiative, and pressed into England so
vigorously that Charles had again to yield everything. The maturing of
the treaty of peace took a considerable time, and Henderson was again
active in the negotiations, first at Ripon (October 1st) and afterwards
in London. While he was in London he had a personal interview with the
king, with the view of obtaining assistance for the Scottish
universities from the money formerly applied to the support of the
bishops. On Henderson's return to Edinburgh in July 1641 the Assembly
was sitting at St Andrews. To suit the convenience of the parliament,
however, it removed to Edinburgh; Henderson was elected moderator of the
Edinburgh meeting. In this Assembly he proposed that "a confession of
faith, a catechism, a directory for all the parts of the public worship,
and a platform of government, wherein possibly England and we might
agree," should be drawn up. This was unanimously approved of, and the
laborious undertaking was left in Henderson's hands; but the "notable
motion" did not lead to any immediate results. During Charles's second
state-visit to Scotland, in the autumn of 1641, Henderson acted as his
chaplain, and managed to get the funds, formerly belonging to the
bishopric of Edinburgh, applied to the metropolitan university. In 1642
Henderson, whose policy was to keep Scotland neutral in the war which
had now broken out between the king and the parliament, was engaged in
corresponding with England on ecclesiastical topics; and, shortly
afterwards, he was sent to Oxford to mediate between the king and his
parliament; but his mission proved a failure.
A memorable meeting of the General Assembly was held in August 1643.
Henderson was elected moderator for the third time. He presented a draft
of the famous "Solemn League and Covenant," which was received with
great enthusiasm. Unlike the "National Covenant" of 1638, which applied
to Scotland only, this document was common to the two kingdoms.
Henderson, Baillie, Rutherford and others were sent up to London to
represent Scotland in the Assembly at Westminster. The "Solemn League
and Covenant," which pledged both countries to the extirpation of
prelacy, leaving further decision as to church government to be decided
by the "example of the best reformed churches," after undergoing some
slight alterations, passed the two Houses of Parliament and the
Westminster Assembly, and thus became law for the two kingdoms. By means
of it Henderson has had considerable influence on the history of Great
Britain. As Scottish commissioner to the Westminster Assembly, he was in
England from August 1643 till August 1646; his principal work was the
drafting of the directory for public worship. Early in 1645 Henderson
was sent to Uxbridge to aid the commissioners of the two parliaments in
negotiating with the king; but nothing came of the conference. In 1646
the king joined the Scottish army; and, after retiring with them to
Newcastle, he sent for Henderson, and discussed with him the two systems
of church government in a number of papers. Meanwhile Henderson was
failing in health. He sailed to Scotland, and eight days after his
arrival died, on the 19th of August 1646. He was buried in Greyfriars
churchyard, Edinburgh; and his death was the occasion of national
mourning in Scotland. On the 7th of August Baillie had written that he
had heard that Henderson was dying "most of heartbreak." A document was
published in London purporting to be a "Declaration of Mr Alexander
Henderson made upon his Death-bed"; and, although this paper was
disowned, denounced and shown to be false in the General Assembly of
August 1648, the document was used by Clarendon as giving the impression
that Henderson had recanted. Its foundation was probably certain
expressions lamenting Scottish interference in English affairs.
Henderson is one of the greatest men in the history of Scotland and,
next to Knox, is certainly the most famous of Scottish ecclesiastics. He
had great political genius; and his statesmanship was so influential
that "he was," as Masson well observes, "a cabinet minister without
office." He has made a deep mark on the history, not only of Scotland,
but of England; and the existing Presbyterian churches in Scotland are
largely indebted to him for the forms of their dogmas and their
ecclesiastical organization. He is thus justly considered the second
founder of the Reformed Church in Scotland.
See M'Crie's _Life of Alexander Henderson_ (1846); Aiton's _Life and
Times of Alexander Henderson_ (1836); _The Letters and Journals of
Robert Baillie_ (1841-1842) (an exceedingly valuable work, from an
historical point of view); J. H. Burton's _History of Scotland_; D.
Masson's _Life of Drummond of Hawthornden_; and, above all, Masson's
_Life of Milton_; Andrew Lang, _Hist. of Scotland_ (1907), vol. iii.
Henderson's own works are chiefly contributions to current
controversies, speeches and sermons. (T. Gi.; D. Mn.)
HENDERSON, EBENEZER (1784-1858), a Scottish divine, was born at the Linn
near Dunfermline on the 17th of November 1784, and died at Mortlake on
the 17th of May 1858. He was the youngest son of an agricultural
labourer, and after three years' schooling spent some time at
watchmaking and as a shoemaker's apprentice. In 1803 he joined Robert
Haldane's theological seminary, and in 1805 was selected to accompany
the Rev. John Paterson to India; but as the East India Company would not
allow British vessels to convey missionaries to India, Henderson and his
colleague went to Denmark to await the chance of a passage to Serampur,
then a Danish port. Being unexpectedly delayed, and having begun to
preach in Copenhagen, they ultimately decided to settle in Denmark, and
in 1806 Henderson became pastor at Elsinore. From this time till about
1817 he was engaged in encouraging the distribution of Bibles in the
Scandinavian countries, and in the course of his labours he visited
Sweden and Lapland (1807-1808), Iceland (1814-1815) and the mainland of
Denmark and part of Germany (1816). During most of this time he was an
agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society. On the 6th of October
1811 he formed the first Congregational church in Sweden. In 1818, after
a visit to England, he travelled in company with Paterson through Russia
as far south as Tiflis, but, instead of settling as was proposed at
Astrakhan, he retraced his steps, having resigned his connexion with the
Bible Society owing to his disapproval of a translation of the
Scriptures which had been made in Turkish. In 1822 he was invited by
Prince Alexander (Galitzin) to assist the Russian Bible Society in
translating the Scriptures into various languages spoken in the Russian
empire. After twenty years of foreign labour Henderson returned to
England, and in 1825 was appointed tutor of the Mission College,
Gosport. In 1830 he succeeded Dr William Harrison as theological
lecturer and professor of Oriental languages in Highbury Congregational
College. In 1850, on the amalgamation of the colleges of Homerton,
Coward and Highbury, he retired on a pension. In 1852-1853 he was pastor
of Sheen Vale chapel at Mortlake. His last work was a translation of the
book of Ezekiel. Henderson was a man of great linguistic attainment. He
made himself more or less acquainted, not only with the ordinary
languages of scholarly accomplishment and the various members of the
Scandinavian group, but also with Hebrew, Syriac, Ethiopic, Russian,
Arabic, Tatar, Persian, Turkish, Armenian, Manchu, Mongolian and Coptic.
He organized the first Bible Society in Denmark (1814), and paved the
way for several others. In 1817 he was nominated by the Scandinavian
Literary Society a corresponding member; and in 1840 he was made D.D. by
the university of Copenhagen. He was honorary secretary for life of the
Religious Tract Society, and one of the first promoters of the British
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews. The records of
his travels in Iceland (1818) were valuable contributions to our
knowledge of that island. His other principal works are: _Iceland, or
the Journal of a Residence in that Island_ (2 vols., 1818); _Biblical
Researches and Travels in Russia_ (1826); _Elements of Biblical
Criticism and Interpretation_ (1830); _The Vaudois, a Tour of the
Valleys of Piedmont_ (1845).
See _Memoirs of Ebenezer Henderson_, by Thulia S. Henderson (his
daughter) (London, 1859); _Congregational Year Book_ (1859).
HENDERSON, GEORGE FRANCIS ROBERT (1854-1903), British soldier and
military writer, was born in Jersey in 1854. Educated at Leeds Grammar
School, of which his father, afterwards Dean of Carlisle, was
headmaster, he was early attracted to the study of history, and obtained
a scholarship at St John's College, Oxford. But he soon left the
University for Sandhurst, whence he obtained his first commission in
1878. One year later, after a few months' service in India, he was
promoted lieutenant and returned to England, and in 1882 he went on
active service with his regiment, the York and Lancaster (65th/84th) to
Egypt. He was present at Tell-el-Mahuta and Kassassin, and at
Tell-el-Kebir was the first man of his regiment to enter the enemy's
works. His conduct attracted the notice of Sir Garnet (afterwards Lord)
Wolseley, and he received the 5th class of the Medjidieh order. His name
was, further, noted for a brevet-majority, which he did not receive till
he became captain in 1886. During these years he had been quietly
studying military art and history at Gibraltar, in Bermuda and in Nova
Scotia, in spite of the difficulties of research, and in 1889 appeared
(anonymously) his first work, _The Campaign of Fredericksburg_. In the
same year he became Instructor in Tactics, Military Law and
Administration at Sandhurst. From this post he proceeded as Professor of
Military Art and History to the Staff College (1892-1899), and there
exercised a profound influence on the younger generation of officers.
His study on _Spicheren_ had been begun some years before, and in 1898
appeared, as the result of eight years' work, his masterpiece,
_Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War_. In the South African War
Lieutenant-Colonel Henderson served with distinction on the staff of
Lord Roberts as Director of Intelligence. But overwork and malaria broke
his health, and he had to return home, being eventually selected to
write the official history of the war. But failing health obliged him to
go to Egypt, where he died at Assuan on the 5th of March 1903. He had
completed the portion of the history of the South African War dealing
with the events up to the commencement of hostilities, amounting to
about a volume, but the War Office decided to suppress this, and the
work was begun _de novo_ and carried out by Sir F. Maurice.
Various lectures and papers by Henderson were collected and published
in 1905 by Captain Malcolm, D.S.O., under the title _The Science of
War_; to this collection a memoir was contributed by Lord Roberts. See
also Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, vol. xlvii. No.
302.
HENDERSON, JOHN (1747-1785), English actor, of Scottish descent, was
born in London. He made his first appearance on the stage at Bath on the
6th of October 1772 as Hamlet. His success in this and other
Shakespearian parts led to his being called the "Bath Roscius." He had
great difficulty in getting a London engagement, but finally appeared at
the Haymarket in 1777 as Shylock, and his success was a source of
considerable profit to Colman, the manager. Sheridan then engaged him to
play at Drury Lane, where he remained for two years. When the companies
joined forces he went to Covent Garden, appearing as Richard III. in
1778, and creating original parts in many of the plays of Cumberland,
Shirley, Jephson and others. His last appearance was in 1785 as Horatius
in _The Roman Father_, and he died on the 25th of November of that year
and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Garrick was very jealous of
Henderson, and the latter's power of mimicry separated him also from
Colman, but he was always gratefully remembered by Mrs. Siddons and
others of his profession whom he had encouraged. He was a close friend
of Gainsborough, who painted his portrait, as did also Stewart and
Romney. He was co-author of Sheridan and Henderson's _Practical Method
of Reading and Writing English Poetry_.
HENDERSON, a city and the county-seat of Henderson county, Kentucky,
U.S.A., on the S. bank of the Ohio river, about 142 m. W.S.W. of
Louisville. Pop. (1890), 8835; (1900), 10,272, of whom 4029 were
negroes; (1910 census) 11,452. It is served by the Illinois Central, the
Louisville & Nashville, and the Louisville, Henderson & St. Louis
railways, and has direct communication by steamboat with Louisville,
Evansville, Cairo, Memphis and New Orleans. Henderson is built on the
high bank of the river, above the flood level; the river is spanned here
by a fine steel bridge, designed by George W. G. Ferris (1859-1896), the
designer of the Ferris Wheel. The city has a public park of 80 acres and
a Carnegie library. It is situated in the midst of a region whose soil
is said to be the best in the world for the raising of dark,
heavy-fibred tobacco, and is well adapted also for the growing of fruit,
wheat and Indian corn. Bituminous coal is obtained from the surrounding
country. Immense quantities of stemmed tobacco are shipped from here,
and the city is an important market for Indian corn. The manufactures of
the city include cotton and woollen goods, hominy, meal, flour, tobacco
and cigars, carriages, baskets, chairs and other furniture, bricks, ice,
whisky and beer; the value of the city's factory products in 1905 was
$1,365,120. The municipality owns and operates its water works, gas
plant and electric-lighting plant. Henderson, named in honour of Richard
Henderson (1734-1785), was settled as early as 1784, was first known as
Red Banks, was laid out as a town by Henderson's company in 1797, was
incorporated as a town in 1810, and was first chartered as a city in
1854. The city boundary lines were extended in 1905 by the annexation of
Audubon and Edgewood. Henderson was for some time the home of John James
Audubon, the ornithologist.
HENDIADYS, the name adopted from the Gr. [Greek: hen dia duoin] ("one by
means of two") for a rhetorical figure, in which two words connected by
a copulative conjunction are used of a single idea; usually the figure
takes the form of two substantives instead of a substantive and
adjective, as in the classical example _pateris libamus et auro_
(Virgil, _Georgics_, ii. 192), "we pour libations in cups and gold" for
"cups of gold."
HENDON, an urban district in the Harrow parliamentary division of
Middlesex, England, on the river Brent, 8 m. N.W. of St Paul's
Cathedral, London, served by the Midland railway. Pop. (1891), 15,843;
(1901), 22,450. The nucleus of the township lies on high ground to the
east of the Edgware road, which crosses the Welsh Harp reservoir of
Regent's Canal, a favourite fishing and skating resort. The church of St
Mary is mainly Perpendicular, and contains a Norman font and monuments
of the 18th century. To the north of the village, which has extended
greatly as a residential suburb of the metropolis, is Mill Hill, with a
Roman Catholic Missionary College, opened in 1871, with branches at
Rosendaal, Holland and Brixen, Austria, and a preparatory school at
Freshfield near Liverpool; and a large grammar school founded by
Nonconformists in 1807. The manor belonged at an early date to the abbot
of Westminster.
HENDRICKS, THOMAS ANDREWS (1819-1885), American political leader,
vice-president of the United States in 1885, was born near Zanesville,
Ohio, on the 7th of September 1819. He graduated at Hanover College,
Hanover, Indiana, in 1841, and began in 1843 a successful career at the
bar. Identifying himself with the Democratic party, he served in the
state House of Representatives in 1848, and was a prominent member of
the convention for the revision of the state constitution in 1850-1851,
a representative in Congress (1851-1855), commissioner of the United
States General Land Office (1855-1859), a United States senator
(1863-1869), and governor of Indiana (1873-1877). From 1868 until his
death he was put forward for nomination for the presidency at every
national Democratic Convention save in 1872. Both in 1876 and 1884,
after his failure to receive the nomination for the presidency, he was
nominated by the Democratic National Convention for vice-president, his
nomination in each of these conventions being made partly, it seems,
with the hope of gaining "greenback" votes--Hendricks had opposed the
immediate resumption of specie payments. In 1876, with S. J. Tilden, he
lost the disputed election by the decision of the electoral commission,
but he was elected with Grover Cleveland in 1884. He died at
Indianapolis on the 25th of November 1885.
HENGELO, or HENGELOO, a town in the province of Overyssel, Holland, and
a junction station 5 m. by rail N.W. of Enschede. Pop. (1900), 14,968.
The castle belonging to the ancient territorial lords of Hengelo has
long since disappeared, and the only interest the town now possesses is
as the centre of the flourishing industries of the Twente district. The
manufacture of cotton in all its branches is very actively carried on,
and there are dye-works and breweries, besides the engineering works of
the state railway company.
HENGEST and HORSA, the brother chieftains who led the first Saxon bands
which settled in England. They were apparently called in by the British
king Vortigern (q.v.) to defend him against the Picts. The place of
their landing is said to have been Ebbsfleet in Kent. Its date is not
certainly known, 450-455 being given by the English authorities, 428 by
the Welsh (see KENT). The settlers of Kent are described by Bede as
Jutes (q.v.), and there are traces in Kentish custom of differences from
the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Hengest and Horsa were at first given
the island of Thanet as a home, but soon quarrelled with their British
allies, and gradually possessed themselves of what became the kingdom of
Kent. In 455 the Saxon Chronicle records a battle between Hengest and
Horsa and Vortigern at a place called Aegaels threp, in which Horsa was
slain. Thenceforward Hengest reigned in Kent, together with his son Aesc
(Oisc). Both the _Saxon Chronicle_ and the _Historia Brittonum_ record
three subsequent battles, though the two authorities disagree as to
their issue. There is no doubt, however, that the net result was the
expulsion of the Britons from Kent. According to the _Chronicle_, which
probably derived its information from a lost list of Kentish kings,
Hengest died in 488, while his son Aesc continued to reign until 512.
Bede, _Hist. Eccl._ (Plummer, 1896), i. 15, ii. 5; _Saxon Chronicle_
(Earle and Plummer, 1899), s.a. 449, 455, 457, 465, 473; Nennius,
_Historia Brittonum_ (San Marte, 1844), SS 31, 37, 38, 43-46, 58.
HENGSTENBERG, ERNST WILHELM (1802-1869), German Lutheran divine and
theologian, was born at Frondenberg, a Westphalian village, on the 20th
of October 1802. He was educated by his father, who was a minister of
the Reformed Church, and head of the Frondenberg convent of canonesses
(Frauleinstift). Entering the university of Bonn in 1819, he attended
the lectures of G. G. Freytag for Oriental languages and of F. K. L.
Gieseler for church history, but his energies were principally devoted
to philosophy and philology, and his earliest publication was an edition
of the Arabic _Moallakat_ of Amru'l-Qais, which gained for him the prize
at his graduation in the philosophical faculty. This was followed in
1824 by a German translation of Aristotle's _Metaphysics_. Finding
himself without the means to complete his theological studies under
Neander and Tholuck in Berlin, he accepted a post at Basel as tutor in
Oriental languages to J. J. Stahelin, who afterwards became professor at
the university. Then it was that he began to direct his attention to a
study of the Bible, which led him to a conviction, never afterwards
shaken, not only of the divine character of evangelical religion, but
also of the unapproachable adequacy of its expression in the Augsburg
Confession. In 1824 he joined the philosophical faculty of Berlin as a
_Privatdozent_, and in 1825 he became a licentiate in theology, his
theses being remarkable for their evangelical fervour and for their
emphatic protest against every form of "rationalism," especially in
questions of Old Testament criticism. In 1826 he became professor
extraordinarius in theology; and in July 1827 appeared, under his
editorship, the _Evangelische Kirchenzeitung_, a strictly orthodox
journal, which in his hands acquired an almost unique reputation as a
controversial organ. It did not, however, attain to great notoriety
until in 1830 an anonymous article (by E. L. von Gerlach) appeared,
which openly charged Wilhelm Gesenius and J. A. L. Wegscheider with
infidelity and profanity, and on the ground of these accusations
advocated the interposition of the civil power, thus giving rise to the
prolonged _Hallische Streit_. In 1828 the first volume of Hengstenberg's
_Christologie des Alten Testaments_ passed through the press; in the
autumn of that year he became professor ordinarius in theology, and in
1829 doctor of theology. He died on the 28th of May 1869.